GRADE: 10 LIFE PROCESSES SA1 PAPERS

1 Explain the role of bile juice in digesting food.

(b) The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzyme
to act. Bile juice accomplishes this. Bile salts break down larger globules of fats into smaller globules
increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.
2 Mention the purpose of making urine.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products (urea or uric acid) from the blood.
3 Define transpiration. State its two functions.
The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
Functions :
(i) It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and mineral dissolved in it from roots to
the leaves. (ii) It also helps in temperature regulation.
4 Why do ventricles have thicker, muscular walls than atria?
Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, they have thicker muscular walls than artria
do.
5 (a) Explain the process of nutrition in amoeba.
(b) Explain how Paramoecium obtains its food.
(a) Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger like extensions of the cell surface which fuse over food
particle forming a food vacuole. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into
simpler, ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm.
(b) In paramecium, the food is taken in at a specific spot and is moved to this spot by the movement of
cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell.
6 List three events that occur during photosynthesis.
(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(b) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecule into hydrogen and
oxygen
(c) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
7 What is double circulation of blood?
Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle.
8 Name one enzyme present in pancreatic juice and give its functions.
What are peristaltic movements?
Trypsin + Proteins → Amino acids/ Amylase + Carbohydrates→ simple sugars/ Lipase +Fats → Fatty Acid
+Glycerol
The lining of alimentary canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order to push food forward.
These are peristaltic movements.
9 Assume that you are a veterinary surgeon and you had removed a good length of the small intestine of
a bear that was suffering from an intestinal tumor. Now, would you suggest a plant based or a meat
based diet for the bear after its recovery? Give reason for your answer.
Animal – based food, To digest plant – based food, the bear will need a longer small intestine, for the
cellulose to be digested.
10 During breathing cycle what is the advantage of residual volume of air in lungs? Explain.
So that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for CO2 to be released.
The amount of water re-absorbed depends on how much excess water is there in the body and how
much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
11 Explain why ventricles have thick muscular walls than the atria?
Ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, hence they have thicker muscular walls than the
atria.
12 Name any two substances that are selectively reabsorbed.
Glucose, amino acids, salts, major amount of water (Any two)
13 In human alimentary canal name the site of complete digestion of various components of food. Explain
the process of digestion.
Small intestine
Secretions of liver and pancreas mixes with food. Pancreatic enzymes make it alkaline. Bile juice from
liver too helps in it. Bile salts break the fat present in the form of large globules into smaller ones
increasing efficiency of enzyme action. Enzymes like Trypsin digests proteins and lipase breaks down
fats. Intestinal juice convert proteins to amino acids complex carbohydrate to glucose and fats into fatty
acid and glycerol.
14 Give reasons: (a)Rings of cartilage are present in trachea. (b) Lungs always contain a residual volume of
air.
(a) to ensure that the air passage does not collapse when there is no air
(b) to provide sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and carbon dioxide to be released.
15 Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse when there is less air in it ?
Presence of rings of cartilage in the throat ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
16 How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?
The guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly, The
pore closes if the guard cells shrink.
17 Name three different glands associated with the digestive system in humans. Also name their
secretions.
Name of glands Name of secretion (Any 3)
Salivary glands: Saliva contains enzyme ptyalin; Gastric glands: HCl, mucous, pepsin
Liver: Bile juice; Pancreas: Pancreatic juice which contains enzyme trypsin lipase and amylase.
Intestinal glands : intestinal juice
18 Explain their function in the digestive system.
The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger like projections called villi. They increase the
surface area for the absorption of digested food.
19 List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins.
20 Give reasons for the following :(i) Lungs always contain residual volume. (ii) Nostrils are lined with
mucus.
(a) Fig 6.9. Drawing Labelling
(b) (i) so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed. (ii) filter the air (dust particles stick to
it)
21 What is lymph? How is composition of lymph different from blood plasma? What is the direction of its
flow? List two functions of lymphatic system.
Tissue fluid/plasma, proteins and blood cells which escape into inter cellular spaces
Lymph is colorless and contains less protein than plasma. From tissues/lymphatic capillaries to
heart/veins
Functions -
Carry digested fat/absorption of fat. Drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
22 Give reasons for:
(i) oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is separate in the heart of mammals.
(ii) ventricles are thick walled.
(i) This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen, and meet their high energy needs (as they are warm-
blooded animals)
(ii) because they have to pump blood throughout the body / into various organs.
23 Give reasons why (i) Herbivores have longer small intestine as compared to carnivores.
(ii) Mucus is secreted along with hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
(i) to allow cellulose to be digested.
(ii) to protect inner living of the stomach from the action of acid.
24 Give reasons for the following:
(a) Arteries are thick walled.
(b) Blood goes only once through the heart in fishes.
(c) Plants have low energy needs.
(a) To withstand high pressure of the blood (emerging from the heart)
(b) Because they do not maintain their own body temperature, therefore they do not require
separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (which allows efficient supply of oxygen)/they have
low energy needs.
(c) Because plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells (in many tissues)
25 State the purpose of making urine.
Where is urine produced stored?
Name the part through which urine is passed out.
Purpose of making urine is to fitter out waste products from the blood.
Urine is stored in urinary bladder.
Urine is passed out through urethra.
26 What are capillaries? State the function performed by them.
Smallest vessels/ which have one cell thick wall.
They exchange of material between the blood and the surroundings.
27 During respiration, pyruvic acid is produced from glucose.
State the end products formed from it on further break down in each of the following cases:-
 (a) Yeast in absence of oxygen , (b) lack of oxygen in muscles, (c) Presence of oxygen in
mitochondria
(a) Ethanol + CO2 + energy
(b) Lactic acid + energy
(c) CO2 + H2O + energy.
28 Explain double circulation pathway.
Explanation- deoxygenated blood enters heart on right side and pulmonary artery carries to lungs for
oxygenation. Pulmonary vein brings to left side of heart.
29 How does stomata open and close? Explain. Which raw material is made available to plants for
photosynthesis when stomata are open?
When guard cells are filled with H2O it pulls apart guard cells and pore open. When guard cells shrink
pore closes CO2 is made available for photosynthesis.
30 List the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their functions in tabular
form.

31 Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?
Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms.
32 Name the factors on which the amount of water reabsorbed along the tubular part of nephron depends
on?
The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the body and on how
much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
33 (a) What is peristalsis?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime.’ How do they do photosynthesis?
(a) Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscle of alimentary canal which pushes food forward.
(b) In desert plant stomata open at night and absorb CO2, and store it as an intermediate compound
that is converted to carbohydrate during daytime.
34 Name the enzyme present in saliva and state its function.
Salivary amylase. Breaks starch (complex sugar ) to sugar
35 Why do aquatic animals have a faster rate of breathing compared to terrestrial animals?
Aquatic animal obtain oxygen from water, present in dissolved state through their gills. Since dissolved
oxygen is fairly low compared to oxygen present in air the rate of breathing in aquatic organism is much
faster than seen in the terrestrial organism.
36 Explain different steps involved in nutrition in Amoeba.
 In Amoeba, temporary finger like extensions of the cell surface fuse over the food particle forming food
vacuole. Food particle is digested and remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell
and thrown out.
37 Name the respiratory pigment present in human beings.
State the function of rings of cartilage present in our throat.
Hemoglobin.
To ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
38 What are nephrons?
How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood and formation of urine?
Each kidney has large number of filtration units called nephrons which are packed close together.
Nephron is a cluster of very thin walled capillaries associated with the cup–shaped end of a tube that
collects the filtered urine.
39 List two functions of stomata.
Name the cells which control the opening and closing of stomata.
How do they perform this function?
Functions of stomata –
(i) Gaseous exchange.
(ii) Water loss/transpiration.
Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata Guard cells swells when water flows into them,
causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.
40 Name the end products formed due to digestion of :( a) proteins. (b) Carbohydrates. (c) Fats.
Proteins – amino acid; Carbohydrate – glucose; Fats – fatty acid + glycerol
41 State one example of an organism that :
(i) breaks down the food material outside the body and then absorb it.
(ii) derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them.
(a) mushroom/bread mould (any one);
(b) ticks/lice/tapeworm
42 What will happen if:
(i) Mucus is not secreted by the gastric gland.
(ii) Leaves of plants are covered with Vaseline.
(iii) Bile is not produced in liver.
(i) Inner lining of stomach may get damaged by the action of the HCl acid.
(ii) Plant will not be able to – Photosynthesis or CO2 may not enter.
- Respire or exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) may not occur.
- do transpiration (Any one point)
(iii) Emulsification of fat not take place which will affect the digestion of fat.
44 Name the substances that get reabsorbed by the tubules.
Why is dialysis done to a patient suffering from kidney failure?
Glucose, amino acids, salts, large amount of water. (Any two)
Toxic wastes get accumulated in the blood in case of kidney failure.
Dialysis is done to remove those toxic wastes from the body.
45 How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
 What happens in the first step of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which is common for both and
where?
Lungs have sac like structures called alveoli which increases the surface area for exchange of gases.
Glucose (6 carbon compound) is converted into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) in the cytoplasm.
46 State the three common features of respiratory organs of animals.
(i) Large surface area.
(ii) wall of respiratory organs should be thin.
(iii) It should have rich supply of blood for transport of gases.
47 State two vital functions of the kidney.
Functions of the kidney are :
(i) Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
(ii) Osmoregulation.
48 “Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion”. Explain the statement.
Bile emulsifies fats and also provide alkaline medium for pancreatic enzymes to act on food.
49 An experiment was performed to demonstrate that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis. Given
below are the diagrams of a variegated leaf before and after starch test:

Before starch test After starch test

(a) What would be the colour of the areas ‘A’ and ‘B’?
(b) During the experiment, why is the leaf dipped in alcohol?
(c) Why the plant from which leaf is taken was kept in the dark for 2-3 days?
(a) A part – Blue black, B part – Yellow
(b) To remove chlorophyll.
(c) To destarch the leaves.
50 State the functions of the following components of transport system:(i) Blood (ii) Lymph
(i) Functions of Blood: Transport of nutrients, O2, CO2, Urea, hormones etc. WBC’s present in blood kill
germs
(ii) Functions of lymph: To carry digested and absorbed fats from intestine to other tissues.
To drain excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood
51 What happens to glucose that enters the nephron along with filtrate?
Name the organ of excretory system where the urine is stored.
Glucose is reabsorbed into the blood.
Urinary bladder.
52 Complete the glucose break down pathway in case of aerobic respiration by filling the blanks:
 (1) Pyruvate
(2) Energy
(3) Presence of oxygen
(4) Mitochondria
(5) CO2
(6) Water
53 Why is circulation in human beings known as double circulation?
Describe double circulation with the help of a diagram.
Double circulation –
As blood passes twice through heart in a single circulation, the circulation is called double circulation.
Right auricle receives deoxygenated blood from various body parts through major veins. At the same
time pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to left atrium. During this event auricles and ventricles
both remain in relaxed state. Some blood passes to the respective ventricles since the auriculo-
ventricular valves between auricle and ventricle are open. Once the auricles are full with blood they
contract and the blood passes into
left and right ventricles. Now the valve between auricle and ventricle closes and ventricles contract to
pump blood. Deoxygenated blood present in right ventricle goes to lungs through pulmonary artery and
oxygenated blood is distributed to all parts of the body through the largest artery called aorta. From
various parts of body deoxygenated blood again returns to right auricle and oxygenated blood from
lungs to left auricle.
54 Write one feature which is common to each of the following pairs: (i) Glycogen and starch (ii)
Chlorophyll and hemoglobin (iii) Gills and lungs
(i) Both are carbohydrates.
(ii) Both are pigments.
(iii) Both are respiratory organs.
55 Explain the process of breakdown of glucose in human cells:
(i) in the presence of oxygen. (ii) in the absence of oxygen.
In all living organisms the breakdown of glucose, a six carbon molecule, into a three carbon molecule
called pyruvate, takes place in the cytoplasm. Further breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place
in mitochondria. This process breaks up the three carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of
carbon dioxide and water since this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen) it is called
aerobic respiration. In yeast fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen it is called anaerobic
respiration. The end products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.
56 What would be the consequences of deficiency of hemoglobin in our bodies?
Deficiency of haemoglobin will seriously affect the supply of O2 to the cells causing anemia. Aerobic
respiration will suffer. Leading to weakness, pain and improper metabolism.
57 Mention one role of gastric glands in digestion.
State the functions of hydrochloric acid and mucus.
The digestion functions are taken care by the gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach. These
glands release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin and mucus.
Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium that facilitates the action of enzyme pepsin. Mucus protects
inner lining of stomach from the action of acid under normal condition.
58 Mention any two substances which are reabsorbed from initial filtrate.
Mention one method used by plants to get rid of excretory products.
Water/Glucose/Amino acids (Any two )
Excess water by transpiration- (Any one )
- Waste products stored in leaves that fall off
- Waste Products that are stored as gum and resins specially in old - xylem O2 andCO2 through stomatal
pore .
59 State the functions of (a) Renal artery. (b) Kidney. (c) Ureter. (d) Urinary bladder.
(a) Renal artery → bring blood to kidney
(b) Kidney → purification;
(c) Ureter → carry urine to bladder;
(d) Urinary bladder → stores urine till eliminated
60 Give reason. Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion.
Bile helps in the emulsification of fat break the fat into small globules increasing the enzyme action,
also the salts present in it turns the acidic food alkaline.
61 Give reason: “The separation of the right side and left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that
have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals which constantly use energy to maintain body
temperature.
62 Name and state the function of tissues responsible for the transportation in plants.
(a) Xylem → Transports water from the roots to the upper parts of plant body. name + function
(b) Phloem → Transports prepared food to the organs for storage, name + function
63 Mention any two substances which are selectively reabsorbed as the filtrate flows along the tubular
parts of this unit.
Glucose/amino acid/water (any two)
64 State one function each of Alveolar sac and diaphragm.
 Alveolar sac → Capillaries present in the walls of alveolar sac help in exchange of gases.
Diaphragm → It flattens and creates space for the lungs to expand when air is inhaled.
65 State the functions of blood and lymph.
Blood: It transports nutrients, O2, CO2, urea, hormones and WBC (which helps to fight with germs)
Lymph: It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular
space back into the blood.
66 List two major functions of kidney.
What happens to the urine formed in each kidney?
(i) Excretion of nitrogenous waste products; (ii) Remove excess water from the body.
Urine formed in the kidney possess through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until
voided. From the bladders the urine flows to the outside via the urethra.
67 What is the mode of nutrition in Amoeba?
Mode of nutrition in amoeba is heterotrophic.
68 State the function of guard cells.
Name the organelle essential for photosynthesis.
The opening and closing of stomata is the function of guard cells.
Chloroplast
69 How are alveoli designed in human beings to maximize the exchange of gases? List three features.
(i) The extensive network of capillaries (blood vessels) present in the walls of the alveoli helps in easy
diffusion i.e. exchange of gases.
(ii) Present in large number and highly elastic.
(iii) Provides large surface area for exchange of gases.
70 Explain the role of stomata in the process of photosynthesis.
Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves. Massive amount of gaseous exchange
takes place in the leaves through these pores for the purpose of photosynthesis. It is important to note
that exchange of gases occurs across the surface of stems, roots and leaves as well. The opening and
closing of the pore is the function of guard cells present in the stomata.
71 Give reason: the separation of the right side and left side of human heart is useful to keep oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
(ii) This is useful in animals which have high energy needs such as birds and mammals, which constantly
use energy to maintain their body temperature.
72 (a) What are parasitic plants? Cite one example of such a plant.
(b) What is lymph? How is it formed?
State its importance.
(a) Derive nutrition from other living plants without killing them. Example: Cuscuta.
(b) Fluid present in intra cellular spaces. Some plasma along with nutrients flows out of the capillary
pores to form lymph. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fats from intestine and drains excess fluid
from extra cellular space back into the blood.
73 (a) What is peristalsis? What role does it play in the digestive system?
(b) Why is breathing rate higher in aquatic animals than compared to land animals?
(c) Why is there a need to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in heart of humans?
(d) Name the molecule in which energy is ultimately trapped during respiration.
 (a) Rhythmic contraction and expansion of alimentary canal, pushing food.
(b) Dissolved oxygen in water is low compared to oxygen in air so to get enough oxygen.
(c) The separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated block allows a highly efficient supply of
oxygen to the body.
(d) A.T.P. cells should get enough oxygen to: Produce enough energy for maintaining constant body
temperature.
74 (a) List two functions performed by dilute hydrochloric acid in our stomach.
(b) Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
(a) Dilute HCl makes the medium acidic/ activates enzyme pepsin/kills microbes present in food (any
two)
(b) CO2 and water
75 Why do lungs always have residual volume of air?
Name the respiratory pigment in human beings and state the cell in which it is present.
During breathing cycle when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air
so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
Hb/Hemoglobin, it is present in RBC.
76 (a) A product is formed in our muscles due to break down of glucose when there is a lack of oxygen.
Name the product and also mention the effect of buildup of this product.
(b) Differentiate between fermentation in yeast and aerobic respiration on the basis of end products
formed.
(a) Product - Lactic acid; Effect - Causes cramps
(b) Fermentation in yeast - Ethanol and CO2 ; Aerobic respiration – CO2 and water
77 Mention the role of following in digestion:
(i) pepsin
(ii) Saliva
(iii) Villi
(i) Pepsin: It is an enzyme released by gastric glands on which digests proteins.
(ii) Saliva: It contains salivary amylase that breaks down starch into sugar.
(iii) Villi: Increase the surface area for absorption of food.
78 List two major steps involved in the formation of urine and state in brief their functions.
(c) Two factors are :
On how much excess water is in the body.
How much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
79 Explain how the process of ‘breathing in’ is brought about in our body?
When we breathe in – we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm. The chest cavity becomes larger. As a
result air is sucked into the lungs.
80 (a) State two advantages of transpiration to the plant body.
(b) List in tabular form two ways in which “transpiration‟ is different from “translocation‟.
(c) Why do plants have a slow transport system?
81 Give reasons for the following:
(a) Trachea never collapse.
(b) Rate of breathing is higher in aquatic animals as compared to terrestrial animals.
(c) Veins have valves.
(a) Because rings of cartilage are present (for support)
(b) Because amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air.
(c) To ensure blood flows only in one direction.
82 What is double circulation?
Why is it found in birds and mammals and not in fishes?
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood?
When deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods are separated, blood goes through the heart twice during
each cycle. This is known as double circulation.
- Because unlike fishes, birds and mammals are warm blooded. They have high energy needs; this
separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to release energy continuously.
- Oxygen is transported with the help of respiratory pigment / Hemoglobin.
- Carbon-di-oxide is transported in dissolved form.
84 (a) “Transport of food in plants require living tissues and energy”. Justify this statement.
(b) Name the components of food that are transported by the living tissues.
(a) Food is transported by sieve tubes through energy food moves into sieve tube at the expense of
ATP. Due to increase in osmotic pressure water enters into the tissues. Due to this pressure material
moves from phloem to tissue.
(b) Components are: (i) Photosynthetic products or sucrose. (ii) Amino acids.
85 Explain the process of protein digestion with respect to site, gland and enzymes involved.
Protein in stomach: by gastric gland enzyme – pepsin in presence of HCl;
Small intestine – pancreatic juice from pancreas containing Trypsin.