THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

NEW EDITION
PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF
LEADING ORIENTALISTS

EDITED BY

B. LEWIS, CH. PELLAT AND J. SCHACHT

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF

VOLUME II

C—G
FOURTH IMPRESSION

LEIDEN
E.J. BRILL
1991
7 ESCAD EFENDI. MEHEMMED — ESHKINDJJ

Bibliography: Wasif, Hakd^ik al-akhbdr, j 3851) contain letters etc. written on various occa-
Istanbul 1219, i, 199; Djewdet, Ta'rikh, Istanbul sions; (9) Shdhid al-mu^arrikhin (chronogram for
1309, ii, 48, 100; Miistakim-zade, Dawha-imashd*- 1247), a tedhkire of writers of chronograms (auto-
ikh-i kibdr (MS); idem, Tuhfe-i khattdtin, Istanbul graph: Fatih-Millet library, MSS Ali Emiri, tarih,
1928, 711; Ahmed Rifcat, Dawhat al-mashdtikh, 362-3). Escad Efendi left also a large number of poems
Istanbul (lith., n.d.), 98, 106; cllmiyye sdlndmesi, and various risdles (for details see I A, and Bursall
Istanbul 1334, 545-7; I A, s.v. (of which the above Mehmed Tahir, ^OthmdnU mifellifleri, iii, 24-6).
is an abridgement). (M. MtfNiR AKTEPE) Bibliography: Shanl-zade cAta3ullah, Ta'rikh,
ESCAD EFENDI, SAHHAFLAR-SHEYKHI-ZADE SEY- Istanbul 1292, iv; Djewdet, Ta^rikh, Istanbul 1309,
YID ME#MED (1204/1789-1264/1848), Ottoman i and xii; Ahmed Lutfi, Ta^rikh, Istanbul 1290-
official historiographer (wa^a-niiwis) and scholar, 1306, i-vii; Ta*rikh-i Lutfi, viii, ed. cAbd al-Rahman
was left in straitened circumstances by his father's Sheref, Istanbul 1328, Rifcat, Dawhat al-nukaba?,
accidental death (December 1804) while on his way Istanbul 1283, 57 ff.; Fatin, Tedhkire, Istanbul
to take up the duties of fcddi of Medina. After holding 1271, 13; Djemal al-Dln, Ayine-i zurefd, Istanbul
various clerical posts, in Safar i24i/October 1825 he 1314, 79 ff.; Ibmilemln Mahmud Kemal, Son 'aslr
succeeded Shanl-zade cAta3ullah Efendi [q.v.] as ttirk shdHrleri, Istanbul 1314, ii, 321 ff.; Sadeddin
wak'a-nuwis, a post he held until his death. His work Nuzhet Ergun, Turk sairleri, Istanbul 1944, iii,
Vss-i zafer attracted the favour of Mahmud II: he 1335; Takwim-i wakd*ic, years 1247-64; Babinger,
was kadi of the army in 1828, then kadi of Cskiidar, 354-5; U. Heyd, The Ottoman 'ulemd and westerni-
and was appointed editor of the official gazette zation in the time of Selim III and Mafymud II,
Takwim al-wakdW (see art. DJAR!DA, col. 465b) in Scripta Hierosolymitana, ix, Studies in Islamic
when it first appeared in 1247/1831. In September history and civilization, Jerusalem 1961, 63 ff.;
1834 he was appointed kadi of Istanbul, and in 1835-6 I A, s.v. (of which the above is an abridgement).
went as special envoy to Persia, to congratulate (M. MUNIR AKTEPE)
Muhammad Shah on his accession. A long illness in- ESAME [see YENI dERi],
terrupted his career, but after the Tanzimdt [q.v.] he ESCHATOLOGY [see KIYAMA].
was for two years a member of the Medjlis-i ahkdm-i ESHAM [see ASHAM].
*adliyye (Council for Judicial Ordinances), on 6 Au- EgflKINDJI, also eshkundii, means in Turkish
gust 1841 he was appointed Nakib al-ashrdf, and from 'one who rushes, goes on an expedition' (eshkin is
30 May 1843 to 13 October 1844 he was kddi'asker defined by Mahmud Ka§hgharl [Diwdn lughdt al-
of Rumeli. In 1845 he was a member of the com- Tilrk, i, 100; = Besim Atalay's T. tr., i, 109] as
mission set up to reform primary education, and in 'long journey', and eshkindji as 'galloping courier'; cf.
1846 became a member of the Council for Education also Tamklariyletarama sozliigu, ed. Tiirk Dil Kuru-
(Medjlis-i ma^drif-i ^umumiyye)', appointed its pre- mu, i-iv, s.v.; the verb eshmek, to go on an exped-
sident on ist January 1848, he died almost imme- ition, was later replaced in Ottoman Turkish by
diately afterwards (3 Safar 1264/10 January 1848) miildzemet, Ar. muldzama).
and was buried in the garden of the library he had As a term in the Ottoman army eshkindji meant in
founded in the Yerebatan quarter of Istanbul. general a soldier who joined the army on an expedi-
His collection of books, over 4000 in number (3719 tion. Thus eshkindji timariots (see TIMAR) who joined
of them manuscripts), he deposited in a library which the army were distinguished from kaPa-eri or
he endowed in 1262/1846: now housed in the Siiley- mustahfiz, those who stayed in the fortresses as
maniye Public Library, they remain one of the most garrison (cf. Suret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, ed.
important collections in Turkey. His principal works H. Inalcik, Ankara 1954, 108, 109).
are: (i) his official history (unpublished) in two volu- As a special term eshkindii designated auxiliary
mes, covering the events of the years 1237-41/1821-6: soldiers whose expenses were provided by the people
it begins as a continuation of the work of his prede- of recdyd [q.v.] status as against djebelu equipped by
cessor as wak'a-niiwis, and his drafts for later years the caskari [q.v.]. The obligation was in return for
were used by his successor, Lutfi Efendi [q.v.] (for the the tax exemptions made on agricultural lands
MSS see Babinger, 355; Istanbul kittiipaneleri tarih- which were considered in principle as under state
cografya yazmalan kataloglan, i/2, Istanbul 1944, proprietorship (cf. H. Inalcik, Stefan Dutan'dan
174-6; I A, iv, 364b); (2) Vss-i zafer (chronogram for Osmanh imparatorluguna, in Fuat Kdprulii Armagam,
1241), an account of the suppression of the Janis- Istanbul 1953, 134, note 121). In the organizations
saries (the so-called Wak^a-i khayriyye, see art. of yiiruk, dfdnbdz, yaya, musellem, Tatar and the
YENI CERI) in 1241/1826; MS Esad Ef. 2071 is said like, each group of 10, 24, 25, or 30 persons was to
to be the autograph; twice printed in Turkish furnish the expenses of an eshkindii each year.
(Istanbul 1243, 1293), it was translated into French Three or five among them were appointed eshkindfis,
(A. P. Caussin de Perceval, Precis historique de la des- and the rest yamaks, assistants. Each year an
truction . . . , Paris 1833), Greek, and in part into eshkindii collected in turn, be-newbet, a certain sum
Russian; (3) Teshrifdt-i kadime, on the court-cere- called khardilik (usually 50 akce per person )from the
monial and protocol of the Empire (edition: Istanbul yamaks and joined the Sultan's army on an expedi-
[1287]); (4) Zibd-i tawdrikh, an uncompleted trans- tion (under Bayezld II khardjlik was collected only
lation of the Mir^dt al-adwdr, in Persian, of Lari when an expedition occurred). In return the eshkindiis
[q.v.] (autograph draft: MS Esad Ef. 2410); (5) and the yamaks were exempted from taxes and dues
Sefer-ndme-i khayr (chronogram for 1247), an account on their tiftliks [q.v.] entirely or partly (cf. Kdnun-
of Mahmud IPs tour of Eastern Thrace (autograph: ndme Sultan Mehmeds des Eroberers, ed. Fr. Kraelitz,
Istanbul, Eski Eserler Miizesi library, MS Recaizade inMOG, i (1921-2), 25,28; T. Gokbilgin, Rumeli'de
Ekrem 157); (6) Aydt al-khayr, on Mahmud IPs Yuriikler, Tatarlar ve Evldd-i Fdtihdn, Istanbul
tour of the Danube province in 1253; (7) Bahte-i 1957, 244-6). The voynufys and Eflafys can be con-
safd-enduz (chronogram for 1351), a tedhkire of poets sidered also as eshkindii organizations (cf. H. Inalcik,
living between 1135/1723 and 1251/1836 (autograph ibid. 241). Even the doghand[ls [q.v.] in some areas,
draft: MS Esad Ef./Esad Arif Bey 4040); (8) Munsha- who were organized in the same manner, were to
*dt: two autograph notebooks (MSS Esad Ef. 3847, furnish eshkindiis.
 ESHKiNDJI — £SZEK 715

Another category of eshkindjis was provided by and he drove away the nomadic Yuriiks (Kinnamos,
the possessors of wakfs and mulks. Increasingly in 294, 297; Niketas, 236 ff., 246); but only one year
need of new troops, Mehemmed the Conqueror ordered later (after the unsuccessful war against Kilidj
in Ramadan 88i/December 1476 that the wakfs and Arslan II) he had to undertake to pull down the
mulks of certain types were to furnish eshkindjis fortifications, and it was probably shortly after
for the army (cf. Fatih devrinde Karaman Eydleti this that the town finally passed into Saldjuk
vakiflan fihristi, ed. F. N. Uzluk, Ankara 1958, possession.
facsimile 3). The measure was applied extensively In the 13th century, Ertoghrul settled in the area of
in the empire, especially in central and northern Sogiit near Eskisehir, in the region of Sultan Uyiigi
Anatolia, and resulted in the widespread discontent (Sultan Onii) (Neshri, ed. Unat and Koymen, i, 72).
in the last years of his reign (cf. I A, s.v. Mehmed II; In the apocryphal document (menshur) of cAla5 al-
O. L. Barkan, Malikdne-Divani sistemi, in THITM, Din b. Faramarz, of early Shawwal 688/October 1289,
ii (1932-9), 119-84). It was assumed that such in favour of his son cOthman (Feridun8, i, 56), the
wakfs and mulks, mostly of pre-Ottoman times, were region of Eskisehir was given to cOthman as a sandjak
valid only by the approval of the Ottoman Sultan. (cf. Leunclavius, Hist. Mus., 125,126 f.). The fortress
In most cases he did not confirm them, on the of Karadja-Hisar [q.v.] south-west of Eskisehir is
grounds that they did not meet the conditions considered the first Ottoman conquest (cf. Neshri, 64).
required; he then made most of them state-owned Later on, Eskisehir became the chef-lieu of the
lands granted as timdr [q.v.~\ or else required their sandj_ak (liwa3} of Inonii in the eydlet of Anadolu,
possessors, in return for the taxes and dues, to and a halt on the pilgrim route. In the igth century,
equip eshkindjis for the army. Such wakfs and mulks it became the capital of a kadd* in the sandjak of
were known as eshkindjilu. Under Bayezid II, who Kiitahya, wildyet of Bursa, and according to Cuinet
followed a more tolerant policy, timdrs of this kind it had 19,023 inhabitants at the turn of this century.
too were made eshkindjilu mulk. But later records During the Greco-Turkish war of 1922, the town was
in the defters [see DAFTAR-I KHAKANI] show that almost completely destroyed, but it was rebuilt as
these were again made timdrs. an industrial centre after the war. It has the most
An eshkind[i of the Yiiriik organization was important railway repair workshops in Turkey.
equipped with a lance, bow and arrows, a sword and The Kurshunlu Diamic (921/1515) was erected by
a shield, and every ten eshkindjis had one horse for a certain Mustafa Pasha, and is the most notable
joint use and a tent (cf. Kdnunndme Sultan building of the town. Beside it there is an extensive
Mehmeds des Eroberers, 28). khan, laid out in two parts (khan and bedestan}. The
Eshkindjis from the different groups made up a c
Ala3 al-DIn mosque, which dates from Saldjuk
large part of the Ottoman army in the 9th/i5th times, has been completely renovated; but on the
century, especially under Mehemmed II. But from base of its minaret there is an inscription by Diadia
the mid ioth/i6th century, when the Ottoman army Beg of the year 666(?)/i268 (RCEA, xii, Cairo
had to consist mainly of infantry with fire-arms, the 1943, 131, no. 4596) which refers to its erection. In
eshkindjis and the various organizations to which 1927 there was still a small bridge, which apparently
they belonged lost their importance and gradually dated from Saldjuk times, over the Sari Su, which
disappeared. (HALIL INALCIK) flows into the Porsuk. This bridge could, however,
ESHREFOQHLU RUMI [see SUPPLEMENT]. no longer be found in 1955. It is probable that it
ESKI BABA [see EABA ESKIJ. was removed when the industrial buildings were
ESKI SARAY [see SARAYJ. extended.
ESKISHEHIR (modern spelling Eskisehir), a Bibliography: Pauly-Wissowa, v, 1577 f.
town in the western part of Central Anatolia, (concerning Dorylaion); Ewliya Celebi, Seydhat-
39° 47' N., 30° 33' E., altitude 792 m. (= 2,597ft.) ndme, iii, 12; Katib Celebi, Djihdnnumd, 641 f.;
(railway station) to 810 m. (=2,657 ft.), on the Mehemmed Edlb, Mendsik al-hadidi. 28 f.; Ch.
river Porsuk, a tributary of the Sakarya; it is the Texier, Asie Mineure, 408 ff.; Saml Bey Fraschery,
capital of a vilayet of 389,129 inhabitants, the district Kdmus al-acldm, ii, 938; IA, s.v. (Besim Darkot),
has 56,077, and the town itself 153,190 (all figures where further bibliography can be found.
for 1960). Eskisehir is famous for its hot springs, J. H. MORDTMANN-[FR. TAESCHNER])
and for the meerschaum found nearby (see Rein- ESNE [see ISNA].
hardt, in Pet. Mitt. 1911, ii, 251 ff.); it is also ESOTERICS [see ZAHIR].
important as a junction of the Istanbul—Ankara ESPIONAGE [see DJASUS].
and Istanbul—Konya railways.
ESSENCE [see DHAT and DJAWHAR].
Eskisehir has replaced the ancient Dorylaion
ESZEK (ESSEG), until 1919 a town in Hungary
(Daruliyya of the Arabs), which was situated near the
(Slavonia) on the right bank of the Drave, not far
modern Shar-Uyiik, 3 km. to the north. In Byzantine
from its junction with the Danube, and since 1919 in
times, the wide plain of Dorylaion was the place where
Yugoslavia. The name of the town is in Serbo-Croat
the emperor's armies assembled for their eastern
Osijek, in Hungarian Eszek and in German Esseg;
campaigns against the Arabs and the Saldjuk Turks
cf. Ibn Khurradadhbih, 109). In the year 89/708, in Turkish it was written as dL-jl (Osek).
al-cAbbas b. al-Walid conquered Dorylaion (Tabari, During the first decisive phase of the Turkish-
ii, 1197; cf. Theophanes, i, 376, ed. de Boer), and Hungarian wars the town is mentioned for the first
Hasan b. Kahtaba advanced as far as this point in time in connexion with events relating to Turkish
162/778 (Tabari, iii, 493; Theophanes, i, 452). Near history. After the Turks had overrun Sirmium
Dorylaion, on i July 1097, the Crusaders won the (Hung. Szeremseg), the then commander of the
battle enabling them to pass through the RumSaldjuk Hungarian army, Paul Tomori, wanted to bring
Empire (Konya), but the crusaders under Conrad III the Turks to a halt on the Drave. The forces of
suffered such a defeat on 26 October 1147 that further Sultan Siileyman, however, gained possession of
passage through this territory was barred. In 1175 Eszek easily, built a bridge over the Drave, crossed
the emperor Manuel Comnenos fortified the town the river and advanced on Mohacs (932/1526).
again, after it had been laid waste by the Saldjukids, The passage over the Drave near Eszek was, for