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LAB REPORT 03

The lab report details an experiment conducted by Group #08 in the Electronics Lab to study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND) using diodes and develop their truth tables. The objectives included understanding the principles of logic gates, designing circuits, and analyzing results, with observations confirming the truth tables for each gate. The report also outlines the apparatus used, procedures followed, and precautions taken during the experiment.

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10 views6 pages

LAB REPORT 03

The lab report details an experiment conducted by Group #08 in the Electronics Lab to study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND) using diodes and develop their truth tables. The objectives included understanding the principles of logic gates, designing circuits, and analyzing results, with observations confirming the truth tables for each gate. The report also outlines the apparatus used, procedures followed, and precautions taken during the experiment.

Uploaded by

zainabhashmi334
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LAB REPORT

GROUP # 08

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS LAB


COURSE CODE: PHYS-207
SUBMITTED BY: 24017110-001
24017110-003
24017110-005
24017110-007
24017110-009
24017110-011
24017110-015
SUBMITTED TO: MAM SEHAR KHURSHID
SECTION: INDUCTION- 5TH (B)
SUBMISSION DATE: 09 Dec, 2024

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
EXPERIMENT:
To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc.) using diode and develop
their truth table.

OBJECTIVE:
 To understand the basic principles of logic gates.
 To design and set up logic gates using diodes.
 To study the behavior of logic gates.
 To develop truth tables for each logic gate.
 And to analyze and interpret the results.

INTRODUCTION:
Logic gates:
Electronic circuits which perform logic function on one or more inputs to produce output.

Truth table:
When all the input combination of a logic gates is written in a series and their corresponding
outputs then this input/output combination is called truth table.
The logic gates are as follows;
AND Gate:
An AND gate produces an output of 1 only if all inputs are 1.

The Boolean expression of AND gate is;


X=A.B
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR Gate
An OR gate produces an output of 1 if any input is 1.

The Boolean expression of OR gate is;


X=A+B

A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NAND Gate
A NAND gate produces an output of 1 only if none of the inputs are 1.

Truth table of NAND gate is;

A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
APPARATUS:
 Diodes
 Resistors
 Breadboard
 Jumper wires
 DC power supply (5 V)
 Multimeter

PROCEDURE:
1. AND Gate:
 Connect two diodes in series with the anodes connected to the inputs and the cathodes
connected to the output through a resistor.
 Connect the inputs to the switches or input sources.
 Connect the output to an LED or output indicator.
2. OR Gate:
 Connect two diodes in parallel with the anodes connected to the inputs and the cathodes
connected to the output through a resistor.
 Connect the inputs to the switches or input sources.
 Connect the output to an LED or output indicator.
3. NAND Gate:
 Connect two diodes in series with the anodes connected to the inputs and the cathodes
connected to the output through a resistor.
 Add an inverter (NOT gate) to the output.
Conducting the Experiment
 Apply input voltages: Apply 0V or 5V to the inputs of each gate using the switches or
input sources.
 Measure output voltages: Measure the output voltage for each gate using a multimeter.
 Record output voltages: Record the output voltages in the truth tables.
 Verify output voltages: Verify the output voltages with the expected output values in the
truth tables.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
OR Gate

A B X
0 0 0
0 5 5
5 0 0
5 5 5

AND Gate

A B X
0 0 0
0 3 0
3 0 0
3 3 3

NAND Gate
A B X
0 0 3
0 3 3
3 0 3
3 3 0

CONCLUSION:
By observing the output for various input combinations, we confirmed the truth tables of
each gate, validating their logical functions.
This experiment reinforced the understanding of how logic gates serve as the building
blocks of digital circuits and are crucial for computational processes.
PRECAUTIONS:
 Diodes, resistors, and breadboards can be damaged easily. Handle them carefully to avoid
damage.
 Ensure that all connections are secure and not loose. Use proper wiring techniques to
avoid short circuits.
 Do not apply voltages exceeding the rated voltage of the diodes or other components.
 Wear protective gear like safety glasses and anti-static wrist straps when working with
electronic components.

REFERENCE:
www.wikipedia.com
www.byjus.com
www.studoco.com

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