Network Fundamentals

ITEC90
Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT
Addressing on Networks

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT

After this chapter ,you will be able
to:
• Find the MAC address of a computer and explain its function in
network communications
• Configure TCP/IP settings on a computer, including IP address,
subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers
• Explain the purpose of ports and sockets, and identify the ports of
several common, network protocols
• Describe domain names and the name resolution process
• Use command-line tools to troubleshoot common network problems

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT

Addressing Overview

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Addressing Overview
• Data Link layer MAC address—A MAC address is embedded on
every NIC on the globe and is assumed to be unique to that NIC. A
MAC address is 48 bits, written as six hex numbers separated by
colons, as in 00:60:8C:00:54:99. Nodes on a LAN find each other
using their MAC addresses.

• Network layer IP address—An IP address is assigned to nearly every

interface, which is a network connection made by a node on a network.

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Two types of IP addresses
• IPv4—IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) addresses have 32 bits and
are written as four decimal numbers called octets, for example,
92.106.50.200.

• IPv6—IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) addresses have 128 bits and are
written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers, for example,
2001:0DB8:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC.

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MAC Addresses

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MAC Addresses
• MAC addresses contain two parts, are 48 bits long, and are written as
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons—for example,
00:60:8C:00:54:99. The first 24 bits (six hex characters, such as
00:60:8C in our example) are known as the OUI (Organizationally
Unique Identifier), which identifies the NIC’s manufacturer.

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MAC Addresses

MAC ADDRESS

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MAC Addresses
• The last 24 bits make up the extension identifier or device ID and
identify the device itself. Manufacturers assign each NIC a unique
extension identifier, based on the NIC’s model and manufacture date,
so that, in theory, no two NICs share the same MAC address.

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IP Addresses

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IP address
• You can permanently assign a static IP address to a
device, or you can configure the device to request and
receive (or lease) a dynamic IP address from a DHCP
server each time it connects to the network.

• A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server

manages the dynamic distribution of IP addresses to
devices on a network.

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IP address
Here’s a brief explanation of these settings:
• gateway—A computer, router, or other device that a host
uses to access another network.
• subnet mask—Also called a netmask; a 32-bit number that
helps one computer find another.
• DNS server—Servers that are responsible for tracking computer
names and their IP addresses.

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IPv4 Addresses
A 32-bit IP address is organized into four groups of 8 bits each,
which are presented as four decimal numbers separated by
periods, such as 72.56.105.12. Each of these four groups is called
an octet.

The largest possible 8-bit number is 11111111, which is equal to 255 in

decimal. So, the largest possible IP address in decimal is
255.255.255.255, which in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111.

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Format of IPv4 Addresses
The first part of an IP address identifies the network, and the last
part identifies the host.

When using classful addressing, which is an older method of managing

IP address ranges, the dividing line between the network and host
portions is determined by the numerical range the IP address falls in.

Classful IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes: Class A, Class B,
Class C, Class D, and Class E.

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Format of IPv4 Addresses

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Format of IPv4 Addresses
• Class A, B, and C licensed IP addresses are available for use on the
Internet and are therefore called public IP addresses. To conserve
its public IP addresses, a company can use private IP addresses on
its private networks. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
recommends that the following IP addresses be used for private
networks:
• 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

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Format of IPv4 Addresses

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Format of IPv4 Addresses
• Class D and Class E IP addresses are not available for general use.
Class D addresses begin with octets 224 through 239 and are used
for multicast transmissions.

• Class E addresses, which begin with 240 through 254, are reserved
for research.

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Reserved IP addresses

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DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)
• Static IP addresses are manually assigned by the network
administrator, whereas dynamic IP addresses are
automatically assigned by a DHCP server each time a
computer connects to the network.

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT

Address Translation
• NAT (Network Address Translation) is a technique
designed to conserve the number of public IP addresses
needed by a network.
• A gateway device that stands between a private network and
other networks substitutes the private IP addresses used by
computers on the private network with its own public IP address
when these computers need access to other networks or the
Internet. The process is called address translation.

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Address Translation
• How does the gateway know which local host is to receive a
response from a host on the Internet?

• PAT (Port Address Translation) assigns a separate TCP port to

each session between a local host and an Internet host.

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Address Translation

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Ports and Sockets

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Ports and Sockets
• A port is a number assigned to a process, such as an
application or a service, that can receive data.

• Whereas an IP address is used to find a computer, a port is

used to find a process running on that computer.

• TCP and UDP ports ensure that data is transmitted to the

correct process among multiple processes running on the
computer.

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Ports and Sockets
• A socket consists of both a host’s IP address and a
process’s TCP or UDP port, with a colon separating the two
values.

• For example, the standard port for the Telnet service is TCP
23. If a host has an IP address of 10.43.3.87, the socket
address for Telnet running on that host is 10.43.3.87:23.

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Ports and Sockets

A virtual connection for the Telnet service

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Ports and Sockets
Port numbers range from 0 to 65535 and are divided by IANA into
three types:

• well-known ports—Range from 0 to 1023 and are assigned by

IANA to widely used and well-known utilities and applications, such
as Telnet, FTP, and HTTP.

• registered ports—Range from 1024 to 49151 and can be used

temporarily by processes for nonstandard assignments for
increased security

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Ports and Sockets
• dynamic and private ports—Range from 49152 to 65535 and are
open for use without restriction.

• dynamic port—Number assigned by a client or server as the need arises.

• private port—Number assigned by a network administrator that is

different from the well-known port number for that service.

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Well-known TCP and UDP ports

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Well-known TCP and UDP ports

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Well-known TCP and UDP ports

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Domain Names and DNS
(Domain Name System)
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Domain Names and DNS (Domain
Name System)
• Host names and domain names were created because
character-based names are easier for humans to remember
than numeric IP addresses.

• An FQDN is a host name and a domain name together, such as

www.cengage.com.

• The last part of an FQDN (com in our example) is called the TLD
(top-level domain).

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Domain Names and DNS (Domain
Name System)
• Domain names must be registered with an Internet naming
authority that works on behalf of ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).

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Some well-known top-level domains

A complete list of current TLDs can be found at iana.org/domains/root/db/.

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT
Domain Names and DNS (Domain
Name System)
• While FQDNs are convenient for humans, a computer must
convert the FQDN to an IP address before it can find the
referenced computer.

• In the mid-1980s, DNS (Domain Name System or Domain Name

Service) was designed to associate computer names with IP
addresses.

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT

Domain Names and DNS (Domain
Name System)
• DNS is an Application layer client-server system of
computers and databases made up of these elements,
which we will explore in more detail in the following sections:
• namespace—The entire collection of computer names and their
associated IP addresses stored in databases on DNS name
servers around the globe
• name servers—Computers that hold these databases, organized
in a hierarchical structure
• resolvers—A DNS client that requests information from DNS
name servers
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Namespace Databases
• DNS namespace databases are stored on thousands of
servers around the world, rather than being centralized on a
single server or group of servers.

• An authoritative server is the authority on computer names and

their IP addresses for computers in their domains.
• The domains (for example, cengage.com and course.com) that
the organization is responsible for managing are called
collectively a DNS zone.

Prepared by: KLARENCE M. BAPTISTA, MIT