Unit 1 :

Society and Culture









































































































INTRODUCTION

School society and culture provide the strong theoretical and disciplinary foundations for the
study of a broad range of educational processes, forms of cultural production, transmission and
socialization, across the life span.
On one hand, efforts have been made to the recognition that education (broadly conceived) is
shaped by the dynamic and changing structures of society, culture and political economy in our
contemporary world.
On the other hand, educational phenomena have also become increasingly crucial to the
understanding of a wide variety of social processes such as identity formation, immigration,
nationalism, globalization, state formation and political and economic transformations.
Therefore, the central role of education in our complex and changing world has become
dynamic.
Definition, Structure and function of
Society
(a) Society
 Man is gregarious by nature; he cannot live alone even for a day. So, just imagine why we live in a
society. A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent
relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical, and dominant cultural
expectations.
 The greatest capacity of society is its ability to actively foster the personal growth and development
of its individual citizens. The empowerment and fulfillment of the individual may be the greatest
evolving force at work in society today.
 Society consists of group of individuals who takes their decision together towards common goal and
it has important role in society because individual learn from society.
(b) Social structure

Social structure refers to the pattern of social relationships in a society. Such structure regulates
the interactions among members of the society, providing guidelines within the cultural norms for
achieving the goals defined by cultural values.
Generally, social structure maintains societal stability. However, when the social structure and the
societal values become incompatible, the structure must embrace social change to allow the
society to survive and continue healthy development.
While a variety of sociological approaches have sought to describe the development and
maintenance of social structure, understanding the relationship between structure and change is
necessary for the development of a peaceful world society
Elements of Social Structure

Normative System
People attach emotional importance to the ideals and values, which are called
norms of society. The individuals perform their roles in accordance with the
accepted norms of society.
Position System
Position system refers to the statuses and roles of the individuals. The proper
functioning of social structure depends upon proper assignment of roles and
statuses.
Sanction System
Proper enforcement of norms needs sanction of society. It integrates and co-
ordinates different parts of society. The stability of social structure depends upon
the effectiveness of its sanction, system.
Cont…

A system of anticipated responses

The anticipated response system calls upon the individual to participate in the
social system. The successful working of social structure depends upon the
realization of his duties by the individual and his efforts to fulfil these duties.
Action System
The whole social structure revolves around the action system. The action is the
root cause, which weaves the web of social relationships and sets the social
structure in motion.
Types of Social Structure

The Universalistic-Achievement Pattern

Universalistic achievement value patterns sometimes are imposed to the values of social
structure built mostly about kinship, community, class, race etc. When universalism is combined
with achievement values, it produces a social structure of universalistic achievement pattern.
The Universalistic-Ascription Pattern
Under this type of social structure, the value orientation is dominated by the elements of
ascription. Therefore, in such a social structure strong emphasis is laid on the status of the
individual rather than of his specific achievements. The emphasis is on what an individual is rather
than on what he has done. Status is ascribed to the group than to the individual. The individual
derives status from his group
Cont…

The Particularistic - Achievement Pattern

This type of social structure combines achievement values with particularism. It is more
traditionalistic value. Persons have kept the Indian and the Chinese social structure under this
category.
The Particularistic-Ascriptive Pattern
In this type the social structure is organized around the relational reference points notably those
of kinship and local, community but it differs from the particularistic achievement type. The
structure tends to be traditional and emphasis is laid on its stability.
(c ) Functions of Society

 Society Developing the Individual

 Society Supporting Individual's Fulfillment
 Society Supporting the Development of the Individual
 Society Supporting Talents of Individuals
 Individual Achievement and Achievement of Society
Social Interaction

 Social interactions are the acts, actions, or practices of two or more people mutually
oriented towards each other's selves, that is, any behavior that tries to affect or take
account of each other's subjective experiences or intentions.
 This means that the parties to the social interaction must be aware of each other--have
each other's self in mind. This does not mean being in sight of or directly behaving
towards each other.
 Friends writing letters are socially interacting, as are enemy generals preparing
opposing war plans. Social interaction is not defined by type of physical relation or
behavior, or by physical distance.
Tips for Improving Social Interaction

Greet Someone
Engage In A Conversation
Volunteer
Ask For Advice
Network
Be Courteous
Be Positive
Be Honest
Culture

Culture refers to the pattern of human activity and the symbols, which give
significance to this activity.
Culture is represented through the art, literature, costumes, customs and
traditions of a community.
Different cultures exist in different parts of the world. The natural environment
greatly affects the lifestyle of the people of that region, thus shaping their
culture.
The diversity in the cultures around the world is also a result of the mindsets of
people inhabiting different regions of the world.
Cultural Diversity

Diversity is nothing more than a difference from the majority. In any culture
there is a majority and many minorities.
Culture is a set of norms that set standards for a society of what is acceptable
behavior. In every culture there are basic standards for social interaction such as
personal space distance, eye contact, amount of body language displayed in
public, negotiating style, etc.
Cultural diversity makes our country richer by making it a more interesting place
in which to live
Cultural elements of Pakistani Society

Pakistani Culture is very unique in terms of its social and ethical values. These
values are something which are given due importance. This culture revolves
around the religion of Islam which teaches equality among every human being
that exists on this planet. Pakistan’s culture is very diverse. Pakistani culture has
the following elements:
Islamic Values
Religious Festivals
National and Regional Languages
Mixed Culture
Rich Literature
Cont…

Male Dominated Society

Variety of Dresses
Fairs and Festivals
Sports
Handicrafts
Arts and Architecture
Recreational Activities-Sports
Education
(a) Functions of education towards
individual
Development of inborn potentialities-
Modifying behavior
All-round development
Preparing for the future
Developing personality
Helping for adjustability
(b) Functions of education towards
society
Social change and control
Reconstruction of experiences
Development of social and moral value
Providing opportunity or equality
(c) Functions of education towards
nation
Inculcation of civic and social responsibility
Training for leadership
National integration
Total national development


unit 2 :

Group and Group Dynamics




















































































































INTRODUCTION

Group is a collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual
influence, common feeling of belongingness and who work together to achieve a common set
of goals.
A group's members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other
members of the group. Groups will develop norms about discussion and group members will
develop roles which will affect the group's interaction.
The group dynamics is essential to study since it helps to find how the relationships are made
within a group and how the forces act within the group members in a social setting.
This helps to recognize the formation of group and how a group should be organized, lead and
promoted.
Meaning of Group

 A group is simply a number of people who interact with each others on a regular
basis it establish relationships among social beings.
 Groups are units of society, having all characteristics of society, except for the
fact that groups are concrete entities.
A group is:
 Two or more people who share a common definition and evaluation of
themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition. (Vaughan & Hogg,
2002, p. 200)
 A collection of people who interact with one another, accept rights and
obligations as members and who share a common identity.
Attributes of A Group

Benson (2001) identifies the following distinctive attributes of a group:

1. A set of people engage in frequent interactions
2. They identify with one another.
3. They are defined by others as a group.
4. They share beliefs, values, and norms about areas of common interest.
5. They define themselves as a group.
6. They come together to work on common tasks and for agreed purposes.
Group Dynamics

The study of Groups, groups’ structure, groups’ functions and groups’ behavior is
simply called group dynamics.
The group dynamics is that division of social psychology that investigates the
formation and change in the structure and functions of the psychological
grouping of people into self-directing wholes.
Concept of Group Dynamics

The group dynamics refers to changes which take place within groups and is
concerned with the interaction and forces obtained between group members in
social settings.
It is a study of forces operating within a group. A group doesn’t simply mean
individuals possessing same identical features. For instance, a collection of
students doesn’t form a group.
These are class. A group is formed when the “Two or More individuals,
interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular
objectives.
Importance of Group Dynamics

Psychological Aspects
Scientific Aspects
Sociological Aspects
Practical Aspects
Personal Aspects
Types of Groups

Psychological vs. Social Groups

Formal vs. Informal Groups
Primary vs. Secondary groups
Membership vs. Reference groups
Command vs. Task groups
Interest vs. Friendship groups
Group Structure and Size

 Effective group performance depends to a large extent, on the size and

composition of the group.
 A group may consist of as few as two people (giving credibility to the statement
that “two heads are better than one”), or as many as three or four hundred. In
order to be effective, group size should be kept to a minimum without
jeopardizing workload and goal achievement.
 Larger groups increase the possibility of conflict due to the variety of viewpoints,
few opportunities for the development of social relationships, a decrease in
participation levels, and lack of opportunity for individual recognition.
 Individual skills and performance must be a consideration in forming a group.
Group Development

 The appointment of individuals to a group based on their compatibility, diversity,

or expertise does not assure effectiveness in achieving group goals.
 A group is initially a collection of personalities with different characteristics,
needs, and influences.
 Organizational experts and practitioners have observed that new groups go
through a number of stages before they achieve maximum performance. Each
stage presents the members with different challenges that must be overcome
before they can move on to the next stage.
 These stages have been identified as forming, storming, norming, performing,
and adjourning.
Group Functions

Three functions that influence the effectiveness and productivity of groups are
task functions, maintenance functions, and self-interest functions.
1. Task Functions:
The purpose of formation of the group is to accomplish the task. To achieve the
task, they must have members that fulfill some or all of the following roles:
a) Initiating, b) Information seeking
c) Information giving, d) Clarifying ideas,
e) Bringing closure, f) Consensus testing.
2. Maintenance Behavior

Each group needs social-emotional support to be effective. Some members

of the group will take the lead in providing this support which consists of the
following:
a) Encouraging, b) Improving group,
c) Harmonizing, d) Compromising
e) Gate-keeping, f) Standard setting.
3. Self-interest Behavior

This third function displayed by some individuals, members generally takes

away from group performance and affects task achievement at the expense of
the group. Activities that identify self-interest behavior are as follows:
a) Dominating and controlling, b) Blocking,
c) Manipulating,
d) Belittling,
refers to sneering at other’s point of view, or making jokes about another
member’s contribution.
e) Splitting hairs
refers to searching for insignificant details that delay a solution, or
undermining another person’s point of view.
Group Norms

Development of the group is time taking activity that starts with the
developments of standards and acceptable behaviors named as norms. Group
norms can be named as:
Loyalty norms such as the belief that managers have to work on weekends and
holidays or accept transfers to prove their loyalty to the company.
Dress norms may include anything from uniforms to shirt and ties to bikinis,
depending on the establishment or business.
Reward norms include perks or benefits that come as a result of individual or
group performance.
Principles of the Group Dynamics

The members of the group must have a strong sense of belonging to the group.
The barrier between the leaders and to be led must be broken down.
The more attraction a group is to its members, the greater influence it would
exercise on its members.
The grater the prestige of the group member in the eyes of the member in the
eyes of the members, the greater influence he would exercise on the theme.
The successful efforts to change individuals sub parts of the group would result
in making them confirm to the norms of the group.
Cont…
The pressures for change when strong can be established in the group by creating a
shared perception by the members for the need for the change.
Information relating to the need for change, plans for change and the consequence of the
changes must be shared by the members of the group.
The changes in one part of the groups may produce stress in the other parts, which can
be reduced only by eliminating the change or by bringing about readjustments in the
related parts.
The groups arise and function owing to common motives.
The groups survive by pacing the members into functional hierarchy and facilitating the
action towards the goal.
The intergroup relations, group organization, member participation is essential for
effectiveness of a group.
Features of Group Dynamics

Group dynamics is concerned with group .Wherever a group exists the

individuals interact and members are continuously changing and adjusting
relationship with respect to each 15 other.
The members of the group may interact , may be in state of tension , may be
attracted or repelled to each other, may seek the resolution of these tensions
and return to equilibrium after the resolution.
Dynamic group always is in continuous process of restructuring, adjusting and
readjusting members to one another for the purpose of reducing the tensions,
eliminating the conflicts and solving the problems which its members have in
common.
Socio Cultural Foundation

According to Print (1993), “the society and culture exercise massive powers on the formation
curriculum and the reason behind that it was society who created schooling to safeguard the
survival of their cultural heritage, and survival of their species.”
The social and national stimulations influence curriculum. Curriculum designers and curriculum
developer consciously and unconsciously are affected deeply by socio cultural foundation and it
is obvious from the curriculum that their influence is profound.
For example in Pakistan curriculum is designed in such a way that is a reflection of the society
and civilization of the country and that leads society to change.
Curriculum and society both are integrated and one cannot be separated from the other.
Roles of Individuals within the
Classroom
Several roles are available to individuals in groups.
Leader
Clowns
A fall guy is an individual who takes blame and punishment in order to gain favor with the
group.
Fall Guys
A fall guy is an individual who takes blame and punishment in order to gain favor with the
group.
Instigators
Instigators are individuals who cause trouble, but appear not to be involved.
Teachers role to optimize the functioning
of Group
Psychological Roles of Teachers
Representatives of society
Source of knowledge
Role of Director
Causes of Class Management
Difficulties
Transference
Group-as-a-Whole
Group Roles
A Systems Approach
Parallel Process
Unit 3 :SOCIALIZATION





















































































































INTRODUCTION

Socialization is predominately an unconscious process by which a newborn child learns the

values, beliefs, rules and regulations of society or internalizes the culture in which it is born.
Socialization, in fact, includes learning of three important processes:
(1) cognitive;
(2) affective, and
(3) evaluative.
In other words, socialization includes the knowledge of how things are caused and the
establishment of emotional links with the rest of the members of the society. Socialization,
therefore, equips an individual in such a way that he can perform his duties in his society.
Meaning of Socialization

 Socialization is the process whereby individuals are made aware of behaviors that
are expected of them with regards to the norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values of the
society in which they live.
 Socialization is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills
necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most
influential learning process one can experience
 Socialization is a process whereby individuals are made aware of behaviors that are
expected of them with regards to the norms, beliefs attitudes and values of the
society in which they live.
 Socialization refers to the ways in which people learn to conform to their society's
norms, values, and roles.
Socialization Process

Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others.
We begin learning from others during the early days of life; and most people
continue their social learning all through life (unless some mental or physical
disability slows or stops the learning process).
Sometimes the learning is fun, as when we learn a new sport, art or musical
technique from a friend we like.
At other times, social learning is painful, as when we learn not to drive too fast
by receiving a large fine for speeding.
Cont…

The goal of Socialization is to help you learn how to be most effective in

directing your own socialization and self-actualization processes toward the
goals that you value most.
Special attention will be paid to exploration, play, creativity, wisdom, and positive
reinforcement -- five centrally important aspects of positive socialization.
Types of Socialization

These are the main types of socialization.

Primary socialization
Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and
actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture
Secondary socialization
Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning that what is
appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger
society.
It is usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller
changes than those occurring in primary socialization; e.g., entering a new
profession or relocating to a new environment.
Cont…

Developmental socialization
Developmental socialization is the process of learning behavior in a social
institution or developing your social skills.
Anticipatory socialization
Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a
person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
Cont…

Resocialization
Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns
and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs
throughout the human life cycle (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113)
Organizational socialization
Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learns the
knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role. As
newcomers become socialized, they learn about the organization and its
history, values, jargon, culture, and procedures.
Cont…

Group socialization
Group socialization is the theory that an individual's peer groups, rather than
parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood.
Adolescents spend more time with peers than with parents.
Racial socialization
Racial socialization has been defined as "the developmental processes by which
children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic
group, and come to see themselves and others as members of the group". The
existing literature conceptualizes racial socialization as having multiple
dimensions
Stages of Socialization

There are four basic stages in the socialization process: childhood, adolescence,
adulthood and age sixty-five and over.
During each of these stages of life, people typically begin to learn and to develop
important and useful skills; these skills continue to evolve, carrying over and preparing
each of us for the next stages of life.
Very early on, organized institutions and specific groups of people help us through
these four stages.
These agents of socialization include family, school, peers, media, religion and the
workplace.
Cont…

Childhood is the most important stage of socialization. The first thing that
humans go through in life is called primary socialization, in which children
develop personality, motor skills, reasoning, language and most importantly, self
-concept.
Adolescence is the next stage in the socialization process; it continues the
development of childhood lessons while, at the same time, setting us up for the
socialization that will occur during adulthood. During adolescence, the biggest
development is taking on independence from one's parents.
Cont…

The third stage in the socialization process is Adulthood. At this stage, people
are likely to be fully prepared for what they will face in life, given their
anticipatory experiences during the previous two stages. This process prepares
us for a job by providing the knowledge and cultural background to be successful
in our respective work environment.
The fourth and final stage of socialization is referred to as age sixty-five and
beyond. In our society, many people enter the world of retirement around the
age of sixty-five; entering into retirement can also be called a role exit or referred
to as leaving an important social role
Agents of Socialization

Agencies of socialization are categorized into two as primary and secondary.

Primary agents familiarize a child to the society and family is a crucial primary
agent of socialization.
Secondary agents or agencies familiarize a child to an organized place or
institution and it is more systematic than primary agents of socialization,
Family
School
Peer groups
Cont…
Role of School in Socialization

School is an important part of the society. It is known as social organization

because it is the school which provides an exposure to educands and it prepares
the students to occupy social roles according to their capacities after receiving
the school.
School is considered as a second home for students because it is a school
where in students passes most of the time of his day and this is utilized in form
of learning.
Teacher as a Role Model

Schools are one of the first places where kid’s behavior and future educational
success is shape.
Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behavior toward students.
The reason why the first years of school are so critical is because kids learn the
base of their educational life.
I believe that teachers must love their career in order for them to pass
enthusiasm, to assists, and to provide a warm environment to the students. In
my opinion teachers are the second mothers for the students because students
spend a lot of time with their teachers.
At the same time. I believe a real teacher becomes through many years of
training and experiences in the field.
Cont…

Another quality that we seek in successful teacher is affection. Being human

beings we all need love and affection.
A quality of a good role model is that teachers should know his or her subject
matter.
A good role model also should respect and be appreciate of the problems that
children go through in their life.
In a tech friendly world a teacher should be a role model for acceptable use of
technological equipment such as mobile phone.
SUMMARY

Socialization provides an understanding in respect of society and culture in

which the individual lives and also helps to form his personality.
The institutions that make the individuals familiarize to the society are known
as agents of socialization.
Amongst them the primary socialization is done by family influences the
formation of individual's personality.
In addition to it, school, peer groups, mass media, religion, work place and
politics influence in forming a particular individual's personality.
Unit 4 :

Social Institutions













































































































INTRODUCTION
As we group up there are many different influences which affect our behaviour. When we are
very young, it is the family, especially mother and father who affect us the most.
After a certain age, we begin to go to school. School has a major impact on our behavior and in
shaping our personality. In addition, the community of which we are a part also affects us and
guides our actions.
All of us belong to a particular religious group; each religion also has guidelines about right
behaviour. In today’s world, T.V and mass media also exert a very strong influence on our
thoughts and activities.
Social Institutions focuses on the systematic understanding of social interaction, social
organization, and social change.
Each society has its own social institutions; these are not buildings or places, but structures of
relationship, obligation, role and function.
Definition of Social Institutions

An institution is a mechanism of social cooperation that governs the behavior of

a set of individuals within a given human community.
Institutions are identified with a social purpose and stability that helps
individuals to excel in their lives and intentions. Every society has structures
which provide a common social framework.
These structures can be broadly referred to as social institutions and are distinct
from any organization that results from the political realm.
The term "institution" is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns
important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of
government and public service.
Characteristics of Social Institutions

An institution is not anyone or anything that is established and traditional. An

institution is not limited to specific organizations, such as a school or a prison or
a hospital. An institution is much broader in scope and importance than a person,
a custom, or a social organization.
Institutions are social arrangements that channel behavior in prescribed ways in
the important areas of social life. They are interrelated sets of normative
elements/norms, values, and role expectations that the people making up the
society have devised and passed on to succeeding generations in order to
provide permanent solutions to society’s perpetually unfinished business.
Institutions are cultural imperatives.
Institutions and Societal Problems
Institutions arise from the uncoordinated actions of multitudes of individuals
over time. These actions, procedures, and rules evolve into a set of expectations
that appear to have a design, because the consequences of these expectations
provide solutions that help to maintain social stability.
Cont…

Institutions are, by definition, conservative. They are the answer of custom and
tradition to questions of survival.
Although absolutely necessary for unity and stability, institutions in
contemporary society are often outmoded, inefficient, and unresponsive to the
incredibly swift changes brought about by technological advances, population
shifts, and increasing worldwide interdependence.
General Functions of Social Institutions

Economic Functions: economic institutions fulfill the economic needs of the

society. These needs are provided under the system of production, Distribution
of Wealth, Expenditures and Services.
Political Functions: the main function of political institution is to deep the human
character in an organize form. The further objective of this institution is to
maintain social organization. This done through the governments and related
bodies.
Familial Functions: The main responsibility of social institution is to increase the
human race. Similarly the social institutions are supposed to bring up the new
generation this is done through the family and marriage.
Cont…

Religious Functions: The principle aim of the religious institution is to satisfy the
religious or spiritual needs of the society. The religious institutions uphold
mutual relationship between human being and God.
Social Control: The basic objective of the social institutions is to maintain social
control in the society. Social institutions provide formation to its members
through exemplary characters
Social Transformation: The social institutions protect the social inheritance by
transforming it from one generation to another.
Socialization: social institutions play vital role in the socialization of the
individuals. It is therefore, the members of each society posses particular
characteristics which separate them from the other societies.
Types of Social Institutions

One distinguishing characteristic of societies is the existence of a set of

institutions.
The popular usages of this term are imprecise and omit some important
sociological considerations.
An institution is not anyone or anything that is established and An institution is
not limited to specific organizations, such as a school or a prison or a hospital.
An institution is much broader in scope and importance than a person, a custom,
or a social organization.
Cont…

The Family
The Specific Functions of the Family
The control and regulation of sexual behavior.
To provide for new members of society (children)
To provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals.
To provide for primary socialization of children.
Economic Institutions

Sociologists understand the economy as the set of arrangements by which a

society produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other
resources.
Economic Institutions involve the production of goods and the organization of
labor, the provision of care and similar factors, not just money, buying and selling.
Every society has systems of provision or procurement.
According to Diana Kendall, “economy is the social institution that ensures the
maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of
goods and services”.
Cont…

Capitalism
Capitalism is a system of economics defined by a market owned and control by
private citizens. The advantages of capitalism are the private ownership of
property that produces income and competition to keep prices in check. The
disadvantage, however, is the lack of government intervention which is what
makes capitalism work best
Socialism
The alternative economic theory to capitalism is socialism. Socialism is the act
by which all goods are publically owned and operated. The three features that
make up the socialist theory are 18 public ownership of the means of production,
pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
Specific Functions of Economical
Institutions
Provide methods for the production of goods and services.
Provide methods for the distribution of goods and services.
Enable society’s members to consume goods and services which are produced
Religious Institutions

Another topic that has about as much diversity as today’s educational system is
that of religion. Diana Kendall states “Religion is a system of beliefs, symbols,
and rituals, based on some sacred or supernatural realm, that guides human
behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community”.
Our religion is a way of life. If we follow above tenets we will play a positive role
in every share of life. We have to learn to use religion in a positive way.
The Specific Function of Religious
Institutions
Providing solutions for unexplained natural, phenomena.
Supplying a means for controlling the natural world.
Religion tends to support the normative structure of the society.
Furnishing a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations.
Sustaining the existing class structure.
Religion serves as an instrument of socialization.
Religious institutes may both promote and retard social change.
Religion may both reduce and encourage conflict in groups.
Political Institutions

Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by
some people and groups.
Politics is present in every society today in the form of a government or state.
Political sociology is the process in which politics is studied in its relation to other
factors such as the economy, education, or media (Kendall, 2006).
Every society has an organizational principle, with authority figures, with defined
roles and obligations.
The Specific Functions of Political
Institutions
The Institutionalization of norms (Laws).
The enforcement of laws.
The adjudication of conflict (Court).
Provide for the welfare of members of society.
Protection of Society from external threat.
Educational Institutions

Education and religion have both been important factors in many societies
around the world.
Both shape how our societies interact within our own society and with other
societies around us.
The shaping of our societies begins we are young with our families and friends
shaping how our lives will take place. This is when formal education and religion
are brought about.
The Impact of School

These are the most formative years of a child’s life. As the child grows he/she
go to school. In the child’s development school plays the second most important
role.
Its role is almost as important as family. A school and a college are called Alma
Mater. It is derived from a Latin word meaning nourishing (dear) mother.
Books are store houses of knowledge, and knowledge is power. Knowledge
gives self-confidence and maturity and helps to develop a person fully.
The Specific Functions of Educational
Institutions
Transmitting culture.
Preparation for occupational roles
Evaluating and selecting competent individuals
Transmitting functional skills for functioning in society.
Play and Recreational Institutions

There is a dearth of similar material and definitions on recreation. As an

institution play and recreation plays important role, it is important to emphasize
the need for co-operation and networking to ensure both that the best quality of
service is provided and that resources are not duplicated.
Play & recreation are regarded as broadly similar activities and are considered
together under the general term ‘play’.
Every child has the right to play and to participate fully in recreational activities.
T
Benefits of Sports and Recreational
Institutions
A safe environment
Opportunities to develop and display competence
Social networks
Moral and economic support
Autonomy and control in the structures in which their experiences occur
Hope for the future
Importance of Social Institutions of
Society
Social institution can play an important role in making any country stronger. If
the country has weak institutions than it will be very hard for the nation to
survive without any problems and difficulties.
Instead of strong institutions, we have strong Persons. The only way Pakistan
can progress is my making its institutions strong by converting it truly into
welfare state.
Strong institutions means end of corruption, rule of law all problems mentioned
below are by product of weak institutions.
Unit 5 :




Social Control




















































































INTRODUCTION
In our childhood how parents urged us to eat with our right hand, to respect our elders and our
teachers, to be punctual and to help the needy.
Subsequently, we learn that we should drive on the left side of the road and to obey the laws of
the land. Still later, we are made aware about responsibilities that come with one’s job.
It is clear that our behaviour is regulated by family, by prevalent customs and traditions, by
society and by the state, too.
The notion that unrestrained freedom will lead to anarchy and a demise of social order.
Therefore, it is considered imperative for any society to maintain order and progress.
Definition

Social control refers to societal and political mechanisms or processes that

regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to
the rules of a given society, state, or a social group.
It is the mean by which members of a society attempt to induce each other to
comply with the societal norms.
Social controls influence behavior constantly because they are internalized and
come into play every time a person has a deviant impulse.
The regulation of behavior in society,
whether of individuals or of groups is undertaken in two ways:
a) By adhering to establish norms and values of society; and
b) By the use of force.
Purpose of Social Control

Sociologists attribute many purposes of social control. The aim of social control
is to bring about conformity in a particular group or society.
At times, out of sheer ignorance, individuals could act in a manner that may or
may not benefit them. But certainly society’s interests lie at the collective level.
Society seeks to regulate the individual behavior.
The purpose of social control is to regulate the interests of the both the
individual and the group in a way that is beneficial to both.
Individuals, therefore, have to be made to co-exist in a manner that benefits
them as well as the groups they comprise of social control becomes a necessity
for the following reason…
Cont…
a) To maintain the old order:
For continuity and uniformity of a social group, it is important that the old
social order is maintained. The old members of the family initiate and
socialize the young ones into their traditions, value patterns and accepted
forms of behavior.
b) To regulate individual behavior:
Individuals vary in their ideas, interests, attitudes and habits, etc. Thus their
behavior needs to be regulated in accordance with the established norms
which would lead to uniformity and solidarity of the group.
c) To check cultural maladjustment:
Society is changing at a rapid pace. The changes threaten to uproot the
existing social system and replace it with a new system.
Forms of Social Control

In primary groups, the relationships are close, direct and intimate. Social control
is often maintained by informal mechanism, i.e. customs, traditions, folkways,
mores and religions. These are adopted means by informal groups.
Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls:
1. Internalization of norms and values, and
2. External sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative
(punishment).
Informal social control

The social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social
control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is
expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized
whether consciously or subconsciously.
1. Folkways: Folkways are norms to which individuals conform. It is customary to
do so. Conformity to folkways is not enforced by law or any other agency of the
society.
2. Mores: Mores refer to moral conduct as distinct from the customary practice of
folkways.
Cont…

3. Customs: Customs are the long established practices of people, which occur
spontaneously but gradually.
4. Religion: Religion exercises a powerful influence on its adherents. Emile
Durkheim defines religion as the unified system of beliefs and practices related
to sacred things.
2. Formal social control

Formal social control is expressed It is conducted by government and

organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions
such as fines and imprisonment.
In other words, these institutions exercise the legal power to control the
behavior the individual and the group.
Law: In primitive societies, the groups followed similar occupations and
individuals shared a direct, personal and intimate relation among themselves.
Education
State
Agencies of social control-Family,
Neighbourhood and public opinion
Family
Neighbourhood
Public Opinion
Social Deviation and Tolerance

Social control is the means by which members of a society attempt to induce

each other to comply with the society's norms. Social controls influence
behavior constantly because they are internalized and come into play every time
a person has a deviant impulse.
Deviance describes as actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including
formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms
(e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
Toleration is "the practice of deliberately allowing or permitting a thing of which
one disapproves. One can meaningfully speak of tolerating, i.e. of allowing or
permitting, only if one is in a position to disallow”.
Deviance and Social Control

 1. Norms or rules about what members of a society should and should not do
are universal, that is all societies have them and the members of all societies
enforce them.
 2. Some norms apply in specific contexts, settings, or situation. i.e. Laughing at
a funeral.
 3. Some norms apply to the behavior of members of certain groups or
collectivities but not to others. i.e. Street Gangs
 4. Some norms apply to everyone in a given society. i.e. Killing a baby
Deviance as reactive construction

Deviance is concerned with the process whereby actions, beliefs or conditions

(ABC) come to be viewed as deviant by others. Deviance can be observed by
the negative, stigmatizing social reaction of others towards these phenomena.
Criminal behaviour, such as theft, can be deviant, but other crimes attract little or
no social reaction, and cannot be considered deviant (e.g., violating copyright
laws by downloading music on the internet).
Some beliefs in society will attract negative reaction, such as racism and homo
negativity or alternatively even race-mixing or homosexuality, but that depends
on the society.
Functions of deviance

Deviant acts can be assertions of individuality and identity, and thus as

rebellions against group norms
a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms,
b. it also clarifies moral boundaries, promotes social unity by creating an
us/them dichotomy, encourages social change, and
c. provides jobs to control deviance
Difference between deviance and
deviants
Lack in Socialization
Ridged
Unpopular Social Laws
Extra Ordinary Exploitation
Cultural Invasion
Methods of Social Control

Internal
External
Informal
Formal
Semiformal
Formal Agents of Social Control

Agents who have legitimate power to make people conform to the law.
Formal agents occupy a specific status in bureaucratic organization. It is this
position which give them the legitimacy to sanction wrongdoers for violating the
formal code.
Educational Institutions

Education and religion have both been important factors in many societies
around the world.
Both shape how our societies interact within our own society and with other
societies around us.
The shaping of our societies begins we are young with our families and friends
shaping how our lives will take place. This is when formal education and religion
are brought about.
Semiformal Social Control

A huge territory of noncriminal, non-penal bureaucratic social control,

administered by the government, which attempts to deal with the troublesome
behavior of persons under their authority.
If a person’s behavior becomes extremely troublesome, an array of agencies,
bureaucracies, and organizations may step in to handle or control that person, to
punish or bring him or her into line with the rules.
Role of School and Teacher in
Developing Social Control
School in the modern time is treated as the most suitable, active and formal
agency of education. As per the changing need of the hour, school develops and
grows with its specific goals.
It is emerged out of the demand for education and pressure on the parents
regarding their educational pursuit.
The two main functions of schools are to educate students and to socialize
them. Schools teach general skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, as
well as specific skills needed for the workplace.
Human capital is the knowledge and skills that make someone more productive
and bankable.
Main Function of School

Conservation and promotion culture

All-round development of the individual
Development of higher values of life
Development of social responsibility
Citizenship training
Adjustability in society
Vocational training:
Teachers as social change agents

It goes without saying that teachers are responsible for the change that takes
place in learners.
Their words and actions trigger positive behavioral and attitudinal changes in
learners. But teachers’ role as change agents is not limited to the school setting
and their learners.
In the communities where literacy rate is low and people are not aware of their
rights and responsibilities, lack ideas on good health habits, development
perspectives, local teachers can act as change agents.
Because teachers are conscious and educated, they can cause change to take
place in the community settings.
Unit 6 :

School and Community

INTRODUCTION
Educational institutions are micro-societies, which reflect the entire society.
The education system in any given society prepares the child for future life and instills in him
those skills that will enable him to live a useful life and contribute to the development of the
society.
Education as a social phenomenon does not take place in a vacuum or isolation; it takes place
in the society and this normally begins from the family, which is one of the social institutions
responsible for the education of the child.
Many sociologists have observed that there is a strong relationship between school and society.
This observation is based on the fact that it is not possible to draw any differentiation between
the two concepts.
Relationship between school and society

It is known to all that the relation between school and society is very close and
integral. We cannot think of a school without a society and on the other hand, a
society without school is quite absurd.
One without the other does not carry any sense. These are two sides of a same
coin. Therefore, the school should arrange its programs in such a way that they
strengthen the relationship between school and society.
Now some measures that cultivate the relation between school and society are
presented here.
Durkbeim was one of the first sociologists to appreciate the relationship
between education and society.
Agent for Social Change

It is logical to expect that the type of education given in each society will change
from time to time as the society changes.
Many writers have argued that education is one of the causes of social change
in the society, but another school of thought is of the opinion, that educational
change tends to follow other social changes, rather than initiate them.
Ottaway (1980) observed that ideas of change originate in the minds of men;
often in the mind of a single man.
A Hierarchical Order

Another area of the relationship between education and society is through the
arrangement of the entire society into a hierarchical order that is, through the
social structure in which education plays a prominent and significant role in
fixing educated individuals into social classes.
Ottaway (1980) observed that education is the process of preparing people to fit
into this complex social structure and to play particular social roles as members
of more than one institutional group.
Individuals have to learn to be fathers or mothers, school teachers or civil
servants, shopkeepers or priests.
Preparation for Future Life

Education as a social phenomenon is also concerned with the preparation of the

child for his future occupation in life.
This is one of the main economic functions of education and this is in the
interest of both the nation and the individual.
Through education an individual knows the structure of the society and the
different types of relationships that exist among those structures in the society.
The child is taught how to perform different roles within the social structure in
the society.
These roles are inter-related. For example, the role of a father is a relational role;
a father could be a son to, another person.
Social Interaction

Social interaction may be defined as any relation between people and groups,
which changes the behaviour of the people in the group.
There is a need for social interaction by the child before he could acquire the
culture of his society.
This interaction in the society is therefore part of the child's education, provided
that, that type of interaction brings about positive changes in the child's
behaviour in a right direction as required by the educational system.
One important point here is that the child has been taking part in group
interaction long before he starts to attend school and the most common among
these group interactions are within the family and the peer group.
Transmission of the Cultural Values

Many sociologists have appreciated the relationship between education and

society and have concluded that the two are so interrelated that one cannot
isolate them.
It has been observed that the educational system of any nation must be based
on the needs and demands of the society, and that any educational system that
fails to meet the needs, aspirations and ambitions of the society is not relevant
and is bound to fail.
The educational system of any nation is concerned with, the transmitting of the
cultural values of today to those who will live in the world of tomorrow, and
contents of education must somehow strike a balance.
Fulfillment of Individual's and Societal
Needs
Finally, education has to fulfill both the individual's needs and those of the
society and must keep pace with other sub-systems in the society, as both
variables are inter-related.
Education as a social phenomenon does not take place in a vacuum or isolation;
it takes place in the society and this normally begins from the family, which is
one of the social institutions responsible for the education of the child.
Effects of School on community

The school must play an active part to relate itself with the society. There are
many educative forces in the society, e.g. places of historical interest, temple,
church, mosque and remnants of human civilization.
These forces may act as educator to the young people. In order to create a
relationship between school and society, the school can organize educational
excursion.
Keep pace in social needs
Selection of Rules for Society
Moral and Intellectual Development of Students
Development of Personality
Transmission of the Cultural Values
Cont…

Today community involvement has taken on renewed significance in

configurations and discussions of school improvement.
Federal, state and local educational legislation, political slogans, professional
addresses and casual conversation as about schooling are likely to include
references to the role or responsibility of the community.
Community involvement to produce capable workforce
Community involvement for students’ well-being
Community involvement for building healthy communities
Different types of school-community
relationship
The different rationales for community involvement can be realized through a
variety of partnership activities.
Student centered activities
Family centered activities
School centered activities
Community centered activities
Social role of schools and education in
Pakistani Society
In this rapidly advancing era, the importance of social role of school cannot be
denied.
It is crucial for progress and prosperity of any nation. Wekipedia published an
article on March, 2012 which defines social role of education.
Economic Growth
Discipline
Tolerance
Solution for Domestic Problems
Communication Skills
Quality of life
Social Role of Teachers in Pakistani
Society
The teacher is a dynamic force of the school. A school without teacher is just
like a body without the soul, a skeleton without flesh and blood, a shadow
without substance.
There is no greater need for the cause of education today than the need for
strong manly men and motherly women as teachers for the young.
As social engineers, the teachers can socialize and humanize the young by their
man-like qualities.
Teacher role in developing the
community
a)The teachers need to work for:

Excellence coupled with equity and social justice

National Integration
International Understanding
Good quality modern education
Reasonable level of competence in three languages
Focal point for improvement in quality of school education
b) Role of teacher in child’s social
success
The effective teacher must be ever mindful of the simple fact that children go to
school for a living. School is their job, their livelihood, their identity.
Children tend to fall into four basic social categories in the school setting:
a) Rejected
b) Isolated
c) Controversial
d) Popular
Teacher’s Role with Preschoolers

Early childhood educators are in a particularly good position to foster the

acceptance of the socially incompetent child.
By demonstrating acceptance of the child despite his behavioral or language
weaknesses, the teacher generally finds that this attitude is mirrored by the
child's classmates.
The teacher's goals should focus on promoting age-appropriate
language/communication skills for the child. This instruction should be provided
in a positive, supportive and accepting manner.
Teacher’s Role with Elementary School
Children
Assign the troubled child to work in pairs
Provide opportunities to promote and encourage appropriate social interactions
Board games and card game
Teacher’s Role with Secondary School
Students
Teachers at the high school level must be particularly aware of the student who
is being ignored or rejected by peers.
During adolescence, it is critically important that the student be accepted by his
classmates.
The rejection suffered by adolescents with social skill deficits often places the
student at risk for emotional problems.
It may be unrealistic to expect an overworked algebra teacher to conduct social
skill activities but the professional should, at a minimum, be willing and able to
refer the child to appropriate resources in the school administration or guidance
department.
Unit 7 :




Effective Teacher

INTRODUCTION
Teaching is the single most important profession in the world. Teachers pass on knowledge and
values to children, prepare them for further education and for working life and are main
contributors to good education.
Teachers are one of the main pillars of a sound and progressive society. They bear the weight
and responsibility of teaching, and, apart from parents, are the main source of knowledge and
values for children.
The role of a teacher in society is both significant and valuable. It has far-reaching influence on
the society s/he lives in and no other personality can have an influence more profound than that
of a teacher.
Students are deeply affected by the teacher's love and affection, his character, his competence,
and his moral commitment.
Characteristics of Effective teacher

Becoming an effective teacher takes practice and special guidance from

mentors and administrators.
Effective teaching does not involve presenting your exciting lessons or activities
to the class, it is a craft learned over time.
Sense of Humor
A Positive Attitude
High Expectations
Consistency
Fairness
Flexibility
Cont…

Walker (2008) defined effective teacher who bears at least twelve

characteristics of being an effective teacher. These twelve characteristics
consistently affect students in positive ways.
1. Prepared , 2. Positive
3. High expectations, 4. Creative
5. Fair 6. Personal Touch
7. Develops a Sense of belonging 8. Admits Mistakes
9. Sense of humor 10. Give respect to students
11. Forgiving 12. Compassionate
Effective Teacher
Communication and Effective Teaching

Communication
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary the word means the act of imparting,
especially news, or the science and practice of transmitting information.
These definitions clearly show the link between teaching and communication:
teachers are constantly imparting new knowledge, or transmitting information.
Hubley (1993) has shown us that communication is a complex process.
Communication Process
Non-verbal communication/body
language
Motivation of Students

The word motivation refers to getting someone moving. When we motivate

ourselves or someone else, we develop incentives or we set up conditions that
start or stop behaviour.
In education, motivation deals with the problem of setting up conditions so that
learners will perform to the best of their abilities in academic settings.
We often motivate learners by helping them develop an expectancy that a
benefit will occur as a result of their participation in an instructional experience.
In short: Motivation is concerned with the factors that stimulate or inhibit the
desire to engage in behaviour.
Types of Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation
Teachers use extrinsic motivation to stimulate learning or encourage
students to perform in a particular way. It is one of the most powerful
motivations. It is operative when an individual is motivated by an outcome
that is external or somehow related to the activity in which she or he is
engaged.
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to rewards provided by an activity itself. Intrinsic
motivation arises from internal factors. The motivation arises from internal
factors such as a child’s natural feeling of curiosity, exigent, confidence and
satisfaction when performing a task.
Theories of Motivation

Different psychological perspectives explain motivation in four different ways.

The Behavioral Perspective
The Humanistic Perspective
(a) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(b) Roger’s motivation theory
Cognitive way
and social way
Provision of Environment Conducive to
Learning
The learning environment plays a very important role in creating a happy
learning atmosphere.
An environment conducive to learning can improve students’ active
participation and the effectiveness of teaching. That is why we need to review
the learning environment.
The learning environment in a classroom includes the physical conditions of the
classroom (temperature, hygiene, air circulation, interior design, etc), the
arrangement of the classroom, its management and use of learning resources.
Cont…

Good Lighting for Learning

Arranging Seating to Allow for Active Learning
Comfortable Room Temperature Keeps Learners Engaged
Visual Aids need to be seen by All Learners
Classroom Management

Classroom management is the term educators use to describe methods of

preventing misbehavior and dealing with it if it arises.
It is the techniques teachers use to maintain control in the classroom.
Classroom management is one of the most feared parts of teaching for new
teachers.
For the students, lack of effective classroom management can mean that
learning is reduced in the classroom.
Cont…

Effective classroom structuring requires attention to the following features:

Creating a physical arrangement that eases traffic flow, minimizes distractions,
and provides teachers with good access to students in order to respond to their
questions and better control behaviour.
Making efficient use of classroom time, including transitions between various
classroom activities.
Ensuring that the nature and quality of student interactions is positive
Foundation of the learning and Research-
supported Principles and actions
Everything starts with TEACH
T – Tailor for diversity.
E – Encourage positive behavior.
A – Arrange the environment for success.
C – Consult your peers.
H – Hug yourself.
Suggestions for improving classroom
management
Give students an overview of what they are learning. Don't teach isolated
segments of content without showing how they link into the whole.
Help students to understand the relevance of what they are learning. Not only in
terms of practical usefulness, but also how it relates to other areas of
knowledge or the overall subject matter.
Use a variety of approaches for both input and student presentation of work.
Research shows that students have different learning styles so a variety in both
input and output allows more students to work in their preferred style.
Use tutorial groups to have regular personal contact with students in a
manageable way.
Dimensions of Classroom Management

Organization of pupils work

Evaluation
Planning
Materials/Resources
Learning activities/Tasks
Social Climate
Unit 8 :

Technological Change and Society






































































































INTRODUCTION
Only change is permanent in this world, the informational technology brought changes in a real
manner because it involves the technology.
Technologies significantly affect human as well as other species' ability to control and adapt to
their natural environments.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies,
technology has helped to develop more advanced economies.
Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology
often raises new ethical questions.
Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term
originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms
Technological Change and Society

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques,

crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or
perform a specific function.
It can also refer to the collection and utilization of such tools, machinery, and
procedures.
Technology and society refers to cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-
production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture,
and vice-versa).
This synergistic relationship occurred from the dawn of humankind, with the
invention of simple tools and continues into modern technologies such as the
printing press and computers.
Educational Technology and Change

Educational technology, the incorporation of information technology into the

learning experience, is a term that continues to evolve alongside technological
advancements in the field.
E-learning refers to the specific kind of learning experienced within the domain
of educational technology, which can be used in or out of the classroom.
Distance learning, computer-based training, and social networking tools are just
a few examples of e-learning.
Technology in the classroom is doing just that keeping students stimulated by
using the latest and greatest inventions in computers and digital media.
Instructional technique and technologies

Problem based learning, project-based learning, and inquiry-based learning are

active learning educational technologies used to facilitate learning as well as
leaning in social context.
Technology which includes physical and process applied science can be
incorporated into project, problem, inquiry-based learning as they all have a
similar educational philosophy.
All three are student centered, ideally involving real-world scenarios in which
students are actively engaged in critical thinking activities.
The process that students are encouraged to employ is considered to be a
technology.
Sources of Technological Change

There are subsequent three sources of technological change.

1. Research and Development (R & D)
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
2. Learning-by-doing
3. Spillover
Technology and Jobs

Technology is assumed to be neutral, being developed on the basis of efficiency

and use-value.
But there is considerable evidence to support an alternative view that
technology is developed to serve the particular needs of certain groups in
society, especially powerful groups such as corporations and government
bodies.
Research and development (R&D), design and engineering may lead to greater
production and new jobs when they meet an adequate demand, and when they
are not confined to replacing old goods.
Technological changes, on the other hand, tend to replace labour with capital,
often leading to productivity growth and job losses.
Cont…

Improve Communication
Human Capital
Efficiency
Mobility
Employee Workload
Accommodations
Impact of Computer Technology on Jobs

Computer technology has had a major impact on the working world.

This includes improved and expanded communications, providing more work
opportunities for the disabled, reducing paperwork, providing for expanded
learning and creating a more collaborative work environment.
Technological change and its impact on the work force have become a focus of
attention nowadays.
The innovations include advanced communication systems, industrial robots,
flexible manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD), computer-
assisted manufacturing (CAM), computer assisted instructions (CAI), computer
mediated instructions (CMI), and computer management system (CMS).
Computer programming and jobs

The control of technology and jobs to serve the interests of powerful groups can be
illustrated in the area of computer programming.Until about 1965 almost all
computer programmers were self-trained.
Learning on the job was never found to be a difficulty. But in recent years it has
become increasingly difficult to learn on the job, since it is difficult to get a job
without undergoing fairly lengthy formal training.
There have also been more and more restrictions on what a person is allowed to do
in relation to computing. Formerly, people who wrote programmes also punched
their cards and supervised the running of their programmes on the computer.
They knew much about the physical equipment and software and its peculiarities
because this knowledge was useful to them and because the information was
readily available.
Teaching Employment Online

Eduwizard represents an online learning and teaching platform that is becoming

increasingly popular with educators who are looking for a break or to diversify
their knowledge and expertise of their subject and for students who are looking
for a unique tutoring experience.
Teachers looking for a diverse online teaching employment will be sure to find
one here.
These platforms work differently with regard to technology, so it's best to
research and perhaps experiment accordingly.
Technical issues might be another consideration as well as differences in time
zones as some students live in other parts of the world.
Organization of Technology

Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learn
through aural and visual reception, exists in many forms, e.g., streaming audio
and video, or PowerPoint presentations with voice-over.
The 1950s led to two major, still popular designs. Skinners work led t
o "programmed instruction" focusing on the formulation of behavioral objectives,
breaking instructional content into small units and rewarding correct responses
early and often.
Advocating a mastery approach to learning based on his taxonomy of
intellectual behaviors, Bloom endorsed instructional techniques that varied both
instruction and time according to learner requirements..
a) Integrated Technology Development

Establishing the process

Analysis of the actual state
Creation of alternative options
Planning of the interventions
Interventions
Qualification for participation:
Technological Change and its Impact on
Pakistani Society
Schools are undergoing a major transformation as they transition to a digital
learning environment.
Teachers are able to use actionable information to personalize learning based
on individual student's learning needs and styles. In Pakistan technology is
greatly affecting our schools and community.
Communication
Lifestyle
Cause of Skill Shortage is Complex
Industrialization
Urbanization
Modernization
Development of the means of transport
and communication
Development of transport and communication has led to the national and
international trade on a large scale.
The road transport, the train service, the ships and the aero planes have eased
the movement of men and material goods. Post and telegraph, radio and
television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless and the like
have developed a great deal.
The space research and the launching of the satellites for communication
purposes have further added to these developments.
They have helped the people belonging to different corners of the Pakistan or
the world to have regular contacts.
Transformation in the economy and the
evolution of the new social classes
The introduction of the factory system of production has turned the agricultural
economy into industrial economy.
The industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into
two predominant classes; the capitalist class and the working class.These two
classes are always at conflict due to mutually opposite interest.
In the course of time an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved.
Environment

Technology provides an understanding, and an appreciation for the world around

us.
Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by-product in addition
to the desired products, which is known as industrial waste and pollution.
While most material waste is reused in the industrial process, many forms are
released into the environment, with negative environmental side effects, such
as pollution and lack of sustainability.
Different social and political systems establish different balances between the
value they place on additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and
pollution.
Cont…

Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind, but
most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects.
Historically, the value of a clean environment and more efficient productive
processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of society, because
once people are able to provide for their basic needs, they are able to focus on
less tangible goods such as clean air and water.
Unit 9 :




Collaboration between School and
Community






























































































INTRODUCTION
Schools have long recognized that they have a role in supporting young people’s wider
development, of which educational attainment is a critically important part.
The guidance notes that excellent teaching and learning to unlock the potential of every child
must continue to be the core business of schools, on which they have the lead role.
But schools can and do also make a significant contribution to other aspects of development,
both because these are important in their own right for a good childhood and because they
impact on children’s ability to learn and develop.
School-community collaboration occurs when groups or agencies come together to establish an
educative community.
Community Development Theory

Since the late nineteenth century, the use of the term community has remained
to some extent associated with the hope and the wish of reviving once more the
closer, warmer, more harmonious type of bonds between people ambiguously
attributed to past ages.
Before 1910 there was little social science literature concerning 'community' and
it was really only in 1915 that the first clear sociological definition emerged.
This was coined by C. J. Galpin in relation to defining rural communities in terms
of the trade and service areas surrounding a central village. A number of
competing definitions of community quickly followed.
Some focused on community as a geographical area; some on a group of
people living in a particular place; and others which looked to community as an
area of common life.
Approaching the theory of community

It is helpful to begin by noting that community can be approached as a value. As

such it may well be used to bring together a number of elements, for example,
solidarity, commitment, mutuality and trust.
Community can be approached as a descriptive category or set of variables.
Initially community can be explored in three different ways.
Place
Interest
Communion
Community as network and local social
system
It is a fact that people live close to one another does not necessarily mean that
they have much to do with each other.
It is the nature of the relationships between people and the social networks of
which they are a part that is often seen as one of the more significant aspects of
‘community’.
When people are asked about what ‘community’ means to them, it is such
networks that are most commonly cited.
Beyond that perimeter lie work, religious places, neighbourhood, civic life, and a
group of others. Wenger identified five types of support networks:
Cont…

Wenger identified five types of support networks:

The local family-dependent support network. This mainly relied on close kin, who
often shared a household or lived locally.
The locally integrated support network. This typically consisted of local family,
friends and neighbours.
The local self-contained support network. Usually restricted in scale and containing
mainly neighbours, this form had relatively little kin involvement.
The wider community-focused support network. Involving a high level of community
activities, this form also typically entailed a high number of friends and kin.
The private restricted support network. Characterized by an absence of close kin,
aside from a spouse in some cases, this ‘type’ also meant few friends or neighbours.
Community norms and habits

To judge the quality of life within a particular community we, need to explore
what shared expectations there are about the way people should behave and
whether different individuals take these on.
Three linked qualities appear with some regularity in discussions of communal
life:
Tolerance
Reciprocity
Trust
Social capital

A sense of belonging and the concrete experience of social networks (and the
relationships of trust etc. that are involved) can bring significant benefits.
However, the sense of attachment and quality of social networks varies greatly
between the different ‘communities’ that people name.
Child development
Public spaces
Economic prosperity
Formulation of Objectives for
Community School Collaboration
Schools do not exist in isolation and they cannot go it alone. To keep students in
school their social, economic, and family needs, as well as their academic needs
must be met.
They need the support and help of the whole community. The often heard
statement, "It takes a village to raise a child," is very true. Volunteers and funding
are two major ways that communities support their schools.
Some of the initiatives that involve partnering with the community are School-to-
Work Programs, after-school centers, and parental involvement programs.
Improving School-Community
Collaboration by Formulating Objectives
Encourage community use of school facilities
Student Recognition
Gold cards
Honor Society
Honors Passes
Senior Citizens Banquet
Positive Reinforcement
Selection of Representatives for
Collaboration
A community representative must be a member of the community and can be a
parent of a child in the school. Community representatives are appointed by
school council members.
A community representative brings an additional perspective to council
decision.
Expresses the viewpoint of the community they represent;
Communicates the activities of the council to stakeholders;
Works collectively towards the common goal of improving teaching, learning and
student achievement;
Participates in the school development process with other participants; and,
Participates in and is prepared for council meetings and discussions.
Collaboration with Local Bodies

An effective family-community-school collaboration must come together at the

local level.
Thus, a school and its surrounding community are a reasonable focal point
around which to build an infrastructure.
Primary emphasis on this level meshes nicely with contemporary restructuring
views that stress increased school based and neighborhood control.
From a local perspective, first the focus is on mechanisms at the school-
neighborhood level. Based on analyses of what is needed to facilitate and
enhance efforts at a locality, mechanisms are conceived that enable several
school-neighborhood collaborative to work together for increased efficiency,
effectiveness, and economies of scale (e.g., connecting a complex or “family” of
schools, such as a high school and its feeder schools).
Parent Teacher Meeting

Parent-teacher meetings are a regular feature of school life. Often they add to
stress loads. Not only do they usually occur before or after a busy day of
teaching, many teachers feel uncomfortable dealing with parents.
Communication with parents and guardians of students require considerable
planning and effort on the teacher’s part. One method will not work with all
parents.
Communication with families can be face-to-face, written or electronic. An
opportunity for face-to-face verbal communication occurs at parent-teacher
conferences.
If run effectively, conferences can offer great opportunities to establish good
relationships, but if handled poorly, they can have negative consequences.
Mechanism to Promote Communication

Teachers attempt to establish partnerships with parents to support student

learning. Strong communication is fundamental to this partnership and to
building a sense of community between home and school.
In these changing times, teachers must continue to develop and expand their
skills in order to maximize effective communication with parents.
Avenues of Communication
One-Way Communication
Two-Way Communication
Barriers to Communication

Cultural differences
On a parental level
Economic and time constraints
Lack of technology
Overcoming Linguistic Barriers

Speak slowly and clearly

Ask for clarification
Avoid idioms
Avoid slang language
Be specific
Be patient