Contents

• Type of Parking facilities

• Ill effects of parking
• Parking statistics
• Ill effects of parking
• Parking survey

1
Types of parking facilities
• On street
• Off street
Onstreet
• On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of
the street itself.
• This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself.
• On street parking classification is based on the angle in which
the vehicles are parked with respect to the road alignment.
• As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5
meters and that for a truck is 3.75× 7.5 meters.
Types of parking facilities

On-street parking facilities:

1. Parallel Parking
2. 30° angle parking
3. 45° angle parking
4. 60° angle parking
5. Right angle parking
Parallel Parking
Parallel Parking
• The vehicles are parked along the length of the road.
• Here there is no backward movement involved while parking or
unparking the vehicle.
• Hence, it is the most safest parking from the accident
perspective.
• However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore
only a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given
kerb length.
• This method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-
going traffic on the road since least road width is used.
30 degree parking

• In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30∘ with

respect to the road alignment.
• In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel
parking.
• Also there is better maneuverability.
• Delay caused to the traffic is also minimum in this type of
parking.
45∘ parking:

• As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can

be parked.
• Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking,
more number of vehicles can be accommodated in this type of
parking.
60 degree Parking

• 60∘ parking: The vehicles are

parked at 60∘ to the direction of
road.

• More number of vehicles can

be accommodated in this
parking type
90 degree Parking or Right hand parking
• In right angle parking or 90∘ parking, the vehicles are parked
perpendicular to the direction of the road. Although it consumes
maximum width kerb length required is very little.
• In this type of parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering
and this may cause severe accidents. This arrangement causes
obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the road width is less.
• However, it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a
given kerb length.
 Off street parking
• In many urban centers, some areas are exclusively allotted for
parking which will be at some distance away from the main stream of
traffic.
• Such a parking is referred to as off-street parking.
• They may be operated by either public agencies or private firms.

1. Surface car park

2. Multi-storey parks
3. Roof parks
4. Mechanical car parks
5. Underground car parks
Surface car park
Multi-storey car park
Roof parks
Mechanical car parks
Underground car parks
 Ill effects of parking:
➢Congestion: Considerable street space-lowering of the road capacity-speed
will be reduced-journey time and delay will increase-operational cost of the
vehicle increases-economical loss.
➢Accidents: Careless monitoring-parking and un parking leads to accidents-
accidents occur driving out a car from the parking area. Careless opening of
the doors of parked cars.
➢Environmental pollution: Stopping and starting of vehicles-while parking
and un parking-results in noise and fumes-affects the aesthetic beauty of
the buildings.
➢Obstruction to firefighting operations: Parked vehicles-obstruct the
movement of firefighting vehicles-block access to hydrants-access to
buildings.
 Parking statistics
➢Parking accumulation: The total number of vehicles parked in
an area at a specified moment. The curve of parking
accumulation for a typical day is given below
 Definition of common terms
➢Parking load(PL): The area under the parking accumulation curve during a specified
period. For example, in above figure, the hatched area represents the parking load in
vehicle – hour for a period of 4 hours from 6am to 10am.
➢It can also be obtained by simply multiplying the number of vehicles occupying the
parking area at each time interval with the time interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours.

➢Parking index(PI): Percentage of parking bays actually occupied by parked vehicle as

compared to the theoretical number available in a time duration. Convert to per hour
Parking index = Number of bays occupied x 100 =
Theoretical number of bays available
Definition of common terms
➢Parking Turn-over(PT): Rate of the usage of the available parking space.
Thus if there were 10 parking spaces used by 100 vehicles in a period of,
say 12 hours, then the Parking Turn-over =100/10 vehicles per space in a
period of 12 hours.
➢It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a time interval to the number
of parking bays available. This can be expressed as a number of vehicles per
bay per time duration.
Divided by
overall
duration
➢Parking Volume(PV): The number of vehicles parking in a particular area
over a given period of time. It is usually measured in vehicles per day.
Average Parking duration: The length of time spent in a parking space. It can
be calculated as sum of the accumulation for each time interval × time
interval divided by the parking volume
Parking example 1
• Consider a small example in figure, which shows the duration for
which each of the bays are occupied(shaded portion). Now the
accumulation graph can be plotted by simply noting the number of
bays occupied at time interval of 15, 30, 45 etc. minutes is shown in
the figure.
 Parking example 1
• The various measures are calculated as shown below:
• Parking volume is given as 5 vehicles.
• Parking load is given as (1 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 1)
15/60=11*15/60 = 2.75 veh hour
• Average parking duration is computed as = 33
mins
• Parking turnover is obtained as =0.83 veh/hr/bay

• Parking index is calculated as *100= 45.83%

 Types of parking surveys

• Parking surveys are conducted to collect the above said parking

statistics.
• The most common parking surveys conducted are in-out
survey, fixed period sampling and license plate method of
survey and space inventory survey
Parking Space inventory
 In-Out survey
• In this survey, the occupancy count in the selected parking lot is taken
at the beginning.
• Then the number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for a particular
time interval is counted.
• The number of vehicles that leave the parking lot is also taken.
• The final occupancy in the parking lot is also taken.
• Here the labor required is very less.
• Only one person may be enough. But we wont get any data regarding
the time duration for which a particular vehicle used that parking lot.
• Parking duration and turn over is not obtained. Hence we cannot
estimate the parking fare from this survey.
Parking example 2
• From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area consisting
of 40 bays, the initial count was found to be 25. Table gives the
result of the survey. The number of vehicles coming in and out
of the parking lot for a time interval of 5 minutes is as shown in
the table. Find the accumulation, total parking load, average
occupancy and efficiency of the parking lot.
Parking example 2
Time In Out
5 3 2
10 2 4
15 4 2
20 5 4
25 7 3
30 8 2
35 2 7
40 4 2
45 6 4
50 4 1
55 3 3
60 2 5
 Parking example 2
Parking load
Occupancy/
Time In Out Accumulation (Vehicle
Parking index
minutes)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
5 3 2 26 65 130
10 2 4 24 60 120
15 4 2 26 65 130
20 5 4 27 67.5 135
25 7 3 31 77.5 155
30 8 2 37 92.5 185
35 2 7 32 80 160
40 4 2 34 85 170
45 6 4 36 90 180
50 4 1 39 97.5 195
55 3 3 39 97.5 195
60 2 5 36 90 180
Parking example 2

• Accumulation can be found out as initial count plus number of

vehicles that entered the parking lot till that time minus the
number of vehicles that just exited for that particular time
interval.
• For the first time interval of 5 minutes, accumulation can be
found out as 25+3-2 = 26. It is being tabulated in column 4.
• Average occupancy is the average of the occupancy values for
each time interval. Thus it is the average of all values given in
column 5 and the value is 80.63%.
• Parking load is tabulated in column 6. It is obtained by
multiplying accumulation with the time interval. For the first time
interval, parking load = 26 × 5 = 130 vehicle minutes.
• Total parking load is the summation of all the values in column 5
which is equal to 1935 vehicle minutes or 32.25 vehicle hours
 License plate method of survey

• This results in the most accurate and realistic data. In this case of
survey, every parking stall is monitored at a continuous interval of
15 minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down.
• This will give the data regarding the duration for which a particular
vehicle was using the parking bay.
• This will help in calculating the fare because fare is estimated
based on the duration for which the vehicle was parked.
• If the time interval is shorter, then there are less chances of missing
short-term parkers. But this method is very labor intensive.
Parking Example 3
• The parking survey data collected from a parking lot by license
plate method is s shown in the table below. Find the average
occupancy, average turn over, parking load, parking capacity
and efficiency of the parking lot.
Solution
• Turn over is computed as the number of vehicles present in that
bay for that particular hour. For the first bay, it is counted as 3.
Similarly, for the second bay, one vehicle is present throughout
that hour and hence turnout is 1 itself. This is being tabulated in
column 10 of the table.

•Accumulation for a time interval is the total of number of vehicles

in the bays 1 to 12 for that time interval. Accumulation for first time
interval of 15 minutes = 1+1+1+1+1+0+0+1+1+1+1+1 = 10
Solution
• Parking volume = Sum of the turn over in all the bays = 27
vehicles
• Average duration is the average time for which the parking lot
was used by the vehicles. It can be calculated as sum of the
accumulation for each time interval × time interval divided by
the parking volume minutes/vehicle
• Occupancy for that time interval is accumulation in that
particular interval divided by total number of bays. For first time
interval of 15 minutes, occupancy = (10×100)/12 = 83%
Average occupancy is found out as the average of total number
of vehicles occupying the bay for each time interval. It is
expressed in percentage.
• Average occupancy =
Solution
• Parking capacity = number of bays × number of hours = 12× 1 =
12 vehicle hours
• Parking load = total number of vehicles accumulated at the end
of each time interval × time =

• Efficiency =