Implementing an Agricultural Center as part of an Architectural Solution in the Agricultural sector of Oriental

Mindoro to promote Rural Economic Development

A Thesis Presented to

the Faculty of the Architectural Department

College of Architecture

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Cubao

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

by

Emmanuel G. Campos

Research Adviser: Ar. Chris Morallos

 Background of the Study

1.1 Tourism

Tourism is widely acknowledged as a significant driver of economic growth in both the Philippines and
globally. Several nations have successfully revitalized their economies by harnessing their tourism resources. Tourism
possesses the remarkable ability to create extensive job opportunities and supplementary income for individuals with varying
levels of expertise.

Farm Tourism

Both domestic and international tourism and natural resource management studies are increasingly
showing an interest in agri-tourism in the Philippines. (Iorio and Corsale, 2010; Mastronardiet al., 2015;
Karampela and Kizos, 2018) especially with the alarming decline of the agriculture industry (Kuo and Chiu, 2006).
According to Ollenburg and Buckley in 2007, farm tourism businesses emerge from the blending of the commercial
constraints associated with regional tourism, the non-financial attributes of family-run businesses, and the inheritance nuances
of family farms. Farm tourism offers a path to achieve inclusive and sustainable agricultural and rural development by
allowing small-scale farmers to diversify their income sources, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and
fostering community engagement and participation (SEARCA in 2017).

In the Philippines, the Republic Act 10816, commonly referred to as the Farm Tourism Development Act
of 2016, has been established as a national legislative measure. This act serves as a comprehensive framework for the
advancement and encouragement of farm tourism activities in the country. Furthermore, it offers opportunities for outdoor
leisure activities and enhances accessibility for family outings. Farm tourism, categorized under the branch of nature-based
tourism, emphasizes activities that have minimal environmental impact and are rooted in nature and local communities,
contributing to cultural, social, and economic enrichment (Padin, 2016).
Agricultural Crops and Livestock in Pinamalayan

Meanwhile Oriental Mindoro is blessed with a substantial and fertile agricultural foundation. It is often referred to
as the Rice Granary of the MIMAROPA region, contributing to 35% of the region's total rice production and holding the
14th position in rice production rankings across the country (PSA,2019). In 2019, the province produced 339,388.71 metric
tons (MT) of high value commercial crops; 31,268.90 MT vegetables; 3,609.30 MT corn; and 420,002 MT rice (PSA,
2019). Furthermore, one of the major contributors of commercial crops in Oriental Mindoro is the Province of
Pinamalayan.

Throughout the history of Pinamalayan, agriculture has been a vital economic activity in the municipality. The
current land utilization reveals that approximately 60% of the municipal land, equivalent to 16,904.2 hectares, is
allocated for the cultivation of various crops and fruit-bearing trees. The primary agricultural crops, in terms of both land
area and yearly output, include rice, bananas, coconuts, fruit trees, and vegetables (Agricultural Office of Oriential
Mindoro, 2015).

As of the animal dispersal data in 2015, there were a total of 469 live livestock animals. Hogs were the most abundant, with
367 live animals, followed by cattle with 96 live animals, and goats with only 6 live animals. It's worth highlighting that goats
were not a source of income, as they were mainly raised for backyard or subsistence consumption (Agricultural Office of
Oriential Mindoro, 2015).
Furthermore, a significant portion of these households engaging in livestock activities came from Barangay Sta.
Isabel, totaling 173 households. In contrast, Barangays Zone II and Zone IV had only one household each involved in
such activities (Agricultural Office of Oriential Mindoro, 2015).

Concept of Agritourism

In the present day, conventional tourism has undergone a transformation, giving rise to new forms such as
agri-tourism. Agri-tourism represents a novel and innovative fusion of agricultural practices with tourism, combining
elements of both industries (Stroop R. 2019). Agritourism can be defined as the idea of visiting a functioning farm or any
agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness operation with the intention of experiencing enjoyment, gaining knowledge, or
actively participating in the farm or operation's activities. It possesses significant potential for generating supplementary income
for farmers, serving as an appealing travel destination, and fulfilling educational and recreational objectives. In
essence, agritourism involves the practice of attracting visitors to an area primarily dedicated to agricultural purposes
and can be described as follows:

Rural/Agricultural Environments + Farm Commodities + Tourism Services = Agritourism.

According to the Rules and Regulations on Agritourism Site by Department of Tourism, agritourism is
characterized as a type of tourism conducted in rural farm areas. This activity encompasses various aspects,
including caring for farm animals, participating in planting and harvesting, and engaging in the processing of farm
products. Agritourism extends to include attractions, activities, services, and facilities, along with other resources within the
area, all designed to foster an understanding and appreciation of the local culture, heritage, and traditions through direct
interaction with the local community. On the other hand, an Agritourism site is defined as a functional farm that produces
and/or showcases both raw and processed agricultural products.

1.2. Background of Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

The town of Pinamalayan holds the distinction of being one of the oldest municipalities in the Province of Oriental
Mindoro. In the present day, Pinamalayan is recognized as one of the three primary centers of growth within the
province, alongside Calapan City and Roxas. It has been designated as a First-Class Municipality in accordance with
DOF Department Order No. 20-05, as administered by BLGF Memorandum Circular No. 01-M (43) – 05, which was
issued on January 31, 2006. The municipality's advantageous position, situated at the heart of the province, its carefully
designed urban center, the existence of an intra-regional transportation network, its substantial agricultural
capabilities, and a significant portion of the workforce contribute to the essential advantages required for the implementation of
sustainable development strategies. (Pinamalayan.gov.ph., 2023).

Pinamalayan has several potential tourism attractions that have been identified through on-site surveys. These
potential tourist destinations encompass natural features, privately-owned properties that are gradually gaining popularity
through informal channels, as well as cultural landmarks. If these locations can be effectively brought to the attention of the
public and government, there is potential for collaboration to ensure that these sites are adequately preserved,
maintained, and receive the necessary care and focus they deserve. Map S illustrates the positions of these
prospective tourism sites (Pinamalayan.gov.ph., 2023).
1.3. Problem Setting

The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia, faces severe challenges from a high frequency of natural disasters,
specifically typhoons, floods, and droughts. These occurrences have detrimental effects on both economies and
environments especially in rural sectors in the affected regions. These inevitable natural disasters continuously cause
problems for agriculture and fisheries since they are exceptionally susceptible to this natural phenomenon which
significantly affects the economy (DOST and PAG-ASA in agriculture, March 23, 2018).

Globalization, industrialization, and development pressures also pose a threat to small farms, leading to farmers
being compelled to sell their land and seek employment due to the impacts of industrialization (Ghatak and Mookherjee,
2014). In the Philippines today, farmers face challenges such as reduced income and limited crop insurance. Although the
country is gradually recovering from the more than two-year battle against the Covid-19 pandemic, the ongoing health
crisis still hinders global trade, exacerbating job and income losses among low-income Filipino individuals.

Being Considered as the backbone of society, the agriculture sector responds to the public health needs by
ensuring food security for every Filipino. Yet despite their crucial role, Filipino farmers are still classified poor; thus, the
need to provide them with a supplementary source of income. The country's agricultural sector has been underperforming
since 1961 (Ghatak and Mookherjee, 2014).

The elevated poverty rates among farmers render them particularly vulnerable to the repercussions of
these crises. Nowadays, agriculture business is becoming more expensive, posing financial challenges for farmers. To
address this issue and sustain their daily livelihoods, alternative businesses are required.

1.4. Problem Setting

MAJOR PROBLEM ARCHITECTURAL GOAL

To create a design of Agritourism in Pinamalayan that is

The architectural design of Agritourism in durable and has large capacity that can cater large
Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro that is durable, capacity of visitors, and can be used for different activities,
cost-efficient yet resilient, sustainable with a and that is sustainable by using low maintenance local
touch of modern Filipino Architecture. materials.

MINOR PROBLEM ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES

1. What are the materials to be used for the To use locally available materials that will blend with the
reception, accommodations, and livelihood training agricultural crops and that is low-cost and that represent
center for it to be durable and long-standing? the province of Pinamalayan.
 2. What is the most applicable planning concept
to be used for the To use cluster form of organization in planning process.
project?

To design a concept of the buildings that applies biomimetic

3.What is the overall concept for all the buildings architecture and biophilic elements and integrating the
in the project such as reception, accommodations, principles of tropical architecture and Vernacular
and livelihood training center? architecture.

4.What is the best architectural solution to help To provide a trading market to sell and display their products
further the farmers of the project? and a space for other crafts.

To provide spaces that are

5.What is the best architectural solution to further
“Instagramable” for the youth to interact, participate
encourage youth to visit the project?
and visit the project and can also be a way to advertise or
market the project.

1.5. General Requirements

• Zero waste technology “Babuyang walang amoy (odor-free piggery)”

• Agricultural Training center

• Livelihood Training center

• Space for students who want to take up Agri-based technical-vocational course.

1.6. General Objective

• Nowadays, agriculture business becoming more costly, and farmers cannot afford it. To overcome this
situation, an alternative business is needed to support their overall income from land.

• Urban lifestyle is restricted in their flats, so a space is needed away from the urban scenario to escape from
their real busy life.

• To promote tourism which revolves around farmers, villages, and agriculture and satisfy curiosity of this
segment population

• To advocate sustainable farming and zero waste technology.

1.7. Objectives of the Study

• To provide space in which visitors experience recreational aspect gradually transitioning into knowledge and
experimental core that conclude into a wholesome visual experience.

• To design an agritourism that would meet end users need in terms of agricultural and tourism with the function of
learning, livelihood, farming, cultivation, and leisure.

• To create a united agricultural and tourism centered facility on specified place hereby making it family, elderly, and
PWD friendly place.

• To design an agritourism located in tranquil and relaxing place without the disturbance of city lifestyle in consideration to
the site’s accessibility.

• To provide an interactive and effective community based agritourism that will be a beacon in the community’s growth and
development.

1.8. Scope and Delimitations

SCOPE DELIMITATION

1. The scope area of this study is within The data that will be gathered is within the Province
Pinamalayan. of Pinamalayan only due to the project being
Community-based Agritourism.

2. The study will include administration, The products will be limited to the crops & plants
restaurant, accommodations, and provided in the Agritourism complex and will not
production. be focusing on other crops and products.

3. The study will include a livelihood The activities/programs in the training center
training center for community, will be limited to the techniques and crops
students, and another agricultural provided in the Agritourism complex and will not
enthusiast. be focusing on other
techniques, crops, and products.

4. This study will determine the The policies, laws and other legal aspects that
needed requirements and will be gathered is within or about the projects
identify specific policy, laws, location only and that relates to
and other legal aspects that will agriculture and tourism.
affect the planning process.
 5. The researcher will be focusing on The researcher will explore the necessary
planning and designing facilities spaces for the project only especially the ones
of the Agritourism, as well as its that are highly significant to the target users:
site development plan through both major and minor spaces.
the data gathered from
participatory process.

1.9. Definition of Terms

• Agritourism

Simply stated, agritourism could be thought of as the crossroads of tourism and agriculture. Stated more
technically, agritourism can be defined as a form of commercial enterprise that links agricultural production and/or
processing with tourism to attract visitors onto a farm, ranch, or oth er agricultural business for the purposes of
entertaining and/or educating the visitors while generating income for the farm, ranch, or business owner.

• Biomimetic Architecture

Biomimetic architecture is a subset of biomimetics which seeks to find solutions to human problems using
inspiration from nature. It goes further than just using nature as inspiration for aesthetic design. Forms and functions that serve a
purpose in nature are imitated to serve human purposes.

• Farm – Tourism

Farm tourism is the business of attracting visitors to farm areas generally for educational and recreational
purposes while encouraging economic activities that can provide both the farm and community additional income.

• Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using traditional
materials and resources from the area where the building is located. Consequently, this architecture is closely related to its
context and is aware of the specific geographic features and cultural aspects of its surroundings, being strongly influenced by
them. For this reason, they are unique to different places in the world, becoming even a means of reaffirming an identity.

• Instagrammable

Attractive or interesting enough to be suitable for photographing and posting on the social media service.

• Livelihood

Livelihood can be best defined as the methods and means of making a living in the world. The concept revolves
around resources such as land/property, crops, food, knowledge, finances, social relationships, and their interrelated
connection with the political, economic, and sociocultural characteristics of an individual community.
 • Livestock

Livestock means cattle, elk, reindeer, bison, horses, deer, sheep, goats, swine, poultry (including egg-
producing poultry), llamas, alpacas, live fish, crawfish, and other animals that are part of a foundation herd (including dairy
producing cattle) or offspring.

• Radial Organization

Radial growth patterns depend on the establishment of a strong central core. It is the point where all paths
cross to create a maximum of social inter-action.

• Tropical Architecture

Tropical architecture is the design that focuses and responds to the climatic conditions of the tropics. It studies
the significant influences that impact architecture in tropical regions and develops passive strategies to lessen heat gain.
It also encourages air movement through a home or building.

1.10. Assumption

The proposal assumes to provide a well organize community based agritourism with a strategic and
systematic way of tourism to support the farmers lack of income in Pinamalayan that will encourage cultural and social
interaction in terms of agriculture and promote province itself. The researcher assumes that the proposal will be an
attraction to the tourists. It will give pride to the community and to the province by promoting local agricultural products.

1.11. Importance of the Study

1.11.1 Architectural Significance

The accumulated study will be an essential factor in the design solution for the other
agritourism potential in different provinces. It will be beneficial to Architecture as it further explains
Participatory Architecture and its importance to an agritourism project. The study may serve as a
model agritourism site which may be replicated in other areas of the country.

2.11.1 General

The study will be significant to the following:

Farmers

There are plenty of benefits that agritourism offers for the farmers such as all the advantages
of direct marketing. It will also be an additional complementary stream of income. Having multiple
streams of income is great idea in farming, it offers an opportunity to generate additional income from
an existing land base, it is possible too that it will tap into otherwise underutilized talents and skills.
The crowds drawn to the farm as a tourism destination may be interested also in making purchases. In
fact, the appreciation and understanding that they have developed through their agritourism
experience may encourage them to support the farm products.

The Government

The proposed project will contribute to the economy of Pinamalayan through innovative
agricultural tourism design. Using Architecture as the main driving concept. This will eventually lead to
a unique type of suites and relaxing farm activities

User

The project has the potential to reverse negative economic trends by bringing in visitors and
creating new jobs and local business for community. It will help recognize tourists, especially visitors
from the urban cities to educate and enjoy farm environment and lifestyle.

Students

Nowadays, students find it hard to learn or study new things in a traditional way, the project
will be a beneficial to the students learning outcomes. The agritourism offers tour, seminars, and other
activities that student may find interesting and while having fun they are also gathering knowledge
about farmers, farm life, and agriculture.

Cultural Consideration

The majority of the agritourism sites in the Philippines have been established as World
Heritage Site. As agritourism trend emerges, more investors and farmers are encouraged to preserve
their land.
 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CASE STUDIES

2.1 Review of Related Literature

Locally Available Building Materials

2.1.1. Bamboo seen as ideal building material for sustainable homes.

2.1.1.1. Garcia Cathy Rose A.

2.1.1.2. Business World, March 2021

2.1.1.3. Summary

Figure 3.1. Photo of structures that uses bamboo as building material.

Bamboo is not commonly used to build homes in the Philippines because many people
regard it as "a poor man's material." The Base Bahay Foundation, Inc. hopes to change this attitude by
advocating for the use of bamboo as an alternative building technology for socialized housing in the
country. The Philippines has both bamboo — a material that grows really quickly and is abundant — and
the complications of a developing society, including housing issues and natural catastrophes. This makes
bamboo a perfect building material for sustainable housing in the country, particularly for the many
people who live in disaster-prone informal settlements. But it is the sustainability of a building material,
such as bamboo, that distinguishes it from others. Bamboo has long been recognized as a sustainable
material since it is one of the fastest-growing natural grasses on the planet, and it is easily visible and
collected in the Philippines.

‘Bamboo has about 1,200 distinct species, with sixty-two species recognized in the nation. It has been
utilized as a trustworthy construction material, especially now that a fine and lasting structural material, such
as bamboo panels, can be manufactured with the use of technology and advanced engineering. (Garcia Cathy Rose
A., Business World, March 2021)
2.1.1.4. Analysis / Application

Bamboo is a naturally occurring, renewable material that may be utilized in the design and
construction of environmentally friendly structures. Because of its ability to regenerate, bamboo may
be used as a renewable alternative for other non-renewable materials. Bamboo assists in the digestion
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, decreasing the quantity of carbon in the environment. As a result,
bamboo helps to remove greenhouse gasses from the air, and its use in construction can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Bamboo is a versatile sustainable building material that may be used in a variety of architectural styles.
Bamboo's light weight allows it to be cut, molded, and arranged into any desired form, resulting in
visually appealing designs.

Bamboo is one of the primary materials to be utilized in the Agritourism and Livelihood Training Center
project. It will be utilized for walls, floors, stairwells, doors, and even ceilings. It will also be used for
path railings, particularly for the tour activity portion of the program, because the project will cater to
visitors of all ages. It is important that the elderly and children have some sort of safety using bamboo
railings, so that if the elderly get tired, he/she can hold on to the railings, and for the children, so that
they can easily be monitored by their guardians.

Bamboo will also be utilized to house livestock such as carabaos and goats, as well as chickens. It will
be used for anything from fences to sheds. It will also be utilized in landscaping, such as potted
plants. It will also be used to make furniture.

Bamboo material will also be employed as a primary building material in ceilings, partitions, and wall
cladding. It will also be part of the livelihood training program, with bamboo being used for various
handicrafts. Using bamboo is not only pleasing to the eye, but it is also beneficial to the environment,
humans, and animals.

2.1.2. What Is Steel Frame Construction: Techniques, Advantages, and Considerations

2.1.2.1. Matt Greenfield

2.1.2.2. June 10, 2022

2.1.2.3. Summary
 Figure 3.2. Photo of Steel frame construction

Popular structural engineering techniques like steel framing replace the timber beams, joists, and
other elements used in conventional wooden frame buildings with steel. In comparison to timber
frames, this style of construction has a number of benefits, such as strength, longevity, and ease of
installation. Steel framing is ideal for building construction, providing each structure with increased
longevity and enhanced safety.

Steel frame has a well-deserved reputation for being extremely strong and resilient. Unlike other
building materials, like wood, steel frame constructions can resist even the worst weather without
showing any obvious evidence of wear or damage. This gives you the peace of mind that your building
will not need to be maintained frequently and ensures that its people will always be safe inside.

The simplicity of installation is another advantage of employing steel frame. Steel frames are
simple to assemble because they sometimes come pre-made or in parts that building contractors may
put together on-site. Because of this, installing them is simpler than installing other conventional
building materials like concrete or wood, which demand more time-consuming installation procedures.

In addition, steel provides more design flexibility than other types of construction materials. For
instance, curves and angles can be constructed into steel frames without having to worry about them
warping or developing other deformities over time as they can with wooden constructions owing to
changes in weight or temperature. Steel frames are therefore perfect for architects and designers who
are designing original ideas that need to be both aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound.

When compared to other conventional building materials like wood or concrete, such as steel, which
does not burn quickly and does not emit poisonous fumes when exposed to heat or flame, steel offers
 superior fire resistance. Due to the use of steel frames rather than other materials like wood or
concrete, there will be less risk of damage and structural deterioration if a fire should occur while your
structure is being built.

Steel offers strong resistance not only to fire, but also to other more frequent forms of extreme
weather, such as hurricanes, high winds, flooding, and blizzards, which might happen during
construction projects in some climates all over the world. Due to the usage of lower quality materials,
such as wood or concrete, which may be vulnerable to damage from these events, construction
projects in these areas can be done safely without worrying about potential destruction from these
natural catastrophes.

Finally, compared to other conventional building materials like wood, steel frames have an
even longer lifespan. Wood may be more vulnerable to moisture damage or decay brought on by
insects and fungus without proper care and maintenance throughout its lifecycle, which can
dramatically reduce its lifespan. Due to its greater strength and durability, ease of installation, flexibility
in design options, fire resistance, and structural stability in adverse weather situations, steel framing is
an excellent choice for any construction project.

2.1.2.4. Analysis / Application

Steel framing construction offers numerous advantages that make it an exceptional choice in the
modern construction industry. This method utilizes steel as the primary structural material instead of
traditional options such as wood or concrete. The benefits of steel framing extend across various
aspects, including strength and durability, lightweight construction, fire resistance, and termite and
pest resistance.

One of the most significant advantages of steel framing is its exceptional strength and durability.
Steel is an inherently robust material that possesses superior structural integrity, making it capable of
withstanding extreme weather conditions, seismic activities, and other external forces. The use of steel
provides a solid foundation for buildings, ensuring long-term stability and safety. Moreover, steel
framing allows for larger spans and open floor plans, enabling architects and designers to create
flexible and innovative structures.

In addition to its strength, steel framing offers the advantage of being lightweight. Compared to
traditional materials such as wood or concrete, steel is significantly lighter. This characteristic simplifies
transportation, handling, and on-site assembly, reducing construction time and costs. Moreover, the
lightweight nature of steel allows for greater design flexibility, enabling architects to explore various
architectural styles and construction techniques.

Another compelling aspect of steel framing construction is its inherent fire resistance. Steel is a
non-combustible material that does not contribute to the spread of fire. It has a high melting point,
enabling it to withstand high temperatures for extended periods compared to other building materials.
 This fire-resistant property is crucial in enhancing the safety of occupants and minimizing the risk of
structural damage. Steel framing provides an added layer of protection and peace of mind, particularly
in regions prone to wildfires or where stringent fire safety regulations are enforced.

Furthermore, steel framing construction is highly resistant to pests, such as termites and other
insects. Unlike wood, which is vulnerable to infestation and damage, steel does not provide a food
source or a conducive environment for pests. This eliminates the need for regular pest control
treatments and safeguards the integrity of the structure.

2.1.3. Husk to Home: Building Houses from Rice in the Philippines

2.1.4. Pettit M.
2.1.5. Impact Economic News. March 2017
2.1.6. Summary

Figure 3.3. Photo of Composite tile made from Rice Husk

In 2013, Bohol Island in the Philippines was struck by a huge 7.2 magnitude earthquake, followed
by a super typhoon, which displaced over 350,000 people and damaged approximately 80,000 homes.
Construction of relief shelters was often carried out using conventional plywood, or locally sourced
materials such as bamboo and coconut wood.

Faced with this challenge, a team of engineers from the University of California teamed up with
Engineers Without Borders and a local organization called IDEA to try to develop a more sustainable
solution – a building material that was sustainable, sturdy, inexpensive and long-lasting (i.e. not
attractive to termites), that didn’t need to be replaced every couple of years
 As the seventh largest rice-producing country in the world, the Philippines generates an
abundance of rice husk, a termite resistant waste product from the rice milling process that is
incinerated once discarded. Our team, Husk-to-Home, intends to capitalize on this termite resistance
and design a rice husk composite board with properties relevant to the Philippines’ needs: lightweight
boards with strength and stiffness that will prevent side-swaying and resist forces due to
earthquakes [1]; water resistivity which will help structures withstand humidity and tropical storms;
and termite resistance that will keep structures durable and free of pests. Husk-to-Home plans to
innovate rice husk composite boards by using inexpensive, accessible materials, minimal machinery,
and a simple production process.

Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic was selected as the best and most sustainable
plastic to incorporate into the boards due to its abundance, low-cost, and recyclability. Preliminary
screw tests were conducted by screwing a one” screw to the edge of the board and loading the screw
until the board showed signs of cracks along the edge. The screw tests were not done according
to ASTM standards but were used for comparative analysis. In the future, screw tests will be
conducted in accordance to ASTM standards by accredited facilities to yield reliable results.
Bioassays and soak tests were also conducted on the FPCs to evaluate termite and humidity
resistance, as previously described. Again, all the tests were conducted in parallel to a control for
reference. The mechanical properties of the boards increased significantly. Soak tests indicated a
percent expansion by thickness as low as 2.0% with the most recent boards. These results are
excellent in comparison to the 20 to 40% expansion of formaldehyde based adhesive rice husk
particleboards that were tested in parallel. The bioassay tests determined that termites consume
basswood (20.7% mortality rate), but do not consume rice husk (100% mortality rate).

The new approach of using FPC boards instead of tannin- and casein-based adhesives proved to
be promising. The recycled HDPE adhesive has improved the properties of Husk-to-Home’s rice husk
composite boards substantially. The proposed board has mechanical strength near that of the
plywood.

Figure 3.3. The photo shows the percentage of rice husk and other materials that built up
the composite tile/plank.
2.1.3.3. Analysis / Application

The cement industry is regarded as one of the largest producers of greenhouse gas globally. For
this reason, many within the construction sector are eager to promote the use of eco-friendly
substitutes. With the aim to help lessen the waste produced in the world, fly ash, furnace slag, and
concrete debris are just some of the more popular choices for reducing global cement reliance. One
interesting material, hailed for its feasibility, is rice husk.

Rice husk is a byproduct of the milling industry. It is 92-95% silica, extremely porous, and has a
high amount of ash content. It is the protective covering of rice grains, which are considered as waste
material in the agricultural sector. Its disposal has become a worldwide problem due to the amount of
waste produced every year (Pinoy Builder, 2020). Thus, pushing this as a cement alternative helps
ease the burden and benefits both the construction and agriculture industry.

Rice husk ash (RHA) plays two roles in concrete constructions. The first role is using rice husk as
a substitute for Portland cement which leads to the reduction of the cost of concrete, and the other role
is as an admixture in the production of high strength concrete. Ordinary Portland cement is expensive
for undeveloped countries and the need for low-cost building material is high. Due to the fact that
cement is the most expensive component of concrete, replacing part of cement with rice husk ash
would decline the cost of concrete greatly. It is demonstrated that, replacing 50% cement with rice
husk ash would reduce cost of concrete by 25%.

Meanwhile, in PinaMalayan, production of palay reached 171,349.94 metric tons in the fourth
quarter of 2021. An increase of 14.36 percent compared to same period last year from a total of
149,835.77 metric tons (PSA 2022). The rice husk that will be available every year is a lot of waste, by
using those husks as an alternative to Portland cement, the cost will reduce, and it is more eco-friendly.
The researcher will use the rice husk concrete approach for the building that needs more strength such
as the administrative / reception, kitchen, and function hall. It can also be used as flower boxes and
fences.

2.1.7. Transparent Wood Could Be the Window of the Future

2.1.7.1. Androff A.

2.1.7.2. Forest Products Laboratory and posted by Robert

Westover, Office of Communication, USDA Forest Service in

Forestry. July 2021

2.1.7.3. Summary
 Figure 3.4. Photo of Transparent wood compared to regular wood.
Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) researcher Junyong Zhu in co-collaboration with colleagues
from the University of Maryland and University of Colorado, have developed a transparent wood
material that may be the window of tomorrow. Researchers found that transparent wood has the
potential to outperform glass currently used in construction in nearly every way.

While glass is the most common material used in window construction it comes with a costly
economic and ecological price. Heat easily transfers through glass, especially single pane, and
amounts to higher energy bills when it escapes during cold weather and pours in when it’s warm. Glass
production in construction also comes with a heavy carbon footprint. Manufacturing emissions are
approximately 25,000 metric tons per year. Now, transparent wood is emerging as one of the most
promising materials of the future.

Transparent wood is created when wood from the fast-growing, low-density balsa tree is treated to
a room temperature, oxidizing bath that bleaches it of nearly all visibility. The wood is then penetrated
with a synthetic polymer called polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), creating a product that is virtually transparent.

The natural cellulose in its wood structure and energy-absorbing polymer filler in transparent wood
means that it is far more durable and lighter than glass. It can withstand much stronger impacts than
glass and, unlike glass, it bends or splinters instead of shattering.

Switching to transparent wood could prove to be cost efficient as well. It is approximately five times
more thermally efficient than glass, cutting energy costs. It is made from a sustainable, renewable
resource with low carbon emissions. It is also compatible with existing industrial processing equipment,
making the transition into manufacturing an easy prospect.
2.1.7.4. Analysis / Application

As far as transparent wood's strength is concerned, it has the same strength of lumber whilst
being far lighter.

Transparent wood will provide an excellent way for the researcher / designer to bring lighter into
the projects. Because this transparent wood is stronger than standard glass it could be used for load
bearing windows. The transparent wood could be use in the project as:

• Heat/shielding buildings/windows
• Load-bearing windows that never crack or shatter.
• Smart windows, to save energy. Advantages:

• It is biodegradable and environmentally friendly as regular wood.

• Transparent wood has all the strength of opaque lumber.
• It does not shatter on impact and is stronger than glass.
• It is better when at light distribution and eliminates glare.
• It helps keep a building at more consistent temperature and make it easier to reach higher energy
efficiency. This is because wood has low thermal conductivity.
• Another advantage of transparent wood over glass for structural applications is that the ductility and
work to fracture are higher.

2.1.8. Biophilic design is the home trend everyone needs to know about
2.1.8.1. Yuvallos, Andrei

2.1.8.2. NoliSoli Ph. October 2020.

2.1.8.3. Summary

Biophilic design is a human-centric approach to interior and building design that focuses on the
human connection to the natural world. Many modern workspaces have invested in biophilic design
strategies to improve the quality of life of their employees, meet sustainability goals, and increase
productivity.

According to this definition, biophilic design is not just sticking a plant in a corner and calling it a
day. For something to be truly considered biophilic design, these elements must be integrated into
how a place is built and how much people interact with it. There must be a clear intention to
incorporate natural elements. Elements of Biophilic Design.
 Another point of biophilic design is blurring the boundaries between inside and outside. The more
nature presents indoors, the better. Biophilic design is supposed to be a multi-sensory experience that
affects how we feel in a positive way.

1. Environmental features

As an element of biophilic design, environmental features relate to characteristics of the natural world
found in the built environment.

2. Natural shapes and forms

The element of natural shapes and forms includes representations and simulations of the natural
world in buildings, both internally and externally.

3. Natural patterns and processes

This element focuses on how the built environment is enhanced by incorporating properties found in
nature into it.

4. Light and space

There are many ways that light and space, the use of which is a crucial element of biophilic design, can
be incorporated into a space.

5. Place-based relationships

People have a strong sense of connection with places, and the element of place-based relationships
refers to a linking of culture with ecology.

Benefits
1. Circadian rhythm: Access to natural light throughout the day helps regulate your circadian rhythm,
potentially enabling you feel more rested and less stressed.
2. Healing: Healthcare facilities with biophilic design have reduced patients’ postoperative recovery
time.
3. Increased productivity: According to a 1994 study from the Department of Energy, businesses that
reduced harsh lighting and incorporated more natural light, such as skylights, saw an increase
in worker productivity.
4. . Lower stress: Regular access to nature may help reduce your heart rate and lower your blood
pressure, which correlates with lower stress. According to a 2014 study published in
Environmental Science & Technology, people who moved to a greener area from urban
environment experienced a positive impact on their mental health, while people who moved from
a greener area to a less green area experienced adverse mental health effects post- move.
2.1.8.4. Analysis / Application

The aim of biophilic design is to create buildings and spaces that enable harmonious, naturally
enjoyable experiences for their users by promoting the affinity of human beings for the natural world
that surrounds us. The discipline offers numerous benefits for physical and mental well-being, as well
as having a positive environmental impact thanks to enhanced sustainability performance.

Biophilic designers believe that sustained contact with the natural world is more beneficial than
brief forays into nature. To reap the most benefit, integrate biophilic principles into daily experiences in
an accessible way.

Examples of Biophilic Design that will be integrated in the design process:

1. Bringing the outside in: Biophilic design brings natural elements into interior spaces. Some common
biophilic design elements include skylights, which provide natural light; green walls, or living walls,
covered with living greenery; and the presence of water, such as fountains or ponds.
2. Mimicking natural patterns: Biophilic design employs biomimicry—the process of mimicking patterns and
forms found in nature. Natural patterns like curves, fractals, and geometric shapes inspire
infrastructure and design. For instance, you may frame windows in a honeycomb pattern or
construct walls to mimic the curvature of a wave.
3. Planting abundant greenery: Biophilic architecture often incorporates landscaping as a primary feature of
the building's structure. Rooftop gardens, or green roofs, provide open-air sanctuaries for building
occupants, exterior stairwells can be lined with trees and shrubs, and atriums allow sunlight to
permeate a building's interior.
4. Using natural materials: Biophilic designers gravitate toward wood and stone over synthetic materials
like plastics or polished metals. Natural materials tend to develop a patina over time, suggesting the
natural progression of age.

2.1.9. Clustering Forms for Enhancing Architectural Design Optimization

2.1.9.1. Shermeen, Yusif

2.1.9.2. Texas A&M University, 2018

2.1.9.3. Summary

Architectural design can be thought of as an optimization process that aims to discover the best
solutions to meet preset objectives. The abundance of options exhausts designers impairs wise
decision-making, and results in ineffective interaction between the designers and the system for
optimization.
 Cluster planning in architecture is a design approach that involves grouping buildings or structures
together within a site, rather than dispersing them individually. This approach aims to enhance
functionality, optimize land use, and create a cohesive and efficient built environment. Cluster planning
takes into consideration spatial organization, functional relationships, shared resources, connectivity,
and aesthetics to create harmonious and sustainable architectural developments.

One of the key aspects of cluster planning is spatial organization. Instead of randomly placing
buildings across a site, cluster planning arranges them in groups or clusters. This approach allows for
efficient land use by minimizing the footprint of individual structures and optimizing the open spaces
between them. The arrangement of buildings within clusters can be based on various factors, such as
function, hierarchy, or user needs.

Cluster planning considers the functional relationships between buildings. Structures that share
similar functions or have interconnected operations are grouped together. For example, in a residential
development, houses with similar architectural styles or sizes can be clustered, while commercial
buildings with complementary services can form another cluster. This arrangement promotes
efficiency, as it allows for the sharing of resources, infrastructure, and amenities among the buildings
within the cluster.

By clustering buildings, certain resources can be shared among them. Common infrastructure,
such as roads, parking areas, utility connections, or green spaces, can be efficiently utilized and
serve multiple structures within a cluster. This approach reduces costs, minimizes environmental
impact, and encourages sustainability. Additionally, shared amenities like parks, playgrounds, or
community facilities can be strategically placed within clusters, fostering a sense of community, and
enhancing the quality of life for residents or users.

Connectivity is a vital aspect of cluster planning. Designing pedestrian-friendly spaces, walkways,

and pathways within and between clusters promotes easy access and encourages social interaction.
Efficient circulation systems, both vehicular and pedestrian, can be integrated to connect different
clusters and create a sense of unity. Connectivity also facilitates the efficient movement of people,
goods, and services, making the overall development more functional and convenient.

Aesthetics and Identity:

Cluster planning contributes to the visual appeal and identity of architectural developments. By
grouping buildings with similar architectural styles or design elements, a cohesive and harmonious
aesthetic can be achieved within each cluster. This approach creates a sense of identity for the
development and enhances its overall character. Moreover, the strategic placement of landmarks or
focal points within clusters can contribute to wayfinding and orientation, further reinforcing the identity
of the space.
 Figure 3.5. The concept of Cluster form of organization
(Source: School Planning & Building Research Section Ontario Department of
Education, 2000)

2.1.9.4. Analysis/Application

Cluster planning in architecture offers a holistic and sustainable approach to the organization of
buildings within a site. By considering spatial organization, functional relationships, shared resources,
connectivity, and aesthetics, cluster planning enhances functionality, optimizes land use, and creates a
cohesive built environment. It promotes efficient circulation, encourages social interaction, and fosters a
sense of community. With its focus on sustainability and aesthetic appeal, cluster planning is an
effective tool for architects and urban planners to create thriving and vibrant architectural
developments.

Cluster planning can enhance security within architectural developments. By clustering buildings
together, it becomes easier to implement security measures and surveillance systems. Controlled
access points can be strategically located at cluster entrances, making it more efficient to monitor and
regulate entry and exit. This approach promotes a safer environment for residents, employees, and
visitors.

Cluster planning facilitates the preservation of natural features and the environment. By
clustering buildings, it becomes possible to retain existing trees, green spaces, or natural topography
within and around the clusters. This approach minimizes the need for extensive site grading or tree
removal and preserves the ecological balance of the area.

In conclusion, cluster planning in architecture offers numerous advantages such as improved

security, infrastructure efficiency, cost savings, environmental sustainability, and a sense of
community. It optimizes land use, enhances functionality, and creates visually appealing and cohesive
architectural
 developments. By considering the needs of users, the environment, and long-term adaptability, cluster
planning provides architects and urban planners with a powerful tool to design sustainable, efficient,
and vibrant built environments.

2.1.10. Vermicomposting: Connecting the Farmer and the Environment

2.1.10.1. Matthew De Wit
2.1.10.2. AGREA, June 2017
2.1.10.3. Summary
Worms have historically been raised as fishing bait as well as a source of protein
and enzymes for a variety of goods, such as animal food and biodegradable cleaners. Additionally,
worms have been employed to control agricultural wastes like dairy manure. They transform trash
into worm manure, commonly referred to as worm castings, a nutrient-rich soil product with
positive biological effects.
Worms are used in vermicomposting, a composting process, to create vermicompost. Worm
farming, or vermiculture, is the practice of producing worms. Waste diversion, vermicomposting,
and vermiculture have been the three complimentary objectives of worm farming in recent years on
both a local and large scale.
Worm dung is sometimes called castings or vermicompost. Many horticulturists believe
that worm castings are one of the best soil supplements on the market. Worm castings include a
variety of nutrients that are beneficial to promoting plant growth and in a form that is easily
absorbed by plants. The nutrient level of castings depends on the material provided to the worms,
and worms frequently eat on highly nutritious materials, such as food waste and manures.
The biology of the worm's gut promotes the development of bacteria and fungi that are
advantageous to plant growth. Additionally, castings include a variety of chemical elements that
are thought to encourage plant growth.
Vermicomposting is referred to as a "excluded activity" under the solid waste
regulations of California. However, a "exclusion" acknowledges that a particular activity involves
managing solid waste and as such must adhere to fundamental health and safety laws. Worms
may be regarded as livestock under California food and agricultural laws, much like cows
are in a ranching or dairy operation. Certain organic wastes may, within reason, be
considered feed. However, solid waste regulations include restrictions on how compostable
material is handled before and after it is used as a growing medium.
Depending on your objectives, worms can be cultivated on a small or huge scale. A simple
12- to 20-gallon worm bin should be sufficient if you're trying to manage food wastes for yourself
or your family. The trash can should have a lid, drainage holes, and aeration holes at the bottom, and
it should be dark and opaque. A tray behind the bin and small 1-inch legs are also useful.
Worms can be managed in low-mound rows known as worm beds or "ricks," or in sizable in-
vessel continuous-flow systems that are available from vendors, to process bigger volumes of
organic materials or to create
 significant amounts of worms or vermicompost. In order to defend themselves, worms burrow into the
bedding. Unless the conditions in the bedding are intolerable, worms will not emerge into the
sunlight.
Worms will eat a wide variety of organic materials such as paper, manure, fruit and vegetable
waste, grains, coffee grounds, and ground yard wastes. While worms will eat meat and dairy
products, it is best not to feed these materials or oily foods to worms, due to potential odor and
pest problems. Worms will consume limited amounts of citrus scraps, but limonene, a chemical
compound found in citrus, is toxic to worms, so it is best to limit or avoid feeding them this
material.
2.1.10.4. Analysis / Application
Vermicomposting, the process of using earthworms to decompose organic waste,
offers numerous advantages for farmers. By implementing a vermicompost system on their
farms, farmers can transform organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, improve soil health, increase
crop productivity, and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. This essay explores the key
advantages of having a vermicompost system on a farm.
One of the primary advantages of vermicomposting is the production of high- quality, nutrient-
rich compost. Earthworms feed on organic waste materials, breaking them down into a
biologically active form known as vermicompost. Vermicompost is an excellent source of
essential nutrients, micronutrients, beneficial microbes, and organic matter, providing plants with
a well-balanced and readily available nutrient supply. This nutrient-rich compost enhances soil fertility
and promotes healthy plant growth.
Vermicompost significantly improves soil structure by enhancing its physical properties.
The organic matter and humic substances present in vermicompost improve soil aggregation, allowing
for better water infiltration and aeration. This leads to improved moisture retention in the soil,
reducing water stress for plants and increasing their resilience during periods of drought. The
improved soil structure also promotes root development, nutrient uptake, and overall plant
growth.
Vermicompost enhances nutrient cycling in the soil. The organic matter and
beneficial microorganisms present in vermicompost help in breaking down complex nutrients into
forms that are readily available for plant uptake. This improves nutrient cycling within the soil, reducing
nutrient losses and improving nutrient-use efficiency. As a result, plants can access a more
abundant and balanced supply of nutrients, leading to improved growth, yield, and crop quality.
The beneficial microorganisms present in vermicompost contribute to the suppression of plant
diseases and pests. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, help create
a balanced and diverse soil microbiome. A healthy soil microbiome strengthens the plant's
defense mechanisms, making them more resistant to pathogens and pests. This reduces the
reliance on chemical pesticides and promotes environmentally friendly pest management
practices.
Vermicomposting is an environmentally sustainable practice. By diverting organic waste
from landfills and turning it into compost, farmers reduce the production of methane, a potent
greenhouse gas emitted during organic waste decomposition. Vermicomposting also reduces the
need for synthetic fertilizers, which can have negative environmental impacts, such as nutrient runoff
and water pollution.
 Adopting vermicomposting on farms promotes resource recycling, waste reduction, and contributes to a
more sustainable agricultural system.
Implementing a vermicompost system on a farm can lead to cost savings. Farmers
can produce their own nutrient-rich compost using on-site organic waste, reducing the need to
purchase commercial fertilizers. Vermicompost can replace a portion of synthetic fertilizers,
resulting in reduced input costs. Additionally, improved soil health and nutrient availability can lead to
higher crop yields and improved crop quality, translating into increased profits for farmers.
For farmers engaged in organic farming, vermicompost is a valuable tool for maintaining soil
fertility and meeting organic certification requirements.
Vermicompost is a natural and approved input for organic agriculture, providing the
necessary nutrients in a sustainable and ecologically sound manner. By utilizing vermicompost,
organic farmers can enrich their soils and meet the stringent standards of organic certification,
ensuring market access and consumer trust.

2.1.11. A designer's guide to creating “Instagrammable” spaces.

2.1.11.1. Gonzales Charlene
2.1.11.2. Official website of Super Draft, August 2017.
2.1.11.3. Summary
To date, there are more than 500 million daily users of Instagram. They are growing fast,
and they are ranking behind the tech social media giant Facebook. The app predicts that almost
70% of all the brands in the world will have an Instagram page by the end of 2017. That is a
huge leap, considering that only 48.8% of the businesses in 2016 have an Instagram presence.
Why? It is because 75% of people act after seeing a photo on Instagram. It only takes two taps of a
finger to “like” a photo you see. More importantly, it helps businesses in increasing their brand
awareness, foot traffic, and sales.
1. Good Lighting (for photos)
Normally, architects and interior designers will install proper lighting to make a
person comfortable in a space. How the place registers in the camera aren’t a top priority in the
design. When Instagram becomes a part of an architect’s design process, photographing the
space becomes a priority. Unfortunately, the appeal of dim places in photographs is not the
same in real life. It is not comfortable and doesn’t enhance a person’s experience (unless it is a
club).
To give justice to photos and real-life experiences, an Instagram-centered design must
involve a lot of natural light. It is better if the structure has bigger windows or skylights that allow
daylight in the space.
 2. Unique Floor Tiles
People document their experiences in a 3×3 square photo in Instagram. Photographing your
feet with the tiles meant you have set foot on a place. The tiles of a building or restaurant are the
audience’s visual connector to the establishment. These awesome tiled floors, when included in
a #ShoeSelfie of a #FeetAndFloor shot have the power to drive people to the place.
3. Graphic walls or Street art
Similar to tiled floors, an interesting wall of a restaurant, cafe, or building attracts a number
of people. This time for shots that express the emotions that people felt at that moment. The
mural or street art can also serve as a landmark. It helps people remember the place. That way,
they’ll keep coming back. Basically, anything wall with a distinctive and meaningful art becomes
a photo booth. Unique art and colorful wallpapers are on top of the list.
2.1.11.4. Analysis / Application
The perfect selfie beats costs and availability of alcohol, experiencing local cuisine
and sightseeing. People care more about the likes and shares an image gets more than
being at the location itself. Instagram users see travel content as more genuine or trustworthy than
a brochure or a travel website. Millennials are known to trust peers more than brands. Instagram is a
powerful tool for destinations looking to bring in more attention and tourists.
This sharing of experiences has not only created communities where people can connect and
share their lives, but it can also shine the spotlight on significant social and environmental
issues. Social media is very effective at influencing people to buy a plane ticket and visit
somewhere new.
Businesses have been quick to recognize the huge potential Instagram has as an
advertising platform, Arguably, consumers see an Instagram photo as a real and personal
depiction, and not a campaign created by a marketing department. Essentially, Instagram has
become an online review platform of destinations since most people are swayed by the opinions
of others, it’s easy to see how Instagram outperforms holiday brochures with its powers of
persuasion.
Yet, Instagram photos don’t always give the complete picture. They’re often as set up as
those depicted in glossy brochures. A selfie taken at a beauty spot may give the impression that
someone has the place all to themselves, but the photographer may have cleverly omitted the
hordes of other insta-tourists waiting patiently in line to capture that very same scene.
With our selfie-obsessed, hashtag-driven, and influencer-based business culture today,
the easiest way to attract your consumers to invest financially and emotionally in your brand is through
the power of one of the visually oriented platforms today– Instagram. Having a unique
“Instagrammable” offering sells not only your products or services, but a new concept that customers
can incorporate and embrace into their lifestyle.
2.1.12. Integrated Goat and Poultry Farming
2.1.12.1. discover agriculture
2.1.12.2. Discover Agriculture, October 2021
2.1.12.3. Summary
Goat farming is a lucrative industry. Due to its many uses, goat farming is currently a lucrative
industry that just needs a small initial investment. Additionally, commercial goat farming
makes a significant contribution to a nation's diet and economy.
Integrated Farming combines the best of modern tools and technologies with
traditional practices according to a given site and situation. In simple words, it means using
many ways of cultivation in a small space or land.
Goat farming entails raising goats for meat, maybe milk, as opposed to poultry farming, which
raises birds for feathers, meat, and eggs. If you are prepared to devote the necessary time, energy,
and resources to make either of these two's endeavors a worthwhile investment, they are both as
good. Your choice of investment will therefore solely depend on the resources available,
such as land, pasture, access to water, etc. You should also consider the number of holdings.
Compared to chickens, goats grow and reproduce more slowly. This means that while
your goats are still young, you can make money by raising chickens. Goats and chickens are both kept
in the same shed in integrated farming. The advantages of producing several streams of income
on a small plot of land. You do not have to wait a long time to start making money with chicken
farming. You can start earning money in three to four months. As a result, this brings in extra money.
One can produce a wide variety of products from them like milk, meat, fiber, manure, and so on. The
milk of goat is used for producing full cream goat powder, skimmed goat milk powder, goat butter, goat
milk cream, fresh goat milk.
2.1.12.4. Analysis / Application
Integrated farming systems have gained popularity due to their ability to maximize
resource utilization and enhance farm productivity. One such promising integration is combining
poultry and goat farming. This essay explores the advantages of integrated poultry and goat
farming and highlights how this approach can benefit farmers and the overall agricultural
industry.

Integrating poultry and goat farming offers farmers the potential for increased profitability. By
combining these two livestock enterprises, farmers can diversify their income streams and tap
into multiple markets. Eggs, meat, and milk products from poultry and goats have high demand,
ensuring a steady source of revenue. Additionally, integrated systems optimize resource utilization,
reducing costs associated with separate farming units.
 Integrated poultry and goat farming allows for efficient utilization of available resources.
Goats and poultry have different dietary needs, and by integrating them, farmers can make
the most of available land and feed resources. Goats can utilize pasture areas more
effectively, as they can consume roughage and browse on shrubs and weeds, reducing the need
for expensive feeds. Poultry can utilize smaller spaces and convert grains and byproducts into
high-quality protein, benefiting from the waste generated by goats, such as manure and leftover
forage.
Integration of poultry and goat farming facilitates effective nutrient cycling and
waste management. Goats produce manure rich in nitrogen and other nutrients, which can be used
as organic fertilizer for crops or as bedding material for poultry. Poultry, in turn, convert this manure
into valuable compost, which can be used to enhance soil fertility. Such integration promotes a
sustainable and environmentally friendly farming system by minimizing waste and utilizing it
effectively within the farm.
Integrating poultry and goat farming optimizes land utilization. Goats can graze on
pasture areas that are not suitable for cultivation, effectively utilizing marginal land. This reduces
pressure on prime agricultural land for grazing purposes and allows for the conservation of
fertile soil for crop production. Moreover, the droppings of goats enrich the pasture soil,
improving its productivity over time.

Goats are natural browsers and can effectively control weeds and invasive plant species. By
integrating goats into poultry farming systems, farmers can minimize the use of herbicides and manual
labor for weed control. Additionally, the presence of goats can deter pests and reduce the incidence of
diseases that affect both poultry and crops. This natural pest control mechanism reduces
the dependency on chemical pesticides and promotes a more sustainable farming approach.
Integrated poultry and goat farming systems enhance farm resilience and reduce
risks associated with market fluctuations. Diversifying the farm enterprises spreads the
economic risks, ensuring a stable income even if there is a fluctuation in the demand or price of a
specific product. This integrated approach also provides flexibility, allowing farmers to adapt to
changing market dynamics and consumer preferences.
Integrated poultry and goat farming systems offer numerous advantages to farmers,
including increased profitability, efficient resource utilization, nutrient cycling, enhanced land
utilization, pest and weed control, and improved farm resilience. By harnessing the synergies
between poultry and goat farming, farmers can achieve sustainable and economically viable
agricultural systems. Promoting such integrated approaches can contribute to the overall
development and sustainability of the agricultural industry while meeting the rising demand for
poultry, goat products, and maintaining environmental stewardship.
2.1.13. (PIGS) Odorless Pigpen/ Odor-free Piggery
2.1.13.1. Mandawa, Panlima
2.1.13.2. Business Diary PH, August 2020
2.1.13.3. Summary

A pig pen is an enclosed area where pigs are kept. Profitable Innovative Growing
System or PIGS, a method of raising pigs in an environment that mimics their natural habitat,
designed by Pro Natural Feed Corporation. PIGS technology, unlike conventional piggeries, allows
for stress free pigs that are less prone to sickness and diseases.
Advantages of using Profitable Innovative Growing System (PIGS)

• Solves bad odor and health risks in piggeries

• Easier, cleaner, and cost-effective
• Reduces antibiotic dependency in swine
• Environment and community-friendly
• Health protection for both humans and animals
• Promotes humane animal treatment

Guidelines in Constructing an Odorless Pigpen/ Odor-free Piggery

• Avoid lowland where flood incidence is high during rainy season

• Soil or earth flooring must be above the highest possible water level in case of flood
• Piggery must have adequate wind and sunlight penetration pig
• General bedding requirement is at least one and a half (1.5) square meters per
• Place 2 to 3 foot deep newly milled rice hull or other organic materials above the earth/soil
flooring to act as bedding for the pigs
• Wallowing pond should be 1 meter wide spanning the length of the pen with water depth of 1 to
4 inches deep depending on the size of the pig
 • Feeding trough should be constructed opposite the wallowing pond and should be 11
inches from the wall of the pen
• Use concrete hollow blocks for the lower fencing around the pen, for the wallowing pool, and
feeding troughs
• Use iron bars or matured bamboos as upper fencing to allow for wind to pass through and to
prevent pigs from jumping out of the pen

A pig pen that is odorless means that there are fewer harmful gases and particles in the
air. This can improve air quality for both the pigs and any humans who are nearby. An odorless pig
pen can help to reduce stress and illness among the pigs. Pigs that are exposed to strong odors
may become stressed, which can lead to health problems. For farmers and workers, an odorless
pig pen means better working conditions. It can be difficult to work in a smelly environment, and
reducing or eliminating odors can make
the work more pleasant. Odorless pig pens can help to reduce the environmental impact of
pig farming. Strong odors can be a nuisance for nearby communities and can contribute to air
and water pollution. By reducing or eliminating odors, pig farmers can help to reduce their
impact on the environment. Finally, an odorless pig pen can help to improve public perception of
pig farming. Strong odors can be a source of complaints from nearby communities and can
contribute to negative perceptions of pig farming. By creating an odorless pig pen, farmers can
show that they are committed to responsible and sustainable farming practices.

2.1.13.4. Analysis / Application

Agritourism, the intersection of agriculture and tourism, has gained significant popularity
in recent years. As more people seek authentic farm experiences, it becomes essential to
address potential challenges that may deter visitors. One such challenge is the odor associated
with traditional pig pens. This essay discusses the advantages of an odorless pig pen in an
agritourism site, highlighting how it can enhance visitor experiences, promote sustainable
farming practices, and improve the overall reputation of the farm.
An odorless pig pen in an agritourism site significantly enhances the visitor
experience. Traditional pig pens emit strong and unpleasant odors due to the accumulation of
manure and other waste materials. These odors can be a major deterrent for visitors, affecting
their overall satisfaction and enjoyment. By implementing an odor control system in the pig pen,
visitors can explore and interact with the animals without being overwhelmed by unpleasant smells.
This ensures a positive experience, increasing the likelihood of repeat visits and positive word-of-
mouth recommendations.
Odor control measures in a pig pen not only benefit visitors but also contribute to
improved animal welfare. Traditional pig pens with strong odors indicate poor hygiene and
suboptimal living conditions for the animals. By implementing odor management strategies,
such as proper waste management and ventilation systems, the living environment for the pigs can
be improved.
This results in healthier and happier animals, which can positively impact their growth,
reproduction, and overall well- being.
Implementing an odorless pig pen aligns with sustainable farming practices. Odor
control measures usually involve efficient waste management techniques that reduce the
environmental impact of pig farming. These practices include proper manure collection, composting,
and utilization as organic fertilizer. By implementing an odor control system, the farm can minimize
odor emissions, prevent groundwater contamination, and contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. This promotes environmentally friendly farming practices,
making the agritourism site an example of sustainable agriculture.
An agritourism site with an odorless pig pen can positively impact public perception.
Odor emissions from pig pens are often associated with negative connotations, such as
pollution and unsanitary conditions. By addressing the issue of odor, the farm demonstrates
a commitment to cleanliness, hygiene, and responsible animal husbandry practices. Visitors are
more likely to view the farm as a well- maintained and reputable establishment, enhancing the
farm's image and credibility. This positive perception can attract more visitors, strengthen
relationships with the local community, and even facilitate partnerships with other businesses.
In many regions, odor emissions from livestock operations are subject to regulations
and guidelines. An odorless pig pen helps the agritourism site comply with these regulations,
avoiding potential legal issues and penalties. By implementing effective odor control
measures, the farm demonstrates its commitment to responsible and lawful operation. This
ensures a smooth relationship with regulatory authorities and maintains the farm's reputation as a
responsible and compliant entity.
An odorless pig pen in an agritourism site offers numerous advantages, including
enhanced visitor experiences, improved animal welfare, promotion of sustainable farming practices,
positive public perception, and compliance with regulations. By addressing the issue of odor
associated with traditional pig pens, farms can create a more inviting and enjoyable environment for
visitors, while also promoting responsible and sustainable agricultural practices. Incorporating odor
control measures demonstrates the farm's commitment to the well-being of animals, the
environment, and the satisfaction of visitors, thereby fostering long-term success and growth in
the agritourism industry.
2.2 References:

Business Diary PH, (August 2020) “Natural Farm Pig Technology for Organic Pork Production”.
Available at: https://zambo.da.gov.ph/images/IEC/NaturalFarmPig%20.pdf
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3.1. Conceptual Framework

TION

ECONOMY SOCIAL

TOURISM A Proposed
Agritourism with
Livelihood Training
Center

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY-

EFFICIENT

VISUAL

Figure 3.7. The Conceptual Framework of the research paper.

The conceptual framework presented in the diagram outlines a

comprehensive approach to the proposed Agritourism Center with a Livelihood
Training component, focusing on economic, social, environmental, and cultural
impacts. Economically, the project is designed to benefit the local community by
increasing farmers' income through new revenue opportunities and stimulating the
labor market with more job openings. It also aims to boost local retail sales and
enhance the tourism industry, bringing in more visitors and driving economic
growth.