Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

Gutad National High School

Gutad Floridablanca, Pampanga

Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bags: A Quantitative Analysis of

Environmental Sustainability and Quality

A Thesis proposal presented

to the Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Practical Research II Subject

By:

Colapo, John Steven C.

Domingo, Angela P.

Dampil, Kyle Adrian R.

Gonzales, Clarence V.

Sula, Apple Jake S.

September, 2023
 Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

Introduction

In the past several years, ensuring the efficient utilization of natural resources in a way

that minimizes environmental impact has been regarded as of the utmost importance. The

exploration process of alternative sources of materials for the manufacturing of paper has

generated substantial fascination during a phase that is characterized by increasing concerns about

the environment and an urgent demand for environmentally conscious procedures (National

Tantuco, 2018). Thus, as stated by Sibaly & Seetah (2017), Traditional paper manufacturing

processes rely predominantly on pulp extracted from wood, which results in deforestation and

environmental deterioration. As a side effect, both researchers along with industry are diligently

looking into environmentally friendly alternatives to paper production. The majority of demand

for the paper and pulp sector advances at a 2.5% annual rate, which results in a P30 billion

contribution in domestic sales value (Environmental Management Bureau, 2018). Mangifera

Indica leaves, which is additionally referred to as Mango leaves, are somewhat one such

promising alternative. Mango has since become the Philippines' third predominant fruit

agricultural product, trailing banana and pineapple. Its significance emanates from much more

than merely commodities. Mango is the national fruit of the country of the Philippines, and it is

widely consumed as a fresh fruit or as a flavor in ice cream, pastries, and other delicacies

(Philippine Mango Industry roadmap, 2017-2022). Mango is the Philippines' national fruit, and

approximately seven million mango trees have been grown by roughly 2.5 million small-scale

farmers in the nation of the Philippines (CropLife, n.d.). The mango tree, Mangifera Indica, is a
 Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

form of tropical evergreen tree native to the region of South Asia. Despite the fact that it is well-

known for its delectable fruit, its foliage seems to have largely gone unnoticed as a possible source 2

of fiber for the manufacturing of paper. Because of various considerations, the ultimate objective

of employing Mango leaves for papermaking has enormous potential. With regard to first and

foremost, mango trees are widely planted throughout the world, making this resource readily

available. In addition, mango leaves contain a significant amount of cellulose, which plays a role

in the process of manufacturing paper. Finally, using Mango leaves to make paper bags might

decrease demand over conventional wood-based paper production, minimizing deforestation and

its environmental repercussions (Kumar et al., 2017). Given the increasing volume of paper

production, it is viable to employ fallen leaves instead of wood in the field of pulp and paper.

(Frechka, 2018).

Furthermore, the study will investigate the strength, durability, and printability of paper

made from Mango leaves compared to that derived from conventional wood-based paper. This

quantitative assessment will provide vital insights into the viability of mango leaves as a

sustainable source of paper bag manufacture as well as their overall environmental impact. By

studying the use of Mangifera Indica leaves as a viable raw material, this study aims to add to the

expanding body of knowledge on sustainable paper production. The study's findings will not only

shed light on the practical importance of Mango leaf paper, but will additionally emphasize its

potential to promote concern with the environment papermaking methods, thereby lowering the

environmental footprint of the traditional paper industry. The goal of the present investigation is

that it provides a quantitative examination of the viability and practicability of generating paper

from Mangifera Indica leaves. The research will going to incorporate a thorough evaluation of the
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

chemical composition of mango leaves, including cellulose content, lignin content, and other

pertinent factors. On top of that, the papermaking process employing Mango leaves will be

investigated, including pulp extraction, refining, and paper bag construction.

Upon the declaration of the ecological solid waste management Act of 2000 (RA 9003).

In January 2001 in the Philippines the government mandated the public to dismiss to diminish the

generation of solid waste and to maximized the effective use of scarce natural resources through

recycling and waste reduction National tantuco (2018). The world has 4.1 billion hectares of tree

the coverage, which accounts for 31% of the total area Bao, J., & Hu.Y.H (2023). Mango trees are

every green plants which withstand dry period very efficiently and they can be used as a food

supplement although a number of studies have been conducted for the different uses of mango

fruits, peels, juice, and stembark L. S. (2018). The mango leaves have a potential sources of

minerals according to Merkhemar, M.(2021) like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, sodium,

calcium, magnesium, and vitamins like vita A, B, E and C. A major bio macromolecule presents

in mango leaves is protein. This study explores the advantages of utilizing dry leaves as the

primary material for organic bags. Its objective is to potentially lower expenses within the

community while also addressing environmental issues. By offering a cost-effective substitute for

conventional synthetic bag production, this research aims to boost the community’s financial

stability and promote eco-friendly practices. In essence, it assesses the feasibility of integrating

dry leaves into eco-friendly bag production to reduce environmental harm, such as the effects of

climate change and deforestation, aligning with broader sustainability goals in bag manufacturing.
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

The major impact of plastic bags on the environment is that it takes many years to

for them to decompose. In addition, toxic substances are released into the soil when plastic bags

perish under sunlight and, if plastic bags are burned, they release a toxic substance into the air

causing ambient air pollution. Simons (2005). According to Groneberg, D. A. (2020)The effects of 4

climate change are already being felt, and the resulting damage will most likely be enormous

worldwide. Because global impacts vary widely and will lead to very different national

vulnerability to climate impacts, each country, depending on its economic background, has

different options to ward off negative impacts. Researchers conduct this research to lessen the air

and water pollution, Climate change, deforestation and to lessen the expenses of human being. Its

primary goal is to support the reduction of plastic waste and the promotion of eco-friendly

alternatives in consumer product manufacturing

The mangifera indica also known as mango is believed to have its origins in India,

where it holds the status of being the national fruit due to its immense popularity. It ranks among

the most extensively cultivated tropical fruits, thriving in various regions across Asia, Mexico,

South America, and central Africa. This delectable tropical drupe is commonly enjoyed in both

sweet and savory dishes when consumed fresh. Mangoes are typically harvested during the late

spring and summer seasons, with certain varieties bearing fruit twice annually. Remarkably, these

mango trees, which belong to the cashew family, can yield up to 100 fruits per harvest and

astonishingly sustain fruit production for as long as 300 years (Rattray, 2023). According to

Packhelp (2023) a paper bag is a packaging choice crafted from recycled paper. It possesses a

lightweight and sturdy quality, making it an ideal option for restaurants, and it can also function

effectively as an extra layer of protection for mailer boxes.

 Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

Replacing traditional paper bags with those made from mango leaves can offer

numerous environmental benefits. This shift not only helps combat plastic waste by utilizing

Mangifera indica, whose leaf bags naturally decompose, thus mitigating the detrimental

environmental impact of plastics, but it also fosters the preservation of mango trees and bolsters

local economies by generating economic prospects through the production and sale of these eco-

friendly bags. In essence, this product serves to raise awareness about sustainable alternatives and

promote eco-conscious practices. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of mango leaf paper bags may

hinge on factors such as local availability and durability requirements in various contexts.

Nonetheless, opting for mango leaves as a paper bag alternative represents a pragmatic stride

toward diminishing plastic waste and adopting more eco-responsible choices.

The researchers will undergo an experimental journey to create paper bags using the

leaves of the Mangifera indica tree, more commonly known as mango tree leaves. This intricate

process involves several distinct stages. In addition, the researchers also look for an extensive

studies to know the possible ingredients that will help to make this product possible to achieve and

have an successful outcome. It is imperative to handle Mangifera indica leaves with care due to

their delicate nature. While these handcrafted paper bags are environmentally conscious, they may

not offer the same level of durability as the traditional paper or fabric bags. Nevertheless, they

provide a sustainable alternative for those seeking an inventive and eco-friendly means of crafting

functional paper bags.

 Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

For centuries, sacks crafted from jute, canvas, and burlap served as the primary means

for containing and transporting goods within the British Empire. These materials were valued for

their robust and durable qualities, but their manufacturing process was both time-consuming and

costly. In contrast, paper emerged as a more cost-effective alternative, swiftly becoming the

dominant material for portable bags along trade routes (Emily at paper mart, 2018). The origin of

paper bags can be traced back to the 19th century. In 1852, American innovator Francis Wolle 6

created and secured a patent for the inaugural paper bag-making machine. Nearly twenty years

later, in 1871, Margaret E. Knight developed a machine capable of crafting square-bottom paper

bags, earning her the title "the pioneer of the grocery bag" Cited by CBNCTV18 (2022) .

Creating an experimental paper bag from mango leaves presents an exciting eco-

friendly trial, but it comes with a set of challenges. Firstly, these bags might lack of durability

needed for heavy or wet items, unlike the traditional paper bags. Additionally, the process of

turning mango leaves into paper can be labor-intensive. Moreover, the bags may have limitations

in terms of load bearing capacity, limiting their suitability for specific application. Lastly, ensuring

the bags prevention, especially in humid condition is crucial. Overcoming these issues would

require extensive research and experimentation in paper making to assure its sustainability.

The fabricated paper bag industry's expansion across different sectors aims to meet

growing demand each year, driven by an increasing need for these bags. Researchers are exploring

the potential of utilizing dried mango leaves' fibers to create paper bags, with the primary goals of

reducing waste, mitigating health issues caused by rising waste levels, and finding sustainable

alternatives to wood in paper production. Given the depletion of wood resources due to traditional

paper production, there's a growing emphasis on using non-wood plants as alternative fiber
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

sources. This approach offers numerous advantages, including rapid growth, a readily available

supply, reduced production costs, and eco-friendliness (Kassim, Aripin, Ishak, & Zailunabidin,

2015). 7

According to muangmee et ,al (2022) Using Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags is

environmentally friendly and sustainable because it utilizes a renewable resource (Mangifera

Indica leaves) and reduces the reliance on traditional paper made from trees. This can help in

conserving forests and reducing deforestation. Mango leaf paper bags offer a compelling substitute

for traditional plastic bags, providing a number of noteworthy benefits but also posing some

disadvantages. Such as the uncertainty about whether these bags will be as strong as traditional

paper bags. On the plus side, these biodegradable eco-friendly bags reduce the enduring

environmental problems caused by plastic bags, which can survive in ecosystems for decades.

Also, the main component of these bags, mango leaves, is a sustainable and renewable resource,

ensuring the long-term feasibility of their manufacture. Besides, the production of mango leaf

paper bags can give local communities the vital economic assistance they need, promoting their

growth and development. Also, these bags degrade quite rapidly, lessening the load on landfills

and their environmental impact.

Review of Related Literature

This review of related literature embarks on a journey through key foreign studies,

shedding light on the pivotal contributions made by international scholars in the field of extraction

of Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags. Researchers seek to come across recurring themes and

developments by thoroughly investigating each of these pieces, ultimately helping to develop an

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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

expanded understanding of Mango leaf-based paper bags. This review seeks to connect the

discrepancy among the local perspective and international discourse by means of an investigation

of foreign literature, supporting an all-encompassing strategy that is critical in expanding the

knowledge threshold in the field of the research study.

All plants' cell walls include cellulose fibers, an organic substance known to scientists as a

linear polysaccharide. It accounts for roughly one-third of the structural material of annual plants 8

and roughly half of that of perennial plants. Cellulose fibers are extremely strong and long-

lasting. They are easily wetted by water, expand significantly when saturated, and are

hygroscopic—that is, they absorb significant amounts of water when exposed to the atmosphere.

Natural cellulose fibers retain their strength even when wet. The combination of these properties,

along with strength and flexibility, offers cellulose a unique value for paper manufacturing.

Mechanical squeezing and pounding of cellulose fiber allows water to infiltrate its structure,

generating swelling and flexibility. Furthermore, mechanical action splits and frays the fibrils,

which are submicroscopic components in the fiber structure. Beating slows the rate of drainage

from and through a fiber mat, resulting in dense paper with a high tensile strength, low porosity,

stiffness, and rattle. Dry converting of a specific sort in which paper in roll form is converted into

objects such as bags, envelopes, boxes, compact rolls, and packs of sheets (Demorest etc., 2023).

The most effective ways to gather, sort, and prepare Mangifera indica leaves for extracting

cellulose in papermaking involve different techniques, including microwave-assisted extraction,

sequential batch extraction, three-phase partitioning, and traditional batch extraction. Microwave-

assisted extraction using water as a solvent has proven to be both cost-efficient and productive,

yielding a maximum extraction amount of 55 mg/g. Moreover, conventional batch extraction with
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

water as a solvent is suitable for large-scale operations, producing 23 mg/g in a period of 2 hours

and 40 minutes. Furthermore, three-phase partitioning combined with ultrasound (UTPP) has

displayed promising outcomes, achieving an optimized yield of 41 mg/g in just 25 minutes

(Kulkarni, 2016).

More specifically, nanofibrillar cellulose, nanosized cellulose fibrils produced by the

fibrillation of the cell wall of cellulose fibers through intensive mechanical action, have gained 9

increasing attention in papermaking as a wet-end additive, with potential applications as a dry and

wet strength agent but also as a coating to improve the barrier properties of paper (Boufi et al.,

2016).

Because of thermal and mechanical properties, cellulose fibers are employed in polymeric

matrices. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were used as lignin and hemicellulose removal

agents throughout the isolation process. Cellulose fibers have a natural structural hierarchy that

stems from their various biological sources. In recent years, the scientific and industrial

communities have shown an interest in obtaining cellulose from various lignocellulosic fibers.

Sonication was used following acid hydrolysis to break the fibers into microfibers in water

dispersion, reducing viscosity and allowing efficient vibration propagation across the dispersion

(Szymaska-Chargot et al., ND).

Anchor to that, the ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves has been found to contain

bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant, antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, and

anthelmintic properties. These extraction techniques and the discovery of these bioactive
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

compounds can significantly contribute to the development of efficient and environmentally

friendly processes for extracting cellulose in papermaking (Adeyinka, 2022).

Utilizing the best extraction techniques and specific solvents, extraction includes

separating the medicinally active compounds from the inactive/inert components in plant tissue.

Then, in order to extract the greatest quantity of phenolic compounds from mango leaves

so that they could be utilized as a nutritious supplement, we decided to employ ethyl acetate, the

most suitable solvent (Alshammaa, 2016). 10

Additionally, Mangiferin, a bioactive metabolite with strong antioxidant and

pharmacological characteristics, was isolated in this study from the leaves of Mangifera indica

using the microwave aided extraction (MAE) method. The effect of three parameters microwave

power, extraction duration, and the solvent to raw material ratio (mL/g)—over the mangiferin

yield was examined using a Box-Behnken design. The most crucial factor affecting mangiferin

recovery was irradiation time. The findings suggested that the ideal circumstances should be as

follows: 900 W of microwave power, 5 minutes of extraction duration, and a solvent volume to

vegetal material ratio of 10. The greatest mangiferin yield with these settings was 63.22%. The

standard extraction method in a stirred tank was contrasted with the MAE procedure. There were

no statistically significant differences between the two techniques of mangiferin extraction

(p=0.5639). High performance liquid chromatography was used to confirm the metabolite's

presence. According to the standards established by the International Conference on

Harmonization (ICH) for the validation of analytical procedures, the method was validated

(Salomón et al., 2014).

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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

In addition, Semichemical refers to a heating process followed by mechanical treatment.

Spruce, balsam fir, and hemlock are the best woods for sulfite and mechanical pulping; numerous

types of pine are utilized for sulfate (kraft) pulping; and hardwoods are pulped by all procedures.

Norway spruce, Scotch pine, and different hardwoods are the most important European pulpwoods

(Britannica, 2023).

Research on the use of Mangifera indica leaves in papermaking has been relatively

limited compared to the extensive investigation of other parts of the mango tree. Nevertheless,

some studies have explored the potential for utilizing Mangifera indica leaves in paper production 11

due to their fibrous nature.A study titled "Use of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves for

Handmade Paper Production" conducted by V.P examined the suitability of mango leaves for

producing handmade paper. In this research, the authors examined the fiber characteristics of

mango leaves and their potential applications in handmade paper production. They likely

investigated aspects such as fiber content, strength, and other properties relevant to the

papermaking process (Ugwuoke et al., 2018).

The abundant presence of mangiferin in mango urges for an effective and sustainable

extraction process that can utilize all plant parts, especially old leaves, in order to carry the

economic implications in minimizing agricultural wastes (Loan et al., 2021).

According to Dungani et al (2019), Cellulose-based fibers are regarded as biomaterials

since their incorporation with synthetic resins often results in biocomposites, fiber-reinforced

composites, and hybrid composites. However, the limits of the performance of cellulose fiber in
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

polymer-based matrices are mainly due to experienced degradation upon exposure to soil, water,

and sunlight.

Mangifera, a bioactive compound known for its strong antioxidant and pharmacological

properties, was successfully obtained from Mangifera indica leaves using the microwave-assisted

extraction (MAE) method. A Box-Behnken design was employed to assess the impact of three

variables: microwave power, extraction time, and the ratio of solvent to raw material (mL/g) on

the yield of mangiferin. The most influential factor in recovering mangiferin was found to be the

duration of microwave irradiation.The findings revealed that the optimal conditions for extracting

mangiferin were as follows: a microwave power of 900 W, an extraction time of 5 minutes, and a 12

solvent volume to plant material ratio of 10. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of

mangiferin reached 63.22%. A comparison was made between the MAE process and conventional

extraction in a stirred tank, and no statistically significant differences (p=0.5639) were observed

between the two extraction methods for mangiferin. Mangiferin's existence was verified through

high-performance liquid chromatography, and the analytical approach was validated in accordance

with the standards set by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) for validating

analytical methods (Solomon et al. 2014).

Gathering, sorting, and preparing Mangifera indica leaves for cellulose extraction in

papermaking can be done in various ways. These methods include using microwave-assisted

extraction, sequential batch extraction, three-phase partitioning, and the traditional batch

extraction process.When it comes to microwave-assisted extraction using water as a solvent, it's a

cost-effective and highly productive approach. It can yield up to 55 mg of cellulose per gram of

leaves. On the other hand, if you're dealing with large-scale operations, the conventional batch
 Analyzing Mangifera Indica Leaf-Based Paper Bag

GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

extraction method with water as the solvent is a solid choice. It produces around 23 mg of

cellulose per gram of leaves in about 2 hours and 40 minutes.Another exciting option is the

combination of three-phase partitioning and ultrasound (UTPP), which has shown great promise.

In just 25 minutes, it can give you an optimized yield of 41 mg of cellulose per gram of leaves

(Kulkarni, 2016).

The study undertook a comparative investigation of various contemporary and

traditional techniques for the extraction of mangiferin. Utilizing the Box-Behnken Design (BBD),

optimization of the mangiferin extraction process from Mangifera indica leaves was carried out,

involving the fine-tuning of extraction parameters such as temperature, drug-to-solvent ratio, and 13

extraction time through the Response-Surface Methodology (RSM), with a specific focus on

BBD. Quantitative analysis of mangiferin in different extracts was conducted using HPLC, and the

antioxidant potential of M. indica extracts in different solvents was assessed using the DPPH

method. Results indicated that the reflux technique, a hot solvent extraction method, yielded the

highest mangiferin content, and ethanol emerged as the most effective solvent for extraction.

Through the application of BBD, optimal conditions for mangiferin extraction were determined as

follows: extraction time of approximately 63.653 minutes, extraction temperature of around

63.563°C, and a drug-to-solvent ratio of 1:22.634 g/ml, resulting in a mangiferin yield of 90.31

mg/g, closely approximating the predicted value of 91.096 mg/g (Adin, 2022).

Paper is typically crafted from cellulose fibers sourced from wood materials, and when

there’s a surge in production demand, it can result in heightened forest utilization, which, in turn,

poses risks to environmental stability. However, there are alternative sources of natural fibers rich
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

in cellulose content, including biomass waste like Galangal Stems (Alpinia Galanga), Pineapple

Leaves (Ananas Cosmosus), Banana Stems (Musa Paradisiaca), and various others. Leveraging

these natural fibers offers a sustainable means to diminish the reliance on wood as the primary

paper raw material. This research aims to assess how galangal stems, pineapple leaves, banana

stems, and recycled paper affect paper’s tensile strength using ANOVA analysis (Syahputra et al.,

2023).

On the other hand, the study by Schäfer et al. (ND), focused on the wet-strength

properties of paper treated with a cross-linkable copolymer. The spatial distribution of the polymer

within the cellulosic fiber network varied depending on the solvent used, which affected the

macroscopic tensile strength of the paper under both dry and wet conditions. 14

The paper is reinforced for added strength and made more resistant to greasy substances

by incorporating a biopolymeric starch content ranging from 0.1% to 40% by weight. This starch

consists of primary particles with sizes ranging from 1 to 750 nanometers (Kelerak, 2015).

A process for making paper having improved filler retention and opacity is described.

The process includes the step of adding Additive A and Additive B to a slurry in a wet end of a

paper machine wherein the slurry comprises pulp and a filler. Another abstract mentions paper

with high tensile strength and a preparation method involving softwood pulp and sizing agents

Paper with high tensile strength and preparation method of paper (Jianbin et al., 2016).

Pursuant to Marco (2018), Cellulose fibers paper bags have high mechanical strength. A

study has shown that they can withstand loads of up to 12 kg and be reused several times.
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

A paper with increased strength and increased resistance against greases whose nature is

that the paper contains 0.1% -40% of the weight share of biopolymeric starch whose primary

particles have the sizes of 1 to 750 nanometres (Kalarek, 2015).

Recycling is something worth being thankful for, even with its problems. However, there

are different ways to create a sustainable paper model and yet make high-quality paper that

addresses the issues of alarming concerns about environmental pollution. Eco-friendly paper is

exactly as the name implies: A greener version of traditional paper or mill made paper, with a

zero-carbon footprint and an overall environmental impact. There are numerous eco-friendly

papers. Amongst those, upcycled paper and recycled paper are the most sustainable paper (Nikhil,

2021). 15

Sustainable products may also be more humane, and have a lower impact on the

surrounding wildlife and communities. However, like “natural”, there is no real way for a

government agency to enforce sustainability (Paper, 2020).

All pulping techniques, pulp hardwoods. Paper made from Mangifera indica leaves has a

lower tensile strength than paper made from traditional sources such as wood pulp. The density

and arrangement of fibers in paper determine its opacity. Traditional papermaking procedures

allow for careful control of these elements, resulting in papers with varying degrees of opacity.

The opacity of paper generated from Mangifera indica leaves may vary depending on the exact

processing processes utilized. Traditional papers are generally chemically treated and go through

processes to increase their durability, making them resistant to wear, tear, and yellowing over

time. The durability of paper created from Mangifera indica leaves would be determined by the
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

processing processes and other treatments used during the manufacturing process. Paper's

strength and durability are controlled by characteristics such as the strength and length of the

fibers, as well as their bonding capacity, and the sheet's formation and structure. Paper's optical

qualities include brightness, color, opacity, and gloss (Schreiber, 2023).

In accordance with Kumar et al. (2021), Mango leaf paper quality is comparable to

standard paper, depending on the technique, however texture, durability, and thickness may differ.

It is environmentally friendly, making it appealing to environmentally minded customers. With

advances, it has the potential to become a viable replacement to traditional paper. 16

Resistance to rupture when subjected to varied stresses is a significant feature in almost all

grades of paper. Most papers require a particular minimum strength to resist the treatment

experienced by the product in use; however, even if the use requirements are not severe, the paper

must be strong enough to allow efficient handling in manufacture. Tensile strength is the

maximum longitudinal stress that a piece of paper can withstand without breaking apart. The stress

is defined as the force per unit breadth of a test specimen (Britt, ND).

Mangifera indica leaves Paper uses secondary agro-waste to make sustainable tree-free

paper. Most of the raw materials we use are those that contain over 60% cellulose and can be

made into paper. This creates the highest quality pulp and has characteristics that make it ideal for

sustainability (Kumbalgado,2016).

According to Kelerak (2015), to enhance paper strength and improve its resistance to oily

substances, the paper is fortified through the inclusion of biopolymeric starch, which can vary in

concentration from 0.1% to 40% based on its weight. This starch is composed of primary particles
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

with dimensions spanning from 1 to 750 nanometers. However, starch granule composition,

expressed in terms of amylose content and phosphate monoesters, and molecular weight of starch

clearly affects some film properties.

In conclusion, paper made from Mangifera indica leaves may have different properties

compared to paper made from traditional sources. However, the abstracts do mention factors such

as tensile strength, opacity, and endurance of paper made from different materials. For example,

one abstract discusses a process for making paper with improved filler retention and opacity.

Process for making paper with improved filler retention and opacity while maintaining wet tensile

strength ( Lewis et al., 2019).

Integrating the production of paper from Mangifera indica leaves into the thriving paper

industry can bring about noteworthy economic impacts in terms of cost-effectiveness and market 17

feasibility. Employing environmentally friendly manufacturing methods, adopting activity-based

costing (ABC), and embracing the theory of constraints (TOC) can aid in formulating optimal

production strategies for maximizing profitability. The Indian paper sector has been evolving,

incorporating technological advancements to enhance its competitive edge. While the capital

investment in the pulp and paper industry has surged, it has not yielded substantial advantages or

bolstered market valuations. The industry stands at a crossroads, requiring innovative thinking to

thrive. Additionally, utilizing enhanced soils derived from waste in the pulp and paper industry

can offer socio-economic advantages, including the integration of valuable substances into the

production process and a reduction in human-induced pressure on natural ecosystems (Tsai, 2018).
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GUTAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – GUTAD FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA

The Mangifera indica paper bag finds application in the Industry by serving as a means to

encase entire clusters of carabao mango fruits. This technique has demonstrated favorable impacts

on fruit production and quality, while also providing cost-effectiveness. When mango clusters are

enclosed in waxed paper bags, they yield the highest number of marketable fruits and achieve the

greatest total weight, resulting in increased gross and net income in comparison to alternative

bagging methods. These bagging methods exhibited similar physical and chemical attributes, with

the exception of the peel color, which was notably lighter in the bagged fruits. Moreover, the

employment of waxed paper bags on mango trees per cluster incurred the lowest costs per

kilogram and per fruit (Liu et al., 2018).

As stated by Sybille (2015), Mango (Mangifera indica) emerges as a promising and

economical option for manufacturing paper bags. 18

Using Mango as a material for paper bags brings about several significant advantages. Firstly, it’s

a natural and sustainable resource, in line with eco-friendly principles. Secondly, it proves cost-

effective, making it a practical choice for scaling up production. Additionally, researchers have

uncovered Mango’s antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential use as a preservative in the

food industry.

Due to the abundance of mango trees, using Mangifera indica leaf-based papermaking

saves expenses. Market success is determined by quality, consumer demand, and competition with

traditional paper. Eco-conscious customers may be willing to pay a premium, creating a niche

market. This change has the potential to create jobs and boost local economies in mango-growing

regions. Scalability and supply chain logistics issues must be addressed for long-term integration,

which necessitates rigorous study and strategic planning (Kinsella et al., ND).
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Incorporating Mangifera indica leaf-based paper production into the thriving paper

industry could bring about economic consequences. This integration has the potential to enhance

cost-effectiveness by making use of waste materials from the pulp and paper sector, thereby

reducing the reliance on external raw materials. This, in turn, may result in decreased production

expenses and increased profitability. Green production planning and control model with ABC

under industry 4.0 for the paper industry (Tsai et al., 2018). 19

Integrating the use of Mangifera indica leaves in paper production within the already

thriving paper industry presents a promising avenue for expansion and progress. The aqueous and

ethanolic extracts from these leaves have demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties, akin

to the control group, against a range of clinical strains. Furthermore, M. indica leaves have shown

antioxidant capabilities, particularly in the case of pruned, older, dark green leaves, exhibiting

potent radical-scavenging and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Additionally, the incorporation

of Mangifera indica leaf-based papermaking into the industry can yield various environmental

advantages. Firstly, by employing alternative raw materials like Mangifera indica leaves, it

reduces the need for traditional papermaking resources, such as forests, thus mitigating

deforestation and habitat destruction. Moreover, this approach repurposes waste materials like

bagasse and crop residues that would otherwise go to waste, promoting waste reduction and

resource efficiency. Furthermore, employing eco-friendly renewable resources in handmade paper

production offers sustainable opportunities for rural artisans, fostering economic development in

rural regions (Shweta et al., 2020).

The analysis of phytochemicals in Mangifera indica leaf extracts revealed the presence of

secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, and proteins. Both aqueous and
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ethanolic extracts from Mangifera indica leaves displayed significant antimicrobial activity,

comparable to the control, against various clinical strains. Furthermore, Mangifera indica leaves

exhibited antioxidant properties, suggesting their potential utility in cosmetics and health-

enhancing products. Additionally, these leaves contain proanthocyanidins, which exhibit

inhibitory effects on COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The integration of Mangifera indica leaf-based

paper production not only holds the promise of eco-friendly paper manufacturing but also offers

economic advantages by harnessing the medicinal and antioxidant attributes of the leaves.

Furthermore, the chemical composition of M. aqueous extracts was determined. The leaf and stem

bark of indica have been studied, suggesting the existence of important medicinal chemicals.

These materials have demonstrated antioxidant and inhibitory actions against enzymes associated

with high incidence illnesses, indicating their potential for future use. In general, the use of

Mangifera indica in the paper industry can help to increase the value of this plant and its

byproducts, resulting in economic benefits (Scispace, 2021). 20

Integrating Mangifera indica leaf-based papermaking provides economic benefits for

mango farmers by lowering waste costs and giving an eco-friendly alternative to traditional

methods. Market success is determined by quality, durability, and eco-friendliness, which may

attract environmentally aware customers. Despite constraints such as constant quality and

competition, research and innovation are critical to realizing the country's economic potential

(Ives et al., ND).

The significant findings suggest a strong interest in using renewable, sustainable materials

in construction and business and a willingness to try new products with a low environmental

impact. When choosing a product, the respondents consider the durability, cost, and environmental
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impact. Most participants are willing to use and buy a particle board made from dried mango

leaves that is eco-friendly and has comparable durability to the commercially available product

(Miranda, 2023).

The consumption of mango leaves has a long history, and the use of mango leaves to

make tea has become a common trend to help treat diabetes and diabetes-associated blood vessel

problems.1) In traditional Chinese medicine,2) Indian medicine,3) and African folk medicine,4)

dried mango tree leaves were considered useful in treating diabetes and respiratory infections (Yi

Zhang et al.,2019).

Paper and paperboard based material is the one of the earliest and largest used packaging

forms for food products like milk and milk based products, beverages, dry powders, confectionery,

bakery products etc. owing to its eco-friendly hallmark. Various toxic chemicals like printing inks,

phthalates, surfactants, bleaching agents, hydrocarbons etc. (Gaurav Kr Deshwal et al.,2019). 21

Mango plants have been extensively researched for their health benefits, to a wide range

of natural compounds like mangifera, phenolic acids, benzophenone , and antioxidants like

flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and to operons. Mango leaf extracts have been examined

for their potential in various health aspects, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-

microbial, anti-obesity, cholesterol-lowering, liver protection, and antidiarrheal properties.

In this review, we’ve detailed the nutritional and chemical makeup of mango leaves and

discussed their various beneficial effects. Given their phytochemical composition and positive

impacts, mango leaves hold promise as ingredients for functional foods and pharmaceuticals.
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Nevertheless, further in-depth clinical trials are required to confirm the actual effectiveness of

these extracts (Kumar et al., 2021).

Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper uses less total energy to produce than traditional paper,

even when the energy required to collect and transport recovered material is compared to the

energy required to harvest and carry timber (Ives et al., ND).

The usage of Mangifera indica leaves may help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Paper

made from leaves may emit fewer greenhouse gases than traditional processes, which rely

primarily on fossil fuels and emit significant carbon dioxide. The carbon footprint of paper

production can be greatly decreased by using organic materials such as leaves, resulting in a more

ecologically friendly paper manufacturing process (Sferrazzo et al., 2022).

Clean water, habitat for numerous species, recreational and economic opportunities for

humans, indigenous people's cultural legacy and territory--these are just a few of the critical

services and benefits that healthy forests provide as a result of less tree use (Kumar et al., 2021). 22

On top of that, Mangifera indica leaves have demonstrated their ability to adsorb

substances, making them a viable option for water purification and the elimination of

contaminants, including fluoride and dyes. The study explores the use of mango (Mangifera

indica) leaves powder as an adsorbent for treating water contaminated with fluoride. This research

is part of the ongoing efforts in the field of green and sustainable chemistry. The paper presents a

unique assessment of the effectiveness of Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves powder (MLP) in

removing fluoride and investigates the impact of various factors on fluoride adsorption from water

(Aziz et al., 2023).

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Consequently, the rapid biological synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles at room

temperature using fresh/dry leaf extract of Mangifera indica is reported, providing much faster

synthesis and colloidal stability comparable to those of chemical reduction .Additionally, the

manufacturing process of environmentally friendly materials using Mangifera indica leaves does

not cause environmental pollution when the paper is eventually discarded, as it naturally

decomposes over time. Manufacturing method for environment-friendly material using fallen

leaves and fallen leaves paper and fallen leaves container using the same (Reum, 2018).

A statement by Stohs SJ et al. (2018) said that Mango pulp and leaves contain diverse

health promoting chemical constituents including Mangiferin, a natural polyphenol of C-glycosyl

xanthone structure,

with diverse pharmacological/physiological activities including the Promotion of gut health and

regularity, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory be there benefits.

Further to this, integrating Mangifera indica leaf-based paper production into the paper 23

industry has the potential to bring about several positive environmental effects. To begin with, the

use of alternative raw materials such as Mangifera indica leaves reduces the need for conventional

paper making resources like forests. This, in turn, helps in curbing deforestation and the

destruction of natural habitats. Furthermore, this approach makes efficient use of waste materials,

such as bagasse and crop residues, which would otherwise be discarded, leading to reduced waste

and improved resource utilization. Employing eco-friendly, renewable resources in handmade

paper manufacturing can create sustainable opportunities for rural artisans, thereby stimulating

economic development in rural areas. By embracing these environmentally responsible practices,

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the paper industry can decrease its energy consumption, cut down on water usage, reduce the need

for chemicals, and minimize the release of harmful substances. This leads to a more sustainable

and eco-friendly paper production process (Typeset.io, 2018).

However, several studies report that these mango by-products also contain high levels of

health-enhancing compounds. Mango exocarp has been found to be a good source of polyphenols,

carotenoids, dietary fiber, and vitamin E [21]. Polyphenols present in mango exocarp include

mangiferin, quercetin, rhamnetin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol (Lauricella et al., 2017).

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruits in the World.

Mango leaves, bark, and fruit (pulp, peel, and stone) are rich sources of bio-active compounds

(BaCs) such as proteins [0.36 – 0.40 g 100 g–1 fresh weight (FW) of pulp; 1.76 – 2.05% (w/w) of

peel; 66.1 g kg–1 of kernel flour; and 3.0% (w/w) of leaves], vitamin A [0.135 – 1.872 mg 100 g–

1 FW pulp; 15.27 International Units (IU) in kernels; 1,490 IU in leaves], vitamin C [7.8 – 172.0

mg 100 g–1 FW of pulp; 188 – 349 µg g–1 FW of peel; 0.17 g kg–1 DW of kernel flour; 53 mg

100 g–1 dry matter (DM) in leaves], carotenoids (0.78 – 29.34 µg g–1 FW of pulp; 493 – 3,945 µg 24

g–1 FW of peel), mangiferin (1,690.4 mg kg–1 DM in peel; 4.2 mg kg–1 DW of kernel extract),

phenolic compounds, dietary fibre (DF), carbohydrates, minerals, and other anti-oxidants known

to have medicinal, nutritional, and industrial benefits. Bio-active compounds exist in functional

foods and can protect us against diseases via several mechanisms (Rymbai et al., 2013).

Mangifera indica leaves offer numerous environmental advantages within the paper

manufacturing process. These leaves can play a crucial role in conserving water resources by

serving as an eco-friendly coagulant during the initial treatment of paper mill wastewater,
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effectively lowering turbidity and COD levels. Furthermore, they can be harnessed as an adsorbent

to remove fluoride and hexavalent chromium from water, thereby diminishing the demand for

energy-intensive treatment methods and cutting down on energy usage. Additionally, by

substituting conventional coagulants like alum, Mangifera indica leaves can help mitigate carbon

emissions, contributing to a reduction in carbon dioxide release. In essence, the incorporation of

Mangifera indica leaves into paper production holds substantial promise for positively impacting

the environment, thanks to its potential to decrease water and energy consumption while curbing

carbon dioxide emissions (Boulaadjoul et al., 2018).

The diverse characteristics and applications of Mangifera indica leaves underscore their

significance as a rich reservoir of bioactive elements, holding the potential to bolster the creation

of hypoglycemic goods, while also offering promising prospects for incorporation in disease

prevention and treatment (Ngo et al., 2019). 25

Not-only but also leaves from Mangifera indica tree offer a range of ecological

advantages, serving as a natural and eco-friendly resource. These leaves can play a significant role

in water purification by removing fluoride, effectively reducing high fluoride levels to safe

concentrations. Moreover, they house antioxidants that serve as safeguards against oxidative

damage, promoting overall health and potentially guarding against cancer. Furthermore, these

leaves can act as green corrosion inhibitors for copper, effectively preventing metal corrosion. In

summary, utilizing Mangifera indica leaves in the production of paper bags presents

environmental benefits, owing to their innate properties and potential contributions to water

treatment and corrosion prevention (Aziz et al., 2023).

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Interest from both consumers and industries has been piqued by the potential applications

of Mangifera indica leaves across various product lines. These leaves have been thoroughly

studied for their anti-diabetic properties, yielding promising results. Notably, machine learning

techniques have been harnessed to distinguish between different mango varieties based on leaf

analysis, offering valuable insights for identifying and classifying these distinct types. Moreover,

these leaves have played a crucial role in the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which

have been effectively integrated into dental materials, enhancing their strength and antibacterial

capabilities. Additionally, active compounds within the leaves, boasting antioxidant and anticancer

properties, suggest potential therapeutic applications, particularly in addressing diseases like

cancer. Furthermore, a state-of-the-art technology has emerged for the high-purity extraction of

mangiferin, a compound found in the leaves, with improved safety measures. These findings

collectively underscore the diverse range of applications and potential benefits that Mangifera

indica leaves hold for various industries (Dongxiu, 2017).

Has been debated in recent years in business and among scientists over whether the

paper bags used in grocery stores and supermarkets are more harmful or less harmful to the

environment than plastic bags. Several municipalities have either banned plastic bags or imposed a 26

tax on their use, because of environmental concerns (Fleming, 2023).

The concept of sustainable packaging has developed alongside the increasing

integration of sustainable development principles at various levels in industrial and organizational

contexts. Presently, contemporary challenges like plastic pollution, packaging-related waste,

deteriorating air, soil, and water quality, climate change, and other environmental issues are

exerting influence on the packaging industry. Challenges like the complexity of the value chain
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and negative consumer perceptions, driven by the economic, social, and environmental demands

of sustainable practices, can deter companies from adopting more sustainable packaging solutions.

Consequently, even though packaging options with enhanced sustainability are available, they

may not find their way into the market. It has potential to inspire the next generation of sustainable

solutions by cultivating a positive consumer attitude towards sustainable packaging. To guide

these efforts, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of consumer dynamics regarding

preferences for environmentally friendly materials, their willingness to pay, recycling behaviors,

and the factors affecting sustainable choices (Boz et al., 2020).

Moreover, the factors that influence consumers' and industrial opinions and preferences

for paper products made from Mangifera indica leaves include the bioactivity and bioactive

compounds present in the leaves. Influence of Light Intensity on the Photosynthesis and Phenolic

Contents of Mangifera Indica (linatoc et al., 2018). 27

As stated by Ngo et al. ( 2019), the influence of light on the photosynthesis and phenolic

contents of Mangifera indica was determined using a portable photosynthesis system referred to as

LICOR-6400. The leaves of Mangifera indica have been found to contain phenolic compounds,

flavonoids, and mangifera, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties

.Mechanism of Action of Mangifera indica Leaves for Anti-Diabetic Activity.

Ives et al. (ND) once stated that, "It reduces the demand for wood, thus also reducing the

pressure to harvest forests and to convert natural forests and ecologically sensitive areas into tree

plantations."
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In addition the potential anti-diabetic properties of Mangifera Indica leaf (MIL) extract

using an in vitro model, revealing a significant inhibition of alpha-amylase activity, reaching

approximately 51.4 ± 2.7% at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Moreover, the study examined the

accumulation of certain elements, including toxic metals, in the leaves, which could impact the

plant's suitability as a bioindicator for metal pollution. Another article focused on standardizing

the leaf, root, and stem-bark of Mangifera indica, providing detailed descriptions of their

macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. These findings collectively enhance the perceived

value and potential advantages of employing Mangifera indica leaves in paper production

(Ezugwu et al., 2012).

In the realm of Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags, delving into local literature is

paramount. The society's narratives, contexts of history, and intellectual accomplishments

constitute an underpinning for our research. In this section, the researchers acquire comprehensive

representations of the community's progress, concerns faced, and distinctive approaches produced

throughout time via the prism of local literature.

Ventura et al. (2022) emphasizes the comparison of traditional bagging methods and

leaving the fruit without any bagging. The study focused on factors like fruit yield, quality, and 28

cost-effectiveness. The results revealed that using waxed paper bags per cluster resulted in the

highest number of marketable fruits (130.60) with a total weight of 34.21 kg. Conversely, when no

bags were used, there were higher numbers and weights of extra-large (XL) fruits compared to

using waxed paper bags for clustering. Notably, fruits bagged with waxed paper showed signs of

insect damage, while fruits with no bags exhibited scab marks. Both bagging methods, whether

conventional or using waxed paper bags, displayed wind scars.

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Synthesis

The synthesis gathered information from numerous unrelated but connected topics. And

there are sixty-two literatures overall, according to the indicator. And specify mention that the

total number of participants in this research is one local literature and 61 foreign literatures.

A comprehensive review of the existing literature reveals that researchers have explored

the use of Mangifera indica leaves, also known as mango leaves, for their numerous benefits,

particularly in the creation of eco-friendly paper bags. Furthermore, Polimeros (2020) mentions

the presence of cellulose in Mangifera indica leaves. Cellulose fibers are valued for their thermal

and mechanical properties and are commonly used in polymeric matrices. These biopolymers can

be derived from various natural sources. The research consistently supports the idea that mango

leaves are a primary ingredient in the production of eco-friendly paper bags.

Relevant Theories

In support of this study, the researchers have identified and incorporated relevant theories

to provide a strong foundation and framework for its development. 29

The Circular Economy Theory is a fundamental concept within sustainable resource

management. It places a central emphasis on the minimization of waste by advocating for the

deliberate design of products and systems that facilitate the reutilization, remanufacturing, and

recycling of materials. At its core, this theory advocates for a closed-loop system, wherein

resources are conserved, and the consumption of new resources is significantly reduced. This

approach aligns with the overarching goal of sustainable development by mitigating the

environmental impact associated with resource extraction and waste generation.

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Furthermore, this study incorporates the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) theory, which

serves as a tool to evaluate potential environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle.

This includes aspects such as natural resource acquisition, production, usage, and waste

management, encompassing disposal and recycling (Finnveden, 2014).

This theory will assist the researchers in assessing the environmental impacts of the

product and promoting the development of a more environmentally friendly paper bag capable of

efficient disposal and recycling. By combining these methods and theories, the researchers created

a well-rounded framework for developing mango leaf paper bags that are not only practical but

also environmentally responsible.

Conceptual Framework

In this study, researchers employed a conceptual framework called the Input-Process-

Output (IPO) model, as illustrated in Figure 1. This framework served as a guide to outline how

the researchers would undergo on creating an efficient alternative paper bags using mangifera

indica leaves. Within the IPO model, a process is depicted as a sequence of interconnected
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boxes, representing various processing stages, with inputs and outputs connecting them.

Information or material resources progress through a series of tasks or activities based on

specific rules or decision points. Typically, we use flowcharts and process diagrams to visually

represent and communicate this step-by-step process (Harris & Taylor, 1997).The IPO model

served as the foundational framework, giving structure and direction to the study. When the

researchers mapped the elements of this study onto this model, it led to formulate the following

model for the study.

30
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• The demographic profile of • Analyzing Mangifera Indica

the respondents in accordance Leaf-Based Paper Bags: A

• Structured questionnaires .
to: Quantitative Analysis of
• face-to-face interviews.
a) Name Environmental Sustainability
• Experimental inquiries .
b) Age and Quality
• statistical analysis.
c) Gender
• In-depth analysis.
• Multifaceted Benefits of

Mangifera Indica Leaf-based

Paper Bags

• Understanding Consumer

Preferences and Market

Trends

• Sustainability Impact

Assessment
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Statement of the Problem

This research analyzes the potential of using Mangifera Indica leaves as an eco-friendly

alternative for paper production, addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional

methods. The primary goal is to assess the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing mango leaves in

papermaking.

Categorically, the study is designed to provide answer to the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent with reference to;

1.1 Name (Optional)

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender.

2. What are the most propitious procedures for gathering, sorting, and preparing Mangifera indica

leaves for the extraction of cellulose in papermaking?

3. In terms of tensile strength, opacity, and endurance, how does paper created from Mangifera

indica leaves compared to paper made from traditional sources?

4. What are the economic repercussions, including cost-effectiveness and market viability, of

incorporating Mangifera indica leaf-based papermaking into the currently flourishing paper

industry?

5. What environmental benefits can be accumulated by using Mangifera indica leaves in paper

manufacturing, such as reduced water consumption, consumption of energy, and the release of

carbon dioxide?
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6. What are the consumers’ and industrial opinions and preferences for paper products made from

Mangifera indica leaves? And how do they modify industry recognition?

The aforementioned subjects are examined in this work through quantitative analysis

concerning Mangifera indica leaf features, paper quality evaluation, adverse environmental effects

evaluation, evaluation of economics, and market investigation. The research results will shed light

on Mangifera indica leaves’ potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative in

the paper industry.

Scope of the Study

This research delves into practicality utilizing Mangifera indica leaves as an eco-conscious

substitute for conventional materials in crafting paper bags. The main objective of this study is to

address the pressing issue of economic deforestation by introducing a sustainable more favorable

solution for the country of Philippines.

To ensure a practical and focused experimental research, certain limitations must be

acknowledged. Firstly, this study will focusing on citizens of Pampanga, Philippines. This study

will be an experimental research project. There is a possibility that this research have a good

results, but it involves a significant amount of work and research. Furthermore, there is no

guarantee of professional assistance to ensure the research’s perfect execution or success. The

third concern is the cost of acquiring the necessary chemicals to initiate this experimental research.

The main ingredients required for conducting this experimental research are mango leaves and

soda ash. This combination forms the foundation of the study, with mango leaves serving as a key

component, and soda ash playing a crucial role in the experimentation process .Additionally,
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It’s essential to determine the anticipated timeline for the successful completion of this study it

takes 1-2weeks. These considerations are crucial in planning and executing a comprehensive

experimental research project. The research involving Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags

provides a comprehensive strategy for tackling environmental, economic, and social concerns. The

study’s findings have the potential to pave the way for more sustainable, cost-effective, and

ecologically friendly packaging solutions, so contributing to a cleaner planet and better livelihoods

for many people. The research involving Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags provides a

comprehensive strategy for tackling environmental, economic, and social concerns. The study's

findings have the potential to pave the way for more sustainable, cost-effective, and ecologically

friendly packaging solutions, so contributing to a cleaner planet and better livelihoods for many

people.

Alternative Hypothesis

The use of Mangifera indica leaves as an alternative to traditional paper bags will result in a

more sustainable and eco-friendly and potential benefits in terms of reduced environmental

impact.

The research paper hypothesis suggests that using Mangifera indica leaves as a substitute

for traditional paper bags may offer advantages in terms of sustainability and practicality

compared to traditional paper bags.

Null Hypothesis:

The use of Mangifera indica leaves as a substitute for traditional paper bags does not yield a

substantial variance in environmental consequences, cost-efficiency, or practicality in comparison

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34

to traditional paper bags.

Alternative Hypothesis :

The use of Mangifera indica leaves as a replacement for traditional paper bags does

produce a significant disparity in environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, or practicality when

contrasted with traditional paper bags.

Objective of the study

The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the potential of Mangifera indica

leaves as an environmentally friendly alternative for paper production, addressing environmental

concerns linked to conventional methods. The study aims to assess the feasibility and efficiency of

incorporating mango leaves into the papermaking process.

The specific objective of the study which were the following :

• Determine the demographic profile of the respondents, focusing on their age and gender, in order

to understand the potential consumer base for paper products made from Mangifera indica leaves.

• Identify and document the most optimal procedures for the collection, sorting, and preparation of

Mangifera indica leaves to effectively extract cellulose for use in papermaking.

• Compare the tensile strength, opacity, and endurance characteristics of paper manufactured from

Mangifera indica leaves with those of paper produced from conventional sources, thereby

evaluating the relative quality and performance of Mangifera indica leaf-based paper.
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• Assess the economic implications, encompassing cost-effectiveness and market feasibility, of

integrating Mangifera indica leaf-based papermaking practices into the existing and thriving paper

industry. 35

• Quantify the environmental advantages associated with utilizing Mangifera indica leaves in paper

production, including reductions in water consumption, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide

emissions, thereby highlighting the environmental sustainability of this approach.

•Investigate and analyze the opinions and preferences of both consumers and industry stakeholders

regarding paper products derived from Mangifera indica leaves, and to understand how these

preferences impact the recognition and adoption of such products within the paper industry.

Significance of the Study

The researchers’ study focusing upon producing Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags

has significance given that it possesses an opportunity to cope with substantial issues related to

the environment and the economy.

The following primary considerations emphasize the significance of the study:

Environmental Sustainable Development

The study explores the pressing need for long-term alternative solutions for disposable

bags made of the traditional process and ingredients, which at first have grown into an important

component of deforestation in our surroundings. This study contributes to its negative

environmental impact by investigating the use of Mangifera Indica leaves, a renewable and

biodegradable resource.
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36

Global Concern

The issue of deforestation is a worldwide concern. The findings of this study can be

applied in a variety of geographic places, particularly those with an elevated density of Mango

trees.

Resource conservation

Mango trees are abundant in various parts of the world, yet their leaves are frequently

neglected. This research takes advantage of a widely available resource, lowering the demand for

other raw materials normally utilized in the production of paper bags, such as wood pulp. This

encourages resource efficiency and conservation.

Economic chances

The study has the potential to stimulate local economies by offering chances for

Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bag production, processing, and manufacture. As a result, this

study has the potential to produce employment and money for communities involved in the

production chain.

Cost-effective solutions

Assessing the cost-effectiveness of Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags vs

traditional paper bag is crucial, particularly for businesses and governments. If these eco-friendly

bags are shown to be economically successful, they can provide an affordable and sustainable

alternative that benefits both producers and consumers.

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37

Consumer Preference

Understanding consumer attitudes and preferences about leaf-based paper bags is

critical. Positive customer attitudes and the use of such bags can boost demand, pushing

businesses to embrace sustainable practices and minimize their use of plastic bags, contributing

to a cleaner environment.

Future Researches

The investigative work that will be undertaken can serve as a foundation reference for

future researchers who are interested in a similar issue.

Definition of Terms

The growing environmental issues linked with the traditional paper bag process have

fueled the demand for more sustainable packaging materials. Mangifera indica leaf-based paper

bags, generated from Mango tree leaves, stand out as a possible eco-friendly solution.

Understanding the complexities of these revolutionary paper bags is critical as the globe grapples

with the pressing need to adopt environmentally responsible habits. To persist to this day and age

of increased awareness of environmental issues, the use of Mangifera indica leaf-based paper

bags has gained popularity (Flores, 2014-2015). These bags not only offer a practical answer to
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the tree deforestation problem, but they also promote a more sustainable approach to packaging,

according to Vikaspedia (2023). Because of their biodegradability and renewable source

38
material, they are an appealing alternative for ecologically aware customers and businesses alike.

Against this context, this quantitative study conducts a thorough investigation of the

environmental sustainability and quality elements that comprise Mangifera indica leaf-based

paper bags.

The terminology that follows are theoretically characterized herein for the purpose of

assisting readers more effectively understand the study's content:

Traditional paper bag manufacturing - The age-old process of generating paper from natural

fibers, typically wood pulp, using mechanical or chemical methods rather than modern

technologies such as computerized or automated systems (Bagitan Packaging, 2022)

Wood Pulp - The major raw material used in traditional paper manufacture is wood pulp. It is

derived from wood fibers by procedures such as pulping, which involve reducing wood to a

fibrous mass suited for paper manufacturing (Bagitan Packaging, 2022)

Papermaking process - Consists of various steps, including pulping, refining, paper creation,

pressing, drying, and finishing. Each stage adds to the paper's long-term properties, such as

texture, thickness, and absorbency (Samani, 2023).

Handmade Paper - Paper handcrafted by artisans using traditional methods. Hand-beating the

pulp, hand-molding sheets, and air-drying are common processes used, resulting in distinctive

and beautiful paper products (Babcock, 2020)

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Anacardiaceae Family - Flowering plant family that includes the mango as well as other

economically significant varieties such as cashew and pistachio. This family's members

frequently generate resinous or toxic (Petruzzello, 2023).

39

Economic importance - Mango cultivation has economic importance in many countries,

contributing to the agricultural economy and international trade, according to Greenclean (2021).

This study supports various industries related to mango processing and export.

Mangifera Indica - Scientific name of the mango tree. It is a tropical fruit tree native to South

Asia, (Greenclean, 2021) and its leaves are known for a variety of uses, including paper bags.

Leaf-based Paper Bags - Eco-friendly bags manufactured from Mangifera Indica leaves, intended

as an alternative to traditionally made paper bags and to promote environmental sustainability.

Quantitative analysis - A research method that uses measurable facts and numerical values

(Taylor, 2020-2023). In this work, statistical approaches are used to assess numerical data

pertaining to the environmental sustainability and quality of Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper

bags.

Environmental Sustainability - Ability to sustain the natural balance of the environment through

time by ensuring that resources are used in a way that protects the ecological balance while

meeting the demands of the present without jeopardizing future generations' ability to fulfill their

own needs.
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Quality - The extent to which a product (in this particular instance, Mangifera Indica leaf-based

paper bags) satisfies specified criteria and standards, guaranteeing that it is long-lasting,

functional, and effective for its intended purpose (Vocabulary, 2023).

Evergreen Tree - A tree that retains its leaves all year, independent of seasonal fluctuations.

Evergreen trees retain their foliage and provide a continual canopy of greenery in a variety of

conditions, including tropical regions (Collins, 2023).

Environmental Footprint - The environmental footprint evaluates an individual's, organization's,

product's, or activity's total environmental effect in terms of natural resources used, energy

consumed, and waste generated. It measures the ecological burden imposed on the Earth's

ecosystems, assisting in the assessment of sustainability and identifying areas for improvement

in environmental impact reduction (SDIA, 2021).

Respondent characteristics

Senior High School (SHS) Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics(stem)

students at Gutad National High School are the useful respondents.The majority of them are

adolescence, ranging in age from 16 to 18, and they are in grade 12.The most suitable responders

are the STEM students, taking into account that they are related to a particular topic that would

be most beneficial to them. Therefore, STEM students are more capable in evaluating the idea of

Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags.

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The study will involve two methods of sampling. Initially, due to the experimental

nature, specific respondents from the STEM12 Einstein student cohort will be selected by using

the Nonprobability sampling. Additionally, considering the likelihood of respondents being

unavailable for interviews, Availability sampling will also be employed by the researchers.

Sampling procedure

The study will involve two methods of sampling. Initially, due to the experimental nature,

specific respondents from the STEM12 Einstein student cohort will be selected by using the

Nonprobability sampling. Additionally, considering the likelihood of respondents being

unavailable for interviews, Availability sampling will also be employed by the researchers.

The study solely concentrates on understanding the perspectives and opinions of STEM 12

Einstein individuals concerning the value of recycling, without variation based on respondents'

age and gender. To ensure that the selected respondents are both interested and possess the

necessary knowledge sought by the researchers, non-probability sampling will be employed.

Furthermore, to facilitate easier contact and accessibility to the respondents, Availability

sampling will be utilized to avoid any complications in locating and reaching out to them.

Sample size, power and precision

The researcher will use the formula of Taro Yamane’s formula to determine the sample

size.

N n = 1 + N €2
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Where:

N = sample size,

N = population size

E = the margin of error.

N=11

N=11

E=2 or 0.02

The researchers determined a sample size of 11, and the following information serves as

proof of this chosen sample size.

N= 11/1+11x(.02)^2

N= 11/1+11x(.0004)

N= 11/1.0044

N=10.955

The researchers intend to utilize a survey questionnaire employing a Likert scale to

gather data from the Senior High School 12-STEM students at Gutad National High School. This

scale is aimed at assessing the attitudes or degrees of agreement among the respondents in the

survey. Moreover, Taro Yamane’s formula will be applied to ascertain the appropriate sample

size from the total population. Furthermore, the weighted mean will be employed to delineate the
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quantified perception of the respondents regarding service responsiveness and trust, utilizing a

descriptive rating table.

Measure and instrument

The researchers will use survey questionnaires to systematically collect responses from

participants. In the survey, Likert scale questions will be employed for Senior High School

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) 12-Einstein students. These

questions aim to measure the level of understanding and agreement among the respondents. The

Taro Yamane's formula was utilized to calculate the sample size from the total provided

population.

Questionnaire

Section I: Respondents Demographic Profile

Name of the Participant: ____________________

Date: _____________________

Name of School: ______________________

Direction: Shade the circle (•) that correspond your answer.

Age of the Respondent:

o 16

o 17

o 18
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o 19

Gender of the Respondent:

o Male

o Female

Grade Level of the Respondent:

o 11

o 12

Academic Track of the Respondent:

o STEM

o HUMSS

o HE

o SMAW

o ABM

Section II: Quality of Mangifera Indica leaf-based Paper Bags

Direction: This questionnaire’s assertion is intended for evaluating the quality of Mangifera

Indica leafbased paper bags. Please express your response by placing a shaded circle (•) through

the column that follows. Take into account that there are going to be no correct or incorrect

responses. The scale below will serve as your point of reference.

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A - Very Poor

B - Poor

C – Acceptable

D – Good

E - Very Good

A B C D E

1.1. Strength of the paper bag made of Mangifera Indica leaves:

1.2.Opacity of the paper bag made of Mangifera Indica leaves:

1.3. Endurance of the paper bag made of Mangifera Indica

leaves:
A B C D E

2.1. Cost-effectiveness of the paper bag made of Mangifera

Indica leaves compared to the traditional paper bag:
2.2. Market viability of the paper bag made of Mangifera
Indica leaves compared to the traditional paper bag:

A B C D E

3.1. The product influence in water consumption:

3.2. The product influence in the release of carbon dioxide:

3.3. The product influence in the release of carbon dioxide:

Section III: Level of Agreement for Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags
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Direction: This questionnaire’s assertion is intended for evaluating the Level of Agreement for

Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags. Please express your response by placing a shaded circle

(•) through the column that follows. Take into account that there are going to be no correct or

incorrect responses. The scale below will serve as your point of reference.

5 - Strongly Disagree

4 - Disagree

3 - Neither Disagree or Agree

2 - Agree

1 - Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4 5

Eco-friendly:

Sustainable:

Practical:

Support local economies:

Promote resource efficiency:

Reduce tree-based paper reliance:

Research design
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This research seeks to measure the eco-friendliness and quality of paper bags crafted

from Mangifera Indica (Mango) leaves in contrast to regular paper bags. The investigation

involves reviewing relevant literature to identify key factors, selecting a diverse range of

samples, and conducting a thorough life cycle analysis to understand their environmental impact.

We will use quantitative methods to assess quality aspects like tensile strength and tear resistance

for both types of bags. Statistical tools will be utilized to analyze the data, enabling a comparison

between Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags and conventional ones. The study aims to

provide insights into the feasibility of Mangifera Indica leaf-based paper bags as a sustainable

and high-quality alternative, offering recommendations for stakeholders and suggesting potential

areas for further research and enhancement in eco-friendly packaging materials.