“SURVEYING AND 1.
1 SURVEYING:-
Surveying or land surveying is the technique,
MAPPING USING profession and science of accurately determining the
terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the
TOTAL STATION AND distances and angles between them. These points are
usually on the surface of the earth,and they are often used
GPS” to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or
governmental purposes. To accomplish their
Er. Devnshu Dhimmar objective, surveying use elements of geometry,
engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.
Lab Engineer, Department for Civil Material Testing
and Research, Pacific School of Engineering, Surat. 1.2 METHODS USED IN SURVEYING:-
1.2.1 TRADITIONAL METHODS:-
Abstract: For survey purpose Traditional equipments used (A) COMPASS AND CHAIN:-
are chain, tape, compass, level, theodolite, etc. All these
instruments are mechanically operated with certain From colonial times, through the 1800’s, most
calibration or graduations to take readings therefore being boundary surveys were performed with a compass and
time consuming and less accurate. New technology in “Gunter’s Chain”, usually 66 feet long and divided into
form an EDM, Digital and optical Theodolite, Total 100 links. The compass was either mounted on a tripod or
Station, GPS, bring revolution in field of surveying. There a single pole, called a “Jacob’s Staff”. These early
instruments are very quick and more precise in working in surveying tools were not very precise, but were sufficient
the surveying fields, so it is possible to do the surveying in the days when land values were 50 cents per acre, or
work with more accuracy and precision with ease and in less.
less time. GPS technology is a fast and accurate method of
determining the location of any point of interest anywhere
on the face of the earth of any time during the day or
night.
I. INTRODUCTION
For any kind of civil engineering project the first phase
is to carry out survey. For the survey purpose conventional
equipments used are chain, tape, compass, level,
(B) TRANSIT AND TAPE :-
theodolite, etc. All these instruments are mechanically
operated with certain calibration or graduations to take The transit and tape permitted the more precise
readings therefore being time consuming and less measurements necessary in land subdivision planning,
accurate. New technology in form an EDM, Digital and construction surveying, and nearly all boundary or land
optical Theodolite, Total Station, GPS, bring revolution in title surveys. Until recently, this method was used
field of surveying. fomostsurveying work.
Total Station is such modern equipment which
can be preformed all most all works related to surveying
with very high accuracy. This instrument may have range
up to 9 km which is much more than conventional
theodolite. The accuracy in angle measurement of total
station is 0.5” which is much accurate than theodolite
having generally 20” accuracy.
Topographic mapping may be done from aerial
photographs and is particularly useful for large areas.
1.2.2 MODERN METHODS:- Usually, the photography is made specifically for the
project involved. Accurate ground survey work must be
(A) T HEODOLITE AND ELECTRONIC DISTANCE used to establish measurements, both horizontally and
MEASUREMENT :- vertically, to photo-identifiable points to insure scale
accuracy and proper orientation of the photo model.
There are no exact standards differentiating an
Supplemental field surveys are usually required for
instrument referred to as a “Transit” from one that is
locating features that are not identifiable on aerial
referred to as a “Theodolite”. Generally, a theodolite is a
photographs, such as underground utilities, wetlands,
much more precise instrument. Some can measure an
culverts, and any feature too small to be seen.
angle to within 1/10 of one second of arc (one thousandth
of a foot in one mile), but 1-second or 3-second theodolite
are typical. Also, the angles on a transit were read off of a
circular metal plate, graduated in degrees and minutes,
while the theodolite replaced the metal plate with an
internal etched glass plate and the ability to read an angle
through the eyepiece via a series of mirrors and lenses.
By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and
easy-to-use electronic distance measuring devices, called
EDM’s were in use. They were mounted on the theodolite,
and operated on the principle of transmitting a narrow
beam of infrared light to a reflector and measuring the
time it takes to return. Before long, the advance of (C) GPS (G LOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM):-
technology and miniaturization of electronic components
enabled the building of theodolite that measure angles The GPS, or Global Positioning System, is the
electronically, measure distances with their own internal newest method available to surveyors. The system is based
EDM, and display a variety of data on an LCD screen. on a constellation of 24 satellites in precise orbits around
These super-theodolite are referred to as “Electronic Total the Earth. Today’s GPS receivers can directly calculate the
Stations”. In addition to enhanced speed and accuracy, the position of any place on the Earth’s surface from signals
digital data can be automatically “downloaded” to an broadcast from the satellites.
electronic data collector for transfer directly to computers
Table 1.2 TRANSITS vs. GPS
for calculations or CAD drafting. In addition to the speed
and accuracy that they provide, the decreasing cost of the Details TRANSIT GPS
electronic total stations has allowed them to virtually Orbit Altitude 1000 Km 20,200 Km
totally replace all previous methods and instruments for Orbital Period 105 Min 12 Hours
most survey work. Frequencies 150 MHz 1575 MHz
400 MHz 1228 MHz
Navigation data 2D : X, Y 4D : X,Y,Z, t
velocity
Availability 15-20 minute Continuously
per pass
Accuracy ñ 30-40 meters. ñ15m (Pcode/No.
(Depending on SA
velocity error) 0.1 Knots
Repeatability - ñ1.3 meters
relative
Satellite 4-6 21-24
Constellation
Geometry Variable Repeating
Satellite Clock Quartz Rubidium,
Cesium
(B) PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING :-
1. To study instruments Total station and GPS.
2. To being familiar with operation of Total station
and GPS and to study methods of carry out
survey with such latest instruments.
3. To carry out survey using Total station and GPS
at various area of South Gujarat
4. Transfer the data collected from field and using
software prepares the map and topographical area
as par the requirements of the area.
II. STUDY AREA
1.4 SEGMENTS OF GPS:-
For better understanding of GPS, we normally consider
three major segments viz. space segment, Control segment
and User segment. Space segment deals with GPS
satellites systems, Control segment describes ground
based time and orbit control prediction and in User
segment various types of existing GPS receiver and its
application is dealt Fig.
Table 4.2 gives a brief account of the function and of
various segments along with input and output information.
III. DATA COLLECTION:
Initially GPS was set over the base point and it
was left undisturbed so that global co-ordinate of that
point can be obtained. It was (Easting, Northing, and
Elevation). The work is continuing with this reading. After
Table 1.4.1. Functions of various segments of GPS that verification of instrument was carried out by placing
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT:- the rover to known place and comparing with Northing,
Segment Input Function Output Easting of that point.
Space Navigation Generate P-Code
message and C/A Code Then work was started with layer edge of top
Transmit L1,L2 portion. The reading was taken according to topography of
code and carrier straight portion was there it was left and at the end of
Code Navigation straight portion again reading was taken. Same way on
carrier message curve number of reading at regular interval was taken.
phases and These reading were given proper codes.
navigation
message
Control P-Code Navigation
Observations message
Time
User Code Navigation Position
observation solution velocity
Carrier phase Surveying time
observation solution
Navigation
message
f. On the PC, using Windows Explorer, transfer the
Fig COLLECTING AT THE TOP OF THE SITE points file(s) onto the FC-100, saving to the
Mobile Device\CF Card\TPS\TopSURV\IEFiles
Straight portion was continue with code ‘1’as last folder.
digit and to disconnect in straight portion was represented g. On the FC-100, open TopSurv.
by ‘2’ slope edge was noted by SE as last digit of code and
h. Create a new job, or open an already created job,
layer edge was denoted by LE as last digit of code. To get
where the points will be imported to.
level of any point code used was ‘752’ reading on creek
i. Tap “Job”, then “Import ►”, then “From File”.
was denoted by code ‘CRACK’ as last digit. After taking
reading on top edge, slope was these and at the end of
slope reading creek taken on this slope edge. For total
station 6 to7 T.B.M were marked for reference. Work was
started with GPS and the centre of road was surveyed at
30 m interval using perambulator. In which we collected
the reading data of compound wall, building wall, electric
pole, gas chamber, storms line, divider, gas marker, gas
stone, vent pipe and vane pole. And we took the reading of
all roads. By using GPS we marked 6 to 7 T.B.M. Then,
while constructing the road, it was difficult to take the
readings so contractor helps to as mark a reference
point.This way survey was continued for 15days
approximately 4000 reading was taken on this site to cover
258062 m2 areas. j. Set the “Data”, “Format” and “Point Type”
fields, and tap “Next >>” It is highly
IV. METHODOLOGY recommended that points files be saved and
imported separately for control points, design
4.1 PLOTTING WORK FOR TOTAL STATION: points and topo points, either by editing the text
points file and saving each type separately, or
uploading separately from Terramodel
a. Make sure the FC-200 data collector is off.
b. Connect the data collector to the PC, using the
USB cable.
c. Turn the data collector on.
d. The PC and data collector will automatically
connect and ActiveSync should automatically
start
E. At the partnership screen, pick “No” to be
connected as a guest. Click “Next >”. Picking
“Yes” will cause ActiveSync to try to
synchronize information between the PC and the
data collector. You don’t want to do that.
o. If any points already exist in the project database,
k. Tap the file name you wish to import, making the following screen will come up.
sure it’s listed in the “Name” field at the bottom
of the screen, then tap “OK” at the top of the
screen
Select the delimiter used in the file and the format
of the points (Name is actually the Point
Number). If you have a file with a different file
format, you can add/edit a custom format here.
Click “Next >>”.
l. Set the Coordinate System information, if known.
If the points are from a local survey (i.e., 5000,
5000, El 100.0 typical total station survey), set
the projection, datum and geodic to “<none>”and
the coordinate type to “Ground”.
p. Make the appropriate selections based on what
you wish to do with the duplicate points. If this is
a new job and these are the first points in the job,
you won’t get this message.
q. The “Import Successfully Finished” screen will
come up listing how many codes and how many
points were imported. Tap “Close”.
r. You’ll be taken back to the map of the project,
and the imported points should show on the
m. Tap “Finish” at the top of the screen.
n. An Import Screen will come up.
CONTOUR MAP WITH OLD ROAD AND NEW ROAD
V.CONCLUSION 9. Lu B., Wangqingli Application of land-use
rights confirmation products in updating of
1-10 000 basic geographic
1) The latest technologies used for surveying like
information. Standardization of Surveying
GPS and total station are very quick and precise.
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land ownership and the implementation of
accurate.
regulation in the province of west sulawesi,
3) Survey work of hill having 258062 m 2 area using
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GPS was taken is 15 days of conventional
Innovative Research and
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Tsibanos V., Liu H. Houston16: A stable
topographical map is easy, fast and accurate.
geodetic reference frame for subsidence and
5) Industrial area surveyed using Total Station and
faulting study in the Houston metropolitan
GPS which having 580.94 m2, and various
area, Texas, U.S. Geodesy and
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