Week 13-16 Topics:

‘Maintenance works On- board’

Week 13 Topic:
Different Maintenance and
Repair Activities On-board the
Vessel
Maintenance plan is an imperative element of
ship’s routine operations and also forms an
integral component of ship’s maintenance
mechanism.
The main aim of any maintenance plan on ship
is to get the maintenance and repair work done
in the least possible time with minimum costs.
A maintenance plan is therefore followed by
every shipping company to ensure that the
ship’s machinery maintains a particular
standard of operation and safety.
While making a maintenance plan, several
aspects are taken into consideration, starting
from the International safety management
code (ISM) to the guidelines put forth by the
machine manufacturers.
• Public Safety and Security: You need to have
the knowledge of relevant marine equipment,
policies, strategies, and procedures to promote
effective the local, state, or national security
operations to ensure protection of any data,
people, institutions, and property.
• Transportation: You need to have knowledge
of methods and principles for moving goods to
people by sea, air, road or rail, along with the
benefits and associated costs.
• Customer and Personal Service: You need
knowledge of principles and the relative
processes for providing excellent personal
customer services, which includes needs
assessments, ensuring the quality standards,
and evaluating the satisfaction of your
employer
• Administration and Management: A sea
captain, chief engineer or first mate needs
knowledge of various business and
management principles that are involved in
resource allocation, strategic planning, human
resources, leadership skills, various production
methods, and the adequate coordination of
resources and people.
• Education and Training: You need to have
knowledge of methods and principles for the
training curriculum, design, teaching, and
instruction for individuals and groups, and the
measurement of these specific marine training
methods.
• Telecommunications: You must have
knowledge of broadcasting, transmission,
switching, control, and the operation of any sea
based or land based telecommunications
systems.
• Geography: For travelling at sea you need
knowledge of the methods and principles
behind the features of sea, land, and air
masses, as well as their physical characteristics,
interrelationships, locations, and distribution
along with certain plants, animal life, and
human life.
• Personnel and Human Resources: You must
have knowledge of the various procedures and
principles for training crew, recruitment and
selection, the compensation and benefits,
certain labour negotiations and relations, as
well as information systems.
• Mechanical: You should have knowledge of all
the tools and machines that might be used on
board, including how they are designed, used,
repaired, and maintained.
• Psychology: Knowledge of human behavior is
necessary in this line of work as well as
performance and what motivates fellow crew
members. You should be able to assess
individual differences in ability, interests and
personalities, learning methods, psychological
research methods, and behavioral and affective
disorders, as well as certain treatments.
What should be the main objectives of a
maintenance plan?
As mentioned before, the main objective of a
maintenance plan is to make sure that the work
is done in the least possible time with utmost
efficiency and at optimum cost. Various points
mentioned in the ISM code are taken into
consideration, along with company’s
procedures and manufacturer’s guidelines.

Other aspects include type of the ship,

condition of the ship, age of the ship etc.
How is the maintenance plan made and
implemented?

In order to carry out a successful maintenance

plan, the following steps are considered in
order to form a strategic approach:
Identifying the problem
1. Establishing the clause.
2. Proposing solution.
3. Evaluating solution.
4. Implementing solution.
5. Evaluating effectiveness.
6. Solving.

While developing a maintenance procedure for

a particular ship, the shipping company takes
the following points into consideration:
• Maintenance guidelines and specifications
given by the manufacturer
• History of equipment including failures,
defects, damagers, and remedial action
• Guidelines mentioned in the ISM code
• Age of the ship
• Third party inspections
• Consequences of failure of equipment on safe
operation of the ship
• Critical equipment and systems
• Intervals of maintenance

Considering the above mentioned points, a

systematic approach to maintenance is made.
This is necessary to ensure that nothing is
missed while carrying out the maintenance
procedure.

Following steps are included in the approach

for maintenance procedure:
• Establishment of maintenance intervals
• Methods and frequency of inspections
• Specification of the type of inspection
• Type of measuring equipment to be used
• Establishment of appropriate acceptance
criteria
• Assignment of responsibility for inspection
activities to appropriately qualified personnel
• Clear definition of reporting requirements
and mechanisms

Maintenance interval forms the most important

aspect of the maintenance plan.
The maintenance interval decided in the plan is
based on the following factors:
• Manufactures recommendations and
specifications
• Predictive maintenance determination
techniques
• Practical experience of the engineers in
operation and maintenance of ship and its
machinery
Historical trends obtained from the results of
routine inspections, and in nature and rate of
failures.
The use of the equipment – continuous,
intermittent, standby, or emergency
Practical and operational restrictions
Guidelines for internals specified as part of
class, convention, administration and company
requirements
Need for regular testing of S/B arrangement

Lastly, following steps are included for writing

down the final procedure for planned
inspection routines:
• Criteria for inspection
• Use of appropriate measuring and testing
equipment
• Calibration of measuring and testing
equipment

The type of inspection and test to be employed

– visual, vibration, pressure, temperature,
electrical, load, water tightness

Considering the above mentioned points, a

systematic and planned maintenance
procedure is made which also forms an integral
part of ship’s planned maintenance system.

For inspection purpose checklist are often used

to ensure that the inspection, test and
maintenance are performed according to the
guidelines of manufacturers, shipping company,
and the ISM code.
 Week 14-15 Topics : Sources of
Information that Guide the
Safety of the Ship, Equipment,
and Crew Performing
Shipboard Maintenance and
Repair.

The safety management system (SMS) is an

organized system planned and implemented by
the shipping companies to ensure safety of the
ship and marine environment.
SMS is an important aspect of the International
safety management (ISM) code and it details all
the important policies, practices, and
procedures that are to be followed in order to
ensure safe functioning of ships at the sea. All
commercial vessels are required to establish
safe ship management procedures. SMS forms
one of the important parts of the ISM code.

Definition of Terms

• Chipping is a process of removing metal from

a workpiece by means of a cutting instrument
such as a chisel and a hammer.
• Chipping goggles provide a degree of eye
protection while some forms of welding and
cutting are being done.
• A dust mask is a flexible paper pad held over
the nose and mouth by elastic or rubber straps
for personal comfort against non-toxic nuisance
dusts.
• Earplug - a piece of wax, rubber, or cotton
placed in the ear as protection against noise or
water.
• Anti-vibration gloves are a special type of
gloves or personal protective equipment (PPE)
that reduce the effect of harmful vibration the
equipment or machine transmission to the
hands of the workers.
Standards recommended by the IMO,
classification societies, and concerned maritime
organizations.

What is included in the safety management

system (SMS)?
Every safety management policy should satisfy
some of the basic functional requirements to
ensure safety of every ship. They are:
• Procedure and guidelines to act in an
emergency situation
• Safety and environmental protection policy
• Procedure and guidelines for reporting
accidents or any other form of non-
conformities
• Clear information on level of authority and
lines of communication among ship crew
members, and between shore and shipboard
personnel
• Procedures and guidelines to ensure safe
operations of ships and protection of marine
environment in compliance with relevant
international and flag state legislations
• Procedures for internal audits and
management reviews
• Vessel details

In short, a safety management system would

consist of details as to how a vessel would
operate on a day to day basis, what are the
procedures to be followed in case of an
emergency, how are drills and trainings
conducted, measures taken for safe operations,
who is the designated person etc.
Safety management plan is mainly the
responsibility of the owner of the vessel, or the
designated person, or the person appointed by
the owner. However, the ship’s master and the
crew are the best people to make an SMS as
they know the vessel inside-out.

Sections
An SMS is divided into sections for easy
reference. They are:
• General
• Safety and environmental policy
• Designated person (DP)
• Resources and personnel
• Master’s responsibilities and authority
• Company’s responsibility and authority
• Operational procedures
• Emergency procedures
• Reporting of accidents
• Maintenance and records
• Documentation
• Review and evaluation
These are the main parts of a basic SMS;
however, the plan might vary according to the
type of the vessel and the cargo carried by the
same. SMS play an important role in the
process of ISM code implementation on ships.

PRINCIPLES OF RUSTING
When iron or steel is exposed to air, the oxygen
in the air or water reacts on the metal ,it cause
a reddish scale called ‘rust’in a powder form.
To prevent rust – remove the oxygen in contact
with the metal.

TOOLS FOR REMOVING RUST

1. Chipping hammer
2. Scraper
3. Wire brush

PROCEDURE
1. Look for ugly spots in the metal and pound it
with the chipping hammer.
2. When the solid rust is broken ,use the
scraper to remove the rust that still cling to the
metal.
3. Use the wire brush to clean the metal free of
the rust powder.

What is chipping?
The removal of weld spatter, rust, or old paint
from ironwork using a hammer and cold chisel
is called chipping.

Chipping: Tools, Precautions &

Protection
Chipping Tools
 Precautions before chipping

1. Has the Pre-meeting or Toolbox meeting

carried out?
2. Is proper Personal Protective Equipment
worn by the seaman?
3. Are the instruments, tools, and hoses being
used not damaged?
4. Do the tools function properly?
5. Is the surface washed with fresh water and
then sufficiently dried?
6. Salt, in particular, contributes to the peeling
of paintwork. Once the flaking of paint stats, it
is troublesome to restore the situation. It is
ideal to wash with fresh water pressurized to
50-100 kg/cm2 if such a facility is furnished
onboard.
7. Are proper scaffoldings and lighting
provided?

Precautions during chipping

1. Consideration should be given so that the

same person may not use the same instrument
for a long time, e.g. one should take different
postures by shifting in sequence from one type
of job to another e.g. use of an air hammer,
sweeping of the place where chipping was
carried out and the use of an air sander.
2. A sufficient distance from other workers
should always be maintained, and no work
should be done in the direction where rust
particles may fly.
3. Never forget lubricating air-driven tools. It
advertises itself by heating immediately when it
runs short of oil.
4. The paper for the disk sander should be
replaced after disconnecting the universal
coupling as a safety precaution.
5. Small rust scale should be removed by using
a disc sander or cupped wire brush. The surface
must not be damaged by using an air hammer
unnecessarily.

Precautions after chipping

1. The adjoining area which was sanded with a

disc sander should be cleaned thoroughly of
iron powder which will adhere to it and turn it
to rust red with the lapse of time.
2. The steel section damaged by chipping tends
to rust very easily, compatible painting should
be applied with sufficient coats and thickness.
3. Lubricate the working parts by supplying a
few drops of oil to pneumatic tools.

*Places where small rust has begun to form

because of a thin coat (insufficient thickness),
should be re-coated rather than scaling to a
film thickness of at least 350 microns.

On Tanker ships, the process of chipping as

mentioned in company’s SMS may require a
Cold Work and/or a Hot Work Permit.

Personal Protective Equipment

Chipping Googles

Dust Mask
 Earplug

Earmuff

Vibration-proofing Gloves
 Week 16 Topic:Safety
Equipment for Surface
Preparation and Painting Works

Surface preparation requires pre-planning

and evaluation of the area for potential hazards
before beginning work. Usually, a Shipyard
Competent Person (SCP), Certified Industrial
Hygienist (CIH), or Certified Marine Chemist
(CMC) is needed to help evaluate hazards and
select personal protective equipment (PPE).
Additional hazards will exist if work is done in
enclosed or confined spaces (see confined
space).
Surface preparation operations present a
significant risk for skin, eye, and respiratory
exposure to toxic and corrosive chemicals, as
well as risk of burns, cuts, and lacerations.
Surface preparation operations often require
the use of respiratory protection equipment.
Typical surface preparation operations are as
follows:
 Abrasive Blasting
 Chemical Paint Removers
 Flame Removal
 Mechanical Paint Removers (for example
Grinding, Needle Gunning, Pneumatic Chipping)
 Hydro-Blasting
 Solvent Degreasing
Each of these surface preparation operations
may present unique hazards. Therefore, a
qualified person must select PPE based on the
specific operation. Use of appropriate
combinations of the following PPE will provide
adequate protection:
 Protective Clothing and Hoods
 Respiratory Protection
 Eye and Face Protection
 Foot Protection
 Hand Protection (such as gloves)

Surface preparation

Cleaning - Clean all surfaces using water soluble

detergent and high pressure fresh water.
Remove salt, oil, grease, loose coating, dirt and
detergent prior to de-rusting.
De-rusting - When de-rusting, turn smaller
patches of rust into one larger area by
removing the paint between the rust patches.
Remove rust manually or mechanically by use
of power tools. Mechanical removal is
recommended as it offers higher efficiency and
better results.

Remove particles - After de-rusting remember

to remove all particles etc. from the prepared
surface prior to painting. If possible, use the
working air available on deck.

Avoid contamination Paint - immediately after

the surface is prepared – in order to avoid
contamination, increased salt levels and flash
rust on bare metals.
In case of contamination If the surface is
contaminated prior to painting, a final wash is
recommended. Use high pressure fresh water.
Alternatively hose down thoroughly with fresh
water combined with manual scrubbing.

Chipping Tools:
 General Requirements
Shipbuilding Ship Repair
Shipbreaking Barge Cleaning
Therefore, a qualified person must select PPE
based on the specific operation. Use of
appropriate combinations of the following PPE
will provide adequate protection:
 Protective Clothing and Hoods
 Respiratory Protection
 Eye and Face Protection
 Foot Protection
 Hand Protection (such as gloves)
 Abrasive Blasting
PPE is required when performing abrasive
blasting and must provide protection from the
impact of the rebounding abrasive blast
material (for example sand, metal slag) and
toxic effects of the abrasive blast material and
coatings (such as paint, grease) being removed.
Due to possible surges of pressure in the hose
line and potential static electricity shocks, fall
protection may be necessary. Hearing
protection is important in this operation due to
the high noise levels usually associated with
this operation.

Chemical Paint Removers

PPE is required when using chemical paint
removers (such as methylene chloride, sodium
hydroxide/lye) and must provide protection
from skin contact, skin absorption, and
inhalation. Reactions between the cleaner and
the material being removed may produce
additional toxic vapors or liquids.
Note: During these operations, it is important
to have an emergency eye and body flushing
station.

Maritime Labor/Industry Recommendations

Emergency eye wash station.
 Fixed or portable eye wash stations/safety
showers should meet ANSI Z358.1-1998:
Emergency Eye Wash and Shower Equipment.
Flame Removal
PPE may be required when the workers are
exposed to fumes and smoke created by flame
removal of hardened coatings (such as paint).

Mechanical Paint Removers

PPE is required when performing mechanical
paint removal (such as by grinding, needle
gunning, pneumatic chipping). Due to high
noise, flying particles, and dust, hearing and
eye protection are required and respiratory
protection may be required for all these
operations.
Due to the sparks produced, by grinding,
protective clothing is required. [29 CFR
1915.152(a) and (b)] Anti-vibration devices
should be used to reduce the effect of
excessive vibration from pneumatic tools.
Hydro-Blasting
PPE is required when using hydro-blasting as a
surface preparation method and must protect
the worker from injury from the hazards of the
high-pressure water stream, often from 1000 to
30000 psi. Due to the pressure reaction of
turning the stream on and off, fall protection
may be necessary. Due to high noise, hearing
protection may be required. The PPE should
also protect the worker from skin contact with
the material being removed, which in many
cases can be toxic.

Solvent Degreasing
PPE is required when performing solvent
degreasing (such as with xylene, mineral spirits,
acetone) to provide protection from skin
contact, skin absorption, and inhalation.
Reactions between the degreaser and the
material being removed may produce
additional toxic vapors or liquids.
Note: During these operations, it is important
to have an emergency eye and body flushing
station.

Protective Clothing and Hoods

Figure 4: Warning sign for sandblasting.

Figure 5: Abrasive blaster with appropriate PPE.
 Figure 6: Improper practice - Worker steam
cleaning without gloves and face shield.

Figure 7: Worker with chemical protective suit.

 Figure 8: Worker using solvent to degrease
deck.

Potential Hazard:

 Chemical absorption or burns due to skin

exposure to chemical cleaner or residues.
 Abrasions and amputations from particles
generated by grinding, chipping, and blasting
operations.
 Hearing loss from excessive noise.
 Burns due to contact with steam or hot
water.
Burns and amputations from contact with
high-pressure steam, water, or air streams from
high-pressure equipment.
 Struck-by injuries and falls caused by
uncontrolled high-pressure hoses.
 Heat-related illnesses due to a combination of
PPE use, heat-producing equipment, work
activity, and environmental conditions.

Requirements and Example Solutions:

 PPE (such as a blasting hood and heavy
canvas or leather aprons) must be provided to
protect the head and body of the blaster from
the impact of rebound abrasives. (See Figure 5.)
[29 CFR 1915.152(a)]
 PPE should provide skin protection from
water, steam burns and high-temperature
water during pressure spraying. (See Figure 6.)
 PPE (such as impermeable chemical resistant
clothing) must be provided to protect the skin
from corrosive and toxic chemicals that may be
spilled, sprayed, or splashed during their use.
(See Figure 7.) [29 CFR 1915.152(a)]
 Attached hoods should be used when there is
head or neck exposure.
 When respirators are used, hoods should be
tightened over the respirator to prevent
interference with the face seal and allow
proper removal of gear.
 Heat stress program should be used.
 Leather garments provide such protection
provided that they are free of flammable or
combustible materials such as oil, grease, and
solvents.

Respiratory Protection

Figure 9: Air-line respirator

Figure 10: Abrasive blaster on barge
creating large dust cloud.
Figure 11: Workers exposed to abrasive
grit.
 Figure 12: Worker with protective
clothing and air-line respirator.

Potential Hazards:

Respirators protect the lungs and upper

respiratory track from dust, mists, fumes, and
vapors that are associated with the cleaners
and residues. Worker illness may result from:
 Inhalation exposure to toxic or corrosive
chemicals.
 Exposure to oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
 Exposure to dust (such as silica, lead, and
chromate).
OSHA requirements [29 CFR 1915.32, 33, 34, 35
and 36] for the following operations do not
apply to Shipbreaking:
 Abrasive Blasting
 Chemical Paint Removers
 Flame Removal
 Mechanical Paint Removers (for example
Grinding, Needle Gunning, and Pneumatic
Chipping)
 Hydro-Blasting
 Solvent Degreasing
However, a Hazard Assessment is required by
29 CFR 1915.152 to protect workers from the
hazards associated with these operations.

Surface preparation
Cleaning - Clean all surfaces using water soluble
detergent and high pressure fresh water.
Remove salt, oil, grease, loose coating, dirt and
detergent prior to de-rusting.

De-rusting - When de-rusting, turn smaller

patches of rust into one larger area by
removing the paint between the rust patches.
Remove rust manually or mechanically by use
of power tools. Mechanical removal is
recommended as it offers higher efficiency and
better results.

Remove particles - After de-rusting remember

to remove all particles etc. from the prepared
surface prior to painting. If possible, use the
working air available on deck.

Avoid contamination Paint - immediately after

the surface is prepared – in order to avoid
contamination, increased salt levels and flash
rust on bare metals.

In case of contamination If the surface is

contaminated prior to painting, a final wash is
recommended. Use high pressure fresh water.
Alternatively hose down thoroughly with fresh
water combined with manual scrubbing.
Preparation of the paint
Thinning - are tailor made for brush and roller
application, therefore thinning is not needed.
For other paint types, follow TDS guidelines.
Induction - Adhere to induction time and pot
life stated in the TDS before applying the paint.

Paint Application

PAINT AND COMPONENT

Forms of Paint:
1. Ready mixed paint-requires only steering
before applying.
2. Unmixed paint-require the mixing of
different paints and ingredient,such as dry
pigment paints,mixing oil,thinner,and drier.

Parts of paint:
1. Pigment - the minute particles of insoluble
solid that form the body of the paint and
remains as the hard opaque surface after the
liquid has evaporated.
2. Vehicle – the liquid content which acts as
the bonding agent between the particles of the
pigment,holding them together and to the
surface of any object painted.It also acts as a
drying agent.
Pigments:

1. Red lead( oxide of lead) is made from

metallic lead.
2. Litharge (lead oxide) same as red lead but it
is formed first before the red lead.
3. Fumered lead – is a compound of extremely
fine particles of heated metallic lead mixed
with oxygen,but it is distilled instead of
burned .It is used for extra fineness of paint
requiring greater greater amount of mixing oil
than regular red lead.

Vehicles:
1. Linseed oil :
(a) Most commonly used for mixing paint.
(b) Made from crushed flaxseed and its natural
product.
2. China oil wood or Tung oil:
(a) Made from a tree along Tung river in China.
(b) A stronger dying oil.
(c) More water-resisting than linseed oil but
less durable.
3. Fish oil:
(a) Not good as bonding agent.
(b) It is a non-drying oil.
(c) Used for rigging hawser.

THINNER – is a liquid added to the paint to

make it thin or to cut the oil vehicle or made
the paint easier to spread,it also speeds up the
setting of the paint.
DRIER (hardener) – is a chemically produce
liquid that is added to the paint to hasten the
drying of the paint.

GALVANIZED SURFACE:
1.Galvanized surface are not required to be
painted.
2. They should be exposed to oxygen.
3. If to be painted allow the Galvanized surface
to be exposed to weather for 6 months to give
paint a rough surface to hold in.
4. Apply ammonia or vinegar before painting
the surface.

APPLICATION OF PAINTS:
Brush the paint in to the pores of the surface
and not over it.Use red as primer.
SECOND COAT – is the next layer of paint
applied over the primary coat.It should be
applied only after the primary coat is very dry.If
the same color as the primary coat is used, add
little black to detect missed spots.

IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING
THE PRINCIPLES OF PAINTING
1. Different types of material require different
preparation before applying the paint.
2. Different parts of the ship require different
kinds of paints.
3. Wrong application of paint results in poor
adhering power,causing the paint to peel-off
easily.
4. Expense in painting can be increased if the
principles of painting are not followed.
PRIMARY COLOR – is a basic color that cannot
be broken down into other colors ,but two
colors of this kind can be mixed together to
make other colors e.g.
(a) Blue
(b) Red
(c) Yellow

SECONDARY COLOR – is a color that is produced

by the combination of two primary colors.
(a) violet – red + blue
(b) orange – red + yellow
(c) green – blue + yellow

TERTIARY COLOR – combination of secondary

and primary colors.
(a) Blue violet
(b) Bluish green
(c) Yellow green
(d) Red orange
(e) Yellow orange

COATING – layer of paint applied on any

surface.

THREE KINDS OF COATING

1st Priming coat or primer:
(a) Red lead
(b) White lead
(c) Zinc oxide
2nd under coat or any intermediate coating.
3rd Finishing coating – last coating with desired
color.

PREPARATION OF PAINTS
1.Before painting a 1 gallon or 5 gallons mixed
paint,the following procedure must be
followed.
(a) Get another can or container and remove
the oil from the paint.
(b) Stir the pigment with a piece of stick or with
your hand.
(c) Add the oil little by little and continue
stirring until the oil from the other can or
container is used.
(d) After mixing “Box the paint”.
(e) Apply the paint and add drier (hardener) or
thinner before the final painting.
BOXING THE PAINT – the paint is transferred
from one can or container and back to another
container until the solid pigment impurities and
foreign materials are removed.

KINDS OF BRUSH
1. Wire Brush – used to remove rust.
2. Cleaning Brush – used to remove the dirt.
3. Flat Brush
4. Sash Tool Brush – to enable painting of
corners that cannot be painted with the use of
a flat brush.

CARE OF THE BRUSH

1. If the brush will not be used be used for a
long time.
(a) Remove the excess paint by cleaning the
brush in turpentine.
(b) Use soap and water to further clean the
brush.
(c) Wipe it dry or allow it to dry in air before
storing it inside the locker.

2. If the brush will be used again.

(a) Fill a can with kerosene or water.
(b) With a piece of wire and nail,make a hook
and let the paint brush immersed in the can or
container being supported by the hook.
(c) Never allow the end of the brush touch the
bottom of the can.

GENERAL NOTE OF PAINTING

1. Never paint rubber gaskets on watertight
doors and manholes etc..
2. Never paint the screw screen and nameplate.
3. Never paint anything that has not been
painted before.
4. Never leave numbers or identification marks
on the painted surface unpainted.
5. Never paint with a thick coat,because it will
not completely dry and harden,use thin layer.
6. Always clean the surface before painting
(because the rusting will continue).
7. Never paint-over a rust (because the rusting
will continue).
8. Never apply the crosswise but parallel to
each other.
9. Always paint from the windward side.
10. When mixing paint of the same color in
more than one container always box the paint
to have a uniform color.
11. Never mix drier (hardener) in paint unless
the paints is to be used immediately.

References (APA) • corpslakes.erdc.dren.mil

• www.globalsecurity.org/
• maritime.org
• cultofsea.com
• Bayman, Benjamin F. (1977). "Theory of
hitches". American Journal of Physics. 45: 185.
doi:10.1119/1.10652.
• ^ Maddocks, J. H.; Keller, J. B. (1987). "Ropes
in Equilibrium". SIAM Journal on Applied
Mathematics. 47 (6): 1185–1200.
doi:10.1137/0147080.
• ^ Crowell, Ben. "The physics of knots".
Retrieved 2014-06-29.
 Practical Seamanship by Capt. Valentino H.
Padilla