BUSINESS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Module 4: Module Data Processing and Data
Analysis
Unit 1: Data Processing
Ms. Anuradha Guntupalli
MBA Content Writer
Aim
The AIM of this unit is to make the students understand the diversified data
processing methods and apply them in real time application.
This unit intends to:
• Familiarise oneself with the different steps involved in data
processing
Instructional • Acquire the skills and knowledge required to perform data
Objectives processing tasks effectively
• Apply appropriate techniques for editing, coding, categorising,
tabulating, graphing, and diagramming research data
At the end of this unit, the student is expected to:
• Explain the significance of data processing in research
Learning • Identify the various steps involved in data processing
Outcomes • Perform editing tasks to ensure data accuracy and completeness
Data Processing Steps
• Editing of Data
Editing is the first step in data processing. Editing is
examining the data collected in questionnaires/
schedules to detect errors and omissions and to see
that they are corrected, and the schedules are ready
for tabulation.
• Coding of Data
Coding is necessary for efficient analysis and through it
the several replies may be reduced to a small number
of classes which contain the critical information
required for analysis. Coding decisions should usually
be taken at the designing stage of the questionnaire.
Data processing
Editing Data
Data processing is concerned with editing, coding, classifying, Coding of Data
tabulating and charting, and diagramming research data. The
essence of data processing in research is data reduction. Data
Classification of Data
reduction involves winnowing out the irrelevant from the
relevant data, establishing order from chaos, and giving shape
to a mass of data. Data processing in research consists of five Tabulation of Data
essential steps.
Data Diagrams
Data processing
• Classification Data
Classification or categorisation is grouping the statistical data under various understandable homogeneous groups
for convenient interpretation. A uniformity of attributes is the basic criterion for classification, and data grouping is
made according to similarity.
• Tabulation of Data
Tabulation is summarising raw data and displaying it in compact form for further analysis. Therefore, preparing
tables is a crucial step. Tabulation may be by hand, mechanical, or electronic.
Data Diagrams
Diagrams are charts and graphs used to present data.
These facilitate getting the attention of the reader more.
These help to present data more effectively. Creative
presentation of data is possible.
Eamples: Charts, Graphs
Quiz
3. Diagramming research data is primarily used for:
1. Tabulation form exercises: a. Creating visual representations of complex
a. Gates relationships
b. Demorgan’s postulate b. Calculating summary statistics
c. Matching process cycle c. Sorting data into categories
d. Venn diagram d. Removing errors from the dataset
2. General tables of data used to show data in an 4. What is coding in the context of research data?
orderly manner are called as: a. Assigning numerical values to categories
a. Double characteristic table b. Organising data into groups
b. Manifold tables c. Representing data visually
c. Repository tables d. Arranging data in a systematic order
d. Single characteristics tables
Quiz
5. Which of the following is an example of data
editing?
a. Sorting data into categories
b. Removing duplicate records
c. Creating a bar chart
d. Presenting data in a table
Summary
• Data processing is concerned with editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and charting, and diagramming
research data.
• Editing is the first step in data processing. Editing is examining the data collected in
questionnaires/schedules to detect errors and omissions and to see that they are corrected.
• Coding is necessary for efficient analysis and through it the several replies may be reduced to a small
number of classes which contain the critical information required for analysis.
• Classification or categorization is grouping the statistical data under various understandable
homogeneous groups for convenient interpretation.
• Tabulation is summarizing raw data and displaying it in compact form for further analysis.
• Diagrams are charts and graphs used to present data. These facilitate getting the attention of the reader
more.
Points to Ponder
Develop the data processing activities for all the types.
Evaluate the data processing types.
Collect the data from any one business and use the data
diagrams.
Activities
Collect the information from your friends about their
strengths and weaknesses and use them in data diagrams
to find the lagging areas.
Data processing plays vital role in business research methodology, and it holds
diversified methods to process the data.
Researchers can use latest technical tools to process the data and get accurate
Conclusion result in constructive timeline.
THANK YOU
