CHAPTER

2 Elementary
Transformation
2.1 Introduction

Following operations on matrices are known

peration or E-transtormation.
as
Elementary Transformation or Elementary
Interchange of any two rows or any two columns: The
1.
-ows is denoted by R, R, or R; and termed as Row transformation. intercharge of ith and jth
and th columns is denoted by C Similarly interchange of ith
+C, or C.
2. Multiplication of the elements of row or column by a non-zero number
a
Multiplication of elements of ith row, by non-zero number k is denoted by
a
:

epresents the multiplication of elements of jth column by k. kR. Similarly, kC

3. The addition of k times the elements of jth row (or of jth column), corresponding
lements of ith
row (or ith column) is
given by R; -> Ri +kR, (or C C; + kC;)
2.1.1 Definitions
Equivalent Matrices: Any matrix B obtained by one or more elementary transformations
f Ais called an equivalent matrix of A and is denoted by B- A. Equivalent matrices are of same
rder.
1 2 3
xample 1. Transform the matrix |2 5 7 into upper triangular matrix using elementary
3 1 2
transformation.
3 2 3
Solution:
Solution:2 5 7-0 1 1 R2Ra -2 -01 1 R3Rg +5R2
13 1 2 0 -5-7 Ra-3R 0 0-2
Elementary Matrices The matrix obtained from a unit matrix by a single elementary
w transformation is called an elementary matrix or E-matrix.
|1 0 0
.xample 2. I =|0 1 0into an elementary matrix.
o 0 1
1 001 1 00
Solution :I =|0 1 o 5 1 0 R2R2 + 5R
o 0 1 00 1
It is an
elementary matrix.
 Applied Mathematics-l

32

Note:
matrix of
R2R, t R, givesanother elementary
matrix using
square
inverse of a non-singular
2.2 Method for finding Method
Gauss-Zordan
trnasformation:
Elementary inverse of A
to get
matrix of order n, then .(1)
Let A be a non-singular

(i) Write A = IA L.H.S. and the prefactor

transformation only to the matrix A in the
row
(i) Go on applying
of IA in R.H.S. ill the result A'A =I
as

I= BA is obtained. bviously, B is the inverse of A

Solved Examples
[i 3 311
triangular matrix.
4 10 into upper
Example 1. Express the matrix 2
3 8 4
3 3 3
[1 31 [1
Solution: 4 10|0 -2 4 R2 R2 -2R1
Here | 2
3 8 4 -1 -5|RaR3 -3R
0
3 1 3 31
13
0 1-2 Rg-R2 +R3 Ans
-o-2R-R
0 -1 -5 00 -7
1 2 31
Example 2. Transform the matrix 2 4 5 into lower triangular matrix.
13 5 6
12 3 1
Solution :|2 4 5 2 0 -1 C2C2-C
3 5 6 3-1 -3 CgC3-3C
[1 0 0
3 1 0 R2 3R2 -R3
3-1 -3
Example 3. Transform the
2
matrix|1 2 2 into unit matrix.
2 2 3
112 [i i 2]
Solution :|1 2 21-0 1 10 2
oR2> R2 R
2 2 3 0 0 -1 R3 -2R, 0 1 oR >R -R2
o 0 -1
10 01 100
o R R +2R 0 1 0 R(-1)R,
0 0 -1
001
 Elementary Transformation
33

Example 4.lt A=|0 1 1|then find A

1

0 0 1
Solution: A =I xA
[1 1 0 1 00
0 1 1=0 1 o xA

[1 0 -11-1 0
01 1 0 1 :A
IRR-R2]
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 -1 11
0 1 0=0 1 -1xA R, +R3
0 0 1 l0 o 1 TR2R2- Rs
-1 1
I = B xA
B A =0 1 -1|
|0 0 1

Exercise 2.1
1. Transform the following matrices into upper traingluar matrices using elemenatry
transformation
1 2 3 o 1 2
)2 4 5 Ci) 1 2 3
3 5 6 3 1 1
2. Transform the following matrices into lower triangular matrices using elenmentary
transformation
13 41 3 -4-5
2 8 10| (i)-9 1 4
3 6 8 -5 3 1
3. Change the following matrices into unit matrix using elementary transformation

|1 2-2
2 7 Cii)-1 3
0 -2 1
0

Find the inverse

ofthe following matrices using elementarytransformation
o 1 2
(ii)|1 23
3 1 1 [BTE 2000]

13 2 [1 3 3
Cii)-3 0 -1 (iv)1 4 3
2 10 1 3 4 [BTE 2000]
34 Applied Mathematics-
3-34 7 -1-1
(vi) 10 -2 1
()2-3 4
0 -1 1 6 3-2 [U.P. 2016

Answers
1 2 3 [1 2 3
1. ()0 -1 -3 (ii) 0 12
0 0-1 0 0 2
10 0 -11 0 10 0
2. )2 2 0 (ii) 11 -11 0 3.6 1 i) 0 1o
3-1 -5 3 1 00 1
1/2 -1/2 1/2| -2 1/2 1
4. 7 (ii)4 3 -1 (ii) 11 1 -6
5/2-3/2 1/2 4 -1/2 -2

(iv)-1
7-3-3
1 o
-1 1 0
(v)-2 3 -4| (vi) -
1-5-31
26 -8 -17
61
-10 1
-2 3-3 42-27 4

2.3 Sub-matrix
IfA be a mxn matrix, then the matrices obtained by deleting some rows or columns or both
of A are known as submatrices of A.
1 23
eg, If A =|4 5 6 then B- 2 3 5 6 etc. are submatrices of

7 89
A.

2.3.1 Square Submatrix

If the number of rows and columns in sub-matrix then it is called
a are equal, a square
sub-matrix.
Note:
A is itself a sub-matrix.

2.4 Minor of a Matrix

IfA be a mxn matrix, then the determinant of each square submatrix of A is known as the
minor of the matrix A.
1 2 3 4
e.g A =5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 3x4
Here 11,|3|,|4|etc. are of 1x 1 order.
 E l e m e n t a r yr a n s t o r m a t i o n 35

|1 2 32 3 4
11 2 / 2x 2 order and |5 6 7 6 7 8 are 3x 3 minors of the matrix A.
5 7|11 12 9 10
11||10 11 12
of a matrix
2.5 Rank
Rank of a matrix is the order of the highest non-zero minor of A. it is denoted by p(A) or r.

Thus, a number
r will be the rank
of A, if
G A has at least one non-zero minor of order r.
ii) Every minor of A of order higher than r is zero.
Note:
rank of a matrix A =[aj]mxn» then r S min (m, n).
(i) Ifrbe the.
a zero matrix is zero.
(ii) Rank of
. Gi) Ifr is the rank of a non-zero matrix, then r is a +ve number and r >21
.Gi) The rank of a unit matrix is equal to the order of that matrix.
.()The rank of an upper triangular
matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows of that matrix.
a matrix and its transpose are same.
.(vi) The rank of
. (vii) The rank of matrix remains unaltered due to elementary transformation.

2.6 Nullity of a Matrix

and it
If A be square matrix of order
a n and r S n be its rank, then n -

r gives the nullity of A

is denoted by N (A).

Solved Examples
1235
3
Example 1. Find the rank of the matrixA =|1
2 5 8
12 3
Solution : Here |A|=|1 3 5| = 1 (24-25)-2 (8-10) +3 (5-6)
2 5 8
= -1+4-3 =0. So, rank r <3

Now, minor of 2nd order1 3-2=1#0p

Ans.
rankr = p (A) = 2
1 2 3
EXample 2. Find the rank and nullity of A =|2 3 4

2 2
|1 2 3
Solution : Hence, |A|=|2 3 4|=1 (6-8)-2(4-0) +3(4-0)
0 2 2
= - 2 - 8 + 12 20

So, p (A) = 3 Ans.

Nullity =N(A) = n -

r = 3-3 = 0
 36 Applied Mathematics-ll
2.7 Echelon Form of a Matrix
A matrixA is said to be in Echelon form if:
()Every non zero row of A, if any, precedes its zero rows.
(ii) The number of zeroes preceding the first non-zero element in a row is always less than
the number of such zeroes in its next row.
(iii) The first non-zero element of every non-zero row is 1.

Note :
Condition (iii) is optional.

2.8 Rank of a Matrix in Echelon Form

The rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to the no. of non-zero rows of the matrix.
01 2 3
e.8. 0 0 1 2 is in Echelon form.
00 0 o
No. of non-zero rows = 2 'rank = 2

Solved Examples
-12 3 - 2
2 -5 1 2
Example 1. Find the rank and Nullity of the matrix A =
3 -8 5 2
5 -12 -1 6
-12 3 -2 -1 2 3

Solution : A = |
2 -5 1 2 0 -1 7 -2 R R2 +2R
3 -8 5 R3 Rg + 3R
2 0-2 14-4 R4 R + SR
5 -12 -1 6 O -2 14 4
[-1 2 3-2
0 -1 7-2
00 0 0
R3Rg 2R2
R4 > R4 - 2R2
00 0
No. of non-zero rows = , rank p (A) = 2
Nullity = order of the sq. matrix - rank of the matrix

= 4-2 2
Ans.
12 3
Example 2. Find the rank of the matrix 1 4 2
2 6 5
[BTE 2008]
1 23 0[1 1 2 2 3
-1 |R2 > R2 - R,
Solution : Let A =|1 4 2
26 5 02 R Ry 2R,
Elementary Transformation
37
[1 2 3
0 1
-1/ 2 R2 R2
0 2 1
12 3
|0 1
1/2| R3 Rg -2R2
00 0
It is in Echelon form.
So, rank p (A) = no. of non-zero rows = 2
Ans.
0 2 3
Example 3. Find the rank ofthe matrix 0 4 6
0 6 9 [BTE 2005, 06]
o 2 3 3 2 0
Solution: Let A =| 0 4 6 6 4 0 CC
o 6 9 9 6
1 1 1 1 0
2 2 0C, C 0 00 0 R2
0
>
R2 -2R,
3 3 0C Ca R R- 3R
2
rank p (A) = no. of non-zero rows = 1 Ans.
1 2 -1 3
41 2 1
Example 4. Change the matrix A into Echelon form and find its rank and nullity.
3-1 1 2
1 2 0 1
1 2-1 3 1 2 -1 3
-7 6 -11 R2 R2- 4R
Solution A =l3
4 1 2 10
:
-1 1 0 -7 4 7 RR3-3R
2 R4R4 -R1
1 2 0 1 0 0 1-2J

1 2 -1 3
0 -7 6 -11
0 0-2 4
R3R3-R2
0 0 1 -2
[1 2 -1 3
0 1 -6/7 11/7 R-;R2
0 0 1 -2
0 0 1 -2 R R
38 Applied Mathematics-li|
It is in Echelon form in which number of non-zero rows = 3
r = p (A) = 3 and nullity N(A) = n -r = 4-3 = 1
Ans
2.9 Nornmal Form or Canonical Form
Any non-zero matrix may be transformed in to any of the following forms using elementary
transtormation

(i) 1, (ii) , : O] (ii) (iv)

O: o
where I, is a unit matrix of rth order.
These forms are known as normal form or canonical form of the matrix A.
The rank of a matrix A is equal to the order of the unit matrix present in the canonical form
of this matrix.
1 21
Example 1. Change A = |1 2 3. into normal form and find its rank and nullity

0 -11
[1 1 21 0
Solution: A =|1 2 3 or A|1 1 1 C2C2 - C1
0 -1 -1
0 -1 -1 C3C3 -2C,

01 1| R2 R2 -R1
L0-11]
1 00
0 1 1 R3 R2 +R3

1 o0
-|0 1 0 C3C3 - C2
0 0 0

So, A - o rpA) =2
Lo
Nullity N(A) = n - r = 3 - 2 1
Ans.

Important Facts
1 Any matrix A may be transformed to any one of the following forms:

Cii) [, :O] iii) (iv)

. where r denotes the order of the unit matrix. These forms are called normal forms.
 Elementary Transformation
39
2 Echelon form ot a matriX : Any matrix A is said to be in Echelon

() Every non-zero row of A,if any, precedes the zero row (row having all the elements zero)
iil Number of zeroes preceding the first non-zero element in a row is less than the number of
such zeroes in the next row.

3. Rank

(i) The order of unit matrix existing in the normal form of a matrix gives the rank of that
matrix.

(ii) No. of non-zero rows in Echelon form of a matrix is the rank of that matrix.

Exercise 2.2
1 2 3
1. Find the rank ofthe matrix A = 1 4 2
2 6 5 [BTE 2008]
4 5 6
2. Find the rank and nullity of the matrix A = 5 6 7
7 8 9
| 3 -1 2
3. Find the rank and nullity of the matrix A = | -6 2 4
-3 1 2
4. Find the rank ofthe following
[1 2 3 2 1 2 3
) 23 5 1 (ii) 2 3 5
1 3 4 5 3 5 8 [BTE 2009]
[o 2 3
Cii) 0 46
0 6 9 [BTE 2005, 06]
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
5. Find the rank of
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
Transform the following matrices into Echelon form and find their ranks
-2-1 -3 -1 -2 1 1|
6.
1 2 3-1
7
1 1 -2 3

1 0 1 1 4 1-5 8
01 1 -1] -7 2 -1
1 -1 2 -3|
8.
2 2 1 1
5-3 2 6
40 Applied Mathematics-1

Tanstorn the following matrices into Normal form and lind their ranks
02

9. 22 10.
01-2
|1 -I 4 0
2 2
2 2 8 O|

Answers
1. p(A) 2 2. p(A) 1 3. p(A) 2, N(A)1
2, N(A) 6. 2 7. 2
4. () 2 (Gi) 2 5. Rank 3, Nullity= 1
8. 3 9. Rank =3, Nullity= 0 10. Rank 3, Nullity= 1

Linear Dependence, Independence of

Vectors and Rank of Matrices

2.10 Definitions
2.10.1 Row Vector or Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row and any number of columns (say n) is called a row vector or
row matrix.
Thus, A =la1, a12 ... i x n or B = [d, d2,., 4, is a row vector.

2.11 Column Vector or Column Matrix

A matrix having only one column and any number of rows (say m) is called a column vector
or column matrix.

b
ba
or or . . is a column
Thus, b31 [b1, b12, b vector or column matrix.

nl Jmx1
Obviously if A is a m xn matrix then every row R, i = 1, 2,..., m of A is a row vector.
Similarly every column C;, j= 1, 2,..n is its column vector.

2.12 Sum and Scalar Multiplication of Vectors

=
If X ( , Xz X), Y =(Y1, Y2» Y)
then =
X+ Y (x +y1, X2 +y2, X3 +y3,.., Xn tyn
and kX =k (X1, X2,. X)= (kx,, kx2, ... kx, ), where k is a scalar
e.g, X = (1, 2, 3, 4), Y = (2, 0, 5, 6)

X+Y =(1+2, 2+0, 3+ 5, 4+ 6) =(3. 2, 8, 10)

and 2X =
=2(1, 2, 3, 4) (2x 1, 2x 2, 2x3, 2x 4) =(2, 4, 6,8);
 Elementary Transformation
41

91 Linearly dependent and independent sets of Vectors

A set of r vectors A1, A 2 . A, is said to be linearly dependent if there exist scalars
1 A , (not all zero) such that A ,X, +a2X2 +....+à,X, = 0, where 0 {0, 0, 0....} is a
zero n vector

and if AX, +A 2X2 +..+A,X, = 0 A =h2 = hg = , = 0

then the sets X1 A2 A, are called linearly independent.

2.13 Linear Combination of vector

If X, X2, ...,An are n vectors and k^k2 .....k, are scalars such that
X =kX +kzX2 t ....
+k,X,
then X is said to be the linear
...,
combination of vectors X1, X2, Xp.
Note
.(1) Any ordered n tuples of numbers (i.e., a set ofa numbers in which place of each element is fixed) is called
n-vector.

X a 3-vector whereas Y
e.g. ={X1, X2, X3) is ={2 0,1, 3} is a 4-vector.

Solved Examples
Example 1. Show that the vectors X, = (3, 1,-4)and X2 = (2, 2-3) are linearly independent for
rational numbers.
[BTE 20041
Solution : Given X = (3, 1, - 4), X2 = (2 2 -3)
Ifk and k2 are scalars such that k^X, +k2X2 = 0
or k3, 1, -4) +k2(2, 2,-3) = O = (0, Q, 0)
or (3k + 2k2, k1 + 2k2, -4k - 3k,) = (0, 0, 0)
3k + 2k2 = 0
..(1)
= 0
k +2k2 .(2)
4k1 -3k =0 (3)
From (2) k =
-2k
from (1)
3(-2k)+2k2 = 0 -4k2 = 0 . kz =0
and k=-2k =0
So k = 0, k2 =0
Hence, vectors are linearly independent
Example 2. Show that vectors X = (1, 2 4) and X2 = (3, 6, 12) are linearly dependent.
[BTE 2005]
Solution: Here X, = (1, 2 4), X, = (3, 6, 12)
Let k, and k be scalars such that k,(1, 2 4)+k,(3, 6,12) = 0 = (0, 0, 0)
Putting (1) k = 3, k, = -1 in (1) (by observation)
3(1, 2, 4) + (-1) (3, 6, 12)
- -
=
(3, 6, 12) + (-3, 6, 12)
=
(3-3, 6-6, 12-12)
=
(0, 0, 0)
Thus,k 0, k, 0 and k,X, +k,X2 =0
0, X, & X, are linearly
dependent.
 42 Applied Mathematics
Example 3. Prove that X, =(2, 3); X2 (4 2) and =

X, -3, 6) are linearly dependent

Solution: Here X, = (2, 3), X2 = (4, - 2), X3 = (-3, 6)

k3X3 0
k, be scalars such that k,X, + k2X2 + =

Let k. k, and
k (2 3) +k2(4, -2) + k,(-3, 6) O (0, 0) = =

(2k, + 4k2 - 3k3, 3k 2k2 + 6k3) (0, 0) - =

2k +4k -3k3 =0
3k 2k2 +6k3 = 0 2
k K2 k3 [By cross-multiplication]
18-21 -16
k = 18, k2 = -21, k3 = -16.
which satisfy (1) and (2) and are non-zero
So, X. X2 and Xg are linearly dependent.
Example 4. Show that set of zero vectors is linearly dependent.
Solution : Let X = (0, 0, 0,...0) is vector whose all elements are zero and k is any non-ze
scalar, then kX = O which is true for all values of k, e.g., 2X = 0, 2 # 0
0 is
linearly dependent
Example 5. Show that vectors X, (3, 1, -4), X2 = (2,2 -3) and X = (0,-4,1) are linearh
independent over rational field. [BTE 2007
Solution : Here X1 = (3, 1, -4), X2 = (2, 2-3) and X3 = (0, -4, 1)
Let K, ka and k be scalars such that
kX1 + k2X2 + k3X3 0 =

k (3, 1, -4)+k2(2, 2, -3) +k3 (0, -4, 1) =0 = (0, 0, 0)

3 k + 2k2 +Ok3, kj +2k2 + (-4) k3, (-4) k1 - 3k2 +k3 = (0, , 0)
3k +2k2 = 0
kj + 2k2 - 4kg = 0

-4k -3k2 +kg = 0

Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get k/ = 0, k2 = 0, k3 = 0
Also
k,X1 +k2X2 +k3X3 =
0
X, X, and X3 are linearly independent over rational field.
So,
Example 6. Prove (2 3, 4), (0, 1, 2), (-1, 1,-1) are linearly indepednent.
Solution : Let X (2, 3, 4), X2 (0, 1, 2), [BTE 2008]
Let kX +k2X2 +
=

X (-1, 1, -1) =
=

kgX3 0, where k1, k2 & k3 are scalars

=

or k, (2 3, 4) + k2(0, 1,2) +k,(-1, 1, -1)

or (2k +Ok2 k3, 3k1 +k2 + k3, 4k + 2k2 -k3) (0, 0, 0)
-

or
2k k3 0, 3k tk2 +k3 0, 4k1 + 2k2 kg 0
=
= -
=

Solving k k2 k3 =0 = =

Hence X, Xz & Xg are

linearly independent.
Example 7. Are the following vectors linearly
independent ?
X [2 2 1]', X2 [1 311', X, [1 2 2
=
=
=

2
Solution: Let X, =[2 21] | 2
X =[1 3 1]' =|3 X =[1 2 2 =

Let k, k2, kg are scalars such that

k, X, + k,X2 + k^X3 =
0
 Elementary Transformation
43

1 2k, +k, + k,
k 2+k,3k, 2 0 2k,3k 2k,-0
k +k +k, 0

System of Equations

2 1 1k [1 1 2|k
o
So.
2 3 2|,= 0 23 2|k2|=|0R, R,]
0 2 1 1Jk3 0
[1 1 2|k
o 1-2k2 R Ra -2R,
R R - 2R1
0 -1-3|k3
1 1 2k
= 0 1-2|k2 0
R,R+R
lo 0-5|k o
or k +k2 + 2k3 = 0; k2 - 2kg = 0; -5k = 0

k =0 > k2 = 0 and k, = 0

Hence, non-zero values satisfying (1) does not exist. So, the vectors are not linearly

dependent.

Exercise 2.3
1. IfX = (1, 2 3) and X2 = (2, - 2 6) then show that X, and X2 linearly independent.
2. Prove (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1) are linearly independent.
3. Prove X = (1, 2 3) and X2 = (4, -2 7) are linearly independent.
4. Show that (1, - 1, 1), (2 1 1) and (3, 0, 2) are linearly dependent

5. Show that X1 = (3, 1, -4), X2 = (2, 2-3)and X3 = (0, -4, 1) are linearly dependent.
6. Show that X = (3, 1, - 4) and X2 = (2 2,3) are linearly dependent. [U.P. 2018(B)]

2.14 Linear Equations

The system of linear equations in n unknowns is given by
dy1X +a12*2 t... + ann =b
a21+a22X2 t+a2n*n = b2
*** *** *** ** *** **' **' °

mX t amX2 t.. Gmn*n =

bm
t may be written in the matrix form as

11 d12 1n
b
b2
d21 a22 a2
dmnx
or AX
B where A = [a, lmxnsX [x]nx and B =
=
[b,Im =

he system of equations AX = B where B 0, is known as System of Homogeneous

Equations and if B 0 then the system is known as Stystem of Non-homogeneous
Linear Equations.
 44 Applied Mathematics-
Example 2r+ 3y + 4z 5
3x +5y +73 =6
4x + 6y +9z =7
2 3 4[.
or A =3 5 7 6 is non-homogeneous system of equations
|4 6 9 | | 7
2x+3y +43 = 0
and 3x +5y + 73 =0
[2 3 4
4x+6y + 92 = 0 or

Note:
2 3 4
In the above 2 3 4 5
example, A =|3 5 7 is coefficient matrix, and
4 69 C=[A : B] =|3 5 7 6| is
Augmented
matrix. 4 69 :7
2.14.1 Linear
Equations : Consistency, inconsistency
(i) Consistent Linear
The system of
Equation
equations having one or more
solutions is known
e.g X+y 8
as consistent.
X-y 4
and (i) x+3y 9
3x+9y = 27
are consistent as (i) has
(ii) Inconsitent
unique solution, whereas (ii) has
infinite solutions.
known as inconsistent. Linear Equations: The system of equations
e.g
having no
solution is
x+y =5
2x+2y =11 are inconsistent.
2.14.2 Condition for Consistency and
(A)
Equations
If AX B be a
non-consistency of a
System of Linear
A =[A B] be
: its
Augmented matrix, non-homogenous system of linear
then the equations in n
unknowns and
system will be consistent if
rank of A rank of =

[A: B] i.e., p{A)

In such cases the p[A : B] =

solution will be
) unique if rank A
(i) Infinite if rank [A: B] n
=
=

rank A
The system will be Rank [A: B] and r <n
=

(B) inconsistent if rank A +

rank
0 hasHomogeneous
[A: B
AX
always a solutionEquation
as X
: The system of
homogeneous
0, where each
unknown is equal to equation
=
in
zero.
n
unknowns
Elementary Transformation
45

Suchequations are caled trivIal solution. The system of homogeneous equations has:
)Trivial and unique solution it p{A) =p[A : B] = n, where n = no. of unknown
il lufinite solutions it plA) =A: B] = r n. These solutions are called nontrivial
<

solutions.
Solved Examples
Example 1. Prove that the system of equations

x-4y +7s =14; 3x + 8y 2a =13; 7x - 8y + 26z =5 is inconsistent.

Solution: The given equation in AX = B form

14 7 14
3 8
y=13
7-8 26l:] 5

1-4 7 14
Augmented matrix[A : B]=|3 8-2 13
7-8 26 5
1-4 7 14
0 20-23 RR2- 3R
-29
0 20 23 -93 R R3 -7R
1-4 7 14
0 20-23-29 Rg R3- R2
0 00 -64
which is in Echelon form having three non-zero rows sop [A B] = 3
1-4 71
Here A- 0 20 -23| p(A) = 2 : no. of non-zero rows 2
0 0 00
Thus plA) # p (A : B)
Hence the system is inconsistent.
Example 2. Test the consistency and find the solutions if it is consistent
X+y +2 =
8, x-y + 2z =
6, 3x+ 5y 7z =14
1 1 1 ||x
[8]
6
Solution: In AX =Bform | 1 -1 2||
3 57 1
1 1
1 81 1 1 8
R R -R >

Augmented matrix[A:B]=|1 -1 2 610-2 1

R3R 3R
3 5 - 7 : 1 4 0 2 -10 -10
[1 1 1 8
0 21-2 R R, +R:
0 0 9 -12
rank of A
h1sin Echelon form having three non-zero rows p(A) =p(A: B) = 3 =
46 Applied Mathematics.
Hence the system is consistent with unique solution.
In AX = B form.
8

0-2 1
o o-9|=] -12
X+y + z =8

2y + z = -

-9z=12

So - 9z = - 1 2

2y+2 [from equation (2)1

10
- 2y = - 2 -
3
- 2y =-. 3
So, from (1), x + +=8 x =8 = 8 -

3 = 5

- =5,y = = 4 Ans
3
Example 3. Solve the given equations
2x+3y -

z =
0; x-y -

22 =
0 3x +y + 32 = 0 [BTE 2007
Solution : In the matrix form AX = B
2 3 -1
1 -1-2
3 1 3 ||

or AX = 0, where A = | 1
2 3-1
-1 -2 X = yO =
[* 0
3 1 3

Now A
[23-1[-1-2
=|1 -12 3 1
R R2
3 1 3 1 3

1-1 -2 R2 R2 2R
5 3
4 99 R3 R3 -3R
1 -1-21
0 1 3/5 R2 R
4 9 J
1-1 2
0 1 3/5 R3 R3 4R2
0 0 33/5
which is in Echelon form.
Elementary Transtormation
47

Ohviouslyp (A) = number ot non-zero rows 3 = no. of unknowns.

Hence the cquation wll have trivial solution given by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.

Fwample 4. Test the consistency of the system ofgiven equations and if possible find the solution.
4N 2y +0 = 8 *+y -3a= -1; 15x 3y +9 = 21

Solution: In
matrix form AX =

B.
4-2 6]
1 1-3
15-3 9
The Augmented Matrix
4-2 6 8
[A:B] = 1 1 -3 1 ...(1)
15-3 9 21
4-2 6 8
|R2 >R2
» R2 -R
0 3/2 -9/2 -3 -R
0 9/2-27/2 -9 R, 15
R3-R
4
4 -2 6 8
0 3/2-9/2-3 R3 R3 - 3R3 ..(2)
0 0 0 o
number of non-zero rows = 2
P(A B) =2
4-2 6
Again A = 0 3/2 9/2, no. of non-zero rows = 2

0 0 o
P(A) = 2
Sop(A) =p (A : B) =2 and number of unknowns = 3>2
Hence, there will be infinite solutions.
4-2 6 1 8|
Now, 0-3/29/2 3 from (1) and (2)]
0
4x 2y + 6z = 8 ..(3)
3yz= and-y--3 y=3a -2
Let z =k then y = 3k - 2
From (3)
4x 2 (3k - 2) + 6k = 8 4 x - 6k + 4+ 6k = 8
4x = 8- 4 X = 1

required solution x = 1, y = 3k -2 and z = k,

Example 5. Determine A and such that the equations
y +z =6, x+2y + 3z = 10, x+ 2y+hz = |u
) No solution. i) Unique solution. ii) Infinite solution.
48 Applied Mathematics.-
Solution : Writing the matrix form AX = B

The Augmented Matrix

11 1 6 1 1 6
R2R2 - R,
[A: B] = 1 2 3 10-0 1 2 4
1 2 LO 1 -1 - 6 R3 R3 -R
1 1 6
0 1 2 4 R3R3 - R2
O0 a - 3 10
So, (i) It will have no solution
if p (A) * p (A: B)
it is possible only when A - 3 0i.e., a = 3 and u - 10 # Oi. e., H # 10

(ii) It will have unique solution if p (A) = p (A: B) = 3

It is possible only when - 3 0i. e., a # 3 and u may have any value
(iii) It will have infinite solution if p [A] = p [A : B] = 2
It is possible only when a - 3 = 0 i . e., a = 3 and u - 10 = 0i.e., H = 10

Important Facts
1.
If aX +bjy +CZ =
d; a2x + b2y + C23 =
d2; ag* + b3y + C3z =
dz, then
a b C1
(i) Coefficient Matrix A = a2 b2 C2
a3 b3 C3

a b C1 d
(ii) Augmented Matrix C =[A : B] =| a2 b2 C2 d2
La3 b3 C3 da
b d
(iii) Matrix form AX =B, | a2 ba C2 d2
La3 b c3]|z da
where A =
Coefficient matrix X =
| B = d2

da
2. The non-homogeneous equation in n unknowns AX B will be =

(i) consistent and will have unique solution if p (A) p [A B]

: =
=n
ii) consistent and will have infinite solutions if p(A) = p[A : B] < n
where pA) = rank of A

pLA: B] = rank of Augmented matrix.

Elementary Transformation 49

Exercise 2.3
Eamine the consistency of the following equationsx+y +z= 3, 3x + y 2z= 2
7a = 7.
2r+4y+
aShow that the system of equations is inconsistent x - 4y +7z = 14; 3x + 8y 2z = 13,
2.
+ 262 5. =

7x 8y
that the system of equations 6y = 11, 6x + 20y 6z = -3; 6y 18z2x + 1 is =-
-

3. Showinconsistent.

4. Examineif the following system of equations are consistent

2x +3y + 4z = 14; x + 5y + 7z = 15; 3x+ 11y + 13z 29
solve them.
If it is consistent,
5. Examine if the following system of equations are consistent
5x+3y +7z = 4, 3x + 26y + 25 9 7x + 2y + 10z = 5

If it is consistent, solve them.

6. For which value of k, the following system of equations has unique solution.
3x-y + 2z = 1; 2x + y + 3z = 1; x - 3y + kz = 0
Show that, it is inconsistent if k = -2

7. For which value of k, the following system of equations

3x-y +kz 1; 2x +y +3 2;x +2y = = -

kz = -1
is consistent ?
8. Determine à and u such that the system of equations
2x+ 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y 2z = 8, 2x + 3y Az =

(i) has unique solution. (ii) has no solution.

Examine the consistency of the system of equation 2x +6y -3 = 0,2x + 10y 2 5 =
9.
x+6y -

18z =
0 and find its solution.
10. Determine the value of so that the equations 2x + y + 2s = 0 x+ y + 3 = 0,
4x + 3y + Az = 0 have non-zero.
Hint: p A) = p (A : B) < 3 no. of unknowns]

ZAnswerss
4. consistent x =4, y =-2 z =3 5. TE16k+7y =R*3, z =k 6. k-2
x =

11

7. k=- 8. (i) # 5,H 9 (ii) A = 5, H = 9

9. consistent x = y = z = 0 10. x = k, y = -4k, z =k