BAHAN-BAHAN KIMIA

MAKMAL
COMPOSITION IN
CHEMICAL REAGENT

Disediakan: Che Shuraya Bt Che Ismail

Pengajar Diploma Teknologi Makmal Perubatan
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 Learning Outcome
 Explain grading of chemical reagent.
 Identify type and information from chemical
reagent

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 Content Outline
Grading of chemical reagent :
 Analar/reagent
 Purified
 Practical
 Technical
 Commercial
 Chemical pure
 Ultra pure

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 Content Outline
 Define of Chemical Hazard symbol, assay, spesific
gravity, chemical formula and molecular weight
 Calculate molecular weight depend on chemical formula
 Storage of chemical reagent
 Precaution in handling chemical reagent

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 PENGENALAN
Ketepatan keputusan sesuatu ujian makmal
adalah sangat penting

Ketepatan ini adalah bergantung kepada

kemahiran individu dan juga boleh dipengaruhi
oleh ketulenan bahan-bahan kimia yang
digunakan
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 JENIS2 GRED KIMIA

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 JENIS GRED KIMIA
 Gred Kimia ditetapkan mengikut spesifikasi American
Chemical Society (ACS)

 ACS menetapkan dan menyenaraikan kuantiti maksimum

‘impurity’ yang dibenarkan bagi setiap bahan kimia

 Gred bahan kimia yang terdiri daripada ketulenan yang

tinggi (highest purity) dan melebihi piawai ketulenan
(exceeds purity standards) ditentukan oleh American
Chemical Society (ACS)
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 JENIS-JENIS GRED KIMIA
 Analar/reagent
 Purified
 Practical
 Technical
 Commercial
 Chemical pure
 Ultra pure

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 JENIS GRED KIMIA
 Gred bahan kimia yang disarankan untuk analisis kimia
(kuantitatif/kualitatif) adalah GRED ANALAR/ GRED
REAGEN
 Bahan kimia Gred ‘analytical reagent’
mempunyai ketulenan tinggi sesuai digunakan dimakmal
dan semasa analytical applications
 Bahan kimia yang TIDAK SESUAI digunakan sebagai
reagen atau bahan analitikal untuk analisa klinikal adalah
‘GRED CHEMICALLY PURE’
 Bahan kimia jenis Ultra tulen digunakan dalam
teknik yang lebih spesifik seperti Teknik ‘High
Performance Liquid Chromatography,
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 Common Used Chemical Grade
 Laboratory grade
 Reagent grade
 ACS grade

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 The list describes the seven most common grades for chemicals
and reagents, from highest to lowest grade/purity:

1. ACS grade meets or exceeds purity standards set by

the American Chemical Society (ACS). This grade is
acceptable for food, drug, or medicinal use and can be used
for ACS applications or for general procedures that require
stringent quality specifications and a purity of ≥95%.
2. Reagent grade is generally equal to ACS grade (≥95%)
and is acceptable for food, drug, or medicinal use and is
suitable for use in many laboratory and analytical
applications.

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 3. USP grade meets or exceeds requirements of the United
States Pharmacopeia (USP). This grade is acceptable for
food, drug, or medicinal use. It is also used for most
laboratory purposes, but the USP being followed should
always be reviewed prior to beginning to ensure the grade
is appropriate for that methodology.
4. NF grade meets or exceeds requirements of the National
Formulary (NF). The USP and the NF (USP– NF) jointly
publish a book of public pharmacopeial standards for
chemical and biological drug substances, dosage forms,
compounded preparations, excipients, medical devices, and
dietary supplements.

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 5. Laboratory grade is the most popular grade for use in
educational applications, but its exact levels of impurities
are unknown. While excellent for teaching and
training, it is not pure enough to be offered for food,
drug, or medicinal use of any kind.
6. Purified grade, also called pure or practical grade,
meets no official standard; it is not pure enough to be
offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind, It is
pure enough for use in educational laboratories.
7. Technical grade is used for commercial and industrial
purposes; however, like many others, it is not pure enough
to be offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind

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 KLASIFIKASI KELAS HAZARD

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 Kelas Hazard Kimia
 Kelas 1=Explosive
 Kelas 2=Gases (Compressed)
 Kelas 3= Flammable liquid
 Kelas 4= Flammable solids or substances
 Kelas 5= oxidizing substances, organic peroxides
 Kelas 6= Poisonous & infectious substances
 Kelas 7= Radioactive materials
 Kelas 8= Corrosive
 Kelas 9 = Miscellaneous dangerous substances

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 9 KELAS HAZARD KIMIA
SIMBOL/TANDA HAZARDOUS CONTOH
AMARAN MATERIAL
1 Explosives Asid pikrik, Eter
(Bahan mudah
meletup)

2 Compressed Gases Hydrogen, Ammonia, Chlorine,

( Gas dibawah Helium
tekanan)

3 Flammable Liquid Alcohol, Glycol ethers, acetone,

( Cecair mudah toluena
terbakar)

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 SAMB….
SIMBOL HAZARDOUS CONTOH
MATERIAL
4 Flammable solid Lithium, magnesium, phosphorus,
(Pepejal mudah titanium
terbakar)

5 Oxidizing substances Benzoyl proxide, Ammoniun

(bahan pengoksida nitrate, Calcium chlorite
dan merupakn bahan
kimia reaktif)

6 Toxic materials Sianide, merkuri oxide

(bahan toksik),
poisonous substances

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 SAMB….
SIMBOL HAZARDOUS CONTOH
MATERIAL
7 Radioactive Cobalt 14, Plutonium, uranium
materials ( bahan 235
radioaktif)

8 Corrosive matarials Asid hidroklorik, Asid sulfurik,

( bahan korosif) NaOH

9 Miscellaneous Dry ice, sawdust, hair spray,

dangerous material hazardous waste
(Bahan merbahaya
lain)

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 LABEL & MAKLUMAT PADA BOTOL
KIMIA

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 LABEL BOTOL BAHAN KIMIA
1. Nama bahan kimia
2. Tanda amaran & maksudnya
3. Syarikat pengeluar bahan kimia
4. Gred kimia dan maksudnya
5. Assay (Ketulenan)
6. Formula Kimia
7. Berat molekul
8. Cara penyimpanan
9. Spesifik graviti (S.G) / ketumpatan

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 Apa yg perlu ada pd label bahan kimia???

Hazard Chemical
warnings name

Manufacturer

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 Chemical formula & molecular weight
 Calculate molecular weight
depend on chemical formula
Example
 water (H2O)
= 2(1) + 1(16)
= 18
 tricalcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
= 3(40) + 2(31+ 4(16))
= 120 + 2(95)
= 310
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 Assay & Spesific gravity(Density)
 Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
 Specific gravity is the ratio between density of a material at a
certain temperature divided by the density of water at a
certain temperature.
 Assay (Weight) is the purity of the solution.
 Molarity = [Specific gravity of solution (g/mL) x 1,000
(mL) x Purity (w/w%) /100 ÷ Molecular weight]

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 Example
Given a density of 1.836 g/mL and a mass percent of
H2SO4 of 96.00%, find the molarity. The molar mass of
sulfuric acid is 98.078 g/mol.

1) Assume that a volume of 1L of the solution is present.

Determine the total mass of the solution:
 (1.836 g/mL) (1000 mL) = 1836 g
2) Determine the mass of component of the solution:
 H2SO4 ---> (1836 g) (0.9600) = 1762.56 g
3) Determine the molarity of the solution:
 1762.56 g/ 98.078 g/mol= 17.97 M

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 PENYIMPANAN BAHAN KIMIA

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 CARA PENYIMPANAN BAHAN KIMIA
 Bahan-bahan kimia mesti diasingkan mengikut
keserasiannya.
 Semua botol reagen bahan kimia mestilah dilebel
dengan jelas dan lebel itu hendaklah diperiksa dari
semasa ke semasa.
 Perlu selalu semak stok kerana terdapat bahan yang
mudah rosak jika disimpan lama.Gunakan stok yang
lama dahulu.
 Bahan kimia tidak sepatutnya disimpan dalam makmal
tetapi mestilah disimpan dalam stor bahan kimia yang
mempunyai peredaran udara yang baik.
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  Jangan menyimpan bahan kimia di atas lantai.
 Jangan menyimpan bahan kimia yang merbahaya
ditempat yang tinggi atas dari paras mata .
 Bahan kimia yang disimpan mestilah ditutup dengan ketat
dan dilabel dengan jelas termasuk waste.
 Bekas yang digunakan untuk menyimpan bahan kimia
mestilah serasi (compatible ) dengan bahan kimia yang
disimpan.
 Contoh: Bekas logam tidak boleh digunakan untuk
menyimpan asid dan bes.
 Bekas makanan tidak boleh digunakan untuk
menyimpan bahan kimia di makmal.
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 Samb…
 Cecair meruap dan lain-lain cecair yang berbahaya
hendaklah disimpan dalam tempat khas yang kalis api.
 Bahan kimia yang beracun hendaklah disimpan dalam almari
yang berkunci di dalam stor. Penggunaannya mestilah
direkodkan.

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 Cara Penyimpanan Bahan Kimia

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 Cara Penyimpanan Bahan Kimia

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 Kewaspadaan Semasa Menyediakan
Bahan Uji Kimia

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 KEWASPADAAN SEMASA
MENYEDIAKAN BAHAN UJI KIMIA
 Perkara berikut perlu diambil perhatian:
 Keserasian bahan kimia
 Sifat bahan (mudah terbakar/mudah
meruap/reaktif/toksik
 Pemakaian PPE (personel protective equipment) yang
bersesuaian
 Cara pengendalian jika berlaku kemalangan
(tumpahan)
 Mengetahui risiko yang mungkin berlaku akibat
penggunaan bahan tersebut & persediaan untuk
menghadapinya
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 Safety Shower Eye Wash Safety Goggles

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 Samb..
 Baca label pada botol reagen dengan berhati-hati dan rujuk
kepada MSDS (material safety data sheet ) sebelum
mengendalikan sebarang bahan kimia

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 Samb…
 MSDS - A form containing
data regarding the
properties of a particular
substance

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 Samb…
 Gunakan kebuk wasap semasa mengendalikan bahan kimia
yang mudah meruap
 Tuang asid ke dalam air.

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 TQ

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