The Forestry

******PYQs --> 1-2 +>50%

HR questions
Forest issues
Def
Forest fire
Animal conflict
Pollution
Climate change
International
UNFCCC - Kyoto protocol - Montreal
Paris climate
INDC
Panchamrit
By 2070 - India will achieve the target of Net Zero.
500 GW - renewable capcity by 2030
50% of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now
onwards till 2030.
Emission intensity - per unit GDP reduce --> amount of emission released
reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by 45%
ISA
National
NAPCC
SAPCC
Sectors
Thermal
Tranport
Agri
Organic - emission reduce nitrogen and methane
Infra
Now renewable - 34% +
etc
Species found
 ilovepdf_merged-1_waterm… 972 kB

Definition of forest
NO statutory definition of forests --> The definition has a direct impact on forest and biodiversity
conservation, implementation of tribal rights, land acquisition and land diversion for non-forest
use.
Generally
“notified forests and those with good canopy [tree cover] is forest”
As per FSI, forest is defined as all lands “which have a tree canopy density of more
than 10 per cent
1996 with the Supreme Court- Godavarman case --> for “continuing mandamus” (for
conservation)
“dictionary meaning” ( without elaborating what this meaning was) -->
A forest is a large area of land that's covered in trees
environmental activists supported not having a forest definition

MH- What kind of forests as per champion classifications.

6
Where else do you see Tropical evergreen forests?
Western ghats and NE
Name some species in each forest
Evergreen - (JBNM)
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Banayan
Jamun
Mango (Mangifera indica)
 Deciduous -
Neem - Azad
Teak - Tecto
Tendu - Diospyros melaxamine -
Sal - Shorea robusta
Peepal - Ficus religiosa
Banayan - Ficus benghalensis
Sandalwood
Bamboo,
Shisham - Dalbergia sissoo
Kusum,
Khair - Acacia catechu
Thorn - NAP
Neem
Acacia species
Prosopis spp
Swamps -
mangroves
Hot desert -
Cactus
Cold desert -
Hardwick binata
Deodar
Silver fir
Salix alba
Seabuck throne
Agro forestry in Thane, Solapur etc
Tamarind
Mango
Neem (NAP)
Propoisis
Acacia

Fauna
In general
Big
Elephant
Bear
Rhinocorus
 Hippopotamun
Carni
Tiger
Leopard
Fox
Wild boar
Wild dogs
Herbi
Porcupine
Deer
Bison
Gaur
Rabbits
Herbs
Shatavari
Chlorophytum borivilianum - Safed Musli
Kali musli
Shrub
Lemon
Rose
Orange
Medicinal plants
Avla
Tulsi
Neem
Turmeric
Peepal
Birds
Common in urban
Indian peafowl - peacock
Crow
Common myna
Forest owlet
Bulbul
Sparrow
Parrot
Dove
Woodpecker
Eagle
 Kite
Specific
Hornbill
Purple sunbird
Flamingo
Great flying bustard
Wetland
Flamingo
Painted stork
Crane
Kingfisher
Reptiles
Snakes
Crocodiles
Monitor lizard
Western ghats
Nilgiri Tahr,
Lion-tailed Macaque and
Nilgiri Langur.
Kondana rat
Forest owlet
NE
Namdapha Flying Squirrel
Clouded Leopard
Rhino

2020

Talk to DFO
Gadchiroli -
Type of forest
Dry Decidous - teak dominated - arjun ; bamboo ;
Flora - esp unique
Teak dominant
Khair
Seesham
Bamboo
 ...
MH unique
Great indian bustard - warora ; chandrapur
Fauna
Vultures
Wild Buffalo - CH - Telangana - Sioncha
Kolamarka conservation reserve
Sambhar
Deer
Elephant - from CH - strong memories (historical corridors)
Wolf
wild dog
jackal
State animal - shekru
Why less
Apex predator - naxal killed - to reduce threat in forest
Tribal festival - fauna reduced - whole villages goes on hunting
Unique - MH
Rann amba - Western ghats
Challenges
Forestry
Naxalism - interior areas
FRA
35,000 - claims
Fresh should not be given
Balance - betn livelhood and protection --> Now some set limit
Satellite image
How to ensure
Fraud
Committee - gram - subdivion- district level - divisional commisior
(CF member (if rejected / - in PESA region)
After scrutiny - Patwari records
Google earth - satellite image
Genuine - but not certificate
Elderly - if written statement

PESA Act
Features
Gram panchyat rights
 NOC - for mining, land acq, forest diversion
MFP - bamboo - ownership to local tribals
Jungle manage, harvest, sell
minor minerals
water body
Group D - forest guard - from local ppl - 70% locals
Changes
....
Fire
Reason
Mahua (flower) -
Clear patch --> collect flower
Tendu (leafes) --> cleared -
New leavs are better if burnt
Naxalism - for security - for movement
Dry areas - bidi -
Plan
Fire lines - compartments - 15-20 sq hac area
Monitoring
Fire watchers - at every beat
Fire blower - alert -
FSI alerts - GPS - twice a day --> division no registered
Not give incentive --> if burnt area
MFT
Mahua
Tendu
Wildlife conflict
20 ppl died in 2-3 years - tiger - leopard attack
Way ahead
Primary response team - awareness - loudspeaker - group - timings
- compensation (8 lakh)

Wild life mgmt

Ethanabotany - one mandal - commmittee
Gondwana medicine - mahua sherbat ; mahua laddoo
No restriction on storage
Economic
Skill dept
Bamboo products - basket ; name plate; furniture
Tribal devpt
MFP - collection - sustainable harvesting
RURBAN mmission
backyard poultry - daikry
New initiatives
Helpline no
Shyama prasad mukheerji - Van dhan yojana - most fringe areas
Gas - fuel depedence
street light - animal man conflict
solar fencing - wild animal wont come
50 cr plantation
bamboo plantation - social forestry
Devrai
Religous
Peepal
Urban forestry - generally done which grows fast
Depends on site
Peepal
Baniyan
Jamun
Lemon
Mango
Bamboo
Umber
JFM
Gadchiroli - Gram sabha + PESA -->
Park develop
Ecotourism
Employment generation
Training
Why
Person power
Reach - remoteness
Knowledge
Direct benificairies - food; fuel;fodder; temp; air ;
Part in succcess and failure -
Challenges
Friction betn people vs forest
Not participate
 Influential tribal -
Corruption - forest officials
One time fund - sustainable project - not much maintain record
Way ahead
Trust
Problem --> from bottom to top
Sustainable forest - resources --> train
Livelihood improvement
Maintain record
How to increase
In urban areas
Sapling distribute during bday - girl child - expire -
Animal adoption

General
Why IFS?
what made you turn to forest services?
Lived in concrete jungle - Always felt happy when in nature.
Wildlife conservation and tribal welfare
Why such cadre pref?
Discussed with senior and my friends - in IFoS - based on opportunity to serve and
challenging life
Hence KN, Odisha, UK, etc
Why Sikkim
Beautiful state to live - atmp - scenic beauty - lots of opportunities
What would you prefer between civil services and Forest Service?Are you also appearing for
civil services interview?
IAS
IPS
IFS vs IRTS
U must be a very happy person... Got 3 selections in 3 years... How do you feel about it?

Why coming from railways to forests?

Happy
Tribals and other communities - more direct impact
What are the reasons for such preference ?
Impact at grass root level
Work at society level
Why students dont want to pursue career in research and just join govt services?
Beg to differ - there is perception at time...my friend IISc...
Why an officer of IRTS / CIVIL engg background should be selected instead of forestry student
Civil kept as one of the optional says --> Dept want officers from these disciplines
Knowledge of civil engg helpful
Water shed
check dams
Road, bridges
Okay tell us the question and answer it yourself.
Okay shubham, tell us a small joke.
....
Challenges in IFS
Depends on state cadre
In general
Increasing forest despite increase in population pressure
Man-animal conflict
New issue like climate change, disasters, water stress
Hierarchy in IFS
ACF, DFO, CF, CCF, PCCF
Do you want to tell us anything about you that we don't know -future plans, govt policy ,
hobbies anything
Interacting with people
Goal of life
Bring change in max lives of ppl
General
What's d diff between Management and administration
Admn - related to govt
managment - is skill --> needed for workforce, funds is done.
What is development
Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition
of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
Have u faced corruption
Once in 11th std - traffic - called father - scolded --> and told pe to pay full cahllan
500Rs
Personal
Forests travelled
Tadoba
Nagzira
Have seen Sanjay Gandhi NP?
 No sir.
Wildlife seen
Tiger, Bison, Leopard, Deer, Bear, Fox, elephant, crocodile, snakes
Species love and what can we learn
Duck
Calm on top
But constantly paddling and working hard on bottom
Elephant
Calm but destructive
Tiger

Lion
Have you seen particular plant?
e.g. Have you seen anogiessus
?????
Have you been to any forest in your city?
Tadoba - 2 times
What is your perception of forest?
Needed to stabilise climate change and Livelihood
How is forest management done?
Technique
Silviculture
Workforce and funds
Ppl participation

Is the system same for all kinds of forests?

No...
Is there any tribe in your city? Have you interacted with them?
Madia- Gond
Yes - multiple times
Way of living of Gond?
House
Mud
Tatched roof using bamboo and other material
Compound made of branches - poultry grown
Appearance
Piercing
Tatto
Hairstyle
 Sari
Livelihood
Forest dept
Agri
Polutry
Festivals
...
How do they earn their livelihood?
...
Naxalite/Veerapan vs IFS
IFS ensure growth of forest and wildlife + Tribal dept and basic infra
Have you seen the silvicultural system for growing tendu leaves?
....
Have you seen a Paddy Field? How does it look? When is sowing and harvesting done?
Nursary
15 days after
June mid or end
End of sept - harvest
Have you interacted with Forest Department?
No
Given choice which part of natural india would u like to visit
Visit NE
Which natural places you have visited
Tadoba
Zoo in pune
As DFO
Naxalism
how as a DFO you would reduce the hold of maoists over tribals?
Trust of tribals - Winning heart and mind
Going to their home, eating, meeting
Provisions of FRA
Livelihood
Infra devpt help
As DFO of your district , 3 primary objectives
Tribal devpt
Increase forest cover
Wildlife mgmt
Job of DFO.
...
 How will u manage forest as forester
Study topography, species, challenges, WP, etc
How will u use development administration in forests
????
If a sudden earthquake in your division then what would you do? Do you think apart from
Police and Revenue administration the Forest need to be concerned ?
Death minimal
Damage to infra - road, power lines
Trigger landslide or avalanche - evacuate
How will you conserve forest
Difference between protection and conservation?
????
Will you exploit timber from the forest?
Not say exploit - but earning - in sustainable manner and not indiscriminate cutting
Beneficial for
Govt
Industries and constn sector
Mining
what will you do when Environment and Social Impact Assessment allow for mining
?
Balance- betn enviro and devpt
Ensure that plan proposed is adhered -
constant monitoring and accountability
So, how ecological value and economic value are factored? Will you give clearance as
a DFO?
???
Chandrapur is a classic complicated case of forests-tribals-mining complex issue.
What do you think?
Tribal say - " will not help us"
Need to be main bhagidaar
Mining
need - for atmanirbharta and devpt and strategic security
Follow EIA and SIA
Forest - lungs - accountable to govt of India and World
Increase afforest - plant as per age of forest
We can plant tress but not forest
Gadchiroli
Gad-Gondia-Chandra is famous for mining. Have you visited any mine? Is it open cast or
underground?
 Limestone mine during Ultratech Cement factory visit
Coal seen from distance
Quotes
There is a concept of Think Locally and Act Globally, Think Globally and Act Locally, Think
Locally and Think Globally, Act Globally and Act Locally, which of the following do you
think is best? And the reason?
All needed as per situation
Think Locally and Act Globally,
Climate disaster locally - but action needs to be global e.g. cyclone
increasing / heat wave in canada
Think Globally and Act Locally
COVID action plan now
5 stage unlock plan

Differences in Kasturirangan and Gadgil’s report on the demarcation of ESA in the Western
Ghats region.
67% vs 37%
Kasturi - top to botton
Gadgil
Western ghat ecological board
Is Kasturirangan’s report a diluted version of Gadgil report?

What is the current status of the implementation of the committee recommendations?

Still yet to be implemented

Civil - IRTS- Forest

Civil engg
Civil eng application in forests?
How you used urs civil skill in
Watershed mgmt and hydrology
Surveying
Road construction
etc....
Civil eng use in water retaining structures
Dam
Link
Development with forest

Railway with forest

 CPWD with forest

Social security with ecological security

Basic social needs like house and travel + enviro protection
EIA
What are EIA and SIA?
tool of evaluating the likely environmental impacts due to a proposed project
Give suggessions to adress dvpt vs env issue
EIA + ensure that impact is minimal and net gains are high.
Balance b/w dvpt & env in india - if no then which region of india balanced both

Western ghats-illegal felling of trees-what is your opinion on development vs

conservation?
illegal ...
Drought
Step to mitigate drought
RESPONSE
distribution of safe drinking water
medicine for victims
availability of water, fodder
shifting people, livestock
Public Distribution System
Prevention
agro climactic cropping pattern
check dams
expansion of irrigation facility
Micro irrigation
rainwater harvesting
judicious use of GW - Community Awareness
Land degradation neutrality
Same as above...
Drought toolbox
....
UNCCD delhi meet - action
....
Cyclone
...
Pollution - air, soil, water etc
 Pollution is a big problem. How can CPCB and SPCBs coordinate better?
CPCB - best practices and monitoring
SPCB - implement
How to monitor
NAQI - at various locations esp near industries
monitoring of air quality
What are some pollution issues in urban areas? 9. How can you handle the industrial
pollution?
Upgrading emission equipments
Monitoring
Strict action
How do forests help in improving the quality of water?
Filtration of water - remove pollutants
What about the environmental impact of firecrackers?
release of PM2.5, 10, SO2 No2
Questions on chemistry very basic- what is CO2 CO3 and CO, why CO is harmful-
explained it, supplementary question on haemoglobin, where it is found
....
Population
How can we manage balance between Human population and Ecosystem?
Responsible consumption and production - 5R - reduce pressure
Cement
Development due to cement industry can be there but its problems are also many.
2% of total emission of CO2 + PM2.5, PM 10 etc
Way ahead
emission equipments
Monitoring
Strict action
Mining
Why do mining, deforestation, quarrying take place? Is it a governance deficit?
No...
Can’t we use technology to stop this quarrying? How can we do so?
Underground minings
Need
Feasible
safety issues
Advanced tech and personpower
Solve silicosis by forestry. which species you wil plant in ur area
 Environment vs Mining debate.
...
Should mining be allowed in forest.
Case to case basis
How open cast mining impact forest? How can we overcome the challenges?
Deforest
Pollution - photosynthesis
What is the Importance of zinc in general and it's extraction and mines in India?
...
Coal mining vs Forest conservation in the back ground of our energy needs
...
Hydel
What is the hydel power potential of India and how much is being utilised ? 5. Large hydel
projects or many small hydel projects to meet energy needs .
145GW
Railway
animal train collisions
Use of forest material / animal in Civil engg / Railways
e.g. bamboo
Water resource
How to conserve water resources in field? You can also add micro irrigation technologies
like drip and sprinkler for water conservation

What is a watershed?
area from which water sources drain into a single river or a ridge
So it has a single water drain channel? How will you manage watershed? Are trees
capable of ground water recharge?
Surface + sub-surface flow --> trickle down
How will u check water table declining. 5. Any government scheme regarding that.
Atal bhoojal yojana
Why farmers are not opting for micro irrigation. What u will do
Cost of install
WWID
Awarenss campaing
Success stories
Schemes - subsidies
Why ground water is getting depleted despite having so much water on our planet?
Heavy usage of groundwater + water evaporation of surface water + runoff high - directly
into sea
 Why is ganga still dirty?
Pollution created vs
Natural capacity of cleaning + human-made efforts --> less
Most polluted stretch in ganga?
...
Ground water contamination problem in india. Is it a good option to use ground water as
primary source in agriculture?
No...
Land
Tell me about land pooling

Soil
Soil colloidal properties
Flocculant
dispersion
Independent
Honeycomb
5.types of soils
Gravel
sand
silt clay
General
what are buttress?
...

State
MH forest cover? Types of protected areas 5.Names of national parks
The state's forests, spread over 50,798 sq km - 16.5 % of Gross area
total carbon stock of 452 million tons,
TL
20,000 sq km - 18.5%
ISFR
Actual geographical area of forest cover in MH, not in percentage terms.
.....
How many national parks are there in your State?
NPs, WS, Biospheres etc in MH
...
Name them. Tell me the specialities of these national parks. Do you know any Marine
national park.
 ...

Which types of forest does Maharashtra have??

Evergreen
Semi-evergreen
Deciduous
Swamps
What are the types of deciduous forest?

Where they are present?

What is dominant species of dry deciduous?

Teak
Bamboo, Sal, Shisham, Sandalwood, Kusum, Khair
District
What are some neighbouring districts?

5. What trees are found in

Thane
Swamps
Semi - evergreen
Gadchiroli?
Deciduous
...
Forest near your college
....
Do you mean these developments occurred due to it was made a district?(interrupted in
my ans and started a question)
..
What are environmental and forest related problems in Maharashtra?
Aarey colony vs Pench flyover
Environment vs Development- what kind of problems ?
How soil conservation important for drought prone areas?
...
Mumbai floods- reasons? What govt has done?
...
XYZ zoo was in news some time back ? Why?
...
Botanical gardens etc
 collection of living plants designed chiefly to illustrate relationships within plant groups.
Altitude mix latitude
...
Special areas
Marshes - swamps
..
Sand dune stabilisation technique
...
Chambal Ravines
....
Tribes in MH
Specific Problems
Health - malnutrition, malaria
...
Govt works
..
Way ahead
..
JFM
Do you know about JFM? (Joint Forest Management)
protection of forests from the cumulative efforts and joint participation of local
communities and government if India in protecting and managing degraded forests.
How much it is successful in your state?...What should be criterias to assess success?

Issue
Top down approach - not taken in decision making --> not much trust
Tell me about JFM in India

What were the challenges in JFM

Despite of being successful preservation of forest over 100 years suddenly why it is
required to have community involvement?

What is people’s participation in forest management?

Is Joint forest management only method of people’s participation principle behind it?

use of it for forester and forest dwellers?

 Succesful models

Cotton
Why farmer distress at vidarbha?
Cotton --> cash crop --> gamble --> either win big or lose everything --> not even food
(like marathwada pulses/millets or UP --> food grains)
Lot of area no more suitable
Erratic weather - small rainfall destroys
Pink ballworm evolving - need more pesticides
Pesti deaths
Issues with cotton?
....
Have you heard about Lonar Lake? Q. Where is it? Q.What is the geological significance of it?
notified National Geo-heritage Monument, saline, soda lake, located at Lonar in Buldhana
created by a meteorite collision impact during the Pleistocene Epoch.
Forest and wildlife resources of MH
...
Have u visited any national park? Uniqueness of it.
Tadoba - dont know uniqueness
Forest in marathwada area
Southern Tropical Thorn forests
Mangroves in detail. With species.
Hereteria specie
Imp role played by Sanjay Gandhi national park.
Presence of Kanheri caves which represent a rare fragment of Buddhist history.
Houses over 1,000 plant species, 251 species of migratory, land, and water birds
Provides much needed oxygen.
Special flora and fauna of MH
...
What projects are being taken up by India for climate change? By Maharashtra?
India
NAPCC
INDC
Afforestation
Vehicles
Industries
MH
SAPCCs - . agriculture, water, health, forests, rural development, urban development,
disaster management
 Electric Vehicles Policy, Aarey forest
Any thing by Maharashtra for forest conservation?

According to you which national park is better managed in your state?....What should be
parameters to assess management of national parks?
...
Any highlighting issue in MH
AVNI
Is timber smuggling happening

Tadoba
...
Nagzira
...
Sanjay Gandhi
...
Western Ghats
Endemic flora, fauna of western Ghats
Nilgiri tahr
Lion-tailed macaque
Pygmy Hog
Problems
Deforestation
Trees there

Biodiversity

Tell me a few tree species found in Western ghats? 6. Will you exploit timber from the
forest?
7. Do you know people doing commercial plantations? Where do they use Melia dubia
timber?
No
Navegoan bandh
Problems.
Trees there
biodiversity
Recent initiatives of Maharashtra government in Forest Management
like Green Army and Forest helpline.
What is van mahotsava?
Laws - Policy - International conventions - Bodies
Laws -
How British model of Forest Administration different from Current Model ? Which Act
recognise forest Rights? Why did it take so long after independence..
Isolation vs JFM
Commercialisation only vs Protection - sustainable commercialisation
What are provisions of indian forest mgt.bill, 2017
Bamboo was removed from defn of tree which is outside forest areas - for commercial use
FRA
provisions
...
Tell me about the Salient features of forest rights act. Q. Tell me some more features.
...
CRZ guidelines
What is CRZ?
CRZ Rules in India regulate industrial activity along with human activity near the
coast for the conservation of ecosystems near the coast.
Have the restrictions been eased?

What are various acts for environmental conservation?

....
Biodiversity act 2002
What is the Purpose of biodiversity act 2002?
....
5. What steps have govt taken to conserve biodiversity?
...
Forest conservation act 1980
..
Indian Forest Act, 1927. Issues
..
Which are the forest acts governing the forest areas?
....
National bodies
WCCB
...
National wildlife board
...
 Nat Zoo Auth etc
...
Policy -
Forest
Forest policy 1988,
Few more technical questions on forestry
GI tag
Forest products with GI. Tell some beneficts that accrued to nilamber teak n
sandalwood after GI tag
Nilambur teak - Kerela
Do you know about GI?
...
Who issues GI in India?
The Geographical Indication Registry under the DIPPIT - Department of Industry
Promotion and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
At global level who is responsible? Other IPRs?
....
NP
What is the Difference in NP and WS?

Bharatpur Keoladeo national park

...
Tell me about it? Why Siberian crane are not coming there now?
...
WS

TR
Tell me about core, buffer & transition zones.

etc
difference between Reserve and protected forest?
...
NAPCC
..
Single use plastic

International conventions -
Tell me INDC targets
India’s greenhouse gas emission intensity of its GDP will be reduced by 33-35 % below
 2005 levels by 2030.
40 % of India’s power capacity would be based on non-fossil fuel sources by 2030
India will create an additional ‘carbon sink’ of 2.5 to 3 billion tons of Co2 equivalent
through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.
CO2 equivalent of 26.5 billion tonnes
Bonn
Bonn challenge and revised targets of India
Bonn Challenge is a global effort to bring 150 million hectares of deforested and
degraded land into restoration by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030.
India also joined the voluntary Bonn Challenge pledge to bring into restoration
13 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by the year 2020, and
additional 8 million hectares by 2030
Measures to reach the Bonn challenge?
Afforestation
Organic farming - reduce land degradation
Watershed mgmt
Montreal and Kigali agreement
Montreal Protocol is related to the regulation of ozone-depleting substances - gives
different timetables for developing and developed countries - equal but
differentiated responsibilities.
CFC, HFC, HCFCs
Kigali
agreement aims to phase down HFCs by reducing its manufacture and
consumption (they were replacement of HCFCs and CFCs)
What is the Current Status of ozone layer depletion?
Recovering
CBD, Earth summit and subsequent actions

Ramasar
Ramsar convention? Number of ramsar sites in India? Name two sites. Largest fresh
water lake in India?
Nandur Madhameshwar
Lonar
Tsomoriri
Chilka
Kolleru
Deeper bol
Minamata
international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from
 anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
POP

etc
Bodies
IUCN
What is the IUCN Status of Great Indian busturd 5. Why they are in endanger
category?
CE
Zoological survey.
...
Famous ppl
Greta
Disha Ravi
Baguna
Pawan Sukhdev - TEEB

International
Why Bhutan is a net carbon-negative emission country?
...

General / CA
Why is Amazon Forest considered as the lungs of Earth? Q5.What were the reasons for
Amazon Forest fire?
Amazon rainforest is the most biodiverse region on earth, providing shelter to three million
species on plants and animals
because its vast forests release oxygen and store carbon dioxide
Why we have not seen a Green revolution in Forestry?
...

Forest
Tell me about forest classification.
Q2.Share of these forest in total forest cover.
Q3.What are the features of tropical rain forest?
Very wet with over 2,000 mm of rainfall per year.
Very warm with an average daily temperature of 28°C. The temperature never drops
below 20°C and rarely exceeds 35°C.
The atmosphere is hot and humid .
The climate is consistent all year round.
 What is the difference between oriental and western forests? 4. Tell us about tropical rain
forest?
...
What is an ecosystem?
What is an ecosystem?
2. If I write with my pen, biotic and abiotic factors are interacting, is it an ecosystem?
3. What happens in an ecosystem?
4. What are the ecosystem services in agricultural land?
What are the ecosystem services provided by Forest
How would you explain to a layman about forest resources of Odisha
Grassland its animals- ostrich and emu,
name some animals of desert ecosystem
Forest mgmt
what is sustainable forest managment - how would you ensure sustainability without
compromising the forest stock - what is normal growing stock
What u will do to incerase the productivity of forest.
if I have a plantation how do I improve the productivity?
With respect to forest management around the world, how far is India regarding forest
management in regards to climate change and scientific management of forests.
three techniques for forest conservation?
Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees:
Control over Forest Fire:
Reforestation and Afforestation:
Effect of deforestation?
...
What is forest habitat
Role of women in forest management
Bishnoi community led by women Amrita Devi
Primarily women who are the major gatherers of a wide range of Non
Timber forestproducts (NTFP) for subsistence and as a source of income
Despite of increase in pressure and population why is forest cover increasing?
....
Urban forestry
if you have to do urban forestry then what steps you will take?
...
Social forestry
What is Social Forestry 3. You know there are some states where they give free power. Is
it a good idea and why ?
...
 Extension service
what do you do to improve extension service in forest? How would you communicate to
people? What action do you take to make an impact on first instance?

Swamp, estuary
what is estuary
Tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.
What type of forest do you find in estuary
...
Aquaponics
Aquaponics
Country with aquaponics
Working plan
M3: What are the documents which a forest officer follows for management of forest and
wildlife? Is working plan used for wildlife management? What are the factors to consider
before making the working plan? How working circles is divided?
Taungya
taungya and jhuming and difference between them

Enviro
Climate change
Way ahead
India has asked to enhance the climate finance to $1 trillion + Tech transfer
What is climate change? Is it real or hype?
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
What projects are being taken up by India for climate change?
NAPCC
INDC
...
Various adaptation and mitigation steps for climate change?
Infra
CDRI
Agri -
climate smart agri - reasearch
Habitat
NAPCC
encraochment less - geospatial less

What are the major agreements regarding climate change and what is the one body that
 coordinates these ?
Kyoto protocol
Paris agreement
UNFCCC -
What are the agreements objectives and what are the present achievements
UNFCCC
Do you think USA keeps changing it's policy regarding climate change?
...
Is there any empirical data to prove that climate change is occuring?
IPCC reports
What do you think, the impact of Climate change on India particularly forest and soil?
...
Soil erosion is there but what about dry region?
...
What will be the impact on the himalaya?
Melting and less snowfall
Tell me the regions most affected by the CC
Hot spots - Tibetian, himalaya
Tibetian, Hindukush studies
...
COPs
...
UNFCCC
...
Biodiversity
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the biological variety and variability of life on Earth
What are it's various components?
ecosystem, species and genetic diversity
Which one do you think is most important? Why?
...
Which bodies are working for biodiversity at different levels?

At which level do people contribute?

Biodiversity sites vs Heritage sites. Some examples

What do they gain out of it?

What is Biodiversity? Is there any law or structure related to it Nationally and
Internationally?
CBD - INTL
BD Act 2002
Tell us about Cartagena Protocol?
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a legally binding global protocol that seeks to
contribute to ensuring the safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs
4. What are living modified organisms?

How is Genetic modification done?

What is species diversity? 8. What is ecosystem diversity? 9. What are the areas having
large ecosystem diversity- globally and in India? 10. What is habitat diversity?

What are the conservation method

Hotspot
What is Hotspot?
Biodiversity hotspots are defined as regions “where exceptional concentrations of
endemic species are undergoing an exceptional loss of habitat”.

Q. Why they are known as hotspot?

Biodiversity hotspots are important for a balanced ecosystem. Biodiversity
underpins all life on Earth. Without species, there would be no air to breathe, no
food to eat, no water to drink. There would be no human society at all. The entire
ecological life support relies upon the co-existence of living and natural resources.
Q. Which are hotspots in India?
36 Biodiversity hotspots in the world, of which four are located in regions of India.
How many in India
4
The Himalayas
Indo-Burma Region
The Western Ghats
Sundaland
Hope spot vs cold spot vs hotspot
A hope spot is an area of an ocean that needs special protection because of its wildlife
and significant underwater habitats
considered extremely rich in marine biodiversity, are the first places in India to have
been added in the list of 50 global 'hope spots'
 Andaman - Lakshdweep have been added
Sustainable energy
Geo thermal
What is India's Geo thermal potential?
....
Solar
What is solar potential of India? 3. Why India has large solar energy potential?
750 GW
Unit cost of all

Bioethnaol
Methanol
etc
Lake
What is Eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the process by which an entire body of water, or parts of it, becomes
progressively enriched with minerals and nutrients
What nutrients cause Eutrophication?
primarily nitrogen and phosphorus
2. What are the types of Lakes? 3. What are the different layers in a lake ecosystem?
...
do lakes come under forest
No
lakes under the rural devpt and panchayat raj dept.
4. Which stage of succession in a lake has the highest biodiversity?
Why does elephant give 1-2 progeny, but mosquitos give million? Give the
evolutionary basis, not genetic basis. 6. What are r and K selected species? Will you
find r-selected or K-selected species in stable ecosystems?
Wetland
What is wetland?
A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or
seasonally.
Effect of climate change on wetlands
Evaporation
Less water inflow from rivers
Eco-sensitive zones?
Eco-Sensitive Zones or Ecologically Fragile Areas are areas within 10 kms around Protected
Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
Coral reefs
 What are corals?
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs
are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate
What is coral bleaching?
Happens when corals lose their vibrant colors and turn white
Mangroves species
Benefits of Mangroves
Storm barriers
Water quality
Absorbs water during heavy rains
Many commercial fish
Tell me something about mangroves in Mumbai? Are they increasing or decreasing? Any
problems with mangroves?
Vasai creek, Thane creek
Decreasing
But construction has blocked their lifeblood — salt water
Their aerial roots poke through dry, caked mud instead of brackish water
Mangrove species and where do they grow
On coasts - latitude - salinity
Few characteristics of Mangroves
...
What are mangroves? It's extent in India?
West to east
How to improve
involvement of locals in mangrove conservation, eco-tourism
Bamboo
What is bamboo?
Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants in the subfamily
Bambusoideae of the grass family
Can we use it as timber?
Bamboo can be used as valuable and superior alternate for wood composite
manufactured, such as for pulp and paper, stripboards, mat boards, veneer, plywood,
particleboard and fibre board.
How many bamboo species are found in the world?
More than 1000
What's the area under bamboo in India
The total bamboo bearing area of the country is estimated to be 15 million hectare.
Madhya Pradesh has maximum bamboo bearing area of 2 m. ha followed by Maharastra
(1.5 m ha)
 What's the definition of scrub forest
General term for vegetation dominated by shrubs, i.e. low, woody plants
Sacred groves
What is Devrai?
Groves of trees and have special religious importance within a particular culture
Ex situ and in situ conservation
what's role of botanical garden and man made forests

NPs, WS, Biospheres

Features of national parks

Zoo
What are the challenges faced by zoos today?
As DFO

...

Tribals
Why are tribes marginalized?
Many times - deliberate practice of eyes on and hands off - not much interfereance
Also
economic - Poverty is both a consequence and a cause of being marginalised.
Not part of mainstream economy
At times admn neglected devpt in this part - due to reason like corruption and lack of
acountability.
socially and culturally - different from mainstream
How can you help them?
As DFO
Economic - education
As citizen
...
As IRTS
Economic - education
As civil engg
Economic - education
Do you know the language of few tribals?
Dont know Gondi
How to preserve them?
Record script - documentation -
 Promote in local schools - teaching at primary levels
Do you know any project to preserve and conserve languages?
'Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages of India' (SPEEL) is being
implemented by Mysore-based Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL).
spoken by less than 10,000 people."
UGC has a scheme for 'Establishment of Centres for Endangered Languages' under which
centres were approved in respect of nine Central universities.
Forest Conservation act prohibits using forest land for non forestry purpose. Can you build
infrastructure inside forest for tribals?

Tribal knowledge about forests

Ethanobotany - Kaani tribe - Jeevani
Medicinal plants name any five.How can tribals help in this area?
....
What is Ethnobotonist ?
study of how people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous (native)
plants. Plants provide food, medicine, shelter, dyes, fibers, oils, resins, gums, soaps, waxes,
latex, tannins, and even contribute to the air we breathe.
Opinion on rehabilitation of tribals from protected areas / Should we shift tribals to
settlements outside forests?
NP - core area
But mostly try to take their help and make partner
How would you use tribals knowledge in forest management?
JFM
Other areas - become member
Ethanobotany
Fire prevention
Wildlife and forest mgmt
How to boost livelihood opportunities for fringe communities?
Forest - Trade
Agri - sericulture etc
Skilling
Government policies for tribals
....
Are the policies reaching tribals
Yes
What are the rights provided under FRA
...
Integration of tribals?
 ....
As DFO measures you will take to improve schooling?
Motivate parent - send their school - better economic power
Motivate children --
School facilties - will check - cordinate
Take to tours and give exposure of world
8) Major difference between tribals of North East India and Central India?

What are minor forest produce?

How can we remove middlemen from the process of sale?

Direct selling using internet -e.g. e-NAM
How can we improve the sale of medicinal plants?
Research
Advertisement
Collaboration with pvt partners
5and6schedule?

Name some autonomous regions?

5th
Thane, Nasik, Dhule, Ahmednagar, Pune, Nanded, Amravati, Yavatmal, Gadchiroli,
Chandrapur (parts of these districts only)
RJ
Udaipur
6th
MeTMia
Why autonomy given to them?
Unique culture and way of life
Autonomous admn and finanical power upto certain extent
Naxalism / Tribals
...
Is there any need to audit security forces?(context...human rights violations)
Yess
Is there any existing mechanism present for this?
...

Tigers
 How many tigers are there in India? Q3. Tell me about Project Tiger. Q4.Why are we so
much concerned about tigers?
...
techniques used in tiger census
..
Are you aware of the evolution of methodologies of tiger survey in India
...
If I tell you a forest has 10 tigers, as a DFO what other information would you ask me? Is
the number all that is important?
Roti - prey density
....
MSP for MFP
What will be the mechanism of ensuring that the benefit reaches the MFP collectors?
Through Van Dhan kendras - Internet
Online record
Direct payment into account
Sales - give organic branding
What are the challenges in implementing the same?

Human- animal
Human Animal conflict
Reasons for man-animal conflict
....
Ecotourism
what kind of jobs gets created by ecotourism
Safari
Local stay
Local delicious cuisines
....
It seems that ecotourism is indeed the cause of man animal conflict? Isnt it so?
....
What is ecotourism, should we promote it and why, how you can ensure minimum impact
of ecotourism on environment?

Scope of wildlife tourism in india

Different wildlife across India - due to different ecosystem
Monkey issue and animal culling
....
 Suppose there is a mutilated animal, how will you know weather it was attempt of poaching
or conflict between animals? 5. What will you do?
....
Bad treatment
What is your opinion about the parading of elephants in Thrissur Pooram?
...
Who is the Animal trials approving authority in India?
..
Wildlife crime
What is the work of WCCB?
collect and collate intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities and to
disseminate the same to State and other enforcement agencies for immediate action so
as to apprehend the criminals
assist and advise Customs authorities in the inspection of consignments of flora and
fauna as per the provisions of Wild Life Protection Act, CITES and EXIM Policy
governing such an item.
Which act governs it?
Under Section 38 (Z) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
Which section of act is regarding punishment?
...
Where is it's headquarters?
New Delhi
What is the punishment for wildlife crime?

What is the most difficult aspect in controlling wildlife crime?

...
How will u deal with a situation by using ur Anayltical skill - you find a dead elephant
wolithout tusk
...
Which skill u will see if u want to devolve ur staff , if u r the DFO.
...

Animals
Why do carnivores eat herbivores and not other carnivores?
do u eat grass 11) does tiger eat grass 12) human eat both y tiger not
How wildlife is important for forest management
wat is flagship species
Invasive species (both animal and plants)
Disease
Which disease transmitted from domestic animal to wild?
How to prevent it?
One major disease in wheat is creating a big havoc. In North India. What is the disease
and why is the problem?
Bird
there is a concern about dwindling numbers of birds and it is said that insecticides and
pesticides are one of the important causes for it. How do you think they hamper the bird
population?(I mentioned bio accumulation and biomagnification)
Endangered species
abt

Census
How many types of Rhesus are there in India?
Hybrid
Have you heard about LIGER?
The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion (Panthera leo) and a female tiger (
Panthera tigris). The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species.
Locust attack
During locust attack, which chemicals were used? 5. Will it impact forests or crops only?
Specific
Tigers
How many tigers are there in India? Q3. Tell me about Project Tiger. Q4.Why are we
so much concerned about tigers?
techniques used in tiger census
Are you aware of the evolution of methodologies of tiger survey in India
What do you think of the numbers being thrown out in Tiger Census? Do they mean
anything?
If I tell you a forest has 10 tigers, as a DFO what other information would you ask
me? Is the number all that is important?
Roti - prey density
Kapda
Maakan - territory
Hornbill
 Is hornbill herbivores or omnivores? 6) Unique feature of Hornbill nesting
Dugong
Have you seen Dugong? (No.) Ok tell me something about Dugong (herbivore, found
in Gulf of Mannar, feeds on sea grass). Where is Gulf of Mannar? Do you know there is
a water body called Dugong Creek in Andamans? You should go to Andamans, there is
a Bbsr to Port Blair direct flight (I said there is from Kolkata). He again stressed I
must visit Andamans.

SnT
Use of new tech for forest mgmt / wilflife / tribals
Role of robotics in future
Forest
Vigil
Maintain / nurture
Wildlife
Capture
Count
Tribal
Vaccine/ health - drone
ATV
All Terrain vehicle
Biotech
Breeding -
extreme climate resistant
Pest resistant
...
ATV
What is atv 5. How will atv used in forestry. Are they cost effective. 6. Why not jeep. What
is the max slope u can run ATV. 7. Where western country used ATV M2

Refrigeration, layering

Red tide misnomer?

Occasionally, the algae grow very fast or "bloom" and accumulate into dense, visible patches
near the surface of the water. "Red Tide" is a common name for such a phenomenon where
certain phytoplankton species contain pigments and "bloom" such that the human eye
perceives the water to be discolored.
Blooms can appear greenish, brown, and even reddish orange depending upon the
type of organism, the type of water, and the concentration of the organisms. The term
 "red tide" is thus a misnomer because blooms are not always red, they are not associated
with tides, they are usually not harmful, and some species can be harmful or dangerous at
low cell concentrations that do not discolor the water.
GSLV vs PSLV
.....
CRISPAR CAS 9
Gene editing tool
Trappist-1?
....
How is biotechnology useful in forest services?

BT
Which bt crops are there in India?
BT cotton
Other allowed by GEAC but not by Ministry
Mustard
Brinjal
Why don't we have other bt crops apart from bt cotton?
Ecological
Health issue
Biotech
Tell me some biotechnology parks in India. What do they do?
Biotech Park, Lucknow, Hyderabad ... --> total 8 parks in India (not in MH)
Provides
basic infra
incubator facilities to entrepreneurs to perfect their technologies, up scale the
products and even produce small quantity for testing and quality control at the
Park
several programs for Human Resource Development
Contribution of biotechnology in food crops?
Biotech Park, UP --> “Propagation of disease free varieties of selected banana species
of North- East India through plant tissue culture for enhancing lively hood
GM crops
Pesticide and Herbicide resistant
How can they be useful in future?
Livelihood
Ecological
Application of biotechnology in forestry
Tree breeding
 Climate resistant
How biotechnology help in forestry.
: (i) enhancing the planting and survival of trees on sites that are naturally difficult
environmentally, degraded by poor husbandry or previously unused for forestry;
(ii) increasing the yields of both traditional and new products;
(iii) increasing the transfer and use of disease-free stock;
(iv) improving the yield of wood-based products by efficient conversion processes
including the use of micro organisms; and
(v) facilitating the identification and conservation of genetic resources
Specific techniques
rejuvenation through clonal propagation including cuttings, micrografting and
tissue culture;
haploid generation;
somatic embryogenesis;
protoplast fusion and gene transfer;
cryopreservation of germplasm;
microbial breakdown of wood components;
forest soil microbiological improvement and risk detection.
Tree improvement
can biotechnology be useful in tree improvement? Any recent examples from India?
???
How will you identify which tree to use for tree improvement program? How will you
propagate these species faster?

Tell me about micropropagation. Can it be used in forest tree improvement?

Clone
what are clones?
Cloning is the process of producing living being with identical identical DNA
How can they be useful in forestry?
Fast propagation of trees
Cell
What is biomolecule? (He himself explained)
Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of numerous substances that are
produced by cells and living organisms. Biomolecules have a wide range of sizes and
structures and perform a vast array of functions. The four major types of biomoleculesare
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
2.Elements of biomolecule, in our body, etc. (He himself kept explaining and asking
further questions)
 ....
3.Cell theory and details.
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth
century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic
structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-
existing cells.
DNA vs RNA and difference
DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule. DNA is
stable under alkaline conditions, while RNA is not stable.
DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans
DNA replicates and stores genetic information.
It is a blueprint for all genetic information contained within an organism
RNA converts the genetic information contained within DNA to a format used to
build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal protein factories.
What is Human Genome project?
What is a genome?
genome is the complete set of genetic information in an organism
What is the tool used in Human Genome project?
...
GM
About GM crops and health impacts associated with that
Health of ecosystem
Human health
GM Rubber
Natural rubber is a native of warm humid Amazon forests and is not naturally suited for
other places, but the GM variety uses a gene that enables it to tide over extreme hot or
cold temperatures.
world’s first genetically modified (GM) rubber plant has been planted -->Guwahati in
Assam.
inserting additional copies of the gene MnSOD (manganese-containing superoxide
dismutase)
Generally --> growth of young rubber remains suspended during the winter months
What are transgenic plants?
Positive and negative effect of using them

Golden rice transgenic?

Non forest wood
GIS
What are true colors? Why they are called so? -What GIS layers you would used for Forest
 coverage estimation
Post harvest technology
What is post harvest technology..
6. Is it used only for crops or also can be applied in forestry
7. What is kvk
8. What is vana vigyan kendra
Nanotechnology in forestry

Agri
Link between Forestry and Agriculture
How agroforestry can help in doubling farmer income 4. Problems related to agroforestry
Current challenges in agroforestry? Area under agroforestry?
What are the dominant crops in MH?
Climate smart agriculture and follow up questions on the same topic 4)Is cooperative
farming possible in India
Wht is precision Agriculture.? (Detail explanation) 2.How will you convert desert area
into Agriculture land?
Is there any contadiction between Agriculture and Forest? What are cash crops?
Modern techniques in Agriculture?
Why good Agriculture in northern India but not in South? 4. What is Alluvial Soil? How it's
form?
Agri vs horti vs forestry
Is horticulture and forestry in conflict?
Aromatic plants
what's government's scheme or role regarding aromatic plants
Issues in forest
Degraded land
What do you do with deforested lands?
Forest fire
reasons of forest fires naturally - difference between fires in tropical forests and
Himalayan forests - reasons for fire in pine trees
What is fire flame
How to prevent forest fire? 2. What are the innovative ways to tackle it?
Forest fire- hypothetical question where I was a tourist and if fire happen what will I
do
How would you promote awareness on Forest fire issues
Which tree is called Flame of Forest
Plant disease
 How u will make a plant disease resistant.
Insect issue
Why woods gets destroyed. I mentioned due to insects and moisture.. 10. Name some
insects
What is crop infestation?
How to escape forest fragmentation problems
History
Examples of environment conservation movements in India
When did the environmental movement start in India
Do you think awareness in environmental domain is necessary ?
Knowledge protection
Is publishing in India becoming a business? 2. What do you think of plagiarism? 3. How do
you stop plagiarism in science writing? 4. How do you protect native knowledge of
medicinal plants? 5. What are the ethical values will you consider if you are drafting SOP
for a publishing house?
Let us something about plagiarism and competing interests and conflicting interests
and code of ethics regarding research publications
General
Tell me ten names of trees commonly found in India?
name the state which has forest protection force
Why trees shed there leaves in spring. 6. Name some species that shed their leaves. 7.
why there are small seeds and large seeds
Which state is highest in solar energy production and which is second.. Then asked me
are you sure?
Energy budget of earth
What is entymology 2. What is population dynamics
What is living fossil?
Specific
Teak
Sal
Tell me qualities of Sal tree How is it regenerated? How is controlled burning helpful?
Do you know about its flower and seed. Anything in addition to Sarhul festival What
is the most intriguing thing about Sal flower and seed? About its Phenology? Have
you seen Sal tree?
Colour of Sal bole? Surface of bole? Is it smooth or not?
Forest products
Paper
Explain in brief the whole process of paper manufacturing? Have you seen
yourself?
 But there is criticism that these industries give low price to the farmers? As IFS
officer what would you do to ensure farmers get better price for their produce? Is
there any govt regulation to control the prices offerd by these industries?
Bat
You are a sport player. Do you know of which wood cricket bat is made up of?
Tel the scientific name of the tree
Where is it found?
Can you tel there generation method of salixaliba?(usedforcricketbat)
Rubber
Is rubber produced in forest?
Can we grow Rubber plantation in forest?

Core enviro
What is ecological succession? 7. What are its different types?
What is Carbon Footprint?
Recently Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority has taken some steps regarding
Carbon Footprint..do you know about them? Should India make so much effort in Climate
change?
What is per capita carbon footprint of India 8. What is Per capita emissions of India 9.
What about USA ? 10. Is it fair for developing country to reduce there GHG emissions
when developed countries are so high?
What's the diference between Carbon stock, carbon sink and carbon sequestration?
If there's large body of water, wil it be a carbon stock or a carbon sink?
what is community reserve then
wat is climax vegetation?
What is plant succession?
What is forest inventory?

General
asked to tell spatial arrangement of North eastern states
Is India tropical or sub tropical?
Forest fringe village study
PDA devises
Current carbon stock of Indi'a forest and world
Ecotone, edge effect
botanic gardens, Herbal garden
difference between botanical gardens and herbal gardens
Explained in detailed about herbal plant . at last asked me how would you diferentiate
medicinal and aromatic and herbal plant?
 how as forest officer u will help in development of botanic gardens?
Seed production area etc
Nurseries
What are the types of nurseries?
How it is created?and factors considered
Orchid
What are orchids?
What are epiphytes?
You said that orchid is epiphyte. So they don't have roots, and their seperate existence as
a plants how do they propogate?
Have you seen any orchid?
Fern
What is fern. Tell me something about ferns.
Where do they grow?

Clinical trials
why india is chosen for clinical trials by foreign companies?
Cold desert vs hot desert difference
Soil
What is soil erosion? It's types? 2. W Types of soil in India? How many types?
What is soil erosion? How we can control it? 3.What are the problems faced by farmers?
What are soil colloidal properties? What is natural binding capacity

Forest and human-health

does jamun seed also have any relation to diabetes?
medicinal plants name any five
if you are given 500sq feet of land told to grow medicinal plants , what would you do
How medicinal plants's potential can be realised? What you will do as forest service
officer?