PROJECT

CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Cassava is the third major source of carbohydrate in the world with diverse uses depending on the
community serving as food security for the many millions of people in developing world [1]. Nigeria
is the largest producer of cassava with approximately 45 million tonnes in 2009, which was almost
19% of production in the world [2]. All communities in Nigeria depend so much on cassava because
of its wide usage when processed into garri, tapioca, akpu, fufu and starch. Cassava is normally
processed before consumption as a means of detoxification, preservation and modification [3] due
to the presence of toxic cyanogenic glucosides in unfermented roots and leaves [4].
Cassava processing generates solid and liquid residues that are hazardous in the environment [5].
The two important biological wastes that may cause damage to the environment are derived during
cassava processing and they are the cassava peels and the liquid effluent squeezed out of the
fermented parenchyma mash [6]. The peels are usually discharged on land or water as wastes and
allowed to rot in the open thus resulting in health and environmental hazards. The cassava effluent
contains a heavy load of microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing the glucosides. The pollutant
potential of an effluent is measured by the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the organic matter,
the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the amount of oxygen necessary to stabilize the organic
matter by microorganisms and enzymes, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) [7].
Liquid effluents contain many nutrients, suitable to increase soil fertility as opposed to the water
carried by them, which is pollutant to the environment [8]. Compounds that are generally toxic to
living organisms will also at toxic concentrations prevent germination as well as inhibit growth.
Continuous discharge of the effluent into the soil for a long period of time leads to the extinction of
some bacteria and fungi types that were originally available in the soil. When cassava effluent is
released directly into streams and rivers, it would cause rapid growth of bacteria, resulting in
oxygen depletion and death of fish and other aquatic life [9].
In Southern Nigeria, cassava milling is one of the major industries and the mills are usually sited
around where the effluent is capable of causing pollution to arable land, fresh water and soil around
the mill. The continuous increase in supply and demand for cassava in developing countries has
accentuated the negative impact cassava production and processing has on the environment and
biodiversity. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of cassava processing
wastes on the environment and proffer solutions to their indiscriminate disposal.

Theoretical background

Cassava waste water is a byproduct of cassava processing, and it is generated in large quantities in
many tropical countries where cassava is a staple food crop. This waste water is characterized by a
high organic matter content, as well as high levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. When cassava waste water is disposed of improperly, it can lead to environmental
pollution and degradation, including soil pollution.

Studies have shown that the application of cassava waste water to soil can have both positive and
negative effects, depending on the quantity and frequency of application, as well as the properties
of the soil. On the positive side, the organic matter and nutrients in the waste water can improve soil
fertility and increase crop yields. Additionally, the use of cassava waste water can help to reduce
water pollution by providing an alternative to dumping the waste water into rivers or other bodies of
water.

However, excessive application of cassava waste water can lead to negative effects on soil quality
and plant growth. The high levels of nutrients in the waste water can cause soil salinity, which can
harm plant growth and reduce soil fertility over time. Additionally, the organic matter in the waste
water can lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds in the soil, which can have negative effects
on soil biota and the environment.

Overall, the effects of cassava waste water on soil are complex and depend on many factors.
Careful management and monitoring of the application of cassava waste water to soil are important
to ensure that its use is sustainable and does not cause negative environmental impacts.

Problem definition

The effect of cassava waste water on soil can pose several problems, including:

1. Soil pollution: Cassava waste water contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which
can lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds in the soil. This can harm soil biota and have
negative effects on the environment.

2. Soil salinity: Excessive application of cassava waste water can lead to soil salinity, which can
harm plant growth and reduce soil fertility over time.

3. Soil nutrient imbalance: The application of cassava waste water can lead to an imbalance in soil
nutrients, which can affect the growth and development of plants. For example, high levels of
nitrogen can lead to excessive vegetative growth, which can reduce the yield and quality of crops.
4. Groundwater contamination: Cassava waste water contains high levels of nutrients, which can
leach into groundwater and contaminate it. This can have negative effects on human health and the
environment.

5. Biodiversity loss: The negative effects of cassava waste water on soil quality can lead to a loss of
biodiversity in the soil and surrounding ecosystem. This can have long-term impacts on the
sustainability of agricultural practices in the area.

6. Economic losses: The negative effects of cassava waste water on soil can lead to reduced crop
yields and poor soil quality, which can have economic implications for farmers and agricultural
communities.

Aims and objective

The aim of studying the effect of cassava waste water on soil is to understand how the use of this
waste water as a fertilizer affects soil quality and the environment. The objectives of such a study
may include:

1. To determine the effects of cassava waste water on soil fertility, such as changes in soil organic
matter content and nutrient availability.

2. To assess the potential negative impacts of cassava waste water on soil quality, such as soil
salinization, soil acidification, and heavy metal contamination.

3. To investigate the optimal application rates and management practices for the use of cassava
waste water as a fertilizer to minimize negative impacts on soil quality and the environment.

4. To evaluate the potential benefits of using cassava waste water as a fertilizer, such as increased
crop yield and reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers.

5. To provide recommendations for the safe and sustainable use of cassava waste water as a
fertilizer to improve soil quality and support sustainable agriculture.

Overall, the aim and objectives of studying the effect of cassava waste water on soil are to promote
sustainable agriculture practices and ensure that the use of cassava waste water as a fertilizer is
safe and environmentally responsible.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Numerous studies have investigated the effect of cassava waste water on soil quality and the
environment. Here are some key findings from the literature review:

1. Soil fertility: Cassava waste water has been found to have positive effects on soil fertility,
particularly in improving soil organic matter content and nutrient availability. A study by Olaniyi et al.
(2018) found that the application of cassava waste water significantly increased soil organic matter
content and nutrient concentrations in the soil.

2. Soil salinization: The use of cassava waste water as a fertilizer can lead to soil salinization due to
the high concentration of salts in the waste water. A study by Okereke et al. (2019) found that the
application of cassava waste water increased soil salinity levels, which can have negative impacts
on plant growth and soil structure.

3. Soil acidification: Cassava waste water has a low pH, which can lead to soil acidification if applied
in large quantities. A study by Oyedeji et al. (2017) found that the application of cassava waste
water resulted in soil acidification, which can lead to reduced nutrient availability and plant growth.

4. Heavy metal contamination: Cassava waste water can contain heavy metals such as lead,
cadmium, and chromium, which can accumulate in the soil and pose a risk to human health and the
environment. A study by Fasae et al. (2020) found that the application of cassava waste water
increased the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, which can have negative impacts on soil
quality and human health.

Overall, the literature suggests that the use of cassava waste water as a fertilizer can have both
positive and negative effects on soil quality and the environment. Proper management practices,
such as soil testing, application rates, and proper disposal of the waste water, are important in
minimizing the negative impacts and maximizing the benefits of using cassava waste water as a
fertilizer.

Method of extraction of cassava waste water

Cassava waste water is a byproduct of cassava processing, and it is generated during the peeling,
washing, and milling of cassava roots. The method of extraction of cassava waste water typically
involves the following steps:

1. Collection: The waste water is collected from the processing plant or factory where cassava is
being processed.

2. Sedimentation: The collected waste water is allowed to settle for a period of time to allow for the
separation of solid particles from the liquid.

3. Filtration: After sedimentation, the waste water is passed through a filtration system to remove
any remaining solid particles.

4. Storage: The filtered waste water is then stored in a suitable container or reservoir until it is ready
to be used.

In some cases, additional treatment methods may be applied to the waste water to remove any
remaining impurities or contaminants before it is used for agricultural purposes. For example, the
waste water may be treated with chemicals or subjected to a biological treatment process to reduce
its organic matter content and nutrient levels.

It is important to note that the extraction method for cassava waste water may vary depending on
the processing method and location. Additionally, proper disposal or management of the waste
water is essential to prevent negative environmental impacts.

Chemical properties of cassava waste water

Cassava waste water is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds with varying
chemical properties. The chemical properties of cassava waste water can vary depending on factors
such as the processing method, the age of the waste water, and the location where it is generated.
However, some of the common chemical properties of cassava waste water include:

1. Organic matter: Cassava waste water is rich in organic matter, which is composed of a variety of
complex organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The organic matter in the
waste water can provide a source of nutrients for soil microorganisms and plants.

2. Nutrients: Cassava waste water is a rich source of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, which are essential for plant growth and development. However, excessive application of
cassava waste water can lead to nutrient imbalances in the soil.
3. Acidity: Cassava waste water is typically acidic, with a pH range of 4.5-5.5. This can be attributed
to the presence of organic acids such as citric acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid.

4. Alkalinity: In some cases, cassava waste water may have an alkaline pH due to the presence of
calcium carbonate or other alkaline compounds.

5. Total solids: Cassava waste water typically contains a high concentration of total solids, which
can include both organic and inorganic compounds. The total solids content of cassava waste water
can vary depending on factors such as the processing method and the age of the waste water.

6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD): The COD of cassava waste water is an indicator of the amount
of organic matter in the waste water. Cassava waste water typically has a high COD due to the
presence of organic compounds.

Overall, the chemical properties of cassava waste water make it a potential source of nutrients and
organic matter for soil and plants, but proper management and monitoring of its application is
necessary to prevent negative environmental impacts.

Chapter 3

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Here is a detailed description of the materials and methods that can be used to study the effect of
cassava waste water on soil using a greenhouse, buckets for planting, and drip irrigation:

1. Materials:
- Cassava waste water
- Soil samples
- Buckets or containers for planting
- Drip irrigation system
- Analytical equipment for measuring soil characteristics (e.g. pH, salinity, nutrient content)
- Instruments for measuring plant growth (e.g. height, biomass)

2. Sample collection and preparation:

- Soil samples should be collected from the study area and tested to determine baseline
characteristics.
- Cassava waste water should be collected and analyzed to determine nutrient content, salinity, and
heavy metal concentrations.
- Soil should be mixed with various concentrations of cassava waste water to simulate different
application rates.

3. Experimental setup:
- Buckets or containers should be filled with soil-cassava waste water mixture.
- Seeds of a test plant species should be planted in each bucket.
- Drip irrigation system should be set up to provide consistent watering to each bucket.
- Buckets should be placed in a greenhouse to maintain consistent environmental conditions.

4. Data collection:
- Soil and plant characteristics should be measured periodically, such as soil pH, salinity, and
nutrient content, as well as plant growth and biomass.
- Soil samples should be tested for heavy metal content to determine if there is any accumulation.
- Data should be recorded and analyzed to identify any trends or patterns.

5. Data analysis:
- Statistical analysis should be used to identify any significant differences between the treatments.
- Results should be interpreted to determine the effects of cassava waste water on soil quality and
plant growth.

Overall, the use of a greenhouse, buckets for planting, and drip irrigation system can help to
simulate real-world conditions and provide more accurate results. The experimental setup involves
filling buckets with soil-cassava waste water mixture, planting test plants, and providing consistent
watering using a drip irrigation system. The data collected can help to identify the effects of
cassava waste water on soil quality and plant growth.

Method of planting

Planting vegetables with cassava waste water for irrigation in a greenhouse using soil buckets and a
drip irrigation system can be done using the following steps:

1. Prepare the planting site: Clear the planting site of any debris and level the ground. Place soil
buckets or containers at the planting site and fill them with a suitable growing medium such as soil
or compost.

2. Install the drip irrigation system: Install a drip irrigation system that will supply the vegetables
with water and nutrients from the cassava waste water. The drip irrigation system should be set up
to deliver a slow, steady flow of water to the plants to avoid overwatering or waterlogging.

3. Fill the buckets with fertile soil : Fill the buckets or containers with fertile soil, leaving enough
space for the plant roots.

4. Plant the vegetables: Plant the vegetable seeds or seedlings in the buckets, ensuring that the
roots are covered with soil or compost.

5. Connect the drip irrigation system: Connect the drip irrigation system to the buckets or
containers and adjust the flow rate to ensure that the plants receive an adequate amount of water.

6. Monitor the plants: Monitor the vegetable plants for signs of growth and water stress. Adjust the
watering schedule as needed to maintain optimal soil moisture levels.

7. Fertilize the plants: As the vegetable plants grow, they will require additional nutrients to support
their growth and development. Regularly supplement the cassava waste water with appropriate
fertilizers to ensure that the plants receive a balanced supply of nutrients.

8. Harvest the vegetables: Once the vegetables are mature, harvest them as needed.

Overall, planting vegetables with cassava waste water for irrigation in a greenhouse using soil
buckets and a drip irrigation system can be an effective way to grow vegetables in a controlled
environment. Proper management and monitoring of the irrigation system and nutrient supply are
critical to the success of the planting.

A greenhouse is a structure designed to create an environment suitable for growing plants.

Greenhouses are used to extend the growing season, protect plants from harsh weather conditions,
and provide a controlled environment for plant growth. They are commonly used in commercial
agriculture, as well as for personal gardening and research purposes.

Greenhouses typically have a frame made of aluminum, steel, or wood, and are covered with
transparent material such as glass or plastic. The transparent cover allows sunlight to enter the
greenhouse and trap heat, creating a warm and humid environment that is ideal for plant growth.
The temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse can be controlled through ventilation, heating,
and cooling systems.
GREEN HOUSE

Greenhouses can be used to grow a variety of plants, including vegetables, fruits, flowers, and
herbs. They are particularly useful for growing plants that require specific environmental conditions,
such as tropical plants or plants that require high levels of humidity.

Some benefits of using a greenhouse for plant growth include:

1. Extended growing season: Greenhouses allow plants to grow outside of their normal growing
season, providing a longer growing season and more opportunities for harvest.

2. Protection from pests and weather: Greenhouses protect plants from pests, extreme weather
conditions, and other environmental factors that can damage or inhibit growth.

3. Controlled environment: Greenhouses provide a controlled environment that allows for precise
control over temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors, which can lead to healthier and
more productive plants.

4. Higher yields: Greenhouses can lead to higher yields of crops, as they allow for more efficient use
of resources such as water, fertilizer, and space.

Overall, greenhouses can be a useful tool for plant growth, providing a controlled and protected
environment that allows for efficient and productive growth.

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

A drip irrigation system is a type of watering system that delivers a slow, precise amount of water
and nutrients directly to the roots of plants. It consists of a network of tubes or pipes with small
emitters that release water at a slow and steady rate, providing a controlled and efficient way of
irrigating crops.

The benefits of drip irrigation include:

1. Water efficiency: Drip irrigation uses less water than traditional irrigation methods because it
delivers water directly to the plant roots, reducing water loss due to evaporation and runoff.

2. Precision: The slow, precise release of water and nutrients helps to ensure that plants receive the
right amount of water and nutrients for optimal growth and development.

3. Reduced weed growth: Because the water is delivered directly to the plant roots, there is less
water available for weeds to grow, reducing the need for herbicides.

4. Improved plant health: Drip irrigation can help to reduce plant stress caused by uneven or
inadequate watering, resulting in healthier plants with better yields.

5. Time efficiency: Drip irrigation requires less labor and time than traditional irrigation methods, as
it can be automated and requires less frequent watering.

Drip irrigation can be used in a variety of settings, from small home gardens to large commercial
farms. It is particularly useful in arid or semi-arid regions where water is scarce or expensive.

SOIL BUCKETS

Soil buckets, also known as planting buckets or grow bags, are containers used for growing plants
in a variety of settings, including greenhouses, gardens, and indoor spaces. They are typically made
of durable, lightweight materials such as plastic, fabric, or felt, and are designed to hold a suitable
growing medium such as soil or compost.

Soil buckets are popular for a number of reasons:

1. Mobility: Soil buckets are portable and can be easily moved from one location to another, making
them ideal for gardeners who want to experiment with different planting locations or who have
limited space.

2. Space efficiency: Soil buckets can be arranged in small spaces to maximize planting area, making
them ideal for urban gardens or small greenhouses.

3. Customizability: Soil buckets can be tailored to specific plants, allowing gardeners to adjust the
growing medium, moisture, and nutrient levels to suit the needs of their plants.

4. Drainage: Soil buckets typically have drainage holes or a built-in drainage system, which helps to
prevent waterlogging and soil erosion.

5. Pest and disease management: Soil buckets can help to prevent the spread of pests and
diseases, as they can be easily sterilized between plantings.

Soil buckets come in a range of sizes and shapes, from small containers for individual plants to
larger buckets for larger crops. They are commonly used in combination with drip irrigation systems
to provide a controlled, efficient way of watering plants.

SOIL EQUIPMENT

Soil equipment refers to a variety of tools and devices used for soil testing, analysis, and
preparation. Some examples of soil equipment include:

1. Soil pH meters: These are devices used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of soil, which can
affect plant growth and nutrient uptake.

2. Soil moisture meters: These are used to measure the moisture content of soil, which is important
for determining when to water plants and for assessing soil drainage.

3. Soil thermometers: These are used to measure soil temperature, which can affect plant growth
and nutrient uptake.

4. Soil test kits: These include a range of tools and chemicals for testing soil properties such as pH,
nutrient levels, and organic matter content.

5. Soil samplers: These are used to collect soil samples for analysis, and can range from simple
hand tools to more advanced automated systems.

6. Soil tillage equipment: This includes a range of tools and machinery used for preparing soil for
planting, such as plows, cultivators, and harrows.

7. Soil amendments: These are substances added to soil to improve its physical or chemical
properties, such as compost, fertilizer, or lime.

Overall, soil equipment is important for assessing and managing soil health, which is crucial for
successful plant growth and crop production. Proper use of soil equipment can help gardeners and
farmers optimize soil conditions, leading to healthier plants and higher yields.