TABLE OF CONTENT

INDIA............................................................................................................................................. 2
CHINA............................................................................................................................................3
AMERICA...................................................................................................................................... 3
INDIA

[j][20]
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by area; the most populous country from June 2023
[21][22]
onwards; and since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous
[23][24][25]
democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on
the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with
[k]
Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and
Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its
Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and
Indonesia.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000
[27][28][29]
years ago. Their long occupation, predominantly in isolation as
hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human
[30]
genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of
the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley
[31]
Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit,
[32][33]
an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest. Its hymns
[34]
recorded the dawning of Hinduism in India. India's pre-existing Dravidian
[35]
languagwere supplanted in the northern regions. By 400 BCE, caste had emerged
[36]
within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders
[37]
unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya
[38] [39]
and Gupta Empires. Widespread creativity suffused this era, but the status of
[40] [l][41]
women declined, and untouchability became an organized belief. In South India,
the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the
[
kingdoms of Southeast Asia.
CHINA

[i] [j]
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the second-most populous country after
India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five
[k]
time zones and borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly 9.6 million
square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), making it the third-largest country by total land
[l] [m]
area. The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces, five
autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special
administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is its most
populous city by urban area and largest financial center.

China is considered one of the cradles of civilization: the first human inhabitants in the
region arrived during the Paleolithic. By the late 2nd millennium BCE, the earliest
dynastic states had emerged in the Yellow River basin. The 8th–3rd centuries BCE saw
a breakdown in the authority of the Zhou dynasty, accompanied by the emergence of
administrative and military techniques, literature, philosophy, and historiography. In 221
BCE, China was unified under an emperor, ushering in more than two millennia of
imperial dynasties including the Qin, Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. With the
invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building
of the Great Wall, Chinese culture flourished and has heavily influenced both its
neighbors and lands further afield. However, China began to cede parts of the country in
the late 19th century to various European powers by a series of unequal treaties.

AMERICA
Much of current Chinese foreign policy is reportedly based on Premier Zhou Enlai's Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and is also driven by the concept of "harmony
without uniformity", which encourages diplomatic relations between states despite
[219]
ideological differences. This policy may have led China to support or maintain close
ties with states that are regarded as dangerous and repressive by Western nations,
[220] [221]
such as Sudan, North Korea and Iran. China's close relationship with Myanmar
[222]
has involved support for its ruling governments as well as for its ethnic rebel groups,
[223]
including the Arakan Army. China has a close political, economic and military
[224]
relationship with Russia, and the two states often vote in unison in the UN Security
[225][226][227]
Council. China's relationship with the United States is complex, and
[228]
includes deep trade ties but significant political differences.

Since the early 2000s, China has followed a policy of engaging with African nations for
[229][230][231]
trade and bilateral co-operation. It maintains extensive and highly diversified
trade links with the European Union, and became its largest trading partner for
[232] [233] [234]
goods. China is increasing its influence in Central Asia and South Pacific.
[235]
The country has strong trade ties with ASEAN countries and major South American
[236]
economies, and is the largest trading partner of Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay,
[237]
Argentina, and several others.

In 2013, China initiated the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a large global infrastructure
[238]
building initiative with funding on the order of $50–100 billion per year. BRI could be
[239]
one of the largest development plans in modern history. It expanded significantly
over the next six years and, as of April 2020, included 138 countries and 30
international organizations. In addition to intensifying foreign policy relations, the focus
is particularly on building efficient transport routes, especially the maritime Silk Road
with its connections to East Africa and Europe. However many loans made under the
program are unsustainable and China has faced a number of calls for debt relief from
[240][241]
debtor nations.