CMM TOTURIAL EDU 414:

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING

MEANING OF EDUCATION

Education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, norms and other desirable behaviour that will make the
individual a functional member of the society.

MEANING OF ADMINISTRATION

It's the means by which formal goals are achieved through cooperative human effort

Administration is the process of managing human and material resources deployed to an organisation
and utilized in an effective and efficient manner in order to achieve its goals and objectives.

MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

It's the systematic arrangement of human resources and programmes that are available to education
and carefully using them systematically within defined guidelines to achieve educational goals.

It's important to note that educational management formulates educational plans, policies and
programmes while educational administration focused on the implementation of the educational plans,
policies and programmes formulated.

PURPOSES OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

The overall purpose of educational administration is to ensure that quality teaching and learning takes
place in educational institution at affordable cost.

1. PROVISION OF QUALITY EDUCATION TO STUDENTS: The main aim of education is the

attainment of knowledge, skills, norms, values, attitudes etc that would make the individual
function in the society. It focuses on providing quality education through dedicated and
committed teachers.

2. ADEQUATE UTILISATION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES: there should be effective and efficient

utilisation of the available human and material resources. It tries to ensure that the right people
are assigned responsibilities based on experience, interest and qualifications.

3. MAINTAINING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DEVELOPMENT: the teachers are the main
foundation in teaching learning process and implementation of educational programmes
depends on them. So they're encouraged to develop professional knowledge, skills, values,
attitudes and conduct which are required for the teaching profession.

4. MOBILIZATION OF THE COMMUNITY: it focuses on maintaining and improving the school

community relationship. The school administration needs to have a good relationship with the
 community so as to mobilize it to support the school programmes and activities in terms of
knowledge and ideas, fund, facilities and equipment.

5. ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SCHOOL WORK: it ensures that school works are accomplished on time
at minimal cost but with good result which individuals and the community would appreciate.

SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AT THE SCHOOL LEVEL

1. Deciding the purpose of the school

2. Planning for academic and extracurricular activities

3. Assigning duties and responsibilities to all staff.

4. Directing and motivating the staff of the school

5. Maintaining human relationship

6. Management of finance and materials

7. Exercising control over staff

8. Organizing PTA meeting to know the progress, achievements and failure of the school.

TASK AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEM

1. Coordinating the activities of PTA

2. Preparing the annual budget of the school

3. Selection of school textbooks, materials and equipment

4. Organization of the curriculum and it's content

5. Supervision of activities of all school functionaries

BROAD TASK AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEM

1. STAFF MANAGEMENT: the principal assign duties and supervises the staff and is responsible for
their welfare. He evaluates them and provides assistance, advice, motivation and guides them
when needed.

2. STUDENT MANAGEMENT: to maintain the physical, emotional and psychological growth of

students, the principal must ensure that guidance and counselling and well as medical services
are provided. Discipline must be maintained to ensure high performance of students.

3. MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL FINANCES: the money generated from various services must be
evenly disbursed, utilised and accounted for.
 4. CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP: the principal is to provide leadership in this
aspect. The principal is expected to organise within the school the various activities an
supervision to make sure teaching and learning takes place.

5. SCHOOL PLANTS AND FACILITIES: it's a controlled environment which aids the teaching and
activities in school and also protects the physical wellbeing of the occupant. School plant is the
location and assets of the school, which when utilized facilitate teaching and learning and
protection of its inhabitants.

6. MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP: The principal is the P.R.O between

the school and community and is expected to know and identify with the hist community.

EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Leadership is the ability to get things done with the support and cooperation of other people within the
organization.

FUNCTIONS OF A SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AS AN EDUCATIONAL LEADER

1. STAFF DEVELOPMENT: it helps the new staff to get to know carry easily and quickly the structure of
the system, rules and regulations, other members and important places and people in the community.

2. STAFF ORIENTATION: workshops and seminars are provided by the leadership to help the staff grow
on the job.

3. STAFF SUPERVISION AND ASSESSMENT: it helps the new staff to understand the system, the
purposes of his responsibility and the relationship with others.

4. JOB CLASSIFICATION: this makes it easier and more understandable to the staff.

5. UNDERSTANDING THE ABILITY OF STAFF: it's the school leaders duty to understand his staff in
relation to strengths, personality, capacities, social habits etc it would help to know how to assign work
in the school.

6. MOTIVATION: the main task of leadership is to influence and mobilize the staff so that goals can be
achieved.

CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION

Motivation shows that there are some driving forces within individuals that pushes them to attempt to
achieve a goal or objective in order to satisfy their needs.

ABRAHAM MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL: they are the basic needs for sustaining human life which are good, clothing and
shelter. The extent to which these needs are satisfied determine workers behaviour towards the
organisation.
2. SAFETY: it has to do with job security and protection from physical danger.

3. SOCIAL: they want to be accepted and belong to organizations. They also seek for leadership positions
to justify their acceptance.

4. ESTEEM: this has to do with status and fame so as to be recognized by other individuals who are
important to the organisation.

5. SELF-ACTUALISATION: it's the need for fullness of creativity and achieving ones maximum potential. It
makes a worker feel a sense of competence and achievements.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

1. School admins should ensure workers are accommodated,

and receive salaries when due.

2. They should restrain from giving query, verbal abuse and other threats that can affect their jobs.

3. They should work towards improving the work environment for higher productivity

4. Workers contributions should be acknowledged and rewarded accordingly

5. Workers should be promoted, trained and developed

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEM

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

It refers to the interaction that exist between people in all types of endeavours of life.

PATTERNS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

A. PRINCIPAL TEACHER RELATIONSHIP: it has to do with the interaction between the principal and
the teachers. The principal given incentives, assigns responsibilities and rewards his staff to
ensure high productive and performance by the teachers. The teachers implement curriculum,
from lesson notes, give instructions etc. These are the task and responsibilities expected of them
to both perform in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the school.

B. PRINCIPAL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP: it's the interaction between the principal and students.
The principal offers admission, provide instructional materials and facilities, textbooks and
healthcare as well as makes provision for co-curriculum activities for school to participate in like
inter-house sports, graduation while the students are to obey rules and regulations, be
disciplined, pay fees, be punctual and respectful.

C. TEACHER TEACHERS RELATIONSHIP: this is the interaction between teachers in the school
regardless of background, age, sex or qualifications. They need to have mutual understanding of
each other so as to work towards achieving the same goal in the school.
 D. TEACHER STUDENTS RELATIONSHIP: the teacher is the closest to the students and he sets the
pace for instructional procedure which determine the rate of students learning. The teachers
are to be knowledgeable and skillful in the subjects, have positive attitude and attributes that
will influence his students.

E. PRINCIPAL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP: the interaction between the principal and the hist
community. The school is a unit of the society where it's located. The principal must
acknowledge the community because it comprises of the students, teachers, non teaching staff
and alumni.

F. STUDENT TO STUDENT RELATIONSHIP: relationship here has to do with group discussions,

doing assignment with peers, respect, obedience to teachers, self control, adhere to discipline
and hard work for academic performance.

PRINCIPLE TO ESTABLISH CORDIAL RELATIONSHIP IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

1. ASSIGNING OF RESPONSIBILITY: workers are more productive when duties are assigned to
them, supervised and feedback is required.

2. MOTIVATION: it's the energetic force that make an individual to act in order to achieve
stipulated goals like rewards and appraisals.

3. FAIRNESS: everyone should be treated equally. No favouritism because everyone is important.

4. CONSCIOUS: members are to be encouraged to be wise in decision making, peer group, career
choice etc.

5. COMMUNICATION: the principal should establish effective communication among workers,

students and community.

CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

DEFINITION OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

Educational planning is concerned with the problem of how to make the best of the scarce resources
devoted to education.

According to Nigerian National Policy on Education, it's a continuous information to decision makers on
how well the education system is accomplishing it's goal in particular how the cost effectiveness of
education programs and specific projects can be improved.

APPROACHES TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

1. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: before making investment into anything one has to know it's costs
and benefits. What it will cost you and how you'll benefit from it.
 2. MAN-POWER: it maintains that education is a social infrastructure that contributes to national
development which has to do with investment in education. The educational planners should
look at the man power needed areas of the society and use it to plan education.

3. SOCIAL-DEMANDS: it's a way of meeting the demands of education in the society. It says that
government should provide education for those who are willing, have the ability and will benefit
from the education system.

4. SYNTHETIC: it's the combination of the three approaches in providing education.

BASIC PRINCIPLES GUIDING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN NIGERIA

1. PARTICIPATING PLANNING: All stakeholders involved in the school system whose interests are
at stake in the process of providing education should be adequately involved.

2. INTEGRATION: it relates educational planning with the overall national planning since it plays
the important roles if training, developing and producing the manpower needed for the
development of a nation.

3. CONTINUITY: we should consider where we are coming from, where we're going to, how to get
there and the best path to take.

4. SPECIALIZATION: it should be handled by those who are specially trained and are able to apply
the methods towards achievement of national objectives.

5. ADMINISTRATIVE HARMONY: It requires that all those involved in educational planning should
harmonize their efforts and be committed to achieving high quality planning and
implementation

PURPOSE OF PLANNING EDUCATION

1. Avoidance of wastage: education is planned to avoid wastage of human and material resources

2. Adequate investment in education: government of many countries plan education to ensure adequate
investment in education

3. It gives proper definition to educational objectives: it helps the society to identify the specific tasks
based on choice to be achieved.

4. Rational use of scarce resources: it helps those in education to have economic insight in the use of
scarce resources available to education.

5. Harmonization of interests: Educational planning is done to ensure that educational interests and
demands of groups are harmonized with those of the society in terms of needs, capacity and constraints

OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN EDUCATION

1. INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT: it provides minimum access to learning opportunities for full
development of individuals.

2. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: it should ensure that it will bring about national unity and integrity and
sense of nationhood.

3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: it should incorporate the economic development of individual and the
society in the educational objectives

4. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: it will help develop certain changes in educational
system

5. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: there should be development of cultural heritage through discoveries and
training of an integrated individual who can communicate with his neighbours.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

1. DEFINED AMD STATED OBJECTIVES: for any programme to be successful there must be objectives to
be achieved. It's good to ensure that objectives are clearly defined and properly stated.

2. FLEXIBILITY OF PLAN: it allows for development which deals with the overall changes in all aspects of
life. It gives room for exhibition of initiative through opportunities, abilities of individuals.

3. TIMELY AND REASONABLE: All Educational plans that are out together should be able to meet it's
deadline.

4. FACTS AND FIGURES: the plans must be guided by facts and figures instead of depending on the
thumb rule.

5. CLEAR LANGUAGE: it should be communicated in clear language of importance so that citizens will
benefit from the results.

CONSTRAINTS TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

1. INADEQUATE QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS: planning of education needs to be undertaken by experts

in educational admin and planning.

2. INADEQUATE TRAINING FOR PLANNERS AND DECISION MAKERS: educational planners and decision
makers need to be aware of current information necessary for functionality.

3. LACK OF STATISTICAL DATA: no availability of data on the expected beneficiaries, so planning in terms
of recruiting and training of teachers, providing classes and furniture and other facilities are determined
by estimated figured of students.

4. INCESSANT CHANGE IN EDUCATION POLICIES: those that often change from time to time service as
barriers. The educational policies should be stable and not change from time to time.
5. ECONOMIC PROBLEM: If there's problem with the economic situation of a country, it becomes a
barrier to educational planning.

6. POLITICAL INSTABILITY: there will be lack continuity of an educational plan when there's political
instability in a nation