Sure Shot Questions 2025

Chapter – 01
Electric Charges and Fields
➢ Questions
7. Two point charges of +1 C and +4 C are kept 30
cm apart. How far from the +1 C charge on the
1. Four point charges of 1 𝜇𝐶, −2 𝜇𝐶, 1 𝜇𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −
line joining the two charges, will the net electric
2 𝜇𝐶 are placed at the corners A, 6, C and D field be zero?
respectively, of a square of side 30 cm. Find the
net force acting on a charge of 4 𝜇C placed at the
8. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field E due
centre of the square.
to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point distance r from
the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
2. Three point charges, 1 pC each,, are kept at the
(b) Draw a graph of E versus r for r >> a.
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. Find
9. Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets
the net electric field at the centroid of triangle.
having surface charges densities  1 and  2
3. A particle of charge 2 C and mass 1.6 g is moving (  1 >  2 ) are shown in the figure. Write the
^
with a velocity 4 i ms −1 . At t = 0 the particle enters magnitudes and directions of the net electric fields
→ in the regions marked II and III.
in a region having an electric field E (in N C-1) =
^ ^
80 i + 60 j . Find the velocity of the particle at t =
5s.

4. A point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of an

uncharged conducting plate. Sketch the electric
field lines between the charge and the plate.

5. Derive an expression for the electric field due to

→
dipole of dipole moment p at a point on its 10. An electric field is uniform and acts along +x
perpendicular bisector. direction in the region of positive x. It is also
OR uniform with the same magnitude but acts in -x
Derive the expression for electric field at a point direction in the region of negative x. The value of
on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. the field is E = 200 N C_1 for x > 0 and E = -200 N C-1
for x < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm
OR and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its
Find resultant electric field due to an electric axis along the x-axis so that one flat face is at x =
dipole of dipole moment 2aq (2a being the separation +10 cm and the others is at x = -10 cm.
between the charges  q ) at a point distance x on its Find:
(i) The net outward flux through the
equator.
cylinder.
(ii) The net charge present inside the
6. (i) Define the term ‘electric flux’. Write its SI unit.
cylinder.
(ii) What is the flux due to electric field
→ ^
E = 3 103 i N / C through a square of side 10 cm, 11. Consider two hollow concentric spheres S1 and S2,
→ enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively as shown
when it is held normal to E ? in figure.

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 (i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux 18. (a)Define Electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector
through them. quantity? A point charge q is at a distance of d/2
(ii) How will the electric flux through the directly above the centre of a square of side d, as
sphere S1 change if a medium of dielectric shown in figure. Use gauss’s law to obtain the
constant '  r ' is introduced in the space expression for the electric flux through the square.
inside S1 in place of air? Deduce the
necessary expression.

(b) If the point charge is now moved to distance ‘d’

from the centre of the square and the side of the
square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will
12. State Gauss’s law on electrostatics and derive an be affected.
expression for the electric field due to a long
straight thin uniformly charged wire (linear charge 19. State Coulomb's law and express it in vector form.
density  ) at a point lying at a distance r from the
wire. 20. Two free point charges +4e and +e are placed at
distance ‘a’ apart. Where should a third point
13. Using Gauss law, derive expression for electric field charge q is placed between them such that the
due to a spherical shell of uniform charge entire system may be in equilibrium? What should
distribution  and radius R at a point lying at a be the magnitude and sign of q? What type of
distance x from the centre of shell, such that equilibrium will it be?

21. Three point charges of +2𝜇𝐶, −3𝜇𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3𝜇𝐶

14. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities
are kept at the vertices A, B and C respectively of
𝜎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝜎 𝐶/𝑚2 are arranged vertically with a
an equilateral triangle of side 20 cm as shown in
separation of d between them. Deduce
figure. What should be the sign and magnitude of
expressions for the electric field at points (i) to the
the charge to be placed at the midpoint (M) of side
left of the first sheet, (ii) to the right of the second
BC so that the charge at A remains in equilibrium?
sheet, and (iii) between the two sheets.

15. Consider a uniform electric field 𝐸⃗ = 3 × 103 𝑖̂𝑁/

𝐶. Calculate the flux of this Field through a square
surface of area 10 𝑐𝑚2 when
(i) its plane is parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane
(ii) the normal to its plane makes a 60° angle with the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

16. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field at

any point on the equatorial line of an electric 22. Two point charges +4𝜇𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 1𝜇𝐶 are
dipole. separated by distance of 2 m in air. Find the point
(b) The identical point charges, q each, are kept 2 m on the line joining charges at which the net electric
apart in air. A third point charge Q of unknown field of the system is zero?
magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining
the charges such that the system remains in 23. Derive an expression for the electric field at a
equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q. point on the axial position of an electric dipole.

17. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of 24. Find the expression for electric field intensity at a
radius ‘a’. Obtain an expression for the electric point on the axis of a uniformly charged ring.
intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence
show that for points at large distances from the 25. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.
ring, it behaves like a point charge.

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26. Derive an expression for torque on an electric
dipole in a uniform electric field. 30. Derive an expression for the electric field due to an
infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire.
27. State Gauss theorem and use it to find the electric
field at a point due to an infinitely large thin plane 31. Five Charges, q each are placed at the corners of a
sheet has a uniform surface charge density regular pentagon of side a.
28. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of
cross-section 25 𝑐𝑚2 is placed in a three (i) What will be the electric field at O if the charge
dimensional coordinate system as shown in the from one of the corners say (A) is removed?
figure. The electric field in the region is given by (ii) What will be the electric field at O if the charge q at
𝐸⃗ = 50𝑥𝑖̂, where E is in 𝑁𝐶 −1 and 𝑥 is in metres. A is replaced by -q?
Find
(i) net flux through the cylinder.
(ii) charge enclosed by the cylinder.

32. Given a uniform field 𝐸⃗ = 5 × 103 𝑖̂ 𝑁/𝐶, Find the

flux of this field through a square of side 10 cm on
a side whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane.
29. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of
What would be the flux through the same square if
cross section 25 cm2 is placed in a three
the plane makes a 300 angle with the x axis?
dimensional coordinate system as shown in the
figure. The electric field in the region is given by
33. A particle of mass 10-3 kg and charge 5 𝜇𝐶 enters
𝐸⃗ = 5𝑥𝑖̂, where E is in NC-1 and x is in metres. Find
into a uniform electric field of 2 × 105 𝑁𝐶 −1 ,
(i) Net flux through the cylinder.
moving with a velocity of 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 in a direction
(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder.
opposite to that of the field. Calculate the
distance it would travel before coming to rest.

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 02
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
6. Establish the relation between electric field and
electric potential at a point. Draw the
Question equipotential surface for an electric field pointing
in +Z direction with its magnitude increasing at
1. Obtain an expression for electrostatic potential constant rate along -Z direction.
energy of a system of three charges q, 2q and -3q
placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of 7. Define an equipotential surface. Draw
side a. equipotential surfaces:
(i) In the case of a single point charge and
2. Three point charges Q, q and -q are kept at the (ii) In a constant electric field in Z – direction.
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side L as Why the equipotential surface about a
shown in figure. What is single charge are not equidistant?
(i) The electrostatic potential energy of the (iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an
arrangement? And equipotential surface? Give reason.
(ii) The potential at point D?
8. (a) Two point charges +Q1 and -Q2 are placed r
distance apart. Obtain the expression for the
amount of work done to place a third charge Q3 at
the midpoint of the line joining the two charges.

(b) At what distance from charge +Q1 on the line

joining the two charges (in terms of Q1, Q2 and r)
3. N small conducting liquid droplets, each of radius r, will this work done be zero.
are charged to a potential V each. These droplets
coalesce to form a single large drop without any
charge leakage. Find the potential of the large 9. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the
drop. corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the
figure. Find the
4. Two point charges q and -2q are kept ‘d’ distance
apart. Find the location of point relative to charge
‘q’ at which potential due to this system of charges
is zero.

5. The electric field inside a parallel plate capacitor is (a) Resultant electric force on a charge Q, and
E. Find the amount of work done in moving a (b) Potential energy of this system.
charge q over a closed rectangular loop abcda.
10. (a) Three point charges q, -4q and 2q are placed at
the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side ‘
l ’ as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for
the magnitude of the resultant electric force acting
on the charge q.
(c) Find out the amount of the work done to
separate the charges at infinite distance.

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11. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the
plates, each plate has an area of 6 x 10-3 m2 and
the separation between the plates is 0.3 mm.
(i) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
(ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply,
what would be the charge on each plate?
(iii) How would charge on the plates be affected, if a 3
mm thick mica sheet of K = 6 is inserted between 16. The magnitude of electric field (in N C-1) in a region
the plates while the voltage supply remains varies with the distance r (in m) as
connected? E = 10r + 5
By how much does the electric potential increase
12. (i) Find the equivalent capacitance between A and in moving from point at r = 1 m to a point at r = 10
B in the combination given below. Each capacitor is m.
of 2  F capacitance.
17. The electric potential as a function of distance ‘x’ is
shown in the figure. Draw a graph of the electric
field E as a function of x.
(i) If a dc source of 7 V is connected across AB, how
much charge is drawn from the source and what is
the energy stored in the network?
18. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an
13. A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V battery. electric dipole in a uniform electric field. Explain
How much electrostatic energy is stored in the conditions for stable and unstable equilibrium.
capacitor? If another capacitor of 6 pF is connected
in series with it with the same battery connected 19. If two similar large plates, each of area A having
across the combination, find the charge stored and surface charge densities +  and -  are separated
potential difference across each capacitor. by a distance d in air, find the expressions for
(a) Field at points between the two plates and on
14. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the outer side of the plates. Specify the direction
same area of plates and same separation between of the field in each case.
them. X has air between the plates while Y (b) The potential difference between the plates.
contains a dielectric of  r = 4 . (c) The capacitance of the capacitor so formed.

20. (a) Define an ideal electric dipole. Give an example.

(b) Derive an expression for the torque
experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform
electric field. What is net force acting on this
dipole?
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if (c) An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed with
equivalent capacitance of the its axis making an angle of 600 with respect to
combination is 4  F . uniform electric field of 105 N/C. If it experiences a
(ii) Calculate the potential difference torque of 8 3 N/m, calculate the magnitude of
between the plates of X and Y.
charge on the dipole, and its potential energy.
(iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostatic energy
stored in X and Y.
21. Four point charges 𝑄, 𝑞, 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are placed at the
corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the
15. In the following arrangement of capacitors, the
figure.
energy stored in the 6  F capacitor is E. Find the Find the
value of the following (a) resultant electric force on a charge Q, and
(i) Energy stored in 12  F capacitor (b) potential energy of this system.
(ii) Energy stored in 3  F capacitor
(iii) Total energy drawn from the battery

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 26.Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 𝜇C and 2.5 𝜇C
are located 30 cm apart. Find the potential and the
electric field
a. At the mid-point of the line joining the two charges,
and
b. At a point 10 cm from this mid-point in a plane
normal to the line and passing through the mid-
point.
22.Show that the capacitance of a spherical conductor
27.Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential
is 4𝜋𝜀0 times the radius of the spherical conductor.
surfaces :
i. In the case of the single point charge and
23.Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are
ii. In a constant electric field in Z-direction. Why the
connected to battery of V volts with the switch S
equipotential surfaces about a single charge are
closed. The switch is now opened and the free
not equidistant ?
space between the plates of the capacitors is filled
iii. Can electric field exist tangential to an
with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. find the
equipotential surface? Give reason.
ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in both
capacitors before and after the introduction of the
28.Derive a relation between electric field & potential
dielectric.
& explain significance of –ve sign.

29.An electric dipole of length 4 cm, when placed with

its axis making an angle of 60 with a uniform
electric field experiences a torque of 4√3 Nm.
Calculate (i) magnitude of the electric field, (ii)
potential energy of the dipole, if the dipole has
24.A 100 𝜇𝐹 parallel plate capacitor having plate
charges of ± 8 𝑛𝐶.
separation of 4 mm is charged by200 V dc. The
source is now disconnected. When the distance
30.Two particles have equal masses of 5.0 g each and
between the plates is doubled and dielectric slab of
opposite charges of +4 x 10-5 C and -4 x 10-5 C. They
thickness 4 mm and dielectric constant 5 is
are released from rest with a separation of 1.0 m
introduced between the plates, how will (i) its
between them. Find the speeds of the particles
capacitance, (ii) the electric field between the
when the separation is reduced to 50 cm.
plates, and (iii) energy density of the capacitor get
affected? Justify your answer in each case.
31.The capacitors C1 and C2 having plates of area A
each, are connected in series, as shown. Compare
25.Figure shows two identical capacitors, 𝐶1 and 𝐶2
the capacitance of this combination with the
each of 1 𝜇𝐹 capacitance connected to a battery of
capacitor C3, again having plates of area A each, but
6 V. Initially switch ‘S’ is closed. After sometime ‘S’
‘made up’ as shown in the figure.
is left open and dielectric slabs of dielectric
constant K = 3 are inserted to fill completely the
space between the plates of the capacitors. How
will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference
between the plates of the capacitors be affected
after the slabs are inserted?

32.In the circuit shown in the Fig., if the point C is

earthed and point A is given a potential of +1200 V,
find the charge on each capacitor and the potential
at the point B

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 (iii) Total energy drawn from the battery.

33.In the following arrangements of capacitors, the

energy stored in the 6 𝜇𝐹 capacitor is E. Find the
value of the following :
(i) Energy stored in 12 𝜇𝐹 capacitor.
(ii) Energy stored in 3 𝜇𝐹 capacitor.

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 03
Current Electricity
Question
8. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential
1. Define resistivity of a conductor. How does the difference between the points A and D when no
resistivity of a conductor depend upon the current flows in the BE of the electric network
following: shown in the figure.
(a) Number density of free electrons in the
conductor (n)
(b) Their relaxation time (τ)

2. Find the temperature at which the resistance of a

conductor increases by 25% of its value at 27°C.
The temperature coefficient of resistance
of the conductor is 2.0 × 10−4 ℃−1 9. Calculate the current drawn from the battery by
the network of resistors shown in the figure.
3. Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a
current carrying conductor. Obtain the
relationship between the current density and the
drift velocity of electrons.

4. Define the term 'mobility' of charge carriers in a

current carrying conductor. Obtain the relation
for mobility in terms of relaxation time.
10. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of
5. Using the concept of drift velocity of charge non-uniform cross-section. Which of these
carriers in a conductor, deduce the relationship quantities is constant along the conductor :
between current density and resistivity of the current, current density, electricity field, drift
conductor. speed?

11. (i) The graph between resistance (R) and

6. A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is
temperature (T) for Hg is shown in the figure.
connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200
Explain the behaviour of Hg near 4 K.
V and internal resistance 38  as shown in the
figure. Find the value of current in the circuit.

7. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is (ii) In which region of the graph shown in the
connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a figure is the resistance negative and why?
graph showing variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ of
the cell versus the current ‘l’. Using the plot, show
how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance
can be determined.

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 18. (a) Define the term drift velocity.
(b) On the basis of electron drift, derive an
expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms
of number density of free electrons and relaxation
time. On what factors does resistivity of conductor
depend?
12. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is (c) Why alloys like constantan and manganic are
connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw used for making standard resistors?
the plots of the terminal voltage V versus (i) R and
(ii) the current l. It is found that when R = 4  , the 19. Using Kirchoff’s rules determine the value of
current is 1 A and when R is increased to 9  , the unknown resistance R in the circuit so that no
current reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of the current flows through 4 Ω resistance. Also find
emf E and internal resistance r. the potential between A and D.

13. (a) Two cells of emf E1 and E2 have their internal

resistances r1 and r2 respectively. Deduce an
expression for the equivalent emf and internal
resistance of their parallel combination when
connected across an external resistance R.
Assume that the two cells are supporting each
other.
20. Define drift Velocity & Relaxation Time
(b) In case the two cells are identical, each of emf
E = 5 V and internal resistance r = 2  , calculate
voltage across the external resistance R = 10  . 21. Deduce Ohm’s law using the concept of drift
Velocity.
14. A variable resistor R is connected across a cell of
22. Establish a relation between electric current and
emf E and internal resistance r.
drift velocity.
(a) Draw the circuit diagram.
(b) Plot the graph showing variation of potential
drop across R as function of R. 23. Define the term current density of a metallic
conductor. Deduce the relation connecting
(c) At what value of R current in circuit will be
current density (J) and the conductivity 𝜎 of the
maximum.
conductor, when an electric field E, is applied to
15. In the two electric circuits shown in the figure, it.
determine the readings of ideal ammeter (A) and
the ideal voltmeter (V). 24. What is conductivity & mobility? Derive an
expression for conductivity in terms of mobility.

25. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V and internal

resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively are
connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and
internal resistance of the equivalent cell.

26. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Explain briefly how these

rules are justified.
16. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of
non- uniform cross-section. Which of these
27. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for the
quantities is constant along the conductor :
balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
current, current density, electric field, drift
speed?
28. Find the potential difference across each cell and
the rate of energy dissipation in R.
17. Write a relation between current and drift
velocity of electrons in a conductor. Use this
relation to explain how the resistance of a
conductor changes with the rise in temperature.
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 V and internal resistance 38 Q as shown in the
figure. Find the value of current in the circuit.

29. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V and internal

resistances 1 Ω and 2 Ω respectively are
32. (a) The potential difference applied across a given
connected in parallel so as to send current in the
resistor is altered so that the heat produced per
same direction through an external resistance of
second increases by a factor of 9. By what factor
5Ω.
does the applied potential difference change?
i. Draw the circuit diagram.
(b) In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a
ii. Using Kirchhoff’s laws, calculate
resistor of 4 Ω are connected to the terminals of
a. Current through each branch of the circuit.
the source. The emf of the source is 12 V having
b. P.d. across the 5 Ω resistance.
an internal resistance of 2 Ω. Calculate the
30. (i) The graph between resistance (R) and
voltmeter and ammeter readings.
temperature (T) for Hg is shown in the figure.
Explain the behaviour of Hg near 4 K.

33. (a) Two cells of emf 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 have their internal

(ii) In which region of the graph shown in the resistances 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 , respectively. Deduce an
figure is the resistance negative and why? expression for the equivalent emf and internal
resistance of their parallel combination when
connected across an external resistance R.
Assume that the two cells are supporting each
other.
(b) In case the two cells are identical, each of emf
𝐸 = 5 𝑉 and internal resistance 𝑟 = 2 Ω,
calculate voltage across the external resistance
31. A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is 𝑅 = 10 Ω.
connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 04
Moving Charges and Magnetism
➢ Questions direction of the net magnetic field produced at
the point O. [2017C, Foreign 2014]
1. Derive an expression for magnetic force 𝐹⃗ acting
on a straight conductor of length L carrying
⃗⃗. Is it valid
current I in an external magnetic field 𝐵
when the conductor is in zig-zag form? Justify.

2. Two long, straight, parallel conductors carry

steady currents in opposite directions. Explain the
nature of the force of interaction between them. 6. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1 A
Obtain an expression for the magnitude of the is kept near an infinite long straight wire carrying
force between the two conductors. Hence define a current of 2 A in the same plane as shown in the
one ampere. figure.

3. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m

carries a current of 2A. It is suspended in mid air
by a uniform magnetic field B. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field? Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net
force exerted on the loop due to the current
4. A charged particle q is moving in the presence of a
carrying conductor. [Al 2015C]
magnetic field B which is inclined to an angle 30°
7. An ammeter of resistance 0.8  can measure a
with the direction of the motion of the particle.
current upto 1.0 A. Find the value of shunt
Draw the trajectory followed by the particle in the
resistance required to convert this ammeter to
presence of the field and explain how the particle
measure a current upto 5.0 A. [2020]
describes this path.
5. Two very small identical circular loops, (1) and (2),
8. Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in space
carrying equal currents l are placed vertically (with
so that the current in the left wire is 2 A and
respect to the plane of the paper) with their
directed out of the plane of the page and the
geometrical axes perpendicular to each other as
current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into
shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and
the plane of the page. In which region(s) is/are
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 there a point on the x-axis, at which the magnetic the net force acting on A3 depend on the current
field is equal to zero due to these currents flowing through it? [Delhi 2019]
carrying wires? Justify your answer. 12. (a) Write an expression of magnetic moment
associated with a current (l) carrying circular coil
of radius r having N turns.
(b) Consider the above mentioned coil placed in
YZ plane with its centre at the origin. Derive
9. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle are expression for the value of magnetic field due to it
accelerated through the same potential difference at point (x, 0, 0). [2020]
→
and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B
13. (a) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
, perpendicular to the direction of their motions.
Write its expression.
[Al 2019]
(b) A galvanometer has resistance G and shows
Compare
full scale deflection for current Ig.
(i) Their kinetic energies, and
(i) How can it be converted into an ammeter to
(ii) If the radius of the circular path described by
measure current upto l0 (l0  I g ) ?
proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the path
(iii) What is the effective resistance of this
described by deuteron and alpha particle.
ammeter? [2020]
10. Two identical loops P and Q each of radius 5 cm
14. (a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is
are lying in perpendicular planes such that they
converted into an ammeter.
have a common centre as shown in the figure.
(b) A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 
Find the magnitude and direction of the net
and it shows full scale deflection for a current of 4
magnetic field at the common centre of the two
mA. Convert it into an ammeter of range 0 to 6A.
coils, if they carry currents equal to 3 A and 4 A
respectively. [Al 2017]
15. A circular loop of radius R carries a current l.
Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at a
point on its axis at a distance x from its centre.
OR
Write, using Biot – Savart law, the expression for
→ →
the magnetic field B due to an element d l
11. Two infinitely long straight wires A1 and A2 →
carrying current l at a distance r from it in a
carrying currents l and 2l flowing in the same
vector form. Hence derive the expression for the
directions are kept ‘d’ distance apart. Where
magnetic field due to a current carrying loop of
should a third straight wire A3 carrying current 1.5
radius R at a point P distant x from its centre along
l be placed between A1 and A2 so that it
the axis of the loop. [Al 2015]
experiences no net force due to A1 and A2? Does

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16. An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 22. Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R are
4 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 enters a region of uniform magnetic lying in perpendicular places such that they have a
field of 10−5 T acting vertically upward as shown common centre. Find the magnitude and direction
in the figure. Draw its trajectory and find out the of the magnetic fields at the common centre of
time it takes to come out of the region of the two coils, if they carry currents equal to I and
magnetic field. √3𝐼.

17. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady 23. What is Lorentz Force? Write the proper
current 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 separated by a distance d. if the expression for it.
currents are flowing in the same direction, show
how the magnetic fields set up if one produces an
attractive force on the other. Obtain the 24. The figure shows three infinitely long straight
expression for this force. Hence define one parallel current carrying conductors. Find the
ampere. i. Magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
at point A lying on conductor 1,
18. (a) Write the expression for the force 𝐹⃗ , acting on ii. Magnetic force on conductor 2.
a charged particle of charge ‘q’, moving with a
velocity 𝑣⃗ in the presence of both electric field 𝐸⃗⃗
and magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗. Obtain the condition under
which the particle moves undeflected through the
fields.
(b) A rectangular loop of size 𝑙 × 𝑏 carrying a
steady current I is placed in a uniform magnetic 25. An electron of mass me revolves around a nucleus
⃗⃗. Prove that the torque 𝜏⃗ acting on the loop
field 𝐵 of charge +Ze. Show that it behaves like a tiny
is given by, 𝜏⃗ = 𝑚
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ where 𝑚
⃗⃗⃗ is the magnetic magnetic dipole. Hence, prove that the magnetic
moment of the loop. moment associated with it is expressed as 𝜇⃗ =
𝑒
− 2𝑚 𝐿⃗⃗ , where 𝐿⃗⃗ is the orbital angular
𝑒
19. A circular coil of N turns and radius R carries a momentum of the electron. Give the significance
current I. It is unwound and rewound to make of negative sign.
another coil of radius R/2, current I remaining the
same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic 26. Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil
moments of the new coil and the original coil. galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle &
working. How will you convert galvanometer into
20. State Bio-Savart’s law, Write in vector form. (i) ammeter (ii) Voltmeter.

21. Fig., shows a current loop having two circular

segments and joined by two radial lines. Find the 27. Explain Current & Voltage sensitivity of
magnetic field at the centre O. galvanometer
28. A rectangular coil having each turn of length 5 cm
and breadth 2 cm is suspended freely in a radial
magnetic field of induction 2.5 x 10-2 Wb m-2,
torsional constant of the suspension fibre is 1.5 x
10-8 Nm rad-1. The coil deflects through an angle of
0.2 radian when a current of 2 µA is passed
through it. Find the number of turns of the coil.

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29. An ammeter of resistance 0.80Ω can measure 30. A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter
currents upto 1.0 A. (i) What must be the shunt of certain range by connecting a resistance of
resistance to enable the ammeter to measure 980Ω in series with it. When the resistance is
current upto 5.0 A? (ii) What is the combined 470Ω connected in series, the range is halved.
resistance of the ammeter and the shunt? Find the resistance of the galvanometer.

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 05
Magnetism and Matter
➢ Question 7. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic
material different from that of a paramagnetic,
1. Give two points to distinguish between a when kept in an external magnetic field?
paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance.
8. Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the
2. Write the four important properties of the presence of a diamagnetic material.
magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.

9. Relative permeability of a material r = 0.5 .

3. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J T-1 is aligned
Identify the nature of the magnetic material and
at 600 with a uniform external magnetic field of
write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.
0.44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the
magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal to
10. Write the four important properties of the
the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.
field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final
11. The magnetic susceptibility 𝜒 of magnesium at
orientation in case (ii). 300 K is 1.2 × 105 . At what temperature will its
magnetic susceptibility become 1.44 × 105 ?
4. Write three points of differences between para- Or
The magnetic susceptibility 𝜒 of a given material is
dia- and ferro- magnetic materials giving one – 0.5. identify the magnetic material.
example for each.
12. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853.
Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
5. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. modification of the field pattern on keeping a
piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field.
Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece 13. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned
at 600 with a uniform external magnetic field of
of this material in a uniform magnetic field.
0.44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the
magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal to
the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic
6. Show diagrammatically the behavior of magnetic
field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final
field lines in the presence of (i) paramagnetic and orientation in case (ii).
(ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain
14. (a) State Gauss’ law for magnetism. Explain its
this distinguishing feature. significance.
(b) Write the four important properties of the
magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.

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 15. The given graphs show the variation of intensity of 21. Relative permeability of a material 𝜇𝑟 = 0.5.
magnetisation I with strength of applied magnetic Identify the nature of the magnetic material and
field H for two magnetic materials P and Q. write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.

22. Give two points to distinguish between a

paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance.

23. Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines with

(i) a diamagnetic material and (ii) a paramagnetic
material placed in an external magnetic field.
Mention briefly the properties of these materials
i. Identify the materials P and Q. which explain this distinguishing behaviour.
ii. For a material P, plot the variation of intensity of
magnetisation with temperature. Justify, your 24. Write three points of differences between
answer. paradia- and ferro- magnetic materials giving one
example for each.
16. Define the terms (i) Magnetisation ‘M’ (ii)
Magnetic Intensity ‘H’ (iii) Magnetic permeability 25. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853.
‘µ’ (iv) Magnetic Susceptibility ‘𝜒𝑚 ’ Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
modification of the field pattern on keeping a
17. What is Curie law, Curie temperature & Curie- piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field.
Weiss law explain.
26. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 =
18. (i) Mention two properties of soft iron due to 0.3𝐽𝑇 −1 ispiaced in a uniform external magnetic
which it is preferred for making an electromagnet. field of 0.50 T. If the bar is free to rotate in the
(ii) State Gauss’s law in magnetism. How it is plane of the field, which orientations would
different from Gauss’s law in electrostatics and why? correspond to its (i) stable and (ii) unstable
equilibrium? What is the potential energy of the
19. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic magnet in each case? What is the torque on
material different from that of a paramagnetic, magnet in each case?
when kept in an external magnetic field?
Soln. A diamagnetic specimen would tend to 27. Two identical bar magnets P and Q are placed in
move towards the region of weaker magnetic field two identical uniform magnetic fields as shown in
while a paramagnetic specimen would tend to the figure. Justify that both the magnets are in
move towards the region of stronger magnetic equilibrium. Which one of these is in stable
field. equilibrium? Give reasons for your answer.

20. Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the

presence of a diamagnetic material.
Soln. Behaviour of magnetic field lines when
a diamagnetic substance is placed in an external
field.

28. The magnetic needle has magnetic moment

6.7 × 10−2 𝐴 𝑚2 and moment of inertia 𝑙 =
7.5 × 10−6 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 . It performs 10 oscillations in
6.70 s. What is the magnitude of the magnetic
field?

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 06
Electromagnetic Induction
➢ Questions
5. When conducting loop of resistance 10  and area
10 cm2 is removed from an external magnetic field
acting normally, the variation of induced current in
1. A 100-turn coil of radius 1.6 cm and resistance the loop with time is shown in the figure.
5.0 Ω is co-axial with a solenoid of 250 turns/cm
and radius 1.8 cm. The solenoid current drops from
1.5 A to zero in 25 ms. Calculate the current
induced in the coil in this duration. (Take𝜋 2 = 10)

2. (i) State Lenz's law. In a closed circuit, the induced

current opposes the change in magnetic flux that
produced it as per the law of conservation of
energy. Justify.
(ii) A metal rod of length 2 m is rotated with a Find the
frequency 60 rev/s about an axis passing through (i) Total charge passed through the loop.
its centre and perpendicular to its length. A (ii) Change in magnetic flux through the loop.
uniform magnetic field of 2 T perpendicular to its (iii) Magnitude of the magnetic field applied.
plane of rotation is switched on in the region. 6. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils.
Calculate the e.m.f induced between the (fi) centre Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of
and the end of the rod. two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound
one over the other.
3. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in uniform OR
magnetic field of 0.5 T. the field is directed Define the term ‘mutual inductance’ between the
perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When two coils. Obtain the expression for mutual
the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards inductance of a pair of long coaxial solenoid each
left with a velocity of 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 , calculate the emf of length l and radii r1 and r2 (r2 >> r1). Total
induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm number of turns in the two solenoid are N1 and N2
to be 5 Ω (assuming that other arms are of respectively.
negligible resistance ) find the value of the current
in the arm. 7. (i) Define mutual inductance.
(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual
inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil
changes from O to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the
change of flux linkage with the other coil?

8. Define self – inductance of a coil. Obtain the

expression for the energy stored in an inductor L
4. Starting from the expression for the energy W = connected across a source of emf.
1
2
𝐿𝐼 2 , stored in a solenoid of self-inductance L to OR
build up the current I, obtain the expression for the Define the term self – inductance of a solenoid.
magnetic energy in terms of the magnetic field B, Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy
area A and length l of the solenoid having n stored in an inductor of self – inductance L to
number of turns per unit length. Hence, show that build up a current l through it.
the energy density is given by B2/2𝜇0

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9. The currents flowing in the two coils of self – the Earth’s magnetic field is 5 × 10−4 T and the
inductance L1 = 16 mH and L2 = 12 mH are angle of dip is 300 .
increasing at the same rate. If the power supplied
to the two coils are equal, find the ratio of (i) 14. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in
induced voltages, (ii) the currents and (iii) the uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. the field is directed
energies stored in the two coils at a given instant. perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When
the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards
10. A rectangular loop which was initially inside the left with a velocity of 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 , calculate the emf
region of uniform and time – independent induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the
magnetic field, is pulled out with constant velocity arm to be 5 Ω (assuming that other arms are of
v as shown in the figure. negligible resistance ) find the value of the current
in the arm.

(a) Sketch the variation of magnetic flux, the

induced current, and power dissipated as
Joule heat as function of time. 15. Two bar magnets are quickly moved towards a
(b) If instead of rectangular loop, circular loop is metallic loop connected across a capacitor ‘C’ as
pulled out; do you expect the same value of shown in the figure. Predict the polarity of the
induced current? Justify your answer. Sketch capacitor.
the variation of flux in this case with time.

11. State Lenz’s law. A metallic rod held horizontally

along east-west direction, is allowed to fall under
gravity. Will there be an emf induced at its ends? 16. Figure shows a current carrying solenoid moving
Justify your answer. towards a conducting loop. Find the direction of
the current induced in the loop.
12. (a)Derive an expression for the induced emf
developed when a coil of N turns, and area of cross-
section A, is rotated at a constant angular speed 𝜔
in a uniform magnetic field B.
(b) A wheel with 100 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is
17. What is magnetic flux? Write its SI unit.
rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane
normal to the horizontal component of the Earth’s
18. What is the direction of induced currents in metal
magnetic field. If the resultant magnetic field at
rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is
that place is 4 × 10−4 T and the angle of dip at the
increasing steadily?
place is 300 , find the emf induced between the
axle and the rim of the wheel.

13. (a) State the principle of an ac generator and

explain its working with the help of a labelled
diagram. Obtain the expression for the emf 19. Figure shows a rectangular loop conducting PQRS
induced in a coil having N turns each of cross- in which the arm PQ is free to move. A uniform
sectional area A, rotating with a constant angular magnetic field acts in the direction perpendicular
speed ′𝜔′ in a magnetic field 𝐵⃗ ,directed to the plane of the loop. Arm PQ is moved with a
perpendicular to the axis of rotation. velocity v toward the arm RS. Assuming that the
arms QR, RS and SP have negligible resistances and
(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to the moving arm PQ has the resistance r, obtain the
eaxst with a velocity of 900 km/hour. Calculate the expression for (i) the current in the loop (ii) the
potential difference between the ends of its wings force and (iii) the power required to move the arm
having a span of 20m . the horizontal component of PQ

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 graphs to show variations of the emf induced
across the ends of the conductor with (i) angular
speed  and (ii) length of the conductor l.

27. Two concentric circular loops of radius 1 cm and 20

cm are placed coaxially.
20. A metallic rod of length L is rotated at angular (i) Find mutual inductance of the arrangement.
speed normal to a uniform magnetic field B. Derive (ii) If the current passed through the outer loop is
expressions for the (i) emf induced in the rod (ii) changed at a rate of 5 A/ms, find the emf induced
current induced and (iii) heat dissipation, if the in the inner loop. Assume the magnetic field on
resistance of the rod is R. the inner loop to be uniform.

21. State Lenz’s Law. Explain, by giving examples that 28. (a) Draw a schematic diagram for an ac generator.
Lenz’s Law is a consequence of conservation of Explain its working and obtain the expression for
energy the instantaneous value of the emf in terms of the
magnetic field B, number of turns N of the coil of
area A rotating with angular frequency  .
22. A light bulb and a solenoid are connected in series
Show how an alternating emf is generated by a
across an ac source of voltage. Explain, how the
loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field.
glow of the light bulb will be affected when an iron
(b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is
rod is inserted in the solenoid.
rotated about its vertical diameter with angular
speed of 50 rad s-1 in a uniform horizontal
23. Define self-inductance of a coil. Show that
magnetic field of 3.0 x 10-2 T.
magnetic energy required to build up the current I
1 (i) Calculate the maximum and average emf
in a coil of self-inductance L is given by 2 𝐿𝐼 2 induced in the coil.
(ii) If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10
24. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of  , calculate the maximum current in the coil and
cross-section 25 cm2 and number of turns 500, the average power loss due to Joule heating.
carries a current of 2.5 A . The current is suddenly
switched off in a brief time of 10-3 s . How much is 29. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of ac generator. Derive
the average back emf induced across the ends of the expression for the instantaneous value of the
the open switch in the circuit? emf induced in the coil.
(b) A circular coil of cross-sectional area 200 cm2
25. Distinguish between self-inductance and mutual and 20 turns is rotated about the vertical
inductance. diameter with angular speed of 50 rad s-1 in a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 x 10-2 T.
26. A conductor of length '/’ is rotated about one of its Calculate the maximum value of the current in the
ends at a constant angular speed ‘  ’ in a plane coil.
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Plot

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 07
Alternating Current
Questions

1. Distinguish between reactance and impedance of

an ac circuit. Show that an ideal inductor in ar ac
circuit does not dissipate any power. Determine
(i) The source frequency which derives the
circuit in resonance.
2. A resistor of 30  and a capacitor of 250  F are
 (ii) The quality factor (Q) of the circuit.
connected in series to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac source.
Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, and (ii) 6. Find the value of the phase difference between the
voltage drops across the resistor and the capacitor. current and the voltage in the series LCR circuit
(iii) Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more shown below. Which one leads in phase: current or
than the source voltage? If yes, solve the paradox. voltage?

3. An ac source of emf V = V0 sin t is connected to a

capacitor of capacitance C. Deduce the expression
for the current (l) flowing in it. Plot the graph of (i)
V vs t , and (ii) l vs t .
OR OR
Show that the current leads the voltage in phase Determine the value of phase difference between
by  / 2 in an ac circuit containing an ideal the current and the voltage in the given series LCR
capacitor. circuit.

4. A capacitor ‘C’, a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’

are connected in series to the ac mains in circuit as
shown. The bulb glows with some brightness.

7. A device X is connected across an ac source of

voltage V = V0 sin t . The current through X is
 
given as l = l0 sin  t + .
 2
How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a (a) Identify the device X and write the expression
dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of for its reactance.
the capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the (b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and
same; (ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
same capacitance? (c) How does the reactance of the device X vary
with frequency of the ac? Show this variation
5. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to graphically.
a variable frequency 200 V source with L = 50 mH, (d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X.
C = 80  F and R = 40  .

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8. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source
V = V0 sin t . The variation of voltage, current 12. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor.
Predict your observation when this combination is
and power in one cycle is shown in the following
connected in turn across
graph:
(i) ac source and
(ii) a dc battery. What change would you notice in
each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is
increased?

13. When an inductor is connected to 200 V dc

voltage, a current of 1 A flows through it. When
the same inductor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz
ac source, only 0.5 A current flows. Explain, why ?
(a) Identify the device ‘X’. Also, calculate the self inductance of the inductor.
(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the
voltage, current and the power consumed in 14. A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of electric
the circuit? Justify your answer. power at 220V is situated 20 km away from an
(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency electric plant generating power at 440 V. the
of the ac source? Show graphically. resistance of the two wire line carrying power is
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the 0.5 Ω per km. the town gets the power from the
circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage. line through a 4000-220 V step-down transformer
at a sub-station in the town. Estimate the line
9. (a) In a series LCR circuit connected across an ac power loss in the from of heat.
source of variable frequency, obtain the expression
for its impedance and draw a plot showing its 15. A device X is connected across an ac source of
variation with frequency of the ac source. voltage 𝑉 = 𝑉0sin 𝜔𝑡. The current through X is
(b) What is the phase difference between the 𝜋
given as 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
voltages across inductor and the capacitor at
(a) Identify the device X and write the expression for
resonance in the LCR circuit?
its reactance.
(c) When an inductor is connected to a 200 V dc
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and
voltage, a current of 1A flows through it. When
current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
the same inductor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary with
ac source, only 0.5 A current flows. Explain, why?
frequency of the ac? Show this variation
Also, calculate the self inductance of the inductor.
graphically.
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X.
10. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the
working of a step – up transformer. Give reasons
to explain the following:
16. (a) Find the value of the phase difference between
the current and the voltage in the series LCR circuit
(i) The core of the transformer is laminated.
shown below. Which one leads in phase: current or
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings.
voltage?
(b) Without making any other change, find the
11. (a) Draw the diagram of a device which is used to
value of the additional capacitor 𝐶1 , to be
decrease high ac voltage into a low ac voltage and
connected in parallel with capacitor C, in order to
state its working principle. Write four sources of
make the power factor of the circuit unity.
energy loss in this device.
(b) A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of
electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away
from an electric plant generating power at 440 V.
The resistance of the two wire line carrying power
is 0.5  per km. The town gets the power from
the line through a 4000 – 220 V step – down
transformer at a substation in the town. Estimate
the line power loss in the form of heat.

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17. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What is the one complete cycle is shown in the following
phase difference between voltage and current in figure.
the circuit? i. Which curve shows power consumption over a full
cycle?
18. Define rms value of AC & derive an expression for ii. Identify the device ‘X’
it.

19. Why is the use of ac voltage preferred over dc

voltage? Give two reasons.

20. Show that the current leads the voltage in phase 25. A capacitor ‘C’, a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’
by 𝜋⁄2 in an a.c. circuit containing an ideal are connected in series to the ac mains in circuit as
capacitor & also show that the average power shown. The bulb glows with some brightness. How
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a dielectric
Zero in this circuit. slab is introduced between the plates of the
capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the same; (ii)
the resistor R is increased keeping the same
21. (i) Prove that current flowing through an ideal
capacitance?
inductor connected across ac source, lags the
𝜋
voltage in phase by .
2
(ii) An inductor of self-inductance 100mH and a
bulb are connected in series with ac source of rms
voltage 10 V, 50Hz. It is found that effective
voltage of the circuit leads the current in phase by
𝜋
. Calculate the inductance of the inductor used
4 26. A 200 mH (pure) inductor and a 5 𝜇𝐹 (pure)
and average power dissipated in the circuit, if a capacitor are connected one by one, across a
current of 1A flows in the circuit. sinusoidal ac voltage source of V = [70.7 sin
(1000t)] voltage. Obtain the expressions for the
22. Obtain the expression for the energy density of current in each case.
magnetic field B produced in the inductor.
27. An ac voltage V = Vm sin𝜔t is applied to a series
23. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source 𝑉 = LCR circuit. Obtain an expression for the current in
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔t. the circuit and voltage. What is resonance
The variation of voltage, current and power in one frequency?
cycle is shown in the following graph:
28. An ac source of voltage V = V0 sin 𝜔t is connected
to a series combination of L, C and R. Use the
phasor diagram to obtain expressions for
impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
voltage and current. Find the condition when
current will be in phase with the voltage. What is
the circuit in this condition called?
(i) identify the device ‘X’. (ii) In a series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of
(ii) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the the circuit is P1. When capacitor with capacitance
voltage, current and the power consumed in the C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power
circuit? Justify your answer. factor becomes P2. Calculate 𝑃1
𝑃
(iii) How does its impedance vary with frequency 2

of the ac source? Show graphically.

(iv) Obtain an expression for the current in the 29. (i) Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram,
circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage. the working principle of a step-up transformer.
Obtain the relation between input and output
24. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source V = V0 sin voltages in terms of the number of turns of
𝜔𝑡.The variation of voltage, current and power in primary and secondary windings and the currents
in the input and output circuits.

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 𝜋
(ii) Given the input current 15 A and the input Voltage is ahead of the current in phase by . But
4
voltage of 100 V for a step-up transformer having the current is ahead of the voltage in phase by
90% efficiency, find the output power and the 𝜋
when Z is connected in series with X across the
voltage in the secondary if the output current is 3 4
A. source. Identify the circuit elements X, Y and Z.
When all the three elements are connected in
series across the same source, determine the
30. (i) Write the function of a transformer. State its
impedance of the circuit.
principle of working with the help of a diagram.
Draw a plot of the circuit versus the frequency of
Mention various energy losses in this device. (ii)
applied source and mention the significance of
The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer
this plot
has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100.
The input voltage and power are respectively 220
V and 1100 W. Calculate 32. A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor and a 60 µF
a. Number of turns in secondary capacitor in series is connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz
b. Current in primary supply. The resistance of the circuit is negligible.
c. voltage across secondary a. Obtain the current amplitude and rms values.
d. Current in secondary b. Obtain the rms values of potential drops across
e. Power in secondary each element.
c. What is the average power transferred to the
inductor?
31. You are given three circuit elements X, Y and Z.
d. What is the average power transferred to the
When the element X is connected across an a.c.
capacitor?
source of a given voltage, the current and the
e. What is the total average power absorbed by the
voltage are in the same phase. When the element
circuit?
Y is connected in series with X across the source,

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 08
Electromagnetic Waves
➢ Question 7. Prove that the average energy density of the
oscillating electric field is equal to that of the
oscillating magnetic field.
1. (a) On what factors does the speed of an
electromagnetic wave in a medium depend? 8. How are e.m. waves produced by oscillating
(b) How is an electromagnetic wave produced? charges ? Draw a sketch of linearly polarized e.m.
(c) Sketch a schematic diagram depicting the waves propagating in the z-direction. Indicate the
electric and magnetic fields for an electromagnetic directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic
fields.
wave propagating along z-axis.

2. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum 9. Write the wavelength range and name of the
which are electromagnetic waves which are used in
(i) stopped by face mask worn by welders. (i) Radar systems for aircraft navigation, and
(ii) used in detectors in Earth satellites. (ii) Earth satellites to observe the growth of
(iii) used in 'short-wave band' in communication. the crops.
Also write the order of wavelengths in each case.
10. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum
3. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A each and used in (i) radar and (ii) eye surgery. Write their
separation d, is being charged by an AC source. frequency range.
Show that the displacement current inside the
capacitor is the same as the current charging the 11. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum
capacitor. which is:
(a) Suitable for radar system used in aircraft
4. How does Ampere – Maxwell law explain the flow navigation,
of current through a capacitor when it is being (b) Produced by bombarding a metal target by
charged by a battery? Write the expression for the high speed electrons.
displacement current in terms of the rate of
change of electric flux. 12. Answer the following questions:
(a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable for
5. Write Maxwell’s generalization of Ampere’s radar systems used in aircraft navigation. Write
circuital law. Show that in the process of charging a the range of frequency of these waves,
capacitor, the current produced within the plates (b) If the Earth did not have atmosphere, would
of the capacitor is its average surface temperature be higher or
lower than what it is now? Explain,
dE
i = 0 (c) An e.m. wave exerts pressure on the surface
dt on which it is incident. Justify.
Where E is the electric flux produced during
charging of the capacitor plates. 13. Answer the following questions:
(i) Show, by giving a simple example, how
6. Write the expression for the speed of light in a e.m. waves carry energy and momentum,
material medium of relative permittivity  r and (ii) How are microwaves produced? Why is it
necessary in microwave ovens to select
relative magnetic permeability r .
the frequency of microwaves to match

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 the resonant frequency of water (b) why is the amount of the momentum
molecules? transferred by the e.m. waves incident on the
(iii) Write two important uses of infrared surface so small?
waves.
21. Answer the following :
14. Answer the following questions: (a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable for
(a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation. Write the
radar systems used in aircraft navigation. Write the range of frequency of these waves.
range of frequency of these waves. (b) If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its
(b) if the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower
average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now? Explain.
than what it is now? Explain. (c) An e.m. wave exerts pressure on the surface on
(c) An e.m. wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify.
which it is incident. Justify.
22. How are e.m. waves produces produced by
15. (a) When the oscillating electric and magnetic fields oscillating charges? Draw a sketch of linearly
are along the x-and y-direction respectively. polarized e.m. waves propagating in the Z-
(i) point out the direction of propagation of direction. Indicate the direction of the oscillating
electromagnetic wave. electric and magnetic fields.
(ii) express the velocity of propagation in terms of
the amplitudes of the oscillating electric and 23. Which of the following radiations are (i) heat
magnetic fields. radiation and (ii) used for long distance
(b) How do you show that the e.m. wave carries transmission? Infrared rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet
energy and momentum? rays, microwaves.

16. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the 24. Why are Infra-red radiations referred to as heat
descending order of their wavelengths: waves? Name the radiations which are next to
(i) Microwaves these radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum
(ii) Infra-red rays having (i) shorter wavelength (ii) longer wavelength.
(iii) Ultra – violet – radiation
(iv) Gamma rays 25. What is the meant by the transverse nature of
(b) write one use each of any two of them. electromagnetic waves? Draw a diagram showing
the propagation of an electromagnetic wave along
17. Why are infrared waves often called heat waves? X-direction, indicating clearly the directions of
Explain. oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated
with it.
18. What are the directions of electric and magnetic
field vectors relative to each other and relative to 26. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as
the direction propagation of electromagnetic per the wavelengths given below:
waves? (i) 10-3 nm
(ii) 10-3 m
19. (a) An EM wave is travelling in a medium with a (iii) 1 nm
velocity 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖̂. Draw a sketch showing the Write one application of each
propagation of the EM wave, indicating the
direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic 27. (i) How are microwaves produced? Why is it
fields. necessary in microwave ovens to select the
(b) How are the magnitudes of the electric and frequency of microwaves to match the resonant
magnetic fields related to velocity of the EM wave? frequency of water molecules?
(ii) Write two important uses of infrared waves
20. Answer the following :
(a) Name the e.m. waves which are used for the 28. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25
treatment of certain forms of cancer. Write their MHz travels in free space along the x-direction. At a
frequency range. particular point in space and time, 𝐸⃗ = 6.3𝐽̂ 𝑉/𝑚.
⃗.
At this point find 𝐵

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29. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space particular point in space and time is 1.2 × 10−8 𝑘̂
along X-direction. If the value of B (in tesla) at a What the value of 𝐸⃗ (𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑚−1 ) at that point is

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 09
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

➢ Questions 7. An object is placed 30 cm in front of a plano –

convex lens with its spherical surface of radius of
curvature 20 cm. If the refractive index of the
material of the lens is 1.5, find the position and
1. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 30 nature of the image formed.
cm. it forms an image of an object which is half the
size of the object. Find the separation between the 8. (a) Using the ray diagram for a system of two
object and the image. lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 in contact with
each other, show that the two lens system can be
2. A convex lens (𝑛 = 1.52) has a focal length of regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal
15.0 cm in air. Find its focal length when it is 1 1 1
immersed in liquid of refractive index 1.65. length f, where = + .
What will be the nature of the lens? f f1 f 2
Also write the relation for the equivalent power
3. An object is kept 20 cm in front of a concave mirror of the lens combination.
of radius of curvature 60 cm. Find the nature and (b) Determine the position of the image formed
position of the image formed. by the lens combination given in the figure.

4. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of

focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real and
three times the size of the object. Calculate the
distance of the object from the mirror.
Three lenses of focal lengths +10 cm, -10 cm and
5. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident +30 cm are arranged coaxially as in the figure
normally on the face AB of an isosceles right- given below. Find the position of the final image
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the formed by the combination. [2/5, Delhi 2019]
glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are
respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these
rays after entering through the prism.

9. An astronomical telescope has an objective lens of

focal length 20 m and eyepiece of focal length 1
cm.
(a) Find the angular magnification of the
6. (a) Calculate the distance of an object of height h
telescope.
from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20
(b) If the telescope is used to view the Moon, find
cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2.
the diameter of the image formed by the
Find the location of image also,
objective lens. Given the diameter of the
(b) Using mirror formula, explain why does a
Moon is 3.5 x 106 m and radius of lunar orbit
convex mirror always produce a virtual image.
is 3.8 x 108 m.
[Delhi 2016]

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10. A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with 16. A convex lens of focal length 20cm is placed
centre C as shown in the figure. The ray emerges coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of
from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15cm apart. A
angle of refraction at A if refractive index of the point object is placed 60 cm in front of the convex
material of the sphere is √3. lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
the image by the combination. Determine the
nature and the position of the image formed.

17. An object is placed in front of the convex lens

made of glass. How does the image distance vary
11. When a convex lens of focal length 30 cm is in if the refractive index of the medium is increased
contact with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, in such a way that still it remains less than the
find out if the system is converging or diverging. glass?

12. A triangular prism of refracting angle 600 is made 18. (i) Define refractive index of a medium.
of a transparent material of refractive index 2/ (ii) In the following ray diagram, calculate the
√3. A ray of light is incident normally on the face speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive
KL as shown in the figure. Trace the path of the index.
ray as it passes through the prism and calculate
the angle of emergence and angle of deviation.

19. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident

normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the
glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are
13. Under what conditions does the phenomenon of respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these
total internal reflection take place? Draw a ray rays after entering through the prism.
diagram showing how a ray of light deviates by
900 after passing through a right-angled isosceles
prism.

14. A ray of light incident on the face AB of an

isosceles triangular prism makes an angle of
incidence (i) and deviates by angle 𝛽 as shown in
the figure. Show that in the position of minimum
deviation ∠𝛽 = ∠𝛼. Also find out the condition
when the refracted ray QR suffers total internal 20. (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the image
reflection. formation by a combination of two thin convex
lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the
power of this combination in terms of the focal
lengths of the lenses.
(ii) A ray of light passing from air through an
equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum
3
deviation when the angle of incidence is 𝑡ℎ of
4
the angle of prism.

15. State, with the help of a ray diagram, the working 21. (i) A point of object is placed on the principal axis
principle of optical fibres. Write one important of the convex spherical surface of the radius of
use of optical fibres. curvature R, which separates the two media of
refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 >n1). Draw the ray
diagram and deduce the relation between the

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 object distance (u), image distance (v) and the telescope. Deduce the expression for its
radius of curvature (R) for refraction to take place magnifying power when the final image is formed
at the convex spherical surface from rarer to at infinity.
denser medium.
(ii) A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in (ii) The sum of focal lengths of the two lenses of a
air. It is made of a material of refractive index 1.6. refractive telescope is 105 cm. The focal length of
If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3, one lens is 20 times that of the other. Determine
find its new focal length. the total magnification of the telescope when the
final image is formed at infinity.
22.

27. (i) State the condition under which a large

magnification can be achieved in an astronomical
telescope.
(ii) Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting
telescope is preferred over a refracting telescope.

(i) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of 28. Why should the objective of a telescope have
light through a glass prism and hence obtain the large focal length and large aperture? Justify your
relation between the refractive index 𝜇 of the answer.
prism , angle of prism and angle of minimum
deviation. 29. What is the difference in the construction of an
(ii) Determine the value of the angle of incidence astronomical telescope and a compound
for a ray of light travelling from a medium of microscope? The focal lengths of the objective
refractive index 𝜇1 = 2 into the medium of and eyepiece of a compound microscope are 1.25
refractive index 𝜇2 = 1, so that it just grazes along cm and 5.0 cm, respectively. Find the position of
the surface of separation. the object relative to the objective in order to
obtain an angular magnification of 30 when the
23. Define the magnifying power of a compound final image is formed at the near point.
microscope when the final image is formed at
infinity. Why must both the objective and the 30. Figure shows a convex spherical surface with
eyepiece of a compound microscope has a short centre of curvature C, separating the two media of
focal lengths? Explain. refractive indices n^ and n2. Draw a ray diagram
showing the formation of the image of a point
24. You are given two converging lens of focal lengths object O lying on the principal axis. Derive the
1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound relationship between the object and image
microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification distance in terms of refractive indices of the
of 30, find out the separation between the media and the radius of curvature R of the
objective and the eyepiece. surface.

25. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical

telescope to show the image formation of a
distant object. Write the main considerations
required in selecting the objective and the
eyepiece lenses in order to have large magnifying 31. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90
power and high resolution of the telescope. cm apart. Determine the focal length and nature
of the lens required to produce a clear image on
the screen, twice the size of the object.
26. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the image
formation of a distant object by a refracting

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 10
Wave Optics
➢ Questions 9. (a) If one of two identical slits producing
interference in Young’s experiment is covered with
glass, so that the light intensity passing through it
1. Two waves, each of amplitude ‘a’ and frequency is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the maximum
‘𝜔’ emanating from two coherent sources of light and minimum intensity of the fringe in the
superpose at a point. If the phase difference interference pattern,
between the two waves is 𝜙, obtain an expression (b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe
for the resultant intensity at that point. if white light is used instead of monochromatic
light?
2. Write two points of difference between
10. Answer the following questions:
interference and diffraction of light.
(a) In a double slit experiment using light of
3. Define wavefront of a travelling wave. Using wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the
Huygens principle, obtain the law of refraction at a fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.10. Find the
spacing between the two slits.
plane interface when light passes from a rarer to a
0
denser medium. (b) Light of wavelength 500 A propagating in air gets
partly reflected from the surface of water. How
4. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of will the wavelengths and frequencies of the
the slit is decreased. How will the (i) size (ii) intensity reflected and refracted light be affected?
of the central bright band be affected. Justify your
answer. 11. Why cannot two independent monochromatic
sources produce sustained interference pattern?
5. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction
and double slit interference. Hence, state two 12. What is a wavefront? How does it propagate?
differences between interference and diffraction Using Huygens' principle, explain reflection of a
patterns. plane wavefront from a surface and verify the laws
of reflection.
6. A plane wavefront is propagating from a rarer into OR
a denser medium. Use Huygens principle to show Define a wavefront. Using Huygen’s principle
the refracted wavefront and verify Snell’s law. verify the laws of reflection at a plane surface.

7. Define the term wavefront. Using Huygens wave 13. (a) Define a wavefront. How is it different from a
theory, verify the law of reflection. ray?
(b) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the
8. Explain the following giving reasons: following cases.
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface (i) Light diverging from point source.
separating two media, the reflected and refracted (ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a
light both have the same frequency as the incident point source is placed at its focus.
frequency. (iii) Using Huygen’s construction of secondary
(ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser wavelets, draw a diagram showing the passage of
medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer
in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by medium.
the wave? 14. In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the
condition for (a) constructive, and (b) destructive

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 interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph 21. Use Huygens’ Principle to show how a plane
showing variation of intensity in the interference wavefront propagates from a denser to a rarer
pattern against position ‘x’ on the screen. medium. Hence, Verify Snell’s law of refraction.

15. (a) If one of two identical slits producing 22. Define the term ‘coherent sources’ which are
interference in Young’s experiment is covered with required to produce interference pattern in
glass, so that the light intensity passing through it Young’s double slit experiment.
is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the maximum
and minimum intensity of the fringe in the 23. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit
interference pattern. diffraction and double slit interference. Hence,
(b) What king of fringes do you expect to observe state two differences between interference and
if white light is used instead of monochromatic diffraction patterns.
light?
24. Find the intensity at appoint on a screen in
16. (a) Why are coherent sources necessary to Young’s double slit experiment where the
produce a sustained interference pattern? interfering waves have a path difference of (i) λ/6,
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment using and (ii) λ/2.
monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆, the
intensity of light at a point on the screen where 25. Write the distinguishing features between a
path difference is 𝜆, is K units. Find out the diffraction pattern due to a single slit and the
intensity of light at a point where path difference interference fringes produced in Young’s double
is 𝜆/3. slit experiment.

17. A parallel beam of light of 500 nm falls on a 26. Yellow light (λ = 6000 Å) illuminates a single slit of
narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is width 1 x 10-4 m. Calculate : (i) the distance
observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that between the two dark lines on either side of
the first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from central maximum, when the diffraction pattern is
the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of viewed on a screen kept 1.5 m away from the slit,
the slit. (ii) The angular spread of the first diffraction
minimum.
18. In the diffraction due to a single slit experiment,
the aperture of the slit is 3 mm. if monochromatic 27. Give reasons:
light of wavelength 620 nm is incident normally on i. When monochromatic light is incident on a
the slit, calculate the separation between the first surface separating two media, the reflected and
order minima and the 3rd order maxima on one refracted light both have the same frequency as
side of the screen. The distance between the slit the incident frequency.
and the screen is 1.5 m. ii. When light travels from rarer to a denser medium,
the speed decreases. Does this decrease in speed
19. Use Huygen’s principle to verify the laws of imply a reduction in the energy carried by the
refraction. wave?
iii. In the wave picture of the light, intensity of light is
20. (i) Define a wavefront. How it is different from a determined by the square of the amplitude of the
ray? wave. What determines the intensity in the
(ii) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the photon picture of light?
following cases.
a. Light diverging from point source. 28. What is interference of light? Write two essential
b. Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point conditions for sustained interference pattern to
source is placed at its focus. be produced on the screen.
c. Using Huygens construction of secondary Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity
wavelets, draw a diagram showing the passage of versus the position on the screen in Young’s
a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer experiment when (a) both the slits are opened
medium. and (b) one of the slits is closed.
What is the effect on the interference pattern in
Young’s double slit experiment when:

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 i. Screen is moved closer to the plane of slits?
ii. Separation between two slits is increased? 32. Yellow light (𝜆 = 6000 Å) illuminates a single slit
of width 1 × 10−4 m. Calculate the distance
Explain your answer in each case.
between two dark lines on either side of the
central maximum, when the diffraction pattern is
29. In Young’s double slit experiment using viewed on a screen kept 1.5 𝑚 away from the slit.
monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the
intensity at a point on the screen where path 33. In Young's double slit experiment, the two slits
difference is λ is K units. What is the intensity of 0.15 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic
𝜋 light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m
light at a point where path difference is 3 ?
away from the slits. (a) Find the distance of the
second (i) bright fringe, (ii) dark fringe from the
30. Light of wavelength 6 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚 falls on a screen
central maximum.
at a distance of 100 cm from a narrow slit. Find
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the
the width of the slit if the first minima lies 1 mm
screen is moved away from the slits?
on either side of the central maximum.

31. In a single slit diffraction experiment first

minimum for 𝜆1 = 660 𝑛𝑚 coincides with first
maxima for wavelength 𝜆2 Calculate 𝜆2 .

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 11
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
➢ Questions (b) How fast should a hydrogen atom travel in
order to have the same momentum as that of the
photon in part (a)?

1. Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on 8. An  -particle and a proton are accelerated

caesium metal (work function 2.14 eV) and through the same potential difference. Find the
photoemission of electrons occurs. Calculate the ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths.
(i) kinetic energy (in eV) of the fastest electrons
and (ii) stopping potential for this situation. 9. Plot a graph showing the variation of
(Take ℎ𝑒 = 1240 𝑒𝑉. 𝑛𝑚) photoelectric current with intensity of light. The
work function for the following metals is given.
2. A photosensitive surface of work function 2.1 eV Na : 2.75 eV and Mo : 4.175 eV.
is irradiated by radiation of wavelength 150 nm. Which of these will not give photoelectron
Calculate (i) the threshold wavelength (ii) energy 0
(in eV) of an incident photon, and (iii) maximum emission for a radiation of wavelength 3300 A
kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron. from a laser beam? What happens if the source of
laser beam is brough closer?
3. (i) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 x 1014 Hz
is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2.0 x 10. A beam of monochromatic radiation is incident on
10-3 W. Estimate the number of photons emitted a photosensitive surface. Answer the following
per second on an average by the source. questions giving reasons.
(ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of (a) DO the emitted photoelectrons have the
photoelectric current versus the intensity of same kinetic energy?
incident radiation on a given photosensitive (b) Does the kinetic energy of the emitted
surface. electrons depend on the intensity of incident
radiation?
4. Draw a graph showing variation of photocurrent (c) On what factors does the number of emitted
with the anode potential of a photocell. photoelectrons depend?

5. (a) Define the terms, (i) threshold frequency and 11. The following graph shows the variation of
(ii) stopping potential in photoelectric effect. photocurrent for a photosensitive metal:
(b) Plot a graph of photocurrent versus anode
potential for a radiation of frequency v and
intensities l1 and l2 (l1  l2 )

6. What are matter waves? A proton and an alpha

particle are accelerated through the same
potential difference. Find the ratio of the de
Broglie wavelength associated with the proton to
that with the alpha particle. (a) Identify the variable X on the horizontal axis.
(b) What does the point A on the horizontal axis
7. (a) Calculate the energy and momentum of a represent?
photon in a monochromatic beam of wavelength
331.5 nm.

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(c) Draw this graph for three different values of (a) Use this equation to explain the concept of (i)
frequencies of incident radiation v1 , v2 and v3 ( Threshold frequency and (ii) stopping
potential.
v1  v2  v3 ) for same intensity.
(d) Draw this graph for three different values of 17. Obtain an expression for the ratio of the
intensities of incident radiation l1 , l2 and l3 accelerating potentials required to accelerate a
(l1  l2  l3 ) having same frequency. proton and an  -particle to have the same de-
Broglie wavelength associated with them.
12. (a) Give an example each of a metal from which
photoelectric emission takes place when 18. (a) An electron and a proton are accelerated
irradiated by (i) UV light, (ii) visible light. through the same potential. Which one of the two
(b) The work function of a metal is 4.50 eV. Find has
the frequency of light to be used to eject (i) Greater value of de-Broglie wavelength
electrons from the metal surface with a maximum associated with it, and
kinetic energy of 6.06 x 10-19 J. (ii) Lesser momentum?
Justify your answer in each case.
13. (i) State two important features of Einstein’s (iii) How is the momentum of a particle related with
photoelectric equation. its de-Broglie wavelength? Show the variation on
(i) Radiation of frequency 1015 Hz is incident on two a graph.
photosensitive surfaces P and Q. There is no
photoemission from surface P. Photoemission 19. State the main implications of observations
occurs from surface Q but photoelectrons have obtained from various photoelectric experiments.
zero kinetic energy. Explain these observations Can these implications be explained by wave
and find the value of work function for surface nature of light? Justify your answer.
Q.
0
20. Light of wavelength 2000 A falls on a metal
14. In the study of a photoelectric effect the graph surface of work function 4.2 eV.
between the stopping potential V and frequency v (a) What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the
of the incident radiation on two different metals P fastest electrons emitted from the surface?
and Q is shown in: (b) What will be the change in the energy of the
emitted electrons if the intensity of light with
same wavelength is doubled?
(c) If the same light falls on another surface of
work function 6.5 eV, what will be the energy
of emitted electrons?

(i) Which one of the two metals has higher 21. (a) Explain de-Broglie argument to propose his
threshold frequency? hypothesis. Show that de-Broglie wavelength of
(ii) Determine the work function of the metal photon equals electromagnetic radiation.
which has greater value. (b) If, deuterons and alpha particle are
(iii) Find the maximum kinetic energy of accelerated through same potential, find the
electron emitted by light of frequency 8 x ratio of the associated de-Broglie wavelengths of
1014 Hz for this metal. two.
The following graph shows the variation of
15. In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is photocurrent for a photosensitive metal:
determined by the square of the amplitude of the
wave. What determines the intensity in the
photon picture of light?

16. (a) Write the important properties of photons

which are used to establish Einstein’s
photoelectric equation.
(a) Identify the variable 𝑋 on the horizontal axis.

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(b) What does the point A on the horizontal axis
represent?
(c)Draw this graph for three different values of 28. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Explain the
frequencies of incident radiation 𝜐1 𝜐2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜐3 (𝜐1 > terms (i) threshold frequency and (ii) stopping
𝜐2 > 𝜐3 ) for same intensity. potential.
(d) Draw this graph for three different values of intensities
of incident radiation 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 (𝐼1 > 𝐼2 > 𝐼3 ) having 29. The work function (𝜔) of a metal X, equals 3 x 10-19 J.
same frequency. Calculate the number (N) of photons of light of
wavelength 26.52 nm, whose total energy equals 𝜔.
22. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric
current with collector plate potential for two 30. A monochromatic source emitting light of
different frequencies, 𝜈1 > 𝜈2 , of incident radiation wavelength 600 nm has a power output of 66 W.
having the same intensity. In which case will be Calculate the number of photons emitted by this
stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer. source in 2 minutes.

23. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. 31. In the study of photoelectric effect the graph
Which one has smaller de-Broglie wavelength and between the stopping potential V and frequency of
why? the incident radiation on two different metals P and
Q is shown below:
24. Define the terms (i) ‘Cut – off voltage’ and (ii)
‘threshold frequency’ in relation to the
phenomenon of photoelectric effect. Using
Einstein’s photoelectric equation show how
the cut-off voltage and threshold frequency for a
give photosensitive material can be determined
with the help of a suitable plot/graph.
i. Which one of the two metals has higher threshold
25. (a) Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on frequency?
the basis of wave nature of light? Give reasons. ii. Determine the wok function of the metal. Which has
(b) Write the basic features of photon picture of electro- the greater value?
magnetic radiation on which Einstein’s photoelectric iii. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the electron
equation is based. emitted by the light of frequency 8 x 10-4 Hz for this
metal.
26. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated
with the same accelerating potential. Which one
of the two has 32. How did de-Broglie hypothesis lead to Bohr’s
(1) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength, associated quantum condition of atomic orbits?
with it, and
(2) less kinetic energy? Explain. 33. has a wavelength of 1.00 nm. Find
a. Their momenta
27. Plot a graph showing variation of de Broglie b. The energy of the photon
wavelength (𝜆) associated with a charged particle of a c. The kinetic energy of the electron.
mass m, versus 1/√𝑉, where V is the potential
difference through which the particle is accelerated.
How does this graph give us the information regarding
the magnitude of the charge of the particle ?

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 12
Atoms
➢ Questions 8. State Bohr’s quantization condition of angular
momentum. Calculate the shortest wavelength of
the Brackett series and state to which part of the
1. A proton of energy 1.6 MeV approaches a gold electromagnetic spectrum does it belong.
nucleus (Z = 79). Find the distance of its closest
approach. 9. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6
eV. If an electron makes a transition from an
2. Using Bohr's postulates, derive the expression energy level -1.51 eV to -3.4 eV, calculate the
wavelength of the spectral line emitted and name
for the radius of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit of an electron in a
the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it
hydrogen atom. Also, find the numerical value of
belongs.
Bohr's radius 𝑎0

3. What result do you expect if  -particle scattering 10. The short wavelength limit for the Lyman series of
0
experiment is repeated using a thin sheet hydrogen the hydrogen spectrum is 913.4 A . Calculate the
in place of a gold foil? Explain. (Hydrogen is a solid short wavelength limit for the Balmer series of the
at temperature below 14K) hydrogen spectrum.

4. Define the distance of closest approach. An  -

11. (a) In Geiger – Marsden experiment, calculate the
particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is bombarded on a
distance of closest approach for an alpha particle
thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach
with energy 2.56 x 10-12 J. Consider that the
is ‘r’. What will be the distance of closest approach
particle approaches gold nucleus (Z = 79) in head –
for an  -particle of double the kinetic energy?
on position. (b) If the above experiment is
repeated with a proton of the same energy, then
5. Write two important limitations of Rutherford
what will be the value of the distance of closest
nuclear model of the atom.
approach?
6. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive the expression
for the radius of nth orbit of the revolving electron 12. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state
in a hydrogen atom. absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level.
OR Estimate the frequency of the photon.
Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen
atom varies as n2, where n is the principal 13. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard
quantum number of the atom. gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto
OR which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be
Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, excited?
derive the expression for the radius of nth Calculate the wavelengths of the first member of
electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Lyman and first member of Balmer series.
Bohr’s radius.
14. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated
7. Write shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model. with the electron in the 2nd excited state of
Explain how these were overcome by the hydrogen atom. The ground state energy of the
postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.

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15. Derive an expression for the frequency of radiation
emitted when a hydrogen atom de-excites from
level n to level (n – 1). Also show that for large
values of n, this frequency equals to classical
frequency of revolution of an electron.

16. (a) Write two important limitations of Rutherford 24. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for
model which could not explain the observed the total energy of the electron in the stationary
features of atomic spectra. How were these states of the hydrogen atom. Hence draw the
explained in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom? energy level diagram showing how the line spectra
(b) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression corresponding to Balmer series occur due to
for the radius of the nth orbit in hydrogen atom. transition between energy levels.

17. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for 25. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is
the total energy of the electron in the secondary −13.6 𝑒𝑉. If an electron makes a transition from an
states of the hydrogen atom. energy level −1.51 𝑒𝑉 to −3.4 𝑒𝑉 , calculate the
wavelength of the spectral line emitted and the
series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs.
18. State the basic assumption of the Rutherford
model of the atom. Explain, in brief, why this
26. Write two important limitations of Rutherford
model cannot account for the stability of an atom.
nuclear model of the atom.
19. State Bohr’s quantization condition of angular
27. Define the distance of closest approach. An 𝛼-
momentum. Calculate the shortest wavelength of
particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is bombarded on a thin
the Brackett series and state to which part of the
gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is ‘r’.
electromagnetic spectrum does it belong.
What will be the distance of closest approach for
an𝛼-particle of double the kinetic energy?
20. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by
an electron beam 12.5 eV energy. Find out the 28. The electron, in a hydrogen atom, is in its second
maximum number of lines emitted by atom from its excited state.
excited state. Calculate the wavelength of the lines in the Lyman
series that can be emitted through the permissible
transitions of this electron. [Given the value of
21. How is the stability of hydrogen atom in Bohr model Rydberg constant, R = 1.1 x 107 m-1]
explained by de-Broglie’s Hypothesis?
29. The energy level diagram of an element is given
22. (a) Draw the energy level diagram for the line below. Identify, by doing necessary calculations,
spectra representing Lyman series and Balmer which transition corresponds to the emission of a
series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm.
(b) Using the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of
hydrogen atom, calculate the largest and shortest
wavelengths of the emission lines of the Balmar
series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (Use the
value of Rydberg constant 𝑅 = 1.1 × 107 𝑚−1 .

23. (a) state Bohr’s quantization condition for defining

stationary orbits. How does de-Broglie hypothesis 30. (i) The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a
explain the stationary orbits? hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10-11 m. Calculate its radius
(b)Find the relation between the three wavelengths in n = 3 orbit.
𝜆1 , 𝜆2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆3 from the energy level diagram shown (ii) The total energy of an electron in the first
below. excited state of the hydrogen atom is −3.4 𝑒𝑉. Find
out its (a) kinetic energy and (b) Potential energy in
this state.

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31. Using Bohr's second postulate of quantization of (b) The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total
orbital angular momentum show that the energy of −1.5 𝑒𝑉. Calculate its
circumference of the electron in the orbital state in (i) kinetic energy.
hydrogen atom is n times the de-Broglie (ii) potential energy.
wavelength associated with it. (iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when this
electron makes a transition to the ground state.
32. (a) Explain Bohr's quantization condition of angular [Given: Energy in the ground state = −13.6 𝑒𝑉 and
momentum. Rydberg's constant = 1.09 × 107 𝑚−1 ]

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 13
Nuclei
➢ Questions From the relation R = R0 A1/3, where R0 is constant
and A is the mass number of the nucleus, show
that nuclear matter density is independent of A.
1. The carbon isotope 126𝐶 has a nuclear mass of
12.00000 u. Calculate the binding energy of its 8. Draw a graph showing the variation of binding
nuclues. Given 𝑚𝑝 = 1.007825 u ; 𝑚𝑛 = 1.008665 u. energy per nucleon with mass number of
different nuclei. Write any two salient features of
2. Calculate the energy released/absorbed (in MeV) the curve. How does this curve explain the release
in the nuclear reaction of energy both in the processes of nuclear fission
1 3 2 2 and fusion? OR
1 + 1𝐻 → 1𝐻 + 1𝐻
𝐻
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∶ 𝑚( 11𝐻 ) = 1.007825 𝑢 Explain the processes of nuclear fission and
𝑚( 21𝐻) = 2.014102 𝑢 nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy
𝑚( 31𝐻 ) = 3.016049 𝑢 per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
OR
3. If both the number of protons and neutrons in a Draw a plot of B.E./A versus mass number A for 2
nuclear reaction is conserved, in what way is mass < A < 170. Use this graph to explain the release of
converted into energy (or vice versa)? Explain giving energy in the process of nuclear fusion of two
one example. light nuclei.

4. (a) Differentiate between nuclear fission and 9. (a) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion. nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy
(b) Deuterium undergoes fusion as per the per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
reaction. (b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years.
2
1 H + 12 H → 32 He + 10 n + 3.27 MeV How long will it take for the activity to reduce to
Find the duration for which an electric bulb of 500 3.125%?
W can be kept glowing by the fusion of 100 g of
deuterium. 10. A heavy nucleus 𝑋 of mass number 240 and binding
energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two
5. Calculate for how many years will the fusion of 2.0 fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130.
kg deuterium keep 800 W electric lamp glowing. The binding energy Q released per fission in MeV.
Take the fusion reaction as
11. Calculate the energy in fusion reaction :
2
H + 12 H → 32 He + 10 n + 3.27 MeV 1
1
2
𝐻 + 21𝐻 → 32𝐻𝑒 + 𝑛, where BE of 21𝐻 = 2.23 𝑀𝑒𝑉
6. Show that density of nucleus is independent of its and of 32𝐻𝑒 = 7.73 𝑀𝑒𝑉.
mass number A.
12. (i) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and
7. In the study of Geiger – Marsden experiment on nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy
scattering of  -particles by a thin foil of gold, per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
draw the trajectory of  -particles in the coulomb (ii) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years.
field of target nucleus. Explain briefly how one gets How long will it take for the activity to reduce to
the information on the size of the nucleus from 3.125%?
this study.

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13. Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion. Show how in both these processes energy is 20. Calculate binding energy per nucleon of 85𝐵𝑖 209
released. Given m ( 85𝐵𝑖 209 ) = 208.980388 𝑎𝑚𝑢. Mass of
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the neutron = 1.008665 amu and mass of proton =
deuterium-tritium fusion reaction 1.007825 amu.
2 3 4
1𝐻 + 1𝐻 → 2𝐻𝑒 + 𝑛
Using the data : 21. The potential energy (V) of a pair of nucleons varies
m ( 21𝐻) = 2.014102 𝜇 with the separation (r) between them, in the
m ( 31𝐻) = 3.016049 𝜇 manner shown. Use this graph to explain why the
m ( 42𝐻𝑒) = 4.002603 𝜇 force between the nucleons must be regarded as
mn = 1.008665 𝜇 (i) strongly repulsive for separation values less than
1 amu = 931.5 MeV/c2 𝑟0
(ii) attractive nuclear force (𝑟 > 𝑟0 )
14. The radius of a spherical nucleus as measured by
electron scattering is 3.6 fm. What is the likely mass
number of the nucleus?

15. If both the number of protons and the number of

neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction like
12 12 20 4
6𝐶 + 6𝐶 → 10𝑁𝑒 + 2𝐻𝑒
In what way is mass converted into energy? Explain.

16. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential

energy between a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. Indicate the regions in which the 22. The fission properties of 239
94𝑃𝑢 are very similar to
nuclear force is (i) attractive, (ii) repulsive.
those of 23592𝑈 . The average energy released per
fission is 180 MeV. How much energy, in MeV, is
17. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding
released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure 239
94𝑃𝑢
energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two
undergo fission?
fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130.
The binding energy of two nucleons is 8.5. Calculate
23. A star converts all its hydrogen into helium
the energy Q released per fission in MeV.
achieving 100% helium composition. It then
converts helium to carbon via the reaction. 42𝐻𝑒 +
18. (a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon 4 4 12
2𝐻𝑒 + 2𝐻𝑒 → 6𝐶 + 7.27 𝑀𝑒𝑉 The mass of the
(B.E./A) as a function of mass number A. Write two
star is 5.0 × 1032 𝑘𝑔 and it generates energy at the
important conclusions that can be drawn regarding
rate of 5 × 1030 watt. How long will it take to
the nature of nuclear force.
convert all the helium to carbon at this rate?
(b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in
both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission.
24. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56
26𝐹𝑒 and
209
19. When four hydrogen nuclei combine to form a 83𝐵𝑖 in units of MeV from the following data:
helium nucleus estimate the amount of energy in m( 56 209
26𝐹𝑒) = 55.934939 u m( 83𝐵𝑖 ) = 208.980388 u
MeV released in this process of fusion (Neglect the
masses of electrons and neutrons). Given: 25. Calculate and compare the energy released by (a)
(i) Mass of 11𝐻 = 1.007825 𝑢 fusion of 1.0 kg of hydrogen deep within the Sun
(ii) Mass of Helium Nucleus = 4.002603 𝑢, 1𝑢 = and (b) the fission of 1.0 𝑘𝑔 of 235𝑈 in a fission
931 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2 reactor.

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 Sure Shot Questions 2025
Chapter – 14
Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and
Simple Circuits
➢ Questions

1. How does the energy gap of an intrinsic

semiconductor effectively change when doped with
a (a) trivaient impurity, and (b) pentavaient impurity?
Justify your answer in each case.

2. Explain the following, giving reasons : 8. Give two difference between a half wave
(a) A doped semiconductor is electrically neutral. rectifier and a full wave rectifier.
(b) In a p-n junction under equilibrium, there is no
net current. 9. Write any two distinguishing features between
(c) In a diode, the reverse current is practically not conductors, semiconductors and insulators on the
dependent on the applied voltage. basis of energy band diagrams.

3. What is meant by energy band gap in a solid?

10. Answer the following, giving reason :
Draw the energy band diagrams for a conductor, an
(a) The resistance of a p-n junction is low when it is
insulator and a semiconductor.
forward biased and is high when it is reversed biased.
(b) Doping of intrinsic semiconductors is necessity for
4. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator
making electronic devices.
on the basis of energy band diagrams.
11. Write the two processes that take place in the
5. Explain the term 'depletion layer' and formation of a p-n junction. Explain with the help of a
‘potential barrier’in a p-n junction diode. How are the diagram, the formation of depletion region and
(a) width of depletion layer, and (b) value of potential barrier potential in a p-n junction.
barrier affected when the p-n junction is forward OR
biased? Explain with the help of the diagram the formation of
depletion region and barrier potential in a p-n
6. Draw V-l characteristics of a p-n junction junction
diode. Explain, why the current under reverse bias is OR
almost independent of the applied voltage up to the Write briefly the important processes that occur
critical voltage. during the formation of p-n junction. With the help of
necessary diagrams, explain the term barrier
7. The V-l characteristic of a silicon diode is as potential.
shown in the figure. Calculate the resistance of the
diode at (i)/= 15 mA and (ii) V=-10V 12. Draw V – I characteristics of a p-n junction
diode.
Answer the following giving reasons:
(a) Why is the reverse bias current almost
independent of applied voltage up to breakdown
voltage?

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(b) Why does the reverse current show a sudden (i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost
increase at breakdown voltage? independent of the applied potential upto a
critical voltage?
13. State briefly the processes involved in the (ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden
formation of p-n junction explaining clearly how the increase at the critical voltage?
depletion region is formed. Name any semiconductor device which operates
OR under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
Explain with the help of diagram, how a depletion
layer and barrier potential are formed in a junction 20. What happens to the width of depletion
diode. layer of a p-n junction when it is (i) forward
biased, (ii) reverse biased?
14. Explain briefly with the help of necessary
diagrams, the forward and the reverse biasing of a p- 21. How is forward biasing different from
n junction diode. Also draw their characteristic curves reverse biasing is a p-n junction diode?
in the two cases.
OR 22. Name the junction diode whose I-V
Using the necessary circuit diagrams, show how the characteristics are drawn below:
V-I characteristics of a p-n junction are obtained in
(i) Forward biasing
(ii) Reverse biasing.

OR
Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V-l 23. Write any two distinguishing features
characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward between conductors, semiconductors and
and (ii) reverse bias. Briefly explain how the typical V- insulators on the basis of energy band diagrams.
l characteristics of a diode are obtained and draw
these characteristics.
15. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave 24. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram,
rectifier and explain its working. the working of a p-n junction diode as a half-wave
rectifier.
16. Explain briefly with the help of necessary
diagrams, the forward and the reverse biasing of 25. Assuming that the two diodes D1 and D2
a p-n junction diode. Also draw their used in the electric circuit shown in the figure are
characteristic curves in the two cases. ideal, find out the value of the current flowing
through 2.5 𝛺 resistor.
17. (a) Three photo diodes 𝐷1 , 𝐷2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷3 are
made of semiconductors having band gaps of 2.5
eV, 2eV and 3 eV respectively. Which of them will
not be able to detect light of wavelength 600 nm?
(b) Why photodiodes are required to operate in
reverse bias? Explain.
26. Explain the two processes involved in the
18. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave formation of a p-n junction diode. Hence define
rectifier. Explain its working principle. Show the the term ‘barrier potential’.
input waveforms gives to the diodes 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷2
and the corresponding output waveforms 27. (i) Explain with the help of a diagram the
obtained at the load connected to the circuit. formation of depletion region and barrier
potential in a p-n junction.
19. Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction (ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave
diode. Answer the following questions, giving rectifier and explain its working.
reasons:
28. (a) Distinguish between an intrinsic
semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor. Give

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reasons why a p-type semiconductor is electrically
neutral, although nh >> ne 32. Assuming that the two diodes 𝐷1 and 𝐷2
(b) Explain, how the heavy doping of both p-n used in the electric circuit shown in the figure are
junction diode results in the electric field of the ideal, find out the value of the current flowing
junction being extremely high even with a reverse through 1 Ω. resistor.
bias voltage of a few volts.

29. A semiconductor has equal electron and

hole concentration of 6 x 108 / m3. On doping with
certain impurity, electron concentration increases
to 9 x 1012 / m3
(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained
after doping.
(ii) Calculate new hole concentration.
33. In the following diagram, is the junction
diode forward biased or reverse biased?
30. Answer the following, giving reason :
(a) The resistance of a p-n junction is low when it
is forward. biased and is high when it is reversed
biased.
(b) Doping of intrinsic semiconductors is a 34. Pure silicon at 300 K has equal electron and
necessity for making electronic devices. hole concentrations of 1.5 1016 𝑚−3. Doping by
indium increases the hole concentration to
31. Explain the term 'depletion layer' and 4.5 × 1022 𝑚−3. Calculate the new electron
'potential barrier' in a p-n junction diode. How are concentration in the doped silicon.
the (a) width of depletion layer, and (b) value of
potential barrier affected when the p-n junction is
forward biased?

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