MATTU UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
DETERMANETS THE GROWTH OF
MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISE;
IN CASE OF CHIRO TOWN A
RESEARCH PEAPER SUBMITED TO
THE DEPARTEMENT OF
ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL
FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREDFOR
B.A DEGREE IN ECONOMICIS
PREPARED BY Tsion Abebaw

ID NO: /14

ADVISOR:

JUNE. 2024

METTU.ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION
I would like to declare that the senior essay entitled the ‘’determinates the growth of
micro and small scale enterprise in Mettu town’’, submitted to department of
economics faculty of business and economics, University of mettu in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the bachelor of art in economics is a record of the
original report work done by me, the basis for the award of any degree.

NAME: Tsion Abebaw

ID NO: 1147/13

ADVISOR………………………….SIGNITURE…………………………..DATE…………

EXAMINOR……………………..SIGNITURE…………………………DATE……………
 Acknowledgement
First and for most, l would like to thanks God for being with me in completion of this
study. I am also express my heartfelt gratitude to my advisor, instructor Tamru G
(MSc) in economics collage at oda bultum university, devoting his golden time for us
from the beginning up to end and I would like to thanks for my sister, mother and
father for they financial and moral support and lastly, l would like to say thanks to all
my family and people who supported us by providing the required data and by giving
us their constructive suggestions and advice in doing this research.
 ACRONYMS
CSA central statically authority

FEMSEs federal micro and small scale enterprise development

strategies

FEMSEDA federal micro and small scale enterprise development agency

GTP growth and transformation program

ILO international labor organization

MSEDA micro and small scale enterprise development agency

MOTI ministry of trade and industry

MSEs micro and small scale enterprise

OLS ordinary least square method

REMSEDs regional micro and small scale enterprise Development

strategies

UNIDO united nation industrial development organization

VIF variance inflating factor

Table Contents page

DECLARATION i
Acknowledgement ii
ACRONYMS iii
Lists of table vi
ABSTRACT vii
Chapter One 1
Introduction 1
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Statement of the problem 2
1.3. Research questions 3
1.4. Objective of the study 3
1.4.1. General objective of the study 3
1.4.2. Specific objective of the study 3
1.5. Scope of the study 4
1.6. Significance of the study 4
1.7. Limitation of the study 4
1.8 Organization of the study 5
CHAPTER TWO 6
Literature Review 6
2.1. Theoretical literature review 6
2.1.1. Definition of micro and small scale enterprise 6
2.1.2 Theoretical framework on the growth of enterprise 7
2.1.3 The role of micro and small scale enterprise in poverty reduction 8
2.1.4 The micro and small scale enterprise sector in Ethiopia 8
2.1.5 Factors affecting the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise 10
2.2 Empirical study 11
2.3 Conceptual frame work 14
CHAPTER THERE 15
Methodology the study 15
3.1. Description of the study area 15
3.2 Type and source of data 15
3.3 Target population 15
3.4 Sampling technique and sample size determination 16
3.5 Method of data collection 17
3.6 Method of data analysis 17
3.7. Model specification 18
3.7.1.Theoretical framework model 18
3.7.2. Empirical framework model 19
3.6. Description of variables 19
3.6.1.The dependent variable of the model 19
3.6.2. Independent variables of the model 20
CHAPTER FOUR 22
Data analysis and interpretation 22
4.1 Descriptive analysis 22
4.2 ECONOMETRICS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETION 26
4.2.1 Goodness of Fit of the Model or R² 26
4.2.2 Multicollinearity test 26
4.2.3. Heteroscedasticity test 27
4.2.4 Normality test 27
4.2.5 Interpretation of the estimated econometric results 28
Chapter five 30
Conclusion and Recommendation 30
5.1 conclusions 30
5.2 Recommendation 31
Reference 32
APPENDIX 34
 Lists of table

Table 1: samples and populations MSEs of sector chiro town 17

Table 2: sex of the respondent 22

Table 3 : marital status 22

Table 4: access of working premise 23

Table 5: access to credit 23

Table 6:Types of business sector 24

Table 7:Education level 24

Table 8: Access to infrastructure 24

Table 9: Descriptive analysis of continuous variable 25

Table 10:Results of regression 26

 ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia and in western Hararghe specifically in chiro town the MSEs sector
dominated small business and creating job opportunity for the mass of the
population. Even though they create job opportunity for unemployed citizen of the
town the growth status of MSEs affected by different internal and external factors
that hinder their growth. The study aimed to explore the factor that affects the
growth of micro and small enterprise in chiro town. Both primary and secondary
source of data used to achieve the objective of the study. The cross-sectional data of
from 2012 to 2022 total asset growth year was collected from 91 enterprises and
selected by using systematic sampling technique. In order to analyze thus study used
both descriptive statics and econometrics model. In econometric model ordinary
least square method (OLS) used to measure the growth in total asset. The result from
the model indicated that location of enterprise, access of credit, sex of the MSEs
operator, education and experience in business were significantly affect asset
growth of MSEs. Therefore the finding of the study recommends that increasing
MSEs access to credit and government expands education also improve
infrastructural linkage of the various sector of MSEs is vital to improve the total
asset growth of MSEs.
 Chapter One

Introduction
1.1. Background of the study

Micro and small business sector is recognized as an integral component of economic

development and crucial element in the effort to lift countries out of poverty .In
developing countries, micro and small-scale enterprise by virtue of their size, capital
investment and their capacity to generate greater employment have demonstrated
their powerful propellant effect of rapid economic growth, the micro and small-scale
enterprise sector has also been instrumental in bringing about economic transition by
providing good and service which are adequate quality and reasonable priced to large
number of people and effectively using skills and talent of large number of people
without requiring high level of training, large sum of capital or sophisticated technology
(ILO,2008).

Micro and small-scale enterprise sector generates substantial employment and

economic out puts. In many countries their share of overall employment tends to be
higher in developing countries which are typically more focused on small-scale
production (Lara and Simeon, 2009).

Micro and small-scale enterprise in Ethiopia were confronted with several factors that
affect the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise. While the major factors including
financial record problems, marketing problems and lack of working premises etc.
additionally environmental factor affecting the business which includes, social,
economic, cultural, political, legal and technological factors. In addition, also personal
attitudes or internal factors that affect the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise
which are related to the persons individual attitude, training and technical knowhow
(Werattw,2018).

The aim of micro and small-scale enterprises are not successful in achieving economic
development due to various constraints in general in Ethiopia and particularly in chiro
town (chiro micro and small-scale enterprise office). In this research the researcher tries
to identify determent the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise in the town using
cross-sectional data from sample respondents (operators).
1.2. Statement of the problem

Gold Mark (2009) identified education of owner threshold level, work experience,
formality, location of the household in house or around the market, access to finance,
value chains and intra firm’s cooperation to be some of the factors that determine the
growth of micro and small-scale enterprise in developing countries.

Micro and small-scale enterprise are offering better prospects for individual and
economic growth through generation of income and creation of employment
opportunity and hence improving their living standard. Due to this, the numbers of
micro and small-scale enterprise are steadily growing in Ethiopia. But their
development rate is very much slow because of several factors. Despite MSEs are
recognized as vehicles for economic growth and employment. Most of them are facing
critical constraints both at the operation and start up level. Some of these constraints
include lack of access to working premise, lack of entrepreneurial training and lack of
marketing information and the like (Brhane.T 2014).

The growth status of micro and small-scale enterprise in chiro town cannot achieve
their goal due to various constraints. from the information of chiro micro and small-
scale enterprise office problem of MSEs in the case area is that from the top MSEs
operator up to the small MSEs workers have less accountable to their responsibility,
that means when there is access of credit to the MSEs workers after giving that credit
the responsible bodies cannot try to see their business activities and not see their risk of
the business and can change the credit to unintended purpose or other home
consumption rather than use for the business activities( chiro micro and small-scale
enterprise).

In this specific study area there were no research work done in analyzing factor
affecting the growth of micro and small-scale enterprises so far to be reviewed. But
there were few research works done in another town in Ethiopia. For instance, study
made by Tsegachew (2008) found the factor that determines the growth of micro and
small-scale enterprise by using cross-sectional data and econometric analysis. However,
his study focused only the external factors that affect the growth of micro and small-
scale enterprise.

The major factor that initiate to do this study in Chiro Town is as I have seen there is only
few studies is focused in this place. But there is problem like other towns related with
MSEs in this area. This study has included other factors that affect the growth of micro
and small enterprise is not described by other researchers. Thus, studies to identify
deferent potential factors that hindering the operation and development of MSEs in
Chiro Town and to suggest some recommendations and possible conclusions. In this
specific study area there were no research work done in analyzing factor affecting the
growth of micro and small-scale enterprises so far to be reviewed. But there were few
research works done in another town in Ethiopia. For instance, study made by
Tsegachew (2008) found the factor that determines the growth of micro and small-scale
enterprise by using cross-sectional data and econometric analysis. However, his study
focused only the external factors that affect the growth of micro and small-scale
enterprise. In this study focused on both the internal and external factors that
determined the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise in Chiro town.

1.3. Research questions

How to measure the growth of small and micro enterprise?

What determines the growth of small and micro enterprise?

What are the external factors that affect the growth performance of micro and
small-scale enterprise in the study area?

1.4. Objective of the study

1.4.1. General objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to assess factors that affect the growth of micro
and small scale enterprise in Chiro town.
1.4.2. Specific objective of the study

In this study examine the following specific objective:

To measure the growth of small and micro enterprise by Increases in sales or

revenue, increases in capital, increases in profitability, Increases in other
financial measures.

To identify factors which affect the growth of small and micro enterprise in Chiro
Town?

To identify the external factors that affects the growth performance of the micro
and small-scale enterprise in the study area.
1.5. Scope of the study

Conceptually the study would be a cross sectional analysis limited to identify

determinates the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise. The study would be
restricting to micro and small-scale enterprise. Geographically this study confine to
Chiro town. This study mainly focused on the determinants of micro and small
enterprises in Chiro Town. The study will better, if it includes all micro and small scale
enterprises in Ethiopia. But, due to lack of finance, limitation of time, Limited computer
center for typing and editing, Unwillingness of respondents to give sufficient
information and lack of experience in under taking the research, the study will be
focused only on Chiro Town and focuses on the manufacturing and construction sectors
of MSEs. Because data from manufacturing and construction sectors are easily
measurable and the second reason to select manufacturing and construction sectors are
commonly available in Chiro Town. The study is manageable and limited geographic
area. Therefore, the reason that limited it can get accurate information and determine
sample size and also reduce cost of data collection

1.6. Significance of the study

It would be open some clues about the factor that affecting the growth of micro and
small scale enterprise, thus it would be useful to other researchers who want to have
further investigation in to the socioeconomic challenges of micro and small scale
enterprise. It would be used as an input for policy makers or other concerned bodies to
design effective policies and to improve the growth performance of micro and small
scale enterprise in the study area.

1.7. Limitation of the study

In conducting this study the researcher faced the following short coming or limitation
these are:-

Difficulties to obtain the relevant required data from the owner of micro and
small scale enterprise office.
 Respondents would not to give enough information due to less understanding of
the questions and language problem.

To solve these problems the researcher would try to communicate with owners of
the MSEs and used simple and clear questions that can be easily understandable
by the respondents.

1.8 Organization of the study

The research divided into five major parts. The first introductory part of the study
contains backgrounds of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
scope of the study, significance of the study and organization of the study. The second
chapter will be a devoted to the presentation of literature review of related researchers
and conceptual framework. The third chapter deals with research methodology of the
study which contains type and sources of data, sampling technique and sample size
determination, method of data analysis and model specifications of the research. The
fourth chapter deals with method of data analysis and interpretation of the result and
the last chapter deals with conclusion of the finding and recommendation of the study.
 CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review
2.1. Theoretical literature review

2.1.1. Definition of micro and small scale enterprise

The micro and small-scale enterprise sector everywhere was characterized by highly
diversified activity which can create employment opportunities for a substantial
segment of the population. This implies that the sector is a quick remedy for
unemployment and facilitating the environment for new job seekers and self-
employment requires a direct intervention and support of the government and other
concerned stakeholders (Mulugeta, 2011).

Different countries use different points of criteria to distinguish micro and small
business enterprises from other economic entities within their national boundary. The
major criteria in the definitions could include various combinations of number of
employees, financial strength, sales volume, relative size, initial capital outlay and types
of industry. For instance, European Commission utilizes three criteria to determine
whether an enterprise is a micro or small sized. These are staff headcount, annual
turnover, and annual balance sheet.

The criteria and ways of categorizing micro and small-scale enterprise are varying from
institution to institution and from country to country depending essentially on the
countries level of development. Even within the same country, definition also change
overtime due to changes in price levels, advance in technology or other considerations
(Emmaj et al, 2013).

Accordingly, United Nations industrial development organization (UNIDO) gives

alternative definition for developing countries. It defines micro enterprise as the
business firms with less than 5 employees and small enterprise as the business firms
with 5-19 employees.
Similarly, in Ethiopia there is no uniform definition at the national level to have a
common understanding of the MSEs sector. Ministry of trade and industry (MOTI) and
the Ethiopian central statistics authority (CSA) have defined MSEs, separately. While the
definition by MOTI uses capital investment, the CSA uses employment and favor capital
intensive technologies as a yardstick. The definition used by MOTI, which uses capital
investment as a yardstick, has been developed for formulating MSEs development
strategy in 1997(MOTI, 2005).

According to the official definition of MOTI, micro enterprise are business enterprise
found in all sector of Ethiopia economy with a paid up capital ( fixed assets) of not more
than birr 20,000 but excluding high technology consultancy firms and other high
technology establishment, small enterprise are business enterprise with a paid up
capital of more than birr 20,000 but not excluding birr 50000 and excluding high
technology consultancy firms and other high technology establishment (MOTI,1997).

The central statistical authority has attached various definition to enterprise based on
capital level of technological and technical capacities. According to regulation " Micro
enterprise " means on enterprise having a total capital excluding building not exceeding
birr 50,000 in the case of service sector or not exceeding birr 100,000 in the case of
industrial sector and engage 5 workers including the owner, his family members and
other employees ( Art,2(1)).the same regulation defines small enterprise as an
enterprise having a total capital, excluding building, from Birr,50001 to 500000 in case
of service sector or birr 100001 to birr 1500000 in case of industrial sector and engages
6 to 30 worker's including the owner family member and other employees( FMESDA
2012 ).

2.1.2 Theoretical framework on the growth of enterprise

In studying enterprise growth several framework has suggested by various scholars. The
two theories are Schumpeter innovation theory and resource based theory. Schumpeter
theory, posits that innovation usually results into technological progress as firms pursue
profit maximization. Thus, each innovation is geared towards same new product or
process giving the innovator a niche over the competitor’s .However, news innovation
means rendering old innovation out modes. Bearing in mind the fact that even the new
innovation is destined to be archaic in the future by future innovations (Schumpeter,
1934). He saw innovation as tool for effective exploitation of the available opportunity's
by the entrepreneur. He further stressed the role of entrepreneur as primary agents
affecting creative destruction and the need by entrepreneurs to look out for innovation
opportunities, the trends for successful innovation opportunities as well as the need to
effectively apply the principles of successful innovation.

Proponents of this theory such as Ducker(1985) pointed out that entrepreneur are
always searching for change, responding to it, and exploiting it as an opportunity, and
engaging by this means in purposeful innovation. Resource based theory: The resource-
based view focuses on the enterprise resource such as strength and weakness of the
firm, capabilities, competitive advantage, strategy and being able to identify the gaps
within the organization (Grant, 2011). The resource based view sees numerous sources
of opportunities that can be exploited in the market place to the profit of the firms.

2.1.3 The role of micro and small scale enterprise in poverty reduction

Poverty in Ethiopia is wide spread and remains a major challenges of sustainable

development and stability ( eshetu and mammo,2016).The role played by micro and
small-scale enterprise through the various socio economic benefits emanating from the
sector was found to be eminent the overall development effort and process of nations.
In other words ,by generating larger volume of employment as well as higher level of
income, the micro and small-scale enterprise will not only have contributed towards
poverty reduction but they will also have enhanced the welfare and standard of living of
the many in the society .

2.1.4 The micro and small scale enterprise sector in Ethiopia

The five rear growth and transformation plan (GTP) has given particular attention to the
expansion and strengthening of micro and small-scale enterprise

The micro and small-scale enterprise development strategy Enterprise promotion

efforts in Ethiopia have traditionally focused on urban based and the micro and small-
scale enterprise in the 1960 and early 1970s a department within the ministry of
industry and tourism was responsible for coordinating promotion activities which
basically consisted of providing training on business management (United Nations,
2002).

The Ethiopia government released the country's first micro and small-scale
development strategy in November 2005 the primary objective of the national strategy
framework is to create an enabling environment for micro and small-scale enterprise. In
addition to this basic objective of the national micro and small-scale enterprise strategy
framework, the MOTI has developed a specific objective which includes, facilitating
economic growth and bring about equitable development, creating long term jobs.
Strengthening cooperation's between micro and small-scale enterprise, providing the
basis for medium and large-scale enterprise, promoting export, and balancing
preferential treatment between micro and small-scale enterprise and bigger
enterprises (MOTI, 2005).

The most important institutions that are directly involved in the promotion of micro and
small-scale enterprise are MOTI and the newly established MSEDA. The latter is
envisaged to operate the federal and regional level of government (MOTI, 2005).

The ministry of trade and industry has responsibility as the organ of the federal
government for the formulation of policies and strategies to promote the expansion of
enterprises and to facilitate the provision of assistance to micro and small-scale
enterprise. The other duties given to the ministry is to support and create conducive
environment for the development of private promotional institutions. Regional bureau
of trade and industry were delegated to develop and promote the sector in their regions
by coordinating regional occupation to strengthen the flow of information to micro and
small-scale enterprise (MOTI, 2005).

The federal micro and small-scale enterprise development agency to further ensure the
proper institution coordination for micro and small-scale enterprise support function
the government created the new federal micro and small-scale enterprise development
agency ( FeMSEDA) in 1998. In addressing above objectives, FeMSEDA is expected to
provide and support to the regional micro and small-scale enterprise development
agency. The federal micro and small-scale enterprise development agency establish for
autonomous government institutions having its own legal identity and run by aboard
management of enterprise promotion agency is a new approach in Ethiopia. The federal
micro and small-scale enterprise development agency is directly accountable to the
ministry of trade and industry. In 2000 the regional government also provided for the
establishment of regional micro and small-scale enterprise development agencies to
provide extension services to micro and small-scale enterprises at the regional, zonal
and woreda level. The ministry of trade and industry through federal micro and small-
scale enterprise development agency provides

In most developing countries Small business faces wide range of problem. It may be
either supply side or demand side or contribution of both. Among those constraint lack
of initial capital, absence of legal and regulate environment, lack of access market,
business information, lack of working premises, in adequate infrastructural
development are among main problems that facing micro and small-scale enterprise at
the time of establishment and operation (Todaro, 2002).
2.1.5 Factors affecting the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise

The development of micro and small-scale enterprise it affected by different problems.

Among the problem lack of capital for startup activities, operation, expansions can be
mentioned. The Central statics authority of Ethiopia for the purpose of its survey on
small-scale manufacturing industries in 2010 shows 30.64 % of total establishment
have faced problems of capital during the start of their operations However 9% of the
total establishment faced shortage of working capital when they are in operation.

Low access to working premises are affects micro and small-scale enterprise operators
usually don't get access to suitable location to where they can get easy access to market.
The days on today, the issues of land acquisition and transaction cost has become very
prohibitive to the emergency of new enterprise and to the growth and survival of the
existing ones. The issue of land provision has become one of the most controversial
issues in all urban areas. The land lease system has greatly constrained the micro and
small-scale enterprise who aspire to start up business (Andualem, 2010).

Inadequate Advisory consultancies are the delivery of good information is important for
sustainable competitiveness in local and global markets and creating and sustainable
growth of micro and small-scale enterprise sector. In completed and constantly
changing business the production and supply of quality good's or service to the
customers at a minimum cost of production depends highly on the availability and
provision of business up grading service and technical knowhow. Consultant and
advisory service them as a tools to enable entrepreneurs to diagonally their business
and undertaken informed decision is one of the key elements from arrange of service
(Andualem, 2010).

Shortage of raw material is the unprocessed items that are broken down, processed or
combined with other materials to create and end products. Raw materials are used in
particularly all aspects of a manufacturing and construction. Shortage of raw materials
are frequent problems to micro and small-scale enterprise such problems may arise
from shortage of working capital, which effectively ties the enterprise to one high
priced, unreliable or poor-quality supply.

The role of promotion is to facilitate product or services providers and customers.

Commercial enterprise is concerned with attracting customers. Different types of
enterprise will have distinct promotional mixes utilizing a variety of promotional
methods. The major promotional mixes are as follows, advertising, sales promotion, and
public finance.

Lack of sufficient marketing and high competition level is the main constraint for the
growth of enterprises. Micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia faced various marketing
problems. There is lack of product diversity and as a result similar products are
overcrowding the market. In addition to this certain micro and small enterprises lack
the skill to modify their products and they have lack of sufficient range of product
designs.

2.2 Empirical study

(FMSEDA, 2012) the major constraints identified by various studies on micro and small-
scale enterprise in Ethiopia are associated with market and finance problems. The cause
of market related problems of micro and small-scale enterprises engaged in metal and
wood work are shortage or absence of marketing skills, poor quality of products,
absence of marketing research, shortage of market information, shortage of selling
places and absence of sub-contracting.

Abuiyu, j(2011) studies the nature, characteristics, economic performances,

opportunities and challenges of micro and small-scale enterprise .The results of the
study revealed that the main constraints micro and small-scale enterprise are shortage
of capital, lack of raw material, absence of government support, lack of market, lack of
credit facilities and high interest rate.

Workneh (2017) said that research undertaken indicated that lack of capital, lack of
market, unfavorable policy, and inadequate infrastructure absence of adequate and
relevant training, bureaucratic government intervention, shortage of capital, location
disadvantages, lack of market and lack of display room are the major challenges that
obstruct micro and small-scale enterprise.

Chala (2017) there is lack of entrepreneurial and managerial skills which turn leads to
problems in production due to the unfamiliarity of workers with rapid changes in
technology. Lack of coordination of production process and inability to troubles hoot
failures on machinery and equipment is a critical problem that micro and small-scale
enterprise are facing since they cannot afford to employ specialists in the flied of
planning, finance and administration quality control and those with technical
knowledge.
Mulugeta(2011) has identified and categorized the critical problems of micro and small-
scale enterprise in to market related problems, which are caused by poor market
linkages and poor promotional efforts ,institutional related problems including
bureaucratic bottle necks, weak institutional capacity, lack of awareness, failure to
abide policies, regulations ,rule ,directives ,absence of training to executives ,and poor
monitoring and follow up ,operator related shortcomings like developing a dependency
traditions extravagant and wasting behavior and lack of vision and commitment from
the side of the operators. Micro and small-scale enterprise related problems including
lack of selling places, weak accounting and record keeping, lack of experience sharing,
and lack of coordination within and among the micro and small-scale enterprise and
finally society related problems such as its distorted attitude about the operators
themselves and their products.

Admasu(2012) analyzed the factors that affect the growth of MSEs in Addis Ababa using
sample household survey data collected in 2011.He used both descriptive data analysis
and multiple regression models to identify the factor affecting MSEs. Findings indicated
that finance factors, marketing, infrastructure, technological, working premise,
management and entrepreneurial factors hinder the growth of MSEs.

Hailay, Aregawi and Assmamaw (2014) the study conducted that growth of MSEs
measured in terms of employment change affected by factors including owners age,
prior experience, family size, MSEs age, access to credit, infrastructure, MSEs distance
from row material and market. The study recommended that the government and
nongovernmental organizations and MSEs development agencies should motivate, help
and advice the owner of MSEs on their overall business activities, giving training to
business issues, arrange forum and exhibitions for experience sharing and solve the
credit, infrastructure, supply and market access problems in collaboration with MFI,
banks, Ethiopian electric power cooperation, suppliers and other organizations.

According to the CSA report, the major obstacles experienced by small-scale

manufacturing industries are the irregular and erratic supply of raw materials and a
shortage of suitable working premises. The lack of working premises was also found to
present difficulties for the informal sector operators, who faced with insufficient capital,
Ire often impeded from the start.

Generally, the reviews from this study informed that, micro and small-scale enterprise
have the major role for the developments of one country especially for those countries
which are being under developments like Ethiopia by improving income generation and
employments but there are many problems that hinders for the developments of the
sectors. Those problems are financial and non-financial. The financial constraints
include those factors that prevent micro and small-scale enterprises from accessing
funds easily, inadequate sources and supply of funds has been a major setback to the
realization of many brilliant business ideas and outward expansion of existing business.
And the non-financial are like raw material, market, location and working space
problems and facilities are among the major problems
2.3 Conceptual frame work

dependent
variable
Independent variable

access to credit
External access to infrastructure
factors
working premise

location of enterprise

enterprise age Growth or

performance
of micro and
small-scale
Education level of owners enterprise
Internal factors
Experience of the business
owner

Sex of the MSEs owner

Age of Owner
 CHAPTER THERE

Methodology the study

3.1. Description of the study area

Chiro town (also called Carcarciroo in Oromo) is a town located in eastern parts of Ethiopia
and this town is located approximately 326 Km of Addis Ababa. It is the administrative
centre of west Hararghe zone and this town has latitude and longitude of 9⁰05'N,
40⁰52'E respectively with an elevation of 1826 meters above sea level. The near-by
geology is characterized by an out cropping of basaltic crocks that have been reused in
local buildings. The total number of populations lives in the town 169184 of whom
102303 male and 66881 female populations, (source from West Hararghe zone plan and
development office in 2023).

3.2 Type and source of data

In order to collect the reliable data both primary and secondary source of data would be
major focus of the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study. Primary data was
collected through questionnaire. Primary data such as how much micro and small scale
enterprise improve the total assets of the owner and factor that affecting the micro and
small scale enterprise sector would be gathered from the operator of those sectors.
Secondary data was used in order to know the number of enterprise in each sector such
as trade, construction, manufacturing, urban agriculture and service so that sample size
was determined using secondary data of target population

3.3 Target population

The target populations would be all the micro and small-scale enterprise in Chiro town
participate in the trade manufacturing urban agriculture industry and service sector,
there are 970 enterprises (3150 members) in the town; from these and also there are
five main sectors thus are Manufacturing, construction, service, trade and urban
agriculture.
3.4 Sampling technique and sample size determination

There are two general types of sampling technique. These are probability and non-
probability sampling techniques. But in this study the researcher applied probability
sampling technique in which each element in the population has a chance of being
chosen. In this study, stratified and systematic sampling techniques were employed. The
first sampling technique was stratification sampling technique in order to categorize
micro and small scale enterprise in to five groups because they are heterogeneous in
nature. These are trade, service, construction, manufacturing and urban agriculture. The
second sampling technique was systematic sampling technique to collect the data.
From 2012-2022, about 970 micro and small-scale enterprises have been operating
Chiro town. From this trade 237, service 287, construction 194, manufacturing 135, and
urban agriculture are 110 (chiro micro and small-scale enterprise office, 2023). While
urban agriculture is merging with animal husbandry sectors.

After reviewing different literature for the determination of scientifically acceptable

sample size the researcher preferred to use sample size determination formula of
Yamane Taro (1968). Accordingly:

n=

Where, n=sample size , N=total size of the target population, e=level of precision
(10%).Using this formula the statically acceptable sample size from the given
population with maintaining a 90% confidence level is found to be (91) enterprise in the
study area.

n= = 90.6≈91

Accordingly, the target population results, the following samples.

To know the Number of samples in the two sectors use the

following

Where; ns=number of samples in each sector.

NS=number of MSEs in each sector

Trade=237/970×91≈22

Service=287/970×91≈27

Manufacturing=135/970×91≈13

Construction =192/970×91≈18

Urban agriculture=119/970×91≈11

Total=22+27+13+18+11 =91

Table 1: samples and populations MSEs of sector chiro town

Sector Population Sample

Trade 237 22

Service 287 27

Manufacturing 135 13

Construction 192 18

Urban agriculture 119 11

Total 970 91

3.5 Method of data collection

Questionnaire: It is so much important approach by which primary data was collected

from MSEs owners. Structured and semi-structured questions were design for the sake
of collecting both qualitative and quantitative data.

Interview: The researcher was taken structure and unstructured questions for
purposively select informants because of their closeness to the issue under study.
3.6 Method of data analysis

In this study used both descriptive and econometric model were to serve in analysis. The
researcher used descriptive analysis because it is important to have clear picture of the
characteristics of the sample units with respect to the desired characteristics. The
descriptive analysis used in this study included mean, percentage and frequency of
occurrence. The researcher would have used econometric model to estimate the
parameter of the model that is multiple linear regression model of ordinary least square
method (OLS) because of the dependent variable is a continuous variable and the
independent variable is either continuous variable or dummy variable. It is an essential
method of econometric analysis to recognize and realizes pattern of the influencing
factors.

3.7. Model specification

3.7.1.Theoretical framework model

Theoretically there are various econometric method with which the researcher may
obtain numerical values of the estimate of parameters such as ordinary least square,
maximum likelihood and method of moment and soon. Among these methods the study
uses ordinary least square to estimate the model because of the nature of the variable.
The dependent variable of this model is continuous hence; if the dependent variable of
this model is measurable use the ordinary least square model. When ordinary least
square model is used to estimate the data with quantitative variable the resulting
model is linear, that means the dependent variable and independent variable have
linear relationship because of these the researcher apply ordinary least square model.
The technique may be applied to single and multiple explanatory variable and also
explanatory variable that have appropriate code Gujrat (2004).

There is a little agreement in the existing literature on how to measure growth of firms.
Thus, most previous studies have been used a variety of different measures such as
total assets, sales, employment size, profit, capital, and others (Berkhamet al., 1996;
Davidsson and Wiklund., 2000; Holmes & Zimmer., 1994). Moreover, growth has been
measured in absolute or relative terms. For this study, the parameter used to measure
the growth of MSEs is employment size.

The growth rate of the MSEs is computed following Evans (1987) model i.e.

Where, Gr = Growth rate of the enterprise, Xs= vector represent owners characteristics,
∆Lnct= Lnct - Lnco represents the change in firms growth, Lnco= firms real current
capital, Lnct= is firms’ real initial capital

To analyze factor affecting the growth of micro and small-scale enterprise the standard
multiple linear regression model is use and the model of ordinary least square method
applies for estimating the parameter of multiple linear regression model are given by
the form of;

Where, Yi=the dependent variable, Xi=refers the independent variable, Ui=error term,
the β's are regression coefficients they are unknown and they are assumed to have a
fixed value, β0=is the intercept coefficient.

3.7.2. Empirical framework model

The equation of the study is generally build around two sets of variable namely
dependent variable growth in total assets of micro and small scale enterprise and
independent variable education level, access to infrastructure, access to credit, access
to working premise, sex, firms age, location of enterprise.

Where, Yi=growth in total assets of micro and small scale enterprise, β0=is the
intercept term, Sex=sex of enterprise operator, Edu=educational level, Aif=access to
infrastructure, WP= access to working premise, Acr=access to credit, Eage=Enterprise
age, Le=location of enterprise from the nearby central market, eib=experience in
business

β1,β2,β3,β4,β5,β6,β7,β8 are the coefficients associated with each independent variable

which measures the change in mean value Yi per unit change in their respective
independent variable regress growth in total assets as a dependent variable on the
selected linear combination of independent variables using multiple linear regression
model.

3.6. Description of variables

3.6.1.The dependent variable of the model

There are various argument in the existing literature on how to measure growth and
scholars use a variety of different measure includes, growth of sales, employer asset,
profit (Davidson &Wiklund,2004).But in this study to measure the growth of micro and
small-scale enterprise by growth in total assets and the dependent variable of the study
is the amount of growth of t year initial enterprise capital minus the growth of t-1 year
enterprise capital of micro and small-scale enterprise with growth of t-1 year enterprise
capital times hundred(100).These refer to total assets capital in birr registered for micro
and small-scale enterprise activities. The dependent variable of the study is total assets
of growth of micro and small-scale enterprise.

3.6.2. Independent variables of the model

Sex of the respondents: -It is the maleness or femaleness of household head that
operates micro and small-scale enterprise. It is the dummy variable that can be
considers in the model being categorized as 1, males and 0, otherwise. It is expected
that male operator micro and small-scale enterprise are more than female operator. Its
expected sign is positive.

Level of education: -education and skills are needs to run micro and small-scale
enterprise. The implications are that as education level of sample respondents increase,
he/she will have better understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with
micro and small-scale enterprise decision making in the context of this study. It is a
dummy variable. It is expected to have a positive sign.

Access to infrastructure: -availability of infrastructure facilities like power, water, road,

telecommunication and soon enhance growth of micro and small-scale enterprise.
These factors are very important for the growth of the firm. This is a dummy variable
which takes a value 1, if access to infrastructure is enough and 0, otherwise. The
expected sign was positive contribution to the growth of micro and small-scale
enterprise.

Access to working premise: -micro and small-scale enterprise that have owned premise
is positively associated with its growth. Any business enterprise needs enough working
and marketing place for their product and service. Unless having enough working and
selling place the productivity of micro and small-scale enterprise goes down to the fact
that the product produce needs warehouse to store and selling out let's to reach in the
hands of final customers which is determinate for the growth of the enterprise.
Therefore, the enterprise having enough own working premise grows more than those
enterprise which is not working premise and selling out let's (Siyoum, 2012). Micro and
small-scale enterprise that have own working premise is more likely to grow faster as
compare to others. It is a dummy which takes the value 1, if MSEs operator have own
premise and 0, otherwise and it is expected to have a positive sign.

Access to credit: -availability of credit from formal source financing micro and small-
scale enterprise that have access to credit are expected to grow faster than those that
have not. It is a dummy variable which takes a value 1, if the sample operators report
that access profit from formal credit source and 0, otherwise. This variable assumed to
have a positive sign on growth of micro and small-scale enterprise decision.

Enterprise age: -Is one of the variables that can be considered in the model. It is the
actual age of micro and small-scale enterprise from their start up to data collection time.
This variable assumed to have a positive sign on the growth of micro and small-scale
enterprise decision and measure in the number of years.

Location of enterprise: -Location of enterprise is a variable that affect MSEs operator

when its distance is far from and close to the central market. It is a continuous variable
which measured in kilometer and it have a positive effect when it is closer to the central
market and have a negative impact when it is farthest from the central market. It has a
positive expected sign.

Experience in business; it is a continuous variable measured in number of years. If MSEs

operators have a long year experience in business then its total asset will be growth fast.
It is expected to have a positive relationship to the growth of micro and small scale.
 CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and interpretation

This chapter presented the result of data collected. In the first section presents the
descriptive analysis and followed by econometric analysis using multiple regression
models. In the descriptive analysis mean, frequency and percentage used in order to
describe the cross sectional data that can be collected from the operator of micro and
small scale enterprise.

4.1 Descriptive analysis

In this part we use the descriptive analysis by using mean, frequency and percentage in
order to describe the data.

Table 2: sex of the respondent

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 55 60.44%

Female 36 39.56%

Total 91 100%

(Source; own survey, 2023)

AS indicated on the above table 60.44%of the sample respondents were men who
engaged in micro and small scale enterprise in the town. The remaining 39.56% of
respondents were women in the sector from this we understand that men participation
and chance to run the MSEs business was more than woman participation.

Table 3 : marital status

Marital status Frequency Percentage

Married 50 54.9%
Single 25 25.5%

Divorced 10 10.98%

Windowed 6 6.6%

Total 91 100%

(Source; own survey 2023)

From the table we observe that 54.9% of the MSEs operators are married. The remaining
27.5%, 10.98%, and 6.6% are single, divorced, and windowed respectively.

Table 4: access of working premise

Working premise Frequency Percentage

Own premise 53 58.2%

Rented from private 21 23%

Rented from government 17 18.7%

Total 91 100%

Source; own survey 2023

As can be seen from the above table 58.2% of respondents had their own working
premise. The remaining 23% and 18.7% of the MSEs operators were rented from private
and government building respectively. This shows that majority of the MSEs operators
had their own premise and few MSEs operators were exposed to rent from private and
government building.

Table 5: access to credit

Access of credit Frequency Percentage

Yes 52 58.2%

No 39 41.8%
Total 91 100%

(Source own survey, 2023)

As indicated on the above table 58.2% of the MSEs operators had access to credit. The
remaining 41.8% of the sample respondents had not access to credit. This shows that
large majority of MSEs operators had access to credit.
Table 6:Types of business sector

Business type Frequency Percentage

Trade 22 24.17%

Service 27 29.67%

Manufacturing 13 14.28%

Construction 18 19.78%

Urban agriculture 11 12.08%

Total 91 100%

(Source; own survey 2023)

As indicated from the above table 29.67% of the sector which is dominated by service
activities, 24.17% of the sector was dominated by trade, 19.78% of the sector was
dominated by construction, 14.28% of the sector dominated by manufacturing and
12.08% of the sector was dominated by urban agriculture respectively. From the five
sectors of MSEs the majority of the sector covered by service sector and least micro and
small enterprise operator engaged in urban agriculture.

Table 7:Education level

Education level Frequency Percentage

Primary 15 16.48%

secondary 23 25.27%

TVT 22 24.18%

diploma 17 18.68 %

BA 14 15.38%
Total 91 100.0%

(Source; own survey, 2023)

As indicated from the above table education level 25.2% of sector are secondary, 24.2%
of sector are TVT, 18.7% of sector diploma, 16.48% of sector are Primary and 15.38% of
sector are BA.

Table 8: Access to infrastructure

Infrastructure Frequency Percentage

Yes 31 34%

No 60 65.9%

(Source; own survey, 2023)

As indicated from the above table 65.9% the MSEs sectors gain Access to infrastructure
and 34% there is not access

Table 9: Descriptive analysis of continuous variable

Variable Observation Mean Standard Minimum Maximum

dev

Enterprise 91 3.054945 2.029574 1 10

age

Location of 91 2420.879 1748.508 300m 7000m

enterprise

Experience 91 2.879121 2.015689 1 10

in business

(Source; own survey 2023)

As shown in table 4.7 above the average enterprise age was 3 years and the average experience
of MSEs operator in business activity was 2.8 with maximum experience of 10 years and
minimum experience of 1 and the average distance of the MSEs operator from the central
market was 2420.8 meter with maximum distance of 7000 meter and the minimum distance
1000meter.
4.2 ECONOMETRICS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETION

In this part, the researcher tried to analyze the regression result and its interpretation.
Cross-section data is used to estimate the parameters of the given regression model,
ordinary least square (OLS) estimation method is applied using STATA 12 version.

Table 10: Results of regression

Yi Cofe Std.err T p>t 95%conf Interval

Sex -9881.997 18737.38 -0.53 0.599 -47156.62 27392.62

Edu -559.3159 7110.362 -0.08 0.937 -14704.09 13585.46

Aif 59562.45 29391.79 2.03 0.046 1092.814 118032.1

Wp -73024.72 26735.75 -2.73 0.008 -126210.7 -19838.79

Acr -50378.93 21275.3 -2.37 0.020 -92702.28 -8055.587

Eage 41520.04 7525.345 5.52 0.000 26549.73 56490.34

Le -.8322602 7.424824 -0.11 0.911 -15.6026 13.93808

Eib 52769.78 6751.327 7.82 0.000 39339.23 66200.32

Cons -86404.63 42261.52 -2.04 0.044 -170476.3 -2333.005

Number of obs = 91

F (8, 82) = 42.25

Prob > F = 0.0000

R-squared = 0.8048

Adj R-squared = 0.7857

Root MSE = 85075

Regression by Stata 12
4.2.1 Goodness of Fit of the Model or R²

As the regression result shows that 0.80, which implies 80% of total asset growth of
MSE function is explained by the selected eight (8) explanatory variables. In other words
80% of variation of the dependent variable is due to the variation of the independent
variable which are included in the model and the remaining variation 0.20 (20%) is
explained by the variable which are not included in the model or explained by the error
term.

4.2.2 Multicollinearity test

The presence of multicollinearity affects the OLS estimators and makes them inefficient
and inconsistence. Therefore the problem of multicollinearity must be tested. In this
study variance inflating factor (VIF) was employed to test multicollinearity of
independent variables. VIF shows how the variance of estimator is influenced by the
presence of multicollinearity.

From the regression result VIF (1.93) is less than 10 for all independent variables that
include in the model. From this, the researcher concludes that there is no
multicollinearity problem between explanatory variables. It is possible to estimate the
individual effect of each variable on dependent variable (Appendix B)

4.2.3. Heteroscedasticity test

The assumption of heteroscedasticity stated that the variance of each random term
around its zero mean is not constant and changes as the explanatory variable changes
regardless of the sample size. But it does not mean that it affects the unbiasedness and
consistency properties of OLS estimators rather it is results the variation of coefficients
of OLS to be incorrect and inefficient. To detect this problem the researcher, utilize
Bruch-pagan (cook-Weinberg) test for heteroscedasticity (Gujarati, 2004). The result
shows that the no presence of heteroscedasticity problem (Appendix C).

4.2.4 Normality test

The normality assumption assures that the p-value for the t-test and f-tests would be valid. The
normality of the disturbance term is also required; otherwise all the tests that have been used
so far would be invalid. The parameters to be estimated must be the function of normality
distributed variable which is most of the time the disturbance term. The OLS normality
assumption requires the normal OLS residual distribution with mean zero and constant variance
(Appendix D).
4.2.5 Interpretation of the estimated econometric results

From the regression result one can observe that access to infrastructure, working
premise, access of credit, age of enterprise and experience of MSEs operator are
statistically significant. This implies that these variables play a significant role in
determining the growth in total asset of MSEs in Chiro town, Oromiya region. The access
to infrastructure and experience of MSEs operator variables are positively related to the
growth in total asset of MSEs in the study area. This indicates that an increase in these
variables increase the growth in total asset in MSEs other thing remain constant.
However, the remaining explanatory variables educational level, sex, and location of
enterprise affect the growth in total asset of MSEs but not as such significant.

Access of infrastructure is one of the most significance factors that affect the growth in
total asset of MSEs. Access of infrastructure is a dummy variable which takes the value
1, for yes and 0, for no MSEs operators and it is positively and significantly affects the
growth in total assets of MSEs at less than 5 percent level of significance.

Working premises is one of the most significance factors that affect the growth in total
asset of MSEs. When it is a dummy variable which takes the value 1, for yes and 0, for no
MSEs operators and it is negatively and significantly affects the growth in total assets of
MSEs at less than10 percent level of significance.

Access of credit of MSEs owner has a coefficient value of -50378.93 which indicates that
it has a negative relationship with the growth of total assets and it is statistically
significant at less than 5 percent level of significance. This implies that MSEs owner that
did not get access of credit have more growth in total asset than MSEs owners who get
access of credit. The study made by (Admasu, 2012 and Ahiawodzi, 2012), who found
that credit available to MSEs does not necessarily led to their growth but other
researchers (Gichana and Barasa, 2013; Haftom, 2013) assured that access to finance
have a positive impact on the growth of MSEs.

The age of enterprise is one of the most significance factors that affect the growth in
total asset of MSEs. The age of enterprise is positive and significant factor that affecting
the total asset growth of MSEs at less than 5 percent level of significance This implies
that other thing remains constant, when the age of enterprise of owner/operator
increases by one year, the total asset growth of MSEs increased by 41520.04 birr. The
study made by McPherson (1994) reported positive and parker (1994) reported positive
and significant effects on the total asset growth of micro and small scale enterprise and
consistent with the finding.

Experience in business is one of the most significance factors that affect the growth in
total asset of MSEs positively and statistically significant at less than 5percent level of
significance. This implies that other thing remains constant, when the experience of
MSEs operators increase by 1 year, their total asset of growth increases by 52769.78 birr.
This result is consistent with some empirical studies (Kokobe, 2013; mbugua et al, 2013
and mulu, 2014) that found the owner with more work experience is more likely to grow
than their counterpart.
 Chapter five

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 conclusions

The researcher concluded that the factor that hinder the growth of micro and small
scale enterprise in chiro town from the total population of 970 enterprise take the
sample of 91 enterprise for the sake of the study and use systematic sampling technique
in order to collected the data from the MSEs operator and use primary and secondary
source of data to obtained the information and analyzed by using descriptive statistics
like mean ,frequency and percentage also used econometric model (OLS) To estimate
the effects of the explanatory variable on growth in total asset of MSEs. The MSEs
benefits the society through creating new job opportunities for unemployed citizens
creating beneficiaries of the existing loan, providing trainings which are related with
vocational and administrative issues and market linkage are some of the major role of
MSEs.

The growth constraints for MSEs were tested by using multiple liner regression models.
The study indicated both internal and external factors that hinder the growth of MSEs.
The external factors which includes access to credit, access to infrastructure, working
premise, location of enterprise, and enterprise age .on the other hand the internal
factors that limits the growth of micro and small scale enterprise which is identified in
this studies were education level of MSEs owner, experience of the business owner and
sex of the MSEs owner. From these variables access to credit, working premise, age of
enterprise and experience of MSEs operator the MSEs operator are identified as
statically significant effect on total asset growth of MSEs. Other variables such as
educational level, sex, and location of enterprise are insignificant variables which have
lesser impact on total asset growth of MSEs based on this study area.
5.2 Recommendation

These deals with some recommendation drown based on the results of the study in
which the micro and small scale enterprise operator should focus in order to promote
the growth in total asset.

As Infrastructure is one of the significant factors for MSEs growth, and MSEs are
of the major sources of income generation, government official other concerned
body needs to exert much effort for the availability of infrastructures for MSEs.

The government should minimize support the MSEs Operator to get access of
credit business status before giving their credit.

The support of Government and Non -governmental organizations should be

increased and enhanced in any aspect to solve the factors that affect the
performance of Micro and Small Enterprises.

Enterprise age and work experienced personal as these enterprises in order to

increase the growth in total asset.

Experience should be provided for employees continuously to promote their

business activities effectively.

In general, government interventions have the major role in solving problems

that hinder the improvement and developments of micro and small-scale
enterprise.
 Reference

Abiyu, j. 2011. Factors Constraining the Growth and Survival of Micro and Small
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Admasu, A. 2012. factor affecting the performance of MSES in Arda and lidata subcities.
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Brhane.T. 2014. "Acces to Finance for Micro and Small enterprise in debre markos town."
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MOTI. 1997. Micro and small enterprise development strategies of Ethiopia, . addisabbia.
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Todaro. 2002. economic development. India: New Delhi.

Werattw. 2018. entrepreneurship an engine for sustainable growth development,

prosperity and good governance, Genius training and consultancy service. Addis
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 APPENDIX

Regression result Appendix A

Multicollinearity test (Appendix B)

Heteroscedasticity test (Appendix C)
Normality test (Appendix D)
 ODA BULTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTEMENT OF ECONOMICS

Questionnaire to be filled by the respondents

Dear respondents my name is Asnakew kumlign ,under graduate student at department

of economics in Oda Bultum University and conducting a research for the partial
fulfillment of BA degree in economics. The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather
relevant information about determinates the growth of micro and small scale enterprise
in Chiro town. Therefore, your responses kindly requested to cooperate for the success
of the study by giving the desirable information. Thank you in advance for your
cooperation.

Notice;

Your information will be kept confidentially and used only for academic purpose.

Instruction;

You are kindly request to give exact answer.

No need of writing your name.

Indicate your response by circling the numbers

Section A; Demographic characteristics

1, sex of the respondents; 1, male 0, Female

2, marital status 1, married 2, single 3, divorced 4, windowed

3, Educational level of MSES operator………………………………………………… (In grade)

4, Age of enterprise………………………………………………………………………….. (In year)

Section B; General information about the enterprise

5, How much was the total assets value (net of depreciation allowance) of enterprise in
2021 (in birr)? -------------------------------------------------------------

6 How much was the total assets value (net of depreciation allowance) of enterprise in
2022 (in birr)? ---------------------------------------------------------------

7, in what type of business sector do you engaged?

1, urban agriculture 2 Service 3 trade 4 construction 5,

manufacturing

8, Business experience of the manager (operator) (in year) ---------------------------------

----

9, did you get access of working place? 1 Yes 2 No

10, IF, your answer in question number 9 is yes where you did get the source of your
working place (premise)?

0, Own premise 1, rented from government 2, rented from government 3,

other specify

11, did you get any credit access? 1, yes 0 NO

12, How far is your enterprise from the central market? --------------------------

13, how many workers were in your enterprise in 2022? ----------------------------------

14, did you access sufficient infrastructure facilities (power and water)? 1, yes 0
No

15, if your answer for question number 14 is NO, how many hours power outage you
faced per week? -------------------------------------------------------------------

16, if your answer for question number 15 is No how many days you faced water per
week?