SCIENCE 8 LONG QUIZ 1 | TERM 1 (By: Railey Jacob P.

See - 8E)
Note: When printing, it is suggested to print in black and, white on both sides to conserve paper.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Force
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★ The Concept of Force:

Force
- Can be a push (pushing an object away from you) or pull (pulling it towards you) that can make an object
move or stop moving.
- Force can be strong or weak, applied in different directions, and change an object's state of motion.
- It is something that can change the speed or direction of an object.

➔ What if no force is applied to an object?

- The object may speed up, slow down, or stop when a force is applied.
- So, if there is no force acting on an object, the object will be either at rest or in constant motion along a
straight line.

Balanced Forces: Unbalanced Forces:

- Occurs when two or more forces acting on an - Occur when the forces acting on an object do
object are equal in magnitude but opposite in not cancel out, resulting in a change in the
direction. object's motion.
- As a result, they cancel each other out, and the - This means that the object will either accelerate,
object's motion does not change. decelerate, or change direction.

★ Types of Forces:
1. Friction Force
- A force that opposes the motion of an object 4. Elastic Force
when it comes into contact with another - Elastic force is the force exerted by a material
surface. It acts in the opposite direction of the when it is stretched or compressed. This force
object' s movement. tries to return the material to its original shape.
- Example: Rubbing your hands together, - Example: When you stretch a rubber band, it
pushing a box across the floor. exerts an elastic force that tries to pull it
back to its original length.
2. Tension Force
- Tension is the force exerted by a string, rope, 5. Gravitational Force
cable, or similar object when it is pulled tight - Gravitational force is the force of attraction
by forces acting from opposite ends. between two masses. On Earth, this force pulls
- Example: When you pull on both ends of a objects towards the center of the Earth.
rope in a game of tug-of-war, the rope is - Example: When you drop an apple, it falls to
under tension. the ground because of Earth' s gravitational
force.
3. Applied Force
- An applied force is a force that is applied to an 6. Normal Force
object by a person or another object. - The normal force is the support force exerted
- Example: When you push a door open, you upon an object that is in contact with another
are applying a force to the door.
 stable object. It acts perpendicular to the book, balancing the downward gravitational
surface. force.
- Example: When a book rests on a table, the
table exerts an upward normal force on the

Free-Body Diagram
- A Free-Body Diagram is a simple drawing that helps us understand the forces acting on an object.
- A free-body diagram shows all the different pushes and pulls (forces) acting on an object.

Problem 1: A book lying on a table:

Problem 2: A picture frame in hanging by a nail on the wall:

Problem 3: A car is moving forward on a flat road:

Problem 4: A ball falling freely from a height (ignoring air resistance):

Problem 5: An object is hanging from the ceiling, supported by two ropes at different angles.
When faced with a situation in which there are two objects exerting the same force to one point, be sure to
name each force such as (Tension Force 1 and Tension Force 2)
 ★ References:
Book Page: 3-4
How Things Move - Quipper Lesson Package

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Chapter 2: Newton’s Laws of Motion
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★ The Proponent of the Laws of Motion:

Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727)

- Well known as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was
described in his time as a natural philosopher.

Newton’s Achievements:

1665 1666 1687

- Newton helped develop - Newton also discovered that - Newton was one of the
calculus, a type of gravity is the force that greatest scientists and
mathematics that deals with attracts objects towards mathematicians of all time.
change and motion each other, like how the He formulated the three
Earth pulls us down. laws of motion, which
describe how objects move
and interact.

★ Newton's First Law of Motion:

Law of Inertia
- States an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion at the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
- It explains why objects don’t change their motion unless something causes them to.
- If the sum of the forces acting on a body equate to zero, then it is either at rest or at constant motion.

(When the forces acting upon an object are balanced, it will continue to be at rest or in constant motion. However,
when a net external force acts upon this object, it may change its current stage of motion.)

● Objects at Rest Stay at Rest - If something isn’t moving, it will stay still unless something pushes or pulls
it.
● "Objects in Motion Stay in Motion - If something is moving, it will keep moving in a straight line unless
something stops it or changes its direction.

➔ Inertia
 - It is the tendency of a body to resist any change in its motion.
- An empty cabinet is easier to push than a cabinet full of books. This means that the greater the mass
of the object, the greater the inertia and same goes oppositely.

Example:
Imagine you are sitting in a car that is moving forward at a certain speed. According to the Law of Inertia: Your body
is also moving forward at the same speed as the car. You and the car are both in motion, so you will continue moving
forward unless something happens to stop you.

★ Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

Law of Acceleration
- States that the Net Force (Total Amount of Force) is equal to the product of mass and acceleration.
- It also states that acceleration is directly proportional to the force and is inversely proportional to the mass.
- Describes how force and mass affect acceleration.

(Acceleration is directly proportional to force but inversely proportional to mass. This means the greater the force, the
more acceleration and the more mass an object has, the weaker the acceleration.)

➔ Net Force
- It is the total amount of force acted upon an object.

Expression:

a = fnet/m (acceleration is equivalent to net force divided by mass)

Fnet = ma (net force is equivalent to mass multiplied by acceleration)

● a = acceleration in meter per second squared (m/s²)

● F or Fnet = net force in Newtons (N)
● m = mass in g (grams) or kg (kilograms)

★ Formula Derivation:

Formula Derivation:
- Refers to the process of mathematically developing or deriving a specific formula by starting from
fundamental principles, definitions, or known equations
- The goal is to show how a formula is logically and mathematically arrived at, often starting from more basic
concepts or other established formulas.
 ★ Problem Solving:

Example: A 10 kg box is pushed with a force of 50 N across a frictionless surface. What is the acceleration of the
box?

G (Given): Mass of the box (m) = 10 kg

Force applied (F) = 50 N
R (Required): Acceleration (a) of the box.
E (Equation): Newton ' s Second Law: F=ma Rearrange to solve for acceleration: a= F/m.
S (Solution): Substitute the given values into the equation.

A (Answer): The acceleration of the box is 5 m/s² .

(For more examples, please check Sir. Lauros lesson package in references)

★ Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

Law of Interaction (Action-Reaction)

- Newton’s Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- According to Newton’s Third Law of Motion, forces always come in pairs known as action and reaction
forces. This means that whenever one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts a force back
on the first object.
- Action and reaction forces are known to be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

➔ Forces Always Comes in Pairs

- A force is a push or pull that occurs due to an interaction between two objects. This interaction can occur
through contact (like pushing a door) and non-contact forces (like the gravitational pull between the Earth
and the Moon).
- Whenever two objects interact, they exert forces on each other. These forces are the result of the mutual
influence that the objects have on one another, which is a fundamental concept in physics.
- If Object A exerts a force of 10 Newtons on Object B, then Object B exerts a force of 10 Newtons on
Object A, but in the opposite direction.

Example:
Suppose you are jumping, when you jump your legs are pushing off the ground and adding force to it, in return,
the ground has an opposite reaction which makes you jump. This is the same thing with rockets and why they
need thrusters to fly.

Example:
Let’s say you're rowing your boat, when you paddle you are pushing the water backwards and thus, the water
reacts oppositely and pushes you forward.
(For more examples, please check Sir. Lauros lesson package in references)

★ References:

Book Pages: 5-22

Law of Inertia - Quipper Lesson Package
Law of Acceleration - Quipper Lesson Package
Law of Interaction - Quipper Lesson Package

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