[c] BIO OOO LESSON 8

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester

st

The Cardiovascular System The Heart: Chambers

o Closed system composed of the heart & blood vessels ▪ Right & Left side act as separate pumps
• the heart pumps blood
• blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the Four Chambers
body
Atria Ventricles
- Right Atrium - discharging chambers
o The functions of cardiovascular system
- Left Atrium - Right Ventricle
• to deliver oxygen & nutrients to cells and tissues
- Left Ventricle
• remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from
cells and tissues
The Heart: Septa
The Heart
Interventricular Septum Interatrial Septum
Location Orientation Size
- thorax between - pointed apex - about size of fist - separates the two ventricles - separates the two atria
lungs in inferior directed toward
mediastinum left hip -

- - base points word

right shoulder

The Heart: Coverings

The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
▪ Pericardium – doubled walled sac
Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation
• Fibrous Pericardium – loose and superficial - blood flows from the right - blood flows from left side of
• Serous Membrane – deep to fibrous pericardium and side of the heart to the lungs the heart through the body
composed of two layer and back to the left side of tissues and back to the right
the heart side of the heart
Serous Membrane
Visceral Pericardium Parietal Pericardium
- Next to heart - outside layer that lines inner
- also known as epicardium surface of fibrous pericardium
- -

• Serous Fluid – fills the space between layers of

pericardium

The Heart: Heart Wall

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

- outside layer - middle layer - inner layer
- visceral - mostly cardiac - endothelium
pericardium muscle
- connective tissue
layer

The Heart: Valves

▪ Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow

Four Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves Semilunar Valves
- between atria and ventricles - between ventricle and artery
[c] BIO OOO LESSON 8
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester
st

Bicuspid Tricuspid Pulmonary Aortic

(mitral) Valve Valve Semilunar Semilunar
Valve Valve 3. From right ventricle, blood leaves the heart it passes
through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary
Left side of Right side of
trunk
heart the heart
4. Pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary
arteries that carry blood to the lungs
▪ AV Valves
5. Oxygen picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off by
blood in the lungs
• anchored place by chordae tendineae (heart strings)
6. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four
• open during heart relaxation and closed during
primary veins
ventricular contraction
7. Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the
bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
▪ Semilunar Valves
8. From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via aortic
semilunar valve and aorta
• Closed during heart relaxation but open during
ventricular contraction
The Heart: Conduction System
▪ Notice these valves operate opposite one another to force
a one-way path of blood through heart ▪ Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

• heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a

Cardiac Circulation
regular, continuous way
▪ Blood in heart Chambers does not nourish the myocardium
The Heart: Conduction System
▪ The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
consisting of: ▪ Special tissue sets the pace

• Sinoatrial Node = SA Node (“pacemaker”), is in the right

Coronary Arteries Cardiac Veins Coronary Sinus
atrium
- branch from aorta - drain myocardium - large vein on the
to supply the of blood posterior of the
• Atrioventricular Node = AV Node, is at the junction of
heart muscle - deoxygenated heart, receives
the atria and ventricles
with oxygenated blood blood from
blood cardiac veins
• Atrioventricular Bundle = AV Bundle (bundle of his), is in
the interventricular septum
▪ Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary
sinus • Bundle branches are in the interventricular septum

• Purkinje Fibers spread within the ventricle wall muscle

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels Heart Contractions

Arteries Veins ▪ Once SA node starts the heartbeat

Pulmonary Superior & Pulmonary
Aorta
Arteries Inferior Veins (four) • impulse spreads to the AV node
Leaves left Leave right Enter right Enter left • then the atria contract
ventricle ventricle atrium atrium
▪ At the AV Node, impulses passes through the AV Bundle,
Blood Flow Through the Heart Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers

1. Superior & inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right ▪ Blood is ejected from the ventricles to the aorta and
atrium pulmonary trunk as the ventricles contract
2. From right atrium through tricuspid valve, blood travels to
the right ventricle
[c] BIO OOO LESSON 8
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester
st

Homeostatic Balance and SL valve are closed

Heart Block Ischemia Tachycardia Bradycardia
Isovolumetric Relaxation
- damage AV - lack - rapid heart - slow heart
node releases adequate rate over 100 rate less than
them from oxygen beats per 60 beats per ▪ An interval in the second heart sound, that is, closure of
control of the supply heart minute minute the aortic valve, to onset of filing by opening of the
SA node muscle bicuspid valve
- result in
slower heart
rate as
ventricles
contract at
their own rate

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds

Cardiac Cycle
The Heart: Cardiac Output
– events of one complete heart beat from its generation to the
beginning of the next beat; includes systole, diastole, & the
intervening pause • Cardiac Output (CO)

• amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle of the

• Atria contract simultaneously
heart in 1 minute
• Atria relax, then ventricles contract
• Stroke Volume (SV)
Systole Diastole
- contraction - between ventricle and artery
• volume of blood pumped by each ventricle In 1
- phase of heartbeat when - phase of heartbeat when contraction (each heartbeat)
heart muscle contracts and heart muscle relaxes and
• usually remains relatively constant
pumps blood from the allows the chambers to fill • about 70mL of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle
chambers into the arteries with blood with each heartbeat
Mid-to-late Diastole • Heart Rate (HR)
o Pressure in heart is low • typically 75 beats per minute
o Blood flows passively from atria and ventricles
o Semilunar Valves are closed CO = HR x SV
o Atrioventricular valves are open CO = HR (75beats/min) x SV (70 mL/beat)
o Atria contract and fore blood into ventricles CO = 5250 mL/min
Ventricular Systole • starling’s law of the heart – the more the cardiac muscle stretched,
the stronger the contraction
o Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts
o Atrioventricular valves close causes first heart sound, “lub” • changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac
o Semilunar Valve open as blood pushes against them output
o Blood travels out of the ventricles through pulmonary trunk
and aorta The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
o Atria are relaxed
• Increased heart rate
Early Diastole
• sympathetic nervous system
o At the end of systole, all four valves are briefly closed at
the same time - crisis stressor
- low blood pressure
- second heart sound is heard as semilunar valves close,
causing “dup” sound • Hormones
o Atria finish refilling as pressure in the heart drops • Epinephrine
o Ventricular pressure is low • Thyroxine
o Atrioventricular valves open
• Exercise
Isovolumetric Contraction
• Decreased Blood Volume
▪ Event occurring in early systole, during which the ventricles • Decreased Heart Rat
contract with no corresponding volume change
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• High blood pressure or blood volume
▪ This short-lasting event takes place when both AV valve
• Decreased venous return
[c] BIO OOO LESSON 8
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester
st
[c] BIO OOO Lesson 8
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester
st

HEART CIRCULATIONS

[1] Deoxygenated Blood → [2] Superior & Inferior Venae Cava → [3] Right Atrium → [4] Tricuspid (open)
→ [5] Right Ventricle (related diastole) → [6] Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (contracts systole) → [7] Pulmonary
Trunk → [8] Left Pulmonary Artery → lungs, inhale (oxygen); exhale (carbon dioxide) → [9] Left Pulmonary
Veins → [10] Left Atrium → [11] Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve → [12] Left Ventricle → [13] Aortic Valve → [14] Aorta
[15] Arteries – Veins – Arteriole
[c] BIO OOO Lesson 8
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSCIOLOGY 1 Year BSN | 1st Semester
st

HEART CONTRACTIONS

[1] Sinoatrial (SA) node “pacemaker”→ [2] Atrioventricular (AV) node → Atria Contract → [3] AV Bundle
→ [4] Bundle Branches → [5] Purkinje Fibers → [6] Ejected from Ventricle to Aorta Pulmonary Trunk (ventricle
contracts)