GENERAL CONCEPS

and
STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Science, Technology and Society

Presented by:
Abuda, Jasmine R.
Bermejo, Mark
Carpeso, Arian R.
Coles, Abner R.
Diga, Lyka mae A.
Godino, Kristelle Anne D.
Lomuntad, Valerie G.
Neo, Marilou D.
Peñaranda, Jian cedrick
Salarda, Jhon wilbert A.

Presented to:
Baliton, Mylyn Jade C.
Instructor in Science, Technology and Society
 Learning objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to:

 Discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across

time; and
 Explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions
shaped and we’re shaped by various social contexts.

 The section explores the reciprocal relationship between social contexts

and science and technology throughout three historical periods: ancient,
middle ages, and modern ages.
 It examines historical antecedents and highlights significant Philippine
inventions and innovations.
 The discussion emphasizes the social, cultural, economic, and political
impacts of scientific and technological advancements over time.

 The history of science and technology, as a part of STS, examines the

evolution and changes in these fields over time.
 It analyzes the effects of innovations on social, cultural, political, and
economic contexts and considers the conditions that influenced their
development.
 Understanding historical antecedents helps present generations make
informed decisions regarding the application of science and technology in
everyday life.
 ANCIENT PERIOD
The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and
technology. These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to
flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-
organization, and of living in general.

ANCIENT WHEEL
People from ancient civilization used animals for transportation long
before the invention of the wheel. No one knows exactly who invented the
wheel and when. There is, however, a general agreement that the ancient wheel
grew out of mechanical device called the potter’s wheel−a heavy flat disk made
of hardened clay which was spun horizontally the potter’s wheel shortly after
3500 BC.

PAPER
Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on
papyrus, a materiel similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the
papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most
importantly, portable. Before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, writing was
done on stone. Because of the difficulty of wring on stone, writing was reserve
only for very important occasions.

SHADOOF
The shadoof was an early invented and used by ancient Egyptians to
irrigate land. The shadoof, also spelled shaduf, is a hand-operated device used
for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using
counterweights. Because of this invention, irrigation and farming became much
more efficient.

ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece,
the Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock. It is widely believed
that the Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and
eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. It is also believed that the
Antikythera mechanism, which is one of the oldest known antecedents of
modern clockwork, was invented by Greek scientists between 150−100 BC.

AEOLIPILE
Also known as the Hero’s engine, the aeolipile is widely believed to be the
ancient precursor of the steam engine. Hero of Alexandria is credited for the
demonstration of the use of the aeolopile during the 1st century AD. The
aeolipile is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its
center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine.
It is not clear whether the aeolipile served any practical purpose, but it is
believed to be one of many “temple wonders” at the time.

MIDDLE AGES

Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the
colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century AD,
major advances in scientific and technological development took
place. These include steady increase of new inventions, introduction of
innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific
thinking and method.

HEAVY PLOUGH
Perhaps one of the most important technological innovations during
the middle ages is the invention of the heavy plough. Clay soil, despite
being more fertile than lighter types of soil, was not cultivated because of
its heavy weight.

GUNPOWDER
Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black
powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder
might have been an unintended byproduct of attempts made by the
Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called it
huoyao, roughly translated as “fire potion.”
PAPER MONEY
Paper money is a country’s official paper currency that is circulated
for the transactions involved in acquiring goods and services. The
printing of paper money is typically regulated by a country’s central bank
or tresury in order to kep the flow funds in line with monitory policy.

MECHANICAL CLOCK
The Mechanical clock comprises an oscillating mechanism that
marks the passing of time, and an escapement that counts its beats. By
compasiron with astronomical systems for measuring time, the
mechanical clock is less accurate, but can be consulted at any time of day
or night, even in adverse weather conditions.

SPINNING WHEEL
Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning
wheel, a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and
eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Although no consensus could be
made regarding the origin of the spinning wheel, it is theorized that the
Indians invented the spinning wheel between 6 th and 11th century AD.
Prior to the invention of the spinning wheel, weaving was done
predominantly through the more time-consuming and tedious process of
hand spinning

MODERN AGES
As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages
realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of
transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took
place with greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment
which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress
unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Zacharias Janssen, a
Dutch spectacle maker,
invented the first compound
microscope in 1590.
Together with his father,
Hans, they combined
multiple lenses in a tube,
discovering it could magnify objects much more than a single lens.

TELESCOPE
The telescope, invented by
Galileo Galilei, was one of the
most important tools for
astronomy during the Modern
Ages. It could magnify
objects 20 times more than the
Dutch perspective glasses.

JACQUARD LOOM
 As the Industrial
Revolution reached full
speed, the Jacquard loom was
considered as one of the most
critical drivers of the
revolution. Built by French
weaver Joseph Marie
Jacquard, the Jacquard loom
simplifies textile
manufacturing.

ENGINE POWERED-AIRPLANE

Orville Wright
Wilbur Wright are
credited for
designing and
successfully
operating the first
engine-powered
aircraft. The
Wright brothers
approached the
design of
powered aircraft
and flight
scientifically.
 Orville and Wilbur proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped
wings.

TELEVISION

The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the
invention of the modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in
outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in
1926, and projected colored images in 1928. Baird's television technology
caught on really swiftly.

INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTIST

The Philippines has a rich history of scientific and technological innovations.
Necessity has always driven Filipino ingenuity, resulting in creations that reflect
the country’s unique social and cultural needs. Below are notable inventions by
Filipino scientists:

ELECTRONIC JEEPNEY
(E-JEEPNEY)
 A modern version of the iconic jeepney, the e-jeepney addresses air and
noise pollution by running on electricity. Introduced in Metro Manila and
Bacolod City, it is more economical and environmentally friendly than
traditional diesel-powered jeepneys.

ERYTHROMYCIN
Filipino scientist Abelardo Aguilar discovered this antibiotic from the
bacterium Streptomyces erythreus. Despite his pivotal role, credit went to Eli
Lilly Co., his US employer.

MEDICAL INCUBATOR
Fe del Mundo, a pioneering pediatrician and national scientist, invented a
makeshift incubator using native laundry baskets and bottles of hot water. Her
invention addressed the lack of electricity in rural areas, saving countless
newborns.
MOLE REMOVER

Rolando dela Cruz developed a non-surgical mole and wart remover using
cashew nut extracts. This accessible and painless innovation earned him
international recognition.

BANANA KETCHUP

Food technologist Maria Orosa

created banana ketchup during
World War II due to a shortage of
tomatoes. Made from mashed
bananas, sugar, vinegar, and
spices, this Filipino favorite
remains widely popular today.