TGPSC - GROUP-2

IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)

Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY - 05 (UNIT – 4)

SATAVAHANAS (220 B.C TO 225 A.D)

1. Satavahanas were the first dynasty which had
established vast kingdom in Andhra and
Telangana and south India.
2. The places ruled by them:
 Telangana
 Andhra Pradesh
 Karnataka
 Maharashtra
3. According to “K.M.Panikkar”, Sathava- hanas
have played important role in cultural
integration between south india and
Aryavarta (ancient name of Northern and
Central India).
4. Various names of satavahanas are Shalivahanas, Andhra-Bhritya, Andhras and Satakarni.
5. Satavahana means the one who has a vehicle. In Kannada, Satavahana means “farmer”. In
ancient texts, Satavahanas were described as “Andhra-Bhrityas”.
6. Origin of Satavahanas:
 According to B.S.L.Hanumanth Rao, satavahanas are Aryans.

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  According to R.S. Sharma, satavahanas are Dravidans.
7. Varna of Satavahanas:
 According to the ancient texts (puranas), the founder of dynasty Srimukha was described
as Sudra (Vishala)
 According to ancient literature Pracheena Vajmayam they are sudras.
 According to “Kathasaritsagara” wri en by Somadeva suri, Satavahanas are born to yaksha
by name shatha and to a brahmin lady. Hence satavahanas belong to yaksha class.
 Nasik inscrip on: According to the inscrip on of Gautami Balasri, she described herself as
Rajarshipatni Kshatriapatni, hence some historians describe them as kshatriyas.
 In Nasik inscrip on of Gautami balasri, the Gautamiputra satakarni was described as to a
men of Naga sect, so they belong to Naga sect.
 According to a book Dvatrimsikapu alika, Satavahanas are born to male brahmin and to a
female of Naga sect.

8. Dispute regarding birthplace of Satavahanas:

Historian(s) Proposed Birthplace Supporting Evidence/Reason
of Satavahanas
V.S. Sukthankar Bellary, Karnataka  Myakadhoni inscription of Pulumavi
3, Hirahadagali inscription of Pallava
Shiva Skanda Varma
V.V. Mirashi Vidarbha, -
Maharashtra
R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. Coastal Andhra  Described “Andhra” as the initial
Smith, I.J. Rapson birthplace of Satavahanas
P.V. Parabrahma Sastry Telangana  Satavahanas began ruling from
Telangana
Kambampati Telangana  Started ruling from Telangana and
Satyanarayana expanded in various directions
Dhame Raja Reddy Telangana  Coins and inscriptions of Simukha
found in Kotilingala; Kotilingala as
the first capital
G. Rambabu, B.N. Telangana  Described Telangana as the
Shastri, Mallampalli birthplace of Satavahanas
Somasekher Sharma, Sri
Ram Sharma

SETTLEMENT PATTERN
9. In the Nasik Inscrip on men on of both the Western and the Eastern Ghats as forming parts of
Gautamiputra Satakarni's empire suggests that by this me Satavahana rule covered the en re
Deccan and that it was divided into areas or districts.

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10. Five administrative divisions (Aharas) mentioned in the Nasik inscriptions:
Ahara Name Location Description Probable Center or Region
Govardhana-  Centered around Nasik  Nasik, Maharashtra
ahara
Soparaka-ahara  Located on the west coast  West coast, possibly near modern
Sopara
Mamala-ahara  Covers the hilly portions of the  Pune and Satara districts,
Pune and Satara districts Maharashtra
Satavahani-  Covers the Bellary district  Bellary, Karnataka
ahara
Kapurachara  Possibly located in what is  Gujarat
modern-day Gujarat

11. West Coast Ports: Bharuch, Kalyan, Sopara and Chaul.

12. Inland Se lements Across the Western Ghats on the inland side, the major concentra ons of
se lements were around Nasik; Junnar; within 30 Km. radius dKarle; and further south in the
upper Krishna basin around Kolhapur.
Important Excava ons:
13. Ter is also well known for the find of an ivory figurine very similar to the specimen found at
Pompeii
14. The most important ruin at the site is that of a brick caitya subsequently converted into a
Brahmanical temple.
15. Bhokardan was a major bead-making center and was also known for shell and ivory-working.
Inhabitants of Bhokardan or Bhogavardhana are known to have made dona ons at the Buddhist
caves of Bharhut and Sanchi in central India.
16. Kondapur – Sangareddy district (Erstwhile Medak district). In the 3rd Century B.C only,
Kondapur was developed as a city. Approximately 4000 coins related to Satavahanas are found
in Kondapur. Mallampally Somasekher Sharma have described Kondapur as “Mint city of
Satavahanas”. Before Satavahanas only, Kondapur was the capital for the “Ashika kingdom”
(Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts). In the South, Kondapur was the main center for
trade with the Roman empire. Necklace made up of Roman septaria with the symbol of Tiberius
Caesar (emperor) was found in Kondapur.
17. Ko lingala – Jagityal district (Erstwhile. Karimnagar district):
 It is present at the mee ng point of Godavari and Peddavagu.
 It is the first capital for Satavahana kingdom.
 The pillar made up of sandstone was found here on which the words “Nagagopinikaya” in
Brahmi script were wri en.
 On Munula Gu a near Ko lingala Jains “shilachchadalu” were founded.
 Addanki coins and coins of Srimukha, early Satavahanas and of rulers before Satavahanas
were found in Ko lingala.

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18. Peddabankur – Peddapalli district:
 It is present on the banks of Hussain miya water stream.
 In Peddabankur one pot was found in a farmer's field which contained 22 thousand
Satavahana coins.
 22 fresh water wells which were built with bricks and one well which was made with clay
bangles are found here.
 The coins of Roman emperors Augustus, Caesar and Tiberius are found here.
19. Dhulika a – Peddapalli district:
 V.V.Krishna Shastri has found out the Buddhist stupa which belonged to Satavahanas me.
Literary Sources:
20. Foreign books:
 The Greek Ambassador Megasthenes in his book Indica (in Greek) has stated that kings of
Andhra’s tribe have 30 for fied ci es, one lakh army, two thousand cavalry and one
thousand elephants.
 Few for fied ci es of Telangana out of 30 ci es which were men oned in Megasthenes
Indica are: Bodhan, Ko lingala, Dhulika a, Pedda Bhankuru, Kondapur, Phanigiri,
Gajulabhanda and Indrapuri.
 In a natural history book of pliny and periplus of the erythraean sea of an unknown writer
the foreign trade of satavahanas was explained.
21. Na ve / Regional books: Puranas, Jataka stories of buddha and jain books.
22. Inscrip ons: 24 inscrip ons related to satavahanas are available. Inscrip ons are wri en in
Prakrit language and Brahmi script was used in it.
23. Coins: Coins are issued in Prakrit and desi languages. According to historians, Telugu language
has evolved from desi language.
Satavahanas Poli cal History
24. According to Matsya purana, there were 30 kings who ruled for 456 years.
25. According to Vayu Purana, there were 17 kings who ruled over 272 years.
26. The dynasty had different capital ci es at different mes, including Pra shthana (Paithan)
Amarava (Dharanikota) and Ko lingala.
Important Satavahana rulers:
27. Srimukha/ Simukha:
 founder and contemporary to Ashoka.
 In inscrip ons:
o he was called Chimukha and Sindhuka.
o Vayu Purana – Sindhuka
o Matsya purana – Bali Puchka, Bali.
 Simukha’s 8 coins were found at Ko lingala.
 In the Nanaghat inscrip on of Devi Naganika, there is a men on about the king Simukha
that “Raya Simuka satavahana Sirimatho”.
 Earlier he patronized Jainism, later he turned to Brahmanism (Vedic religion).

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  Important jains tourist site during his period – Munula Gu a (Karimnagar)
 The name on the coins issued by Srimukha- Ranagobhadra, Rana Goswamy.
 The 13th Rock edict of Ashoka men ons Simukha as feudatory of Mauryans.
 Ashoka has given the tle “Raja” to Simukha. Ashoka has named Satavahanas as
“Satyaputra” in his inscrip ons.
 Srimukha has defeated the leader of “Rathika” clan i.e., Maharathi Tranakayiro and married
his daughter “Naganika” to Simukha’s son Satakarni-1
28. Kanha / Krishna
 In inscrip ons, he was named as “Kanha”.
 He was the first Satavahana king to issue an inscrip on – Kanheri inscrip on.
 He engraved Nasik and Kanheri caves for the Buddhist monks.
 He appointed special officers’ “Dharma Mahamatya” for the welfare of the buddhist
monks. Kanha patronized “Bhagavatha religion” during his period Bhagavatha religion has
spread from North India to Deccan.
29. Satakarni-1
 Son of Simukha.
 His wife Naganika has issued Nanaghat inscrip on (it is a decora ve inscrip on). It is in
“Prakrit”.
 Titles given to Satakarni-1 in Nanaghat inscrip on are:
o Dakshina padapa
o Ekaveera
o Apra hita chakra
o Shura
 Naganika describes herself as “Yajna hutana sugandha digavuta sindaya'' in Nanaghat
inscrip on. Nanaghat inscrip on has revealed the idols of following persons Srimukha,
Satakarni-1, Maharathi Tranakayiro, Naganika, Vedaksha Satakarni , Shatavari (sons of
Satakarni-1).
 According to Nanaghat inscrip on Satakarni-1 has performed two Ashwamedha yagnas
and one Rajasuya Yagam and other 20 rituals.
 According to Nanaghat inscrip on Satakarni- 1 has donated many Horses, Cows, Elephants
and villages to Brahmins he was the first to donate lands in India.
 He issued Ashwamedha coins; his coins contained the symbols of elephants and Ujjain city.
 The contemporaries of Satakarni I:
Region Contemporary Ruler
Magadha Pushyamitra Shunga
Kalinga (Orissa) Kharavela
Northwest India Demetrius

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  As a mark of victory against Pushyamitra Shunga, Satakarni-1 have issued coins with the
symbol of “Ujjaini Town”.
 Hathigumpha inscrip on:
o According to this inscrip on the Kalinga king who invaded the Musika city of
Satavahanas during Satakarni-1 was “Kharavela”.
o Kharavela have destroyed the city of Pithunda With donkeys he won Mushika city and
gained the tle “Musik Adhipa ”.
 Historians’ opinion that the Mushika city is the present day Kondapur in Sangareddy district
and Pithunda city is present day “Guntupalli”.
 But according to Chulla Kalinga Jatakam, Satakarni-1 has defeated Kalinga king “Kharavela”
and expanded his kingdom towards east.
30. Skanda Thambi: Invasions of Greek were started during his period.
31. Satakarni-II:
 He built a gateway to the southern side of Sanchi Stupa.
 Amongst Satavahanas, Satakarni-II have ruled for the longest period of 56 years.
 During his period, Satavahana kingdom expanded towards north india.
 According to Gargi Samhita, he annexed Vidisha which was the second capital of Shungas.
 He conquered Magadha capital “Pataliputra” in Northern India.
 From this period, the Saka-Satavahana conflict started.
 His court ar st: Vashishta putra Ananda.
32. Kuntala Satakarni:
 He was the 13th ruler.
 He changed the official language to Sanskrit in place of Prakrit.
 His tle was Vikramarka.
 court poets and their notable works:
 He married to Malayawa .

Court Poet Notable Work(s) Language/Details

Gunadhya Brihat Katha Written in Paisachi Prakrit
Sarva Varma Katantra Vyakarnam -
Vatsyayana Kamasutra, Nyaya Bhashyam -

 Sarva Karma: He learned Sanskrit language through Sarva Karma because he felt
embarrassed before his queen who knew Sanskrit. Sarva Varma wrote Katantra Vyakarnam
which was a gramma cal book in Sanskrit. Through this book Kuntala Satakarni learnt
Sanskrit.
 Brihat Katha:
o Gunadhya wanted his literary work Brihat Katha to be dedicated to the king but the
king refused. The main character in brihat katha was “Kubera / labbaika”.

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 o Four Sanskrit literary works based on the "Brihat Katha," created in the 10th and 11th
centuries:
Author Literary Work
Somadeva Suri Kathasaritsagara
Kshemendra Brihat Katha Manjari
Hari sena Brihat Katha Kosham
Varahamihira Brihat Samhita
o Gunadhya’s Brihat Katha was translated into Sanskrit by king Durvinita of Ganga dynasty.
o Based on Brihat katha, Vishnu sharma wrote Panchatantra.
 According to Somadeva Suri’s Katha Sarit- sagaram, there were differences between Sharva
Varma and Gunadhya.
 According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra, Kuntala Satakarni caused the death of his wife
Malayavathi due to the sexual posi on named “Karirtha”
 Kamasutra was translated into Telugu by Aadi Narayana Shastri.
33. Pulomavi-I
 He was the 15th ruler of Satavahanas.
 He invaded Magadha in North India and defeated Kanva king Susharma and annexed his
kingdom.
 Coins of Pulumavi-I are found in “Kurama/ Kuharam” near Pataliputra (Bihar).
34. Gaurav Krishna
 He was responsible for the disintegra on of the Andhra kingdom. So, he was degraded and
named as “Aristakarma”, “Vai Krishna”, “Rikta varnudu” in puranas.
35. Hala
 He was the 17th king of Satavahanas. He ruled only for 5 years.
 He was Telangana's first wri en great poet among kings.
 His period was described as the Golden era for Prakrit.
 “Gatha Saptasha ”:
o Hala was the author of “Gatha Saptasha ” in Maharashtri prakrit language.
o This book contains 700 roman c love stories which reveal the rural social condi ons of
that period. This book describes the importance of marriage tradi ons, betel leaves and
parani (which is applied by women on their feet during marriage) and also describes the
fes val Holi.
o Gatha Saptasha is similar to the book “vajjalagga” wri en by Svetambara jain Monk
“Jayavallabha”.
 Bana in his book Harshacharita have men oned that Hala has wri en Gatha Saptasha .
 Titles: “Kavi Vatsala” and “Kavi Raja”.
 In Kutuhala’s “Leelavathi Parinayam”, it was men oned that Hala has invaded Simhala (Sri
Lanka) and married Simhala Princess Leelava . According to this book, they were married
in Bheemeshwara temple near Sapta-Godavari.

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  According to Dr. Sanganabhatla Narsaiah, this place is Bhimeshwara temple on the banks of
Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao peta in Jag al district.
 Hala felicitated the poets – “Kumarila” and “ Sripalitha”.
 The important army commander of Hala was “Vijayanada”.
36. Gautamiputra Satakarni
 He was the 23rd king of Satavahanas according to Puranas.
 He was the greatest king among Satavahanas, he revived the poli cal Glory of Satavahanas.
 When he ascended the throne in 78 A.D, “Shalivahana Saka” was started from 1957, Indian
Government has recognised 78 A.D as the beginning of Shalivahana Era / Saka.
 The only king who followed Shalivahana Saka was “Yadava Ramachandra Deva” (king of
devagiri)
 He was the first king to use mother’s name in front of his name.
 His mother Gautami Balasri has issued a Nasik inscrip on. This inscrip on was issued a er
the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni during the 19th Regnal year of his son Vaashistaputra
Pulomavi.
 In Nasik inscrip on Gautami Balasri describes herself as “Satya Vachan Adana Ahimsa
Nirathaya” and “Rajarshi Vadhuvu”.

Titles of Gautamiputra Satakarni according to Nasik inscrip on:

 Eka brahmana
 Aagama Nilaya
 Dvijakula Vardana
 Eka Shura
 Chaturvarna Shankara
 Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana
 Varna Sankara Nirodhaka
 Eka Dhanurdara
 Sakayavana Pahlava Nighadhana
 Bhenakataka Swamy
 Trisamudra toya peet vahan (one whose horses drunk the water of 3 oceans)
 The sovereign title “Rajoran” Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara.

37. Jogalthambi War:

 In this war, Gautami putra satakarni defeated “Nahapana” who was an important ruler of
Kshatrapas. A er this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni gained the tle “Destroyer of
Kshatrapas” (Kshaharata Vamsha Nirvaseshakara).
 A er victory in this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni have re-issued the coins of Nahapana with
his name. These re-issued coins were found at Jogalthambi in Maharashtra.

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38. Gautamiputra Satakarni annexed many kingdoms and changed the capital of Satavahan’s from
Dhanyakataka to Pra shthana Puram.
39. Gautamiputra Satakarni built a city by the name “Bhenakatakam”, His coins were found at
Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu. He donated 100 nivarthana land to Buddhist monks.
Vashis putra Pulomavi / Pulomavi II
 In the Nasik inscrip on, he was awarded the tle “Dakshina Madeshwara”.
 During his period, Amarava Stupa was built.
 1st inscrip on of Satavahana in Andhra Pradesh was Dharani Kota inscrip on issued by
Pulomavi II.
 Rudradaman of Western Kshatrapas (Kardamaka) dynasty has defeated Vashish Putra
pulumavi.
 Due to the fear of Rudradaman, VPP changed the capital from Pra shthana Puram to
Dhanyakataka. This is evident from the Girnar inscrip on or Junagadh inscrip on of
Rudradaman.
 The tle of VPP: Navanagara Swamy. Vashish Putra Shiva sri Satakarni
 His tle was Kshatrapa.
 He was the 1st Satavahana king to issue coins in two languages i.e; in Prakrit and Tamil.
Yajna Sri / Yagna Sri Satakarni:
 Yagnya sree inscrip on was Chinna Ganjam.
 His coins contained the symbols of boats. Due to this, it is evident that foreign trade took place
with the Roman empire during his period.
 Historians opine that “Matsya Purana” was wri en in his period.
 Bana in his book “Harsha Charita” has men oned Yagna sree as “Trisamudradipa ”.
 In the Silappadikaram book, the Yagna Sri was described as “Paasanda Sathan”, meaning the
one who opposes the rituals of Yagnam / Yaga.
 He was the contemporary of Acharya Nagarjuna.
 Yajna sree have built Parvata Vihara or Mahachaitya Vihara at NagarjunaKonda for Acharya
Nagarjuna.
 According to Chinese traveller Fahien, this Vihara had 5 floors and 1500 rooms.
40. Pulomavi III
 He was the last ruler of Satavahanas.
 The inscrip on which tells about the fall of Satavahanas Kingdom and Pulomavi III was Myakka
Dhoni inscrip on (Near Bellary – Karnataka).
Administra on
41. Satavahana followed Maurya’s administra ve system. Kingdom was passed from father to son
i.e; it was hereditary. “Monarchy system abide by Dharma Shastra” is the source of Satavahana
state system
42. Junagadh inscrip on tells us about administra on and the Ministers of Satavahanas.
43. “Amatyas'': There were four main ministers giving advice to the king. They were known as
“Amatyas''. Amatyas are not hereditary.

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  Vishwasamatya – Prime Minister, Loyal to king, internal Advisor to king.
 Rajamatya – the one who implements the orders of the king.
 Mahamatya – Finance Minister
 Mahatalvari – Commander General of Army
44. The roles of important officers:
Officer Role Descrip on
Hiranika  Treasurer (the one who collects taxes)
Bhandagarika  Royal goods stores in-charge
Mahatalvara  Bodyguard
Pra hara  Sentry (a soldier to control access to a palace)
Rajagaha  The person who does land surveys and collects taxes.
Rajuka  Judge
Maha Dhammika  A person who looks after education and resolves religious conflicts
Maha aryaka  Person who looks after legal affairs
Pa aka Pala  Registrar of land documents
Rajavija  Doctor for the court

45. Akshayani: During Satavahanas, the lands were donated permanently by the condi on
“Akshayani”.
46. Division of Kingdom Administrators:
Administrative Officer/Role Description
Division
Kingdom King  The ruling monarch of the entire kingdom
Aharas Amatyas  Administrators or governors overseeing
(Governors) regions called Aharas
Vishaya Vishayapati  Administrator for the Vishaya, a sub-division
of the kingdom
Grama (Villages) Gramika,  Heads of individual villages within the
Gramini kingdom
Local Body Village  The basic unit of administration
Administration
Smallest division Village  The fundamental administrative and social unit
- Mahakaryaka  Officer responsible for resolving problems of
villagers
Group of villages Gulmika  Head of a Gulmi, which is a group of villages;
also acted as army chiefs per inscriptions
47. Town Administra on:
 Administra on of Town / Ci es is looked a er by the “Nigama Sabha”.
 The members of Nigama Sabha were Gahapa . They were the community heads.

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  There was reference about the administra on of ci es during Satavahanas in the
“Bha prolu Nigama Sabha inscrip on". This inscrip on was issued by “Kubera”.
 Megasthenes Indica also has the reference of Nigama Sabhas.
 “Rajakamket” is the place where the administra on is under the direct control of the king.
48. Military force
 Hathigumpa inscrip on of Kharavela men ons about four military forces of Satavahanas.
 The army was composed of four arms (Chaturanga) – infantry, cavalry, elephantry and
chariots.
 Skandhagara: Temporary military camp.
 Kataka: Permanent military camp (present day cantonment).
49. Economic Condi on / Economic System
 The main occupa on of the people was “Agriculture”.
 Sita Kshetram: The land where crops were grown is known as “Sita Kshetram” and the head
of this was known as “Sitaadyakshya”.
 Nivarthana: Unit of land Measurement. 1 Nivarthana = 1.5 Acres (Approx)
 Tax System:
o Main source of income was “Land Tax”
o Generally, land tax was collected as 1/6th of the crop produced.
o different types of taxes:
Tax Name Description Form of Collection
Bagha Land tax General term
Dheyameya Land tax Specific to money
Dheya Land tax Collected in the form of money
Meya Land tax Collected in the form of produce
Shulka Tax on water -
Kurukara Tax collected from Artisans
Kara Tax on vegetables and fruit crops -

50. Odhayantrika: This is the scien fic expert team was appointed by the kings to invent new tools
for agriculture.
51. Inventions of Odhayantrika:
Invention Purpose Category
Udhaga Yantram For plowing the land Machine
Ghati Yantra For pulling water upwards Machine
Garika Yantram For separating seeds from raw cotton Machine
Rihatta Gadiya Tool for fetching water Water Resources / Irrigation
Upadana Wells Water Resources / Irrigation
Thadaka Lake / tank Water Resources / Irrigation

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 Rahata Gadiya Lift irrigation Water Resources / Irrigation
Paniya Gaharika Irrigation officer Water Resources / Irrigation
52. Farmers are of two types:
 Halika- Small scale farmers
 Gahapa / Samsarin – Large scale farmers or Zamindars.
53. Important crops:
 Paddy, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Co on, Wheat, Jute.
 Coconut (in the 1st Century A.D it was exported from Maliyadesam to South India).
54. Shreni / Professional Associa ons
 During Satavahanas, each profession had its own associa on known as Shreni. The head of
the Shreni was “Shres ” (She y).
 These shreni’s eventually formed into castes.
 According to inscrip ons, there were 18 different types of Shreni’s or guilds.
No. Shreni Profession Description
1 Kolika Weavers
2 Halika Farmers
3 Thilapistika Oil Millers
4 Kulinarika Potterman
5 Udhaya Yantrika Man who operates water machines
6 Vadhaka Carpenter
7 Gandhika Perfume Makers
8 Kasakara Brass workers
9 Thesakara Stone polishers
10 Kamaras Blacksmith
11 Malankara Flower merchants
12 Lohavaniya Iron merchants
13 Suvanakara Goldsmith
14 Selavadhakas Architects
15 Avecina Artisans
16 Lekakas Writers
17 Chammakaras Leather workers
18 Pasakaras Medhari varu (specific craft or trade not detailed)

 These shreni’s worked as banks in those days i.e; they accepted deposits and have given
loans. In those days interest was 12% per annum.
 According to Rishabada a’s Nasik inscrip on, Rishabada a took a loan of 2000
Karshapanas from Kolika shreni of Govardhan Mandal at 12% interest rate. Later Rishabh

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 Da a has repaid the loan to Kolika shreni and in turn Kolika shreni have donated the
money to Buddhist Monks.
 During Satavahanas, a type of Iron named “Vooj” was manufactured.The evidence of this
is found in Kondapur of Medak district.
 The tools of the goldsmith were found at Ko lingala.
 The strongest shreni / guild was Kolika shreni (Padmashali), Economically Satavahana
kingdom was strongest because of Kolukula shreni (Padmashali).
 During the Vashish Putra pulumavi period, a man named “Rakkasi lotai” invented a
machine to separate seeds from co on. This machine was known as “Giraka”. Because of
this “Giraka” machines, the seeds were separated easily and clothes were manufactured
within less me and they were
55. Trade
 Barter system was followed.
 Trade unions issued “Punch marked coins”
 There was domes c and foreign trade during this period.
 Main mode of transporta on was bullock carts.
 Bidar: The business men when traveling to long distances they formed a union known as
“Bidar” to fight against thieves.
 Important trade centers: Ko lingala, Dhulika a and Kondapur.
 Sarthavahas: The men who did foreign trade
 Sedhi: Domes c traders
56. Important port ci es in West coast during Satavahanas:
 Bharucha (Barigaja)- Present day Bharuch (Gujarat)
 Kalyan – Karnataka
 Sopara – Maharashtra
57. Important port in East coast: Maisolia (Motupalli)
58. Important places during the Satavahana period and their specific industrial significance:
Place Industry/Fame
Gudur Famous for soft/thin clothes
Machilipatnam Famous for muslin
Palnadu Diamond industry
Vinukonda Metal industry
Konasamudram (Karimnagar) Best quality iron
59. Satavahanas Exports and Imports:
Exports Imports
So clothes, Muslin Gold, silver, pearls, silk, camphor.
Toys and things made up of elephant trunk
Spices, Sandalwood, Forest herbs
Golden chairs, gems, pearls

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 Sugar, oil, ghee
Luxury goods
Female slaves

60. Coins
 Roman coins: Roman coins were found in Andhra, Telangana due to trade with the Roman
Empire. In Pedda Bhankur, the coins with the pictures of Augustus &Tiberias were found.
 The coins of emperor Claudius were found in Gu par of Nalgonda.
 Golden coins of the Roman empire were found at Nagavarappadu of Khammam district and
Arikamedu, Tamil Nadu (Near Puducherry).
 Arikamedu was Roman Trade Centre
 Gold and Silver coins were found in Gu par , Yeleswaram and Akkinapally of Nalgonda
district.
 Satavahanas minted coins in metals like Copper, lead, n, silver and gold, po n alloy.
 Suvarnas: Gold coins, one gold = 35 Karshapanas.
 Karshapana: Silver coins
61. Social Condi ons
 There was a composite culture during Satavahanas. It is a mixture of Dravida culture and
Aryan culture.
 Four-fold caste system was followed but it was not so strong.
 As the caste system was not strong, inter-caste marriages were prevalent.
 Brahmins were given highest regard in the society.
 Caste system emerged from Shrenis or guilds,But there is no Caste discrimina on.
 Family system: Patriarchal system was followed. There was a Joint family system. Women
were given freedom.
 Women were given property rights and they are free to patronize any religion.
 Women used to par cipate in Yaga’s / Rituals along with male.
 But there was Polygyny and prac ce of Sa During Satavahanas (Strabo named it a er the
prac ce of Sa during this period).
 There were no Widow marriages. Pros tutes were also given respect.
 Dancers used to apply “Aradalam” as make-up. Women used to wear U ariya (Kabari
Bandham) instead of blouses.
 Men and women used to wear headgear /turban known as “Ushniya”.
62. SOCIETY
 The social structure of the Deccan under the Satavahanas shows many features which are
different from those prescribed in the Sanskrit texts such as the Manu Smru .

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  For example, many inscrip ons of the Satavahana rulers men on the names of their
mothers rather than those of their fathers, such as Gautamiputra Satakarni or Satakarni,
son of Gautami.
 This is not in keeping with the Dharmasastras which state that in the approved forms of
marriage the bride acquires the gotra of her husband and loses that of the father.
63. Religious Condi ons
 Satavahanas followed Vedic religion(Brahmanism).
 Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion were prominent.
64. Vedic Religion:
 In the Nanaghat inscrip on, there is a men on of the dei es Indra, Agni and Varuna. This
inscrip on starts with a prayer to God Indra.
 Hala’s Gatha Saptasha starts with a prayer to Lord Shiva and ends with Gowri Stotram.
65. Shaivism:
 The sect of Shaivism which was prominent was Pashupata Shaivism. The founder of this
sect was “Lakulisa”. This was the 1st sect of Shaivism. They worshiped “Pashupa ”.
 This sect of Shaivism prohibited sacrifices. They gave importance to peace.
 The oldest temple of Shaivism in Andhra Pradesh is at Gudimallam (Chi oor). In this
temple, there is a 14 feet high Shiva lingam. This belongs to 2nd Century B.C and was
worshiped by Satavahanas.
66. Jainism:
 Digambara Jainism is Prominent in Andhra.
 According to Jina Prabhasuri’s book “Kalpa Pradeepa”, 52 army chiefs of Satavahanas have
built 52 Jain temples on their names.
 Ashoka’s grandson Sampra have embraced Jainism and sent persons to Andhra to
propagate Jainism.
 The 10th Jain Teerthankara Sheetalanatha’s birthplace was Bhadrachalam (Badalpuri) in
Khammam district.
 Sri Mukha first patronized Jainism, this is evident from the Coins found at Munula Gu a in
Karimnagar.
 Kondakundacharya: He was the prominent Digambar jain monk during Satavahanas. He
propagated two Jain Philosophies: Shadvadam, Anekantha vadam. He divided the
Digambara sect into 2 sub-sects. Balatkara Gachcham and Vakra gachchami.
67. Buddhism:
 Buddhism spread to Andhra and Telangana in the 6th Century B.C during the life me of
Gautama Buddha.
 On the request of Shambhala king Subendran, Gautama Buddha visited Amarava .
 Buddha gave preachings at Amarava , according to the belief of Tibetan Buddhists.
 Even though Satavahana kings patronized Vedic religion, they also encouraged Buddhism,
but Satavahana queens patronized Buddhism.

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  Gautami Balasree has donated Nasik caves in Maharashtra to the sect of “Badranaya
Buddhism”.
 The Buddhism Sect which started in Andhra was “Chaityaka Vadham”.
 The founder of chaityaka vadham was Mahadeva Bikshuvu.
 Important Buddhist Philosopher during Satavahanas was Acharya Nagarjuna.
Acharya Nagarjuna:
68. Titles:
 Second Buddha (Second Tathagatha)
 Indian Mar n Luther
 Indian Einstein
 Founder of Madhyamika path.
69. The book which gives informa on about Nagarjuna was the Lankavatara Sutra (Maitreya
nadha). According to this book, he was born in the village “Vedali” (is in Telangana according to
historians).
70. He established “Nagarjuna University” in Sri Parvatham, which was the 2nd University in India
(1st Taxsila).
71. Acharya Nagarjuna expanded Mahayana Buddhism in Andhra Desham.
72. He built stone arches for Mahachaitya at Amarava and Shilamantapa at Srisailam.
73. Acharya Nagarjuna has wri en 24 books in Sanskrit.
 Suhrullekha: This book is the summary of the conversa ons between Acharya Nagarjuna
and Yajna Sri Satakarni. According to Chinese traveler I-tsing, in that period every student
used to by-heart this book.
 Ratnavali: This book discusses the “welfare state concept”. Nagarjuna explains about the
administra ve policies in this book.
 Pragnaparamita Shastram: It means Perfec on of wisdom. It is an important book for
Mahayana Buddhism.
74. Other books of Acharya Nagarjuna:
 Aarogya Manjari
 Rasavadham (on physics)
 Shunyata Saptathi
 Madhyamika Karika.
 Rasa Ratnakaram (on Chemistry)
 Pragna Paramita
75. Nagarjuna started two new philosophies in Mahayana Buddhism.
 Madhyamika School
 Sunyata (emp ness)
76. Acharya Nagarjuna is regarded as “Indian Einstein”. Because his Sunyata Philosophy contains
“Theory of Rela vity” which is similar to Einstein’s concepts.
77. Aryadeva:

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  Disciple of Nagarjuna
 Aryadeva's book was Chi asuddi prakaranam.
 Aryadeva became the head of Nagarjuna University a er the death of Acharya Nagarjuna.
78. Important Buddhist centres:
District Place/Site Significance
Peddapalli Dhulika a  Important Buddhist site
Nalgonda Nandikonda  Important Buddhist site
Nalgonda Gajula Banda  Important Buddhist site
Suryapet Phanigiri  Buddha’s footprints and Dharma chakra found
Khammam Nelakondapalli  Bronze Buddha statue and white stone stupa found
Warangal Jeelakarragudem  Important Buddhist site
Nagarjuna -  Renowned for Mahayana Buddhism and
Konda Aparashaila Chaitaka Philosophy
Nagarjuna Island Museum  Known as the great Island Museum in India,
Konda showcasing Buddhist artifacts and teachings

79. Art & Architecture:

 The Architecture was known as “Amarava School of Art”.
 Amarava Stupa:
o situated in Guntur district on the banks of Krishna River. It was iden fied by Colonel
Colin Mackenzie (First Director General of Survey of India) in the year 1797.
o The perimeter of Amarava stupa is 435 feet and 20 meters high.
o It was built during the period of Pulumavi-II.
o The symbols related to Buddha’s life are shown on the plate of white stone known as
“Ayakapatakam”.
1. Buddha’s Birth – Lotus
2. Mahabhinishkramana – Horse
3. Enlightenment (Nirvana) – Bodhi / Peepal tree
4. Dharma chakra Pravartan – wheel
5. Mahapariniryana (Death) – Stupa.
o The Ayakapatakam also has the pictures of Purna Khumbham and Vinayaka.
o Ferguson has described Amarava Sculptures as the Epitome of Indian Architecture.
80. Stupa’s in Telangana:
 The stupa’s in Dhulika a and Pashigam in Telangana are older than Amarava stupa.
 Dhulika a stupa was built in the 2nd century B.C. this has the picture of footprints of
Buddha.
 On one Plaque of Dhulika a stupa Nagamuchilinda’s Sculpture along with 5 heads was
engraved (on top of footprints of Gautama Buddha).
 Satavahana built Chaityas,Viharas and Stupas.

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 IKSHVAKUS (300 CE- 400 CE)
81. Region:
 Ruled the areas present on both the sides of Krishna River.
 Ikshvakus made “Vijayapuri" as capital.
 The other name for Vijayapuri was Sri Parvata, so Ikshvakus are also known as Sri Parvateyas
(Men oned in Puranas).
 The Mountain ranges from NagarjunaKonda to Srisailam are known as Sri Parvata". Old
name of Sri Parvata is Nallamalli". They worshiped the symbol “Ikshu". In Sanskrit, Ikshu
means Sugar Cane.
82. Alluri Inscrip on: As per Alluri Inscrip on, Ikshvakus are feudatories to Satavahanas. Alluri
inscrip on was issued by Veera Purusha Da a.
83. Origin:
 The Ikshvaku dynasty was started by Chamtamula, originally a subordinate of the
Satavahanas.
 With the decline of the Satavahana Empire, he performed the Ashwamedh yagya to
establish his sovereignty.
 He chose the name "Ikshvaku" to link himself to Rama of Ayodhya, aiming to bolster his
royal image.
 Linking themselves to legendary figures or divine ancestors was a common tac c among
kings to legi mize and elevate their rule.
84. Birthplace scholars’ opinions:
Aspect Details
Birthplace - Kannada Region - Hegel, Stenko
Different Opinions
Tamil Nadu - Dr. K. Gopalchary
Andhra Region - Bishop Caldwell
North India - Buller, Rapson
Cultural References According to Vishnu Purana, Ikshvakus are from North India.
Linguis c Analysis Bishop Caldwell analyzed the rela on between Telugu and Dravidian
languages and wrote "A Compara ve Grammar to Dravidian
Languages".
Historical Nagarjunakonda inscrip on claims Ikshvakus as descendants of Sri
Inscrip ons Rama Chandra (Ikshvaku clan) and Buddha (Sakya Muni).
Caste Affilia on Dr. R.G Bhandarkar suggests Ikshvakus are Kshatriyas.
Ethnic Background P. Subramanyam claims Ikshvakus belong to Chenchu race.

85. Historical Sources

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  Inscrip ons of Ikshvakus are found at NagarjunaKonda, Jaggayapeta, Ram Reddy Palli,
Phanigiri. These inscrip ons are in Prakrit language and Brahmi Script. From the period of
Ehuvala Santamula, the inscrip ons were issued in Sanskrit language.
 Fort, Buddha Stupas, Chaityas, Viharas, Temples and Bath Tanks were found during the
excava ons at NagarjunaKonda which were of Ikshvakus period (A.D.3rd Century).
 The remains of Nagarjuna Konda were found by Telugu Assistant Prof. A. Ranganath
Saraswa who worked in the Archaeological Department in the year 1926. The prac ce of
wri ng Mother's name in front of the king's name was taken from Satavahanas and this
prac ce ended with Ikshvakus. The book "Dharmamruta" wri en by Nayasena reveals the
facts of Sri Parvata. Ashwagosha's Buddhacharita reveals about the Birth Antecedents of
Ikshvakus.
Ikshavaku Rulers
86. Vasista Putra Sri Santhamula (A.D 220-233):
 Founder of Ikshvaku dynasty.
 His inscrip ons were found at Rentala, Kesana palli and Dachepally.
 He expanded his kingdom through Matrimonial Alliances.
 He has two sisters- Shanta Sri, Ramya Sri. Shanta Sri married Skanda Sriof Pugiya Clan.
 His son Veera Purusha Da a married Rudra Ba arika, daughter of Rudradaman (King of
Ujjain).
 He patronized Vedic/Vaidika religion.
 He was a devotee of Kar keya. He also worshiped Mahasena Virupaksha Subramaniya
Swamy.
 He extended his support to Brahmins by dona ng villages (Agraharas) and lands. He issued
Rentala and Dachepally (Prakrit) inscrip ons. These inscrip on men ons about him as
follows:
o He donated lakhs of gold coins. He encouraged Professional guilds/ Sreni's by the
name “Negima ''.
o He reconstructed the entrance of Srisailam at Eleswaram (North east direc on).
o He cleared forests and brought land under cul va on.
o He donated lakhs of Cows, Ploughs, Lands and Gold coins for the development of
Agriculture.
 Titles:
o Shathasahasra Halaka
o Shatha Sahasra
o Mahadhanapa Dakshinapadhapa
o Apra hatha Shasana
 He performed Ashwamedha, Vajapayea, Asuya, Agnishaman and Agnihotra agas.
87. Matariputra Sri Veera Purusha Da a (A.D 233-253):
 He was the greatest of all Ikshvaku rulers.
 Titles:

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 o Dakshina Ashoka
o Ikshavaka Ashoka.
 Ini ally he patronized Vedic religion but due to the influence of his aunt Shanta Sri he
embraced Buddhism. He was the only ruler in Ikshavakus who Patronized Buddhism. His
period was known as “Golden Era in the history of Mahayana Buddhism"
 During his period, Nagarjuna Konda became popular as “Southern Gaya".
 He established Sri Parvata University, 14 Buddhist University in India.
 His aunt Shanta Sri had built “Maha chaitya" (on the Mortal remains of Buddha) at
Nagarjuna konda.
 As per NagarjunaKonda Inscrip on, Shanta Sri did many dona ons for Brahmins and poor
people, sramanas.
 Veera Purusha Da a married 4 daughters of Shanta Sri. From his Period, the prac ce of
Marrying aunt's daughter has started. There is a picture of Veera Purusha Da a hi ng
Shivalinga with his legs at Nagarjuna Konda. By this it is evident that he hated Shaivism.
 Many Buddhist sculptures of Ikshavaku's period were excavated at Nagarjuna Konda. These
are known as Manaviya Sculptures.
 Inscrip ons of Veera Purusha Da a:
o Alluri Inscrip on
o Jaggaiah peta Inscrip on
o Nagarjuna Konda Inscrip on
o Amarava Inscrip on
o Uppugunduru Inscrip on
88. Upasika Bodhisri:
 She was a Buddhist patron and she did tremendous work for the spread of Buddhism. She
was the niece of Bodhi Sharma who was Treasurer during the Veera Purusha Data Period.
 She was the daughter of Revantha of Sri Parvata.
 Her Upasika Inscrip on at Amarava tells us about her efforts for Buddhism.
 She built a Buddhist monastery at Chuladammagiri on NagarjunaKonda.
 She constructed a pla orm for the Bodhi tree at Sinhala Vihara.
89. Other construc ons of Upasika:
Structure Type Loca on

Shila Mantapam Paruvata Vihara

Mantapashala Purvashada

Prayer Hall Devagiri

Chaitya Kuhala Vihara

Vihara Mahadammagiri

7 Viharas Papila

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 3 Viharas Erumuthuva

90. Bhava Viveka:

 He was a Buddhist preacher who lived at Nagarjuna Konda during Veera Purusha Da a.
 He started two Tradi ons in Buddhism.
o Swatantra Madhyamika Tradi on
o Nyaya Prayoga Tradi on
 His literary works were
o Prajna Pradeepa
o Tarkay Wala
o Karathala Ratna
 Chinese Traveller Hiuen Tsang men oned Bhava Viveka.
Santamula-II
 Vashmiba a Ehubala Santamula the prac ce of adop ng Grandfather's names started
with Ikshvakus.
 During his period, Prakrit was replaced by Sanskrit as official Language, the usage of
Sanskrit Language in inscrip ons started. In south India, 1" Sanskrit Inscrip on was issued
by Ehubala Santamula, at NagarjunaKonda - Gummadi Gurru Inscrip on. He patronized
Vedic Religion, Buddhism and Hinduism developed during his period. He was the 1st ruler
to build Hindu temples in South India.
 He built Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple at Nagarjuna Konda.
 Other temples were constructed at Nagarjuna Konda during his period:
o Kar keya temple
o Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple
o Nodagiri swamy temple
o Harathi temple
o Kubera Swamy temple
o Navagraha temple
 During that period, women used to offer bangles at saptamatruka of Harathi temple for
Progeny.
 His army chief: Yelisri. Yelisri built a city known as "Yeleswaram".
 Yelisri built a Shiva temple by name "Sarva Devalayam".
 During Ehubala Santamula's period, King Vasu Sena of Abhira Dynasty invaded Ikshvaku's
Kingdom.
 According to Nagarjunakonda inscrip on King Vasu Sena of the Abhira dynasty ruled
Vijayapuri for 5 years.
 The army chief of Vasu Sena was Shiv Sena, Shiv Sena built Astabhuja Swamy temple at
NagarjunaKonda, it was 1st Vishnu temple in South India.
Rudra Purusha Da a (A.D. 283-301):
 Last ruler of Ikshvakus.

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  Pallava King “Simha Varma" defeated Rudra Purusha Da a and annexed the kingdom of
Ikshvakus. This is revealed from the Manchikallu Inscrip on.
 During his fourth regnal year, Noduka Sri donated land to the Halampura Swamy temple
in Nagulapuram, Guntur.
 Manchikallu inscrip on was issued by Pallava king Veera Kurcha Varma". Ancient Pallavas
were responsible for the downfall of Ikshvakus. This informa on was found on the
Maidavolu Inscrip on which was issued by Shiva Skanda Varma.
91. A er the decline of Ikshvakus, their Feudatories “Brihatpalayanas" declared Independence.
92. Administra on and Trade
 Ikshvakus have followed Satavahana’s administra ve system with li le difference.
 Ikshvakus divided the kingdom into states. Alluri and Amarava Inscrip on men ons
States.
 During that period, 5 villages put together were known as “Gram Panchak”, the head of the
village was “Talavara”.
 Main Occupa on was Agriculture.
 Main source of income to the state was Land Tax (Revenue Tax).
 Land Tax was known as Bhaga and it was 1/6 part of crop produce.
 Tax collected in the form of money was Dheya Hiranya, tax in the form of produce was Meya.
 Port city: Ghantasala
 Vishava Inscrip on tells us about the ar sans during the Ikshvakus period.
 Ar sans formed into Shreni's or Guilds for doing Business.
o Pusika Shreni: Dealt with Sweets
o Parnika Shreni: Dealt with Betel Leaves
 During Ikshvakus, trade with the Roman empire was at its peaks.
 Roman's gold coins were found at Nagarjuna Konda and Jaggaiah Peta.
 The trade unions were known as “Negimas". A er the downfall of Satavahanas, the village
way of living was increased and villages thrived for Self-Sufficiency, Urban way of living was
decreased.
93. Cultural Condi ons:
 During Ikshvakus, there is a development in many fields like Art, Architecture and Literature.
 Except Veera Purusha Da a, other 3 rulers Patronized Vedic Religion.
 Official religion of Ikshvakus was Shaivism. But they also Patronized Buddhism.
 During the period of Veera Purusha Da a, Buddhism spread into Andhra.
 Adavi Shanta Sri donated Buddhist Monasteries and Viharas for Buddhist monks at
Nagarjuna Konda.
 Amarava was a Main centre for Purva Shaili's sect of Buddhism and Nagarjuna Konda was
a Main center for Apara shaili's sect of Buddhism.
 For the 1% me, the Nikayas in Buddhist Scriptures were read in the form of Mantras" The
construc on of consecra on Pillars also started. These were Constructed in Buddhist Stupas
a er the desires were fulfilled.

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  In January 2015, during the excava ons at Phanigiri Buddhist site in Suryapet District, the
Vessel made up of copper and glass was found near Mahastupa which belonged to the 3rd
century A.D.
 The statue of Buddha with 4 heads was excavated in 2015 January at Singa Raya Loddi in
Karimnagar.
 Acharya Nagarjuna's disciple Aryadeva wrote a book "Chi a Suddhi Prakaranam". Sanskrit
language Developed during Ikshvakus period, even though their Court language is Prakrit.

94. Architecture
 Nagarjuna Konda became the main center for Amarava School of Art.
 Mahayana Buddhism was followed in the Architectural work.
 The Prac ce of Sa was first found in Amarava Sculptures.
95. Mandhata Sculpture:
 Important sculpture from the Ikshvakus period located in Jaggaiahpet.
 This sculpture displayed pictures of kings for the first me.
 Ini ated the prac ce of inscribing the names of sculptors on sculptures and temples.
 Began the prac ce of wri ng dates, years, and ' thi' (lunar day) on inscrip ons during this
period.
 Bha acharya: Name found on a Vihara at Nagarjuna Konda.
 Educa onal Centers: Universi es in Amrava and Nagarjuna Konda gained popularity;
Nagarjunakonda emerged as a prominent Buddhist arama by the 2nd century A.D.
 Acous c Center: A notable construc on feature at Nagarjuna Konda.
 Stupa at Nelakondapally: An important stupa built during the Ikshvakus period.
 Archaeological Finds at Nelakondapally: Included a copper statue of Buddha and nine
Buddha statues engraved on white marble from the Ikshvakus period.
 Discoveries at Gajula Banda: Found one Buddha stupa and two lion toys made of white
stone.
96. Other Construc ons:
 Sarvadevalayam in Neeleeswaram
 Saptamatruka Statues at Chejarla
 Veerapuram Temple
 Konidena, Peddamudium Sculptures
 Viragal '' is the Prac ce of installing the statues of martyrs. This started from the Ikshvakus
period.
97. Notable Buddhists:
No. Name Century Contributions & Titles Works & Schools
1 BuddhaGhosa 5th Preached Hinayana Wrote commentaries on
Century Buddhism. Lived at Tripitakas known as

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 "Sinhala Vihara" in "Vibasha" or
Nagarjunakonda. "Visuddhimagga".
2 BuddhaPalita 5th & 6th Founder of Prasangika
Century Madhyamika School.
3 Maitreya Started Yogacara school
Natha of Buddhism.
4 Dignaga 5th Known as “Father of Authored Pramana
Century Logic in India". Samuchchaya, Nyaya
Pravesha, Hethu Chakra
Damaru.
5 Dharma keerti 6th & 7th Known as “Kant of India". Authored Pramana Vartika,
Century Nyaya Bindu, and Hetu
Bindu.

VISHNUKUNDINS (A.D. 358-569)

98. They described themselves as “Amara pureesha’s” and disciples of Sri Parvata • Swamy Coins
had the symbol of “Nandi”.
99. Region:
 Historian opinions that the na ve place of Vishnukundins is Amarabad mandal (today’s
Munnuru) in Mahabubnagar district. They extended their kingdom from this place.
 The kingdom of Vishnukundins is compared with the Kaustubha (Divine Jewel or Ratnam)
of Lord Vishnu.
 They brought luster to Brahmins & Kshtriyas by performing “Hiranyagarbha” yagna.
 Uma maheshwaram is the place is famous for a specific bees Mango tree, the Bees comes
out from the fruits of this tree when they are opened.
100. Capital city:
 As a part of Sanskri za on, they changed the Name of capital from Mamidipuram to
Amarapuram. In Sanskrit, Mango is known as “Amram”.
 1st Capital: Amarapuram / Indirapuram / Indrapalanagaram.
 Amarapuram is the Amrabad mandal headquarters in Mahabubnagar. Presently
Indrapalanagaram is in the outskirts of Tummala Gudem of Valigonda Mandal in today’s
Yadadri District.
 2nd Capital: Denduluru (West Godavari district).
101. Vishnukundina were awarded a tle “Trikutamalaya” by the Kandara kings.
102. Tummala Gudem Inscrip on:
 Informa on regarding Vishnukundins is in this inscrip on.
 The 1st Tummala Gudem inscrip on was given by Govinda Varma-I.
 The 2nd Tummlagudem inscrip on was given by Vikramendra Bha araka.

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103. According to historian Keel horn, the Vishnu Kundi word is the Sanskri sed version of
Vinukonda. Vishnukundina’s were the feudatories of Vakatakas.
Rulers
104. Indra Varma (Maha Rajendra Varma) (A.D 358-370)
 Title: “Priya Putra”.
 He was the 1st Vishnu Kundina Ruler.
 He issued Rama rtha Inscrip on.
 He made Indrapala Nagaram (Tummala- gudem) as his capital and ruled from there.
105. Madhava Varma -I (A.D. 370-398)
 His tle was “Vikra Mahendra”.
 He changed the capital from Vinukonda to Keesara.
 He Engraved the caves at Undavalli, Bhairavakona and Moghal rajapuram.
 He married the princes of Vakatakas.
 He brought “Rushika Mandal” into his control. In those days Telangana was known as
“Rushika Mandal”.
 The areas under Rushika Mandal were Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Khammam and
Rangareddy districts.
106. Govinda Varma-I
 Capital: Indrapalanagaram.
 He was the greatest of early Vishnukundins.
 He built “Govinda vihara” on his name on the banks of Musi River in Chaitanyapuri
(Hyderabad) and issued Chaitanyapuri Inscrip on in Prakrit.
 1st Prakrit Inscrip on in Telangana: Chaitanyapuri Inscrip on.
 He was the only ruler in the Vishnukundins who patronized Buddhism.
 His wife “Parama Bha arika” built Maha vihara for Buddhist monks at Indrapala- nagaram.
King Govinda Varma donated “Penkapara” (Enmadala) village for this Maha vihara.
Penkapara is a village in present day Mothkur mandal of Yadadri district.
 Later Vikramendra Bha araka Varma, donated the village “Irundera” for the Maha vihara
built by Parama Bha arika.
 He defeated Pallavas and expanded his kingdom ll “Gundlakamma” river.
 He declared himself as “Swanaya Bujalotsaha Prabavanuraga Vyap Swarajya”
107. Madhava Varma -II (A.D. 435-470)
 Greatest and most powerful ruler.
 His reign was known as the "Golden Era."
 Moved capital from Indrapala Nagaram to Denduluru.
 Inscrip ons describe him as a literate, brave, fair ruler (Balasatva dairya vidya vinaya
Sampanna).
 Expanded his kingdom by invading neighboring kingdoms.
 Defeated Shalankayas, Anandagotris, and annexed Vengi.

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  Defeated Pallavas and Vakatakas.
 Performed Ashwamedha, Purusha Medha, and 1,000 other rituals marking victory.
 First to perform Naramedha Yaga (Human Sacrifice); only dynasty in Andhra to do so.
 Patronized Vedic religion.
 Converted Buddhist caves at Mogalrajapuram and Undavalli into Hindu temples.
 Replaced Buddha statue with Vishnu’s statue in Undavalli (present-day Anantha
Padmanabha Swamy Temple).
 Carved Purna Kumba at Undavalli caves.
Temples built by Madhav Varma-II
Loca on Temple Name
Keesara  Ramalingeshwara Temple
Cheruvuga u (Nalgonda)  Jadala Ramalingeswara Temple
Shadnagar (Ranga Reddy)  Ramalingeshwara Temple
Indrapala Nagaram  Amareshwara Temple, Mallikarjuna Temple,
Rameshwaram Temple
Puligilla (Valigonda)  Ramalingeshwara Temple
108. Titles of Madhav Varma -II:
 “Janaasraya”
 “Trivarnagara Bhavanagata Sundari Hrudaya Spandana”
 “Pragdhikshinapadamboonidhireva Saritsalilavalaya”.
 Madhav Varma-II as mark of his victories, fixed “Shiva Lingas” at Keesaragu a.
 He constructed “Ramalingeshwara” temple at every place where he won the war.
 Copper edict of Madhav Varma-II found at Khanapur Village of Maharashtra.
109. He issued following inscrip on:
 Eepuru inscrip on-I
 Khanapur inscrip on (Satara district,MH)

110. Velpuru inscrip on:

 Velpuru inscrip on men ons the installa on of Lord Ganapa 's statue.
 Some historians believe Janaashraya Chandovicchi was wri en by Madhav Varma-II,
while others credit Gunaswamy; it is the first Sanskrit Lakshanagrandha in Telangana.
 Lakshanagrandhas provide a framework for classical music and dance.
 Vikramendra Varma's tles from the Indrapala Nagaram inscrip on include
"Paramasogathsya" (intellectual like Gautama Buddha) and "Maha Kavi."
 Vikramendra Varma was also referred to as "Vishnukundina, Vakataka
Vamshadwayalankara Janma."
111. Madhav Varma-3
 Titles: Trikuta Malayadipa and Alisitha Vividadivya.

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  He destroyed the Kandara dynasty (Ananda Gotrika) and gained the tle Trikuta
Malayadipa .
112. Vikramendra Bha araka Varma (Vikramendra Varma-II)
 Titles: Sakala Bhuvana Rakshabaranaikashraya and U ama Ashraya
 He issued inscrip ons namely: Tummala Gudem inscrip on -2, Tundi inscrip on, Chikkuluru
inscrip on
 He donated “Tundi” Village to Brahmins.
113. Madhava Varma-4
 He issued polamuru-2 & Eepuru-2 inscrip ons.
114. Indra Bha araka Varma
 He Established Ghatkesar (Gha ka)
 During his period, Gha ka were Established which were Hindu educa onal centers.
115. Mancha Bha araka Varma
 Last ruler of Vishnukundins.
 According to the “Tandivada” inscrip on, Prudhvi Mularaju defeated Mancha Bha araka
Varma and annexed Vishnukundins Kingdom.
116. Administra on:
 Vishnukundins have divided the Kingdom into States and Vishayas for administra on.
 During Vishnukundins period, there were army chiefs for different wings of the army.
Title Role/Responsibility
Has kosha Head of Elephantry
Veerakosha Head of Infantry
Rajjuka Land Surveyor; measures land and decides ayacut
Phaladhara Es mates the quan ty of crop produce for the state
Se Officer in charge of measuring crop produce for the state
Akshapataladhikari Head of archives; responsible for protec ng government documents

117. Economic Condi ons & Trade:

 Self Sufficient rural economy prevailed.
 They implemented different methods for the development of agriculture.
 During this period, trade took place with Rome and Greece along with East Asian countries.
 The importance of interna onal trade is evident from the tle “Trisamudradipathi” given
to Madhav Varma -2.
118. Coins:
 The coins were made up of Copper and Iron.
 The coins were minted with the words “Sri Parvata” and had symbols of Lion and Shankha
(Cone).
 According to Chinese traveller Fa-hein, the shells were also used as Currency during the
Vishnukundins period.

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  Another Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang had men oned that there were golden Buddha idols
statues on Sri Parvata. But at present, these are present at Amarava . Based on this, we
can say that goldsmiths were good at their work.
 A sniff box of 7 cen meters size (made of cast iron, was in mango shape) was found at
Keesara Gu a is another piece of evidence.
 During excava on in Kundali Sangameswaram near Alampur, the golden coins of Roman
emperor Constan ne (A.D. 306-337) were found.
119. Social Condi ons:
 During their period, the caste system was Strengthened.
 Madhav Varma used to bow down and touch the feet of his parents regularly, by this we can
tell that people used to respect their parents and elders. In their inscrip ons it is men oned
that “Vishnu Kundinulu Danamanadula cheAnuraktamagu Varnashrama Swajana
Parijanulu”.
120. Literature - Religion
 Vishnukundins were the first to make “Sanskrit” as official Language.
 In the Chikkulla Copper inscrip on given by King Vikramendra Bha araka Varma, the Telugu
word “Vijayarajya Samvastharambul” was found.
 A true Telugu word “Tolchuvandlu” was inscripted on a big rock at Keesara gu a.
 Title of Indra Bha araka Varma: “Gha kaVastha Punya Sanchaya”,
 Title of Madhav Varma -2: “Vidya Dvijaguda Vistha Varuda Tapasvi Jain Ashraya”.
 Govinda Varma was known as “Shadabignya”.
Religious Condi ons:
121. Vedic Religion:
 Vishnukundins followed Vedic religion.
 Their family presiding deity was “Sri Parvata Swamy”.
 By their names we can know that they patronized vedic religion.
 They were the 1st to build Hindu cave temples in south India.
 Ikshvakus were 1st to build Hindu temples.
 The Uma Maheshwaram temple (at Amrabad) in Sri Parvatham was known as the Northern
Gateway for Srisailam.
 Being followers of Vedic religion also, they did not hate other religions.
122. Jainism:
 During period, Srisailam was a great Jain centre, later it became a great Shaiva centre. This
was men oned in “Dharma Amrutham” wri en by Jain poet Nyaya Sena.
 Jainism was degraded due to the “kapalika” sect of Jainism.
123. Buddhism:
 The Prominent Buddhist Guru during Vishnukundins was Dignaga. His famous Sanskrit
literary work was “Pramana Samuccaya”.
 Dignaga:
o He taught “Yogacara” methods. Dignaga was the last Buddhist Guru in Telugu states.

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 o He debated with “Eshwar Krishna”, a poet of Vengi.
 Duggipalli Duggena of Vishnukundins period wrote “Nachiketa Pakyanam”.
 Great Buddhist place during Vishnukundins was “Bojjana Konda”.
 Proceedings Known as “Divya’s”.
 Madhav Varma had punished his son with the death sentence as he drowned the cart and
crushed a son of a Tamarind merchant to death.
 Symbolic stupa during their period was “Lingala Me u”.
 Vishnukundins were the last rulers, who patronized Buddhism.
 During the 5th century A.D, a new Buddhist sect “Vajrayana” entered Amarava and
NagarjunaKonda.
 Buddhism lost its sanc ty because the “Vajrayana” sect allowed women, alcohol and
encouraged black magic.
 The Vajrayana sect was finally destroyed and lost people’s faith.
 Later, the Brahmins changed the minds of people by saying that “Buddha” was the 9th
incarna on of Vishnu and changed all the Buddhist centres into Vaishnava temples / centres.
 Buddhist centers during Vishnukundins period were Phanigiri and Nelakondapally.
 The Buddhist stupa at Nelakondapally was known as “Virat Stupa”, later it came to be
known as the throne of “Virata Raja”.
124. Art – Architecture:
 The special features in the temples built by Vishnukundins were Garbagriha, Mukha
Mandapam and Artha Mandapam.
 The official emblem of Vishnukundins roaring lions’ statues at Bhuvanagiri fort is evidence
to say that Bhuvanagiri fort was first built by Vishnukundinas.
 Chaitya decora ons (Buddhist Aramas) are seen on the caves of Gouri Gundam waterfalls
and L. Madugu near Manthani city of Peddapalli District.
 Koma caves near L. Madugu belongs to the contemporary Jaina aramas.
 The Great Shiva-shak temples Uma Maheshwaram, Saleshwaram caves and Alampur are
near Amarava , which is the birth place of Vishnukundins.
 Uma Maheshwaram has become the Northern gateway for Srisailam.
 The Shiva Linga designed by Pallavas and Nagara Bheri which was made by Vishnukundins
are s ll present at Uma Maheshwaram temple.
 On the walls of Saleshwaram cave temples the following words “Vishvesha kakkalasa” are
inscribed in Brahmi script. This was found by Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana.
125. Caves During Vishnukundins:
 Moghalrajpuram Caves (Krishna district):
o Total 5 caves are there in Moghalrajpuram.
o The 5th cave is the largest. It contains the statue of “Ardhanarishvara”. This cave is
known as “Shiva Tandava” cave.
o Astabhuja Narayana Swamy and Trivikramavatara statues are present.
 Undavalli Caves (Krishna district):

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 o It has 3 caves. The middle one is the largest. Anantha Padmanabhaswamy temple is
present in the caves.
o These caves contain inscrip ons as “Utpathi Pidugu”.
o “Purna Kumbha” is present in these caves.
 Akkanna – Madanna caves:
o These caves are constructed by Vishnukundins.

VEMULAWADA CHALUKYAS
126. About:
 Vemulawada Chalukyas were feudatories of the Rashtrakutas.
 According to historian B.N. Shastri, they ruled the Sapadalaksha region (present-day
Karimnagar and Nizamabad) with Bodhan and Vemulawada as their capitals.
 Sapadalaksha means a kingdom with 1,25,000 villages.
 They governed the north-western region of Telangana.
127. Capitals:
 first capital: Bodhan,
 Second capital: Vemulawada.
Main sources of history:
128. Inscrip ons:
Ruler/Person Inscrip on Loca on/Date
Arikesari I Kollipara Copper Inscrip on -
Arikesari II Vemulawada Copper Inscrip on -
- Chennur Inscrip on A.D. 941
- Karimnagar Inscrip on A.D. 946
Arikesari III Parbhani Copper Inscrip on A.D. 966
Beeragruha Karuvaka u Rock Inscrip on Mahabubnagar
Jina Vallabha Kurkkyala Inscrip on A.D. 940
129. Literary Sources:
Author/Scholar Work/Research
Pampa Kavi Vikramarjuna Vijayam
Somadeva Suri Yashas laka Champu Kavya, Ni vakyamrita
Malliya Rechana Kavijanashrayam
Nelaturi Venkataramanaiah Research on poli cal history of Vemulawada Chalukyas
Vemulawada Chalukyas - Rulers
130. Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla:
 founder of the kingdom “Vemulawada Chalukyas”.

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  He was an Army chief of Rashtrakuta king Dan durga. Being an army chief fought many
wars and ba les and conquered “Chitrakuta Fort”. Impressed by this Dan durga gave
“Sapadalaksha” Kingdom to him.
 According to Mallinada Suri, Chitrakutam is the present day Ramagiri in Karimnagar.
 During their period, Karimnagar & Nizamabad were known as Asmanta Sabbinadu.
 According to the book “Vikramarjuna Vijayam”, the ruler Vinayaditya had the largest
number of elephants.
 According to Kollipara inscrip on, he defeated kings of Turkish, Magadha, Kalinga etc and
those kings performed “Paada Pooja” of Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla.
131. Arikesari-I
 He changed the capital from Bodhan to Vemulawada.
 He issued Kollipara inscrip ons.
 He donated “Belmoga” village to the Shaiva Guru “Mugdha Shivacharya” for educa onal
purposes.
 According to Kollipara inscrip on, Arikesari-I was well educated and well versed in Archery
and Ayurveda.
 Titles:
o Samastha Loka Ashraya
o Raja Trinethra
o Tribhuvana Malla Sahasarayadi
 Contemporary Rashtrakuta kings were Dhruva and Govinda-II
132. Baddega-I (A.D. 850 – 895)
 Title: Soladaganda (means a warrior who won 42 wars).
 He built a temple called Baddegedara temple, which was later recognised as Bhimeswara
temple of Vemulawada.
 Kolleru War:
o fought between Baddega-I and Vengi ruler Chalukya Bhima-I.
o A er winning the Kolleru war, Baddega-I ed Chalukya Bhima as Crocodile in Kolleru
lake house. This is men oned in the Parbhani inscrip on.
 Eastern Chalukya Gunaga Vijayaditya was also defeated by Baddega-I.
 Kusumayudha of Mudigonda Chalukya defeated Baddega-I.
133. Narasimha-2 (A.D. 915-930)
 He was the feudatory king of Indra-III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
 On the instruc ons of Indra -III, he waged war against Laata, Sapta Malava kingdoms of the
Northern region and also collected “Kappam” from them.
 According to the Vemulawada inscrip on, he built the Victory pillar at Kalapriya (today’s
Kalfi), a er defea ng Gurjara Pra hara king “Mahipala '' at Kanyakubja.
 During his me, Jain structures (Jain chaumukha) were built at Vemulawada.
134. Arikesari -2 (A.D. 930-955)

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  He was the greatest of the Vemulawada Chalukyas, he encouraged Kannada literature.
 Arikesari-2 built Jain temple on his name at Bodhan, i.e., Arikesari Jinalaya
 Arikesari-2 defeated Rashtrakuta king Govinda-IV and made his step brother Baddega (3rd
Amoghavarsha) as a ruler in place of Govinda-IV.
 According to the Badega inscrip on which was found in Agastheswara temple near
Chennur, Arikesari-2 extended the kingdom from Bodhan to Chennur.
 Arikesari -II married “Revakanirmadi”, daughter of Rashtrakuta king Indra-III and also
married Lokambika, a Rashtrakuta Princess.
 He issued the Vemulawada Rock inscrip on in Sanskrit.
 His Army chief Peddanaryudu built the Aditya temple at Vemulawada. Arikesari-II donated
100 Nivarthana of land for this temple on Sankran fes val.
135. Vegaraju (A.D. 955-960)
 He was the feudatory king of Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna-III.
 Vegaraju made “Gangadhara” city as his capital.
 Somadeva Suri men oned in his book “Yashas laka Champu Kavya”, that he finished this
book when Vegaraju was with Krishna-III at Yelpadi (Chi oor) in A.D. 959.
136. Baddega – II / Bhadra Devi (A.D. 960 – 965)
 Bhadradeva had built a Jainist Math with the name “Subhadama Jinalaya” at Vemulawada.
This was built for his guru “Somadeva Suri”.
 “Bommala am Region” flourished as a centre of Jainism during his rule.
137. Somadeva Suri:
 He was a Jain Preacher.
 He wrote the following books.
o Yashas laka Champu Kavya (Yashodara Charitha)
o Nee Kavyamruta
o Yukta Chintamani
o Sannava Prakaranam
 Titles of Somadeva Suri were:
o Shadwadha chala simha
o Tarkik Chakravarthy
o Vakkallola Payonidhi
o Vadhiba Sanchanana
138. Arikesari – III (A.D.965-973)
 He was the last ruler of Vemulawada Chalukyas.
 He issued two copper plate inscrip ons. They are
o Parbhani Inscrip on
o Karimnagar Copper Inscrip on
 He made Vemulawada as his capital and ruled.

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  He donated the “Repaka” village to Subhadama Jinalaya built by Baddega-II for Somadeva
Suri. This is now located in Siricilla taluk.
 His tles are:
o Pambaram Kusha
o Vidyadhara
o Samantha Chudamani Vikramarjuna
139. Administra on - Economic Condi ons
 The King is the Supreme authority.
 The important officers were Mahasandhi Vigraha, Tantrapala and Satradipala.
 Village was under the control of 12 officers.
 Gaunda, Goud, Patel and Reddy were the officers.
 The Professions during this period were Bronze-making, Weavers and Charmakar
(cobbler’s).
 The land tax was 1/6 of the total crop produce, its main source of income.
 Apart from the tax Payable by individuals, the whole village used to pay tax yearly once. This
was known as the “Gramawar Method”.
140. Judiciary:
 King is the supreme Judicial authority.
 In states, Rashtradipa was judge and in Visayas, Vishayadipa was Judge.
 During this period, the special judges by name “Pradvivaka” were appointed.
 “Mitakshara” books of Vignaneshwara and Nee kavyamruta of Somadeva Suri were
considered as Dharma Shastra books during their period.
141. Religious Condi ons:
 Jainism was Prominent during their Period.
 Vemulawada Chalukyas built many jaina temples by Patronizing Jainism.
 The capitals of Vemulawada Chalukyas, Vemulawada '' and Pathanapuram (Bodhan) were
the Jain centers.
 Po la Cheruvu (Patancheru) had 500 Jain homes.
 Popular Jain Monk during this Period was Somadeva Suri.
 Baddega-II built “Subhadama jinalaya” for Somadeva Suri in Vemulawada. For this
Arikesari -III had donated “Venkatampalli” village.
 Pampa Kavi’s brother Jina vallabha was Jain follower.
 Jina vallabha issued “kurkiala inscrip on” in Karimnagar and built “Chakreshwar” temple
near Karkala (Jain deity).
 The inscrip on on Bommala Varmagu a in which the 1st Telugu kanda poem was visible.
 The Jain’s educa on starts with the sutra “Om Namo Sidham Namo”.
142. Jain centers:
 Vemulawada
 Anumakonda (Hanumakonda)

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  Kolanupaka:
o This is present in Yadadri district (Previously Nalgonda). This was the great Jain center.
Ini ally it was a Shaiva center.
o Digambara statue of Vardhamana is present here.
 Bodhan
 Po la Cherruvu (Patancheru)
143. Architecture
 The Hundred Pillar Indra Narayana temple present in Bodhan was built during Vemulawada
Chalukya’s period. This temple was changed as Daval Masjid during the Aurangzeb Period.
 Rajarajeswara temple in Vemulawada was built in 11th Century by Mahamandaleshwara
Rajaditya (feudatory king of Vikramaditya- IV). This was ini ally a Jain temple later changed
into Shiva temple.
 According to the Vemulawada inscrip on of Arikesari-II, the 4 main temples in Vemulawada
and their dei es.
144. Literature
 Vemulawada Chalukyas encouraged Telugu and Kannada literature.
 Court poets of Arakesari-II were Pampa Kavi,
 Malliya Rechana and Padma Kavi (Telugu Poets).
 Malliya Rachana’s “Kavijanasrayam” is the earliest work of Telugu Prosody (basic rhythm
of verses in Telugu poetry).
 Padma kavi wrote “Jinendra Puranam” in Telugu.
145. Pampa kavi:
 His tles: Kannada Aadi kavi and “Kavitha Gunarnava”.
 He belongs to “Vangapadu” village in Guntur.
 He is first in Kannada, Aadi kavi of kannada literature.
 Court poet of Arikesari -2
 Wri en Vikramarjuna vijayam. In this, he equated Arikesari 2 with Arjuna.
 Arikesari-2 donated Dharmapuri village in jagityal taluka as Agrahara to Pampa Kavi.
 He gained “Kavita Gunaranava” tle from Arikesari -2.
 Literary works of Pampa Kavi
o Adi Purana (on Rishaba nadha)
o Pampa Bharatham (Transla on of Mahabharatha in Kannada), it is also known as
Vikramarjuna Vijayam.
o Pampa kavi’s Grave is present in Bodhan fort wall.
146. Kannada Trayam
 The 1st three Kannada poets are known as “Kannada Trayam” (three gems of Kannada
poetry) – Jain poets.
1. Pampa Kavi
2. Ponna – book - Shan Puranam

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 3. Ranna – book - Ajithanatha Puranam
147. Vemulavada Bhimakavi:
 Literary works:
o Raghava Pandeeveeyam
o Shathakandara Ramayanam
148. Jina Vallabha:
o Book: Mahaveera swamy Stotram.
o Titles: Sakala Kalapraveena, Gunapaksha pathi, Bhavyaratnakar

MUDIGONDA CHALUKYAS
149. About:
 Mudigonda Chalukyas ruled “Manchikondanadu” by making Mudigonda
 Mudigonda Chalukyas were the feudatories of Vengi (Eastern) Chalukyas.
150. Capital: Mudigonda - Khammam as their capital.
151. Koravi Seema:
 Mudigonda is in Koravi Seema of Telangana.
 The Khammam and Warangal regions are called Koravi Seema.
 The eastern region of Koravi Seema was called Manchikondanadu.
 Another name for Koravi seema is “Visurunadu”.
152. They ruled feudatories of eastern chalukyas from A.D. 850 to Kaka ya’s Rudradeva’s period for
about 3 and half centuries.
153. Historical Sources:
 Moghali Cheruvu inscrip on,
 Koravi Copper Inscrip on (A.D.935),
 Guduru inscrip on of Viryala ( A.D.1124),
 Krivvaka (Kukkuru) inscrip on of Kusumayudha.
 The Moghali Cheruvu inscrip on issued by the Kokkiraja describes the dynasty of
Mudigonda Chalukyas.
 According to this Moghali Cheruvu inscrip on, Kokkoraja and Ranamardha both were
Brothers. They Established their kingdom by making mudigonda as capital.
Rulers / Poli cal History
154. Kokkiraju
 Titles: Pravardhamana, Vijaya.
 Founder of the dynasty: Ranamardha
 He was the “Progenitor” of the dynasty.
 According to the Moghalicheruvu inscrip on, he was described as the second Rama.
 He defeated the Chiyya king and got “Garuda Dhwaja Sthambam”.
 He was having the great “Vetala Dvajam” which was with Ravanasura in those days.

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  Ranamardha wore a necklace known as “Kan ya” and it was his official emblem.
155. Kusumayudha-I (A.D. 870 – 895)
 He was the contemporary of Chalukya Bhima-I of Eastern Chalukyas.
 According to Koravi inscrip on: He was the feudatory king to 1st Chalukya Bhima of Vengi
Chalukya.
 He played an important role in Vengi Chalukya – Manyakheta conflicts.
 This inscrip on explains about his victories.
 Chalukya Bhima donated a Village called “Dokiparru” to a Brahmin named Potamayya on
the request of Kusumayudha-I.
 He played Prominent role in defea ng Rashtrakutas and throwing them away from Koravi
Seema.
156. Kusumayudha – II (A.D. 935 -960)
 He had a tle namely “Vineeta Janasraya”.
 There was peace in the Kingdom during his me. Kusumayudha – II exempted all the tax in
the village “moghali cheruvu” and donated it to a Brahmin namely “Dhoniya sharma”( of
Kuthsitha Gotra), this was donated on a Sankranthi fes val. This inscrip on which explains
dona on had ithihasa poems.
 Koravi inscrip ons explain about poli cal condi ons and administra on.
157. Kusumayudha–IV
 According to Moghali cheruvu inscrip on, he donated Moghalicheruvu village to a Brahmin
called “Gonaya”.
158. Betaraja – I (A.D. 1075-1100)
 Betharaju-1 came to power a er his father Kusumayudha -IV death.
 From that me, conflicts started in the kingdom.
 Kakartya Gundana defeated Betaraja and occupied the Koravi region.
 Later, Betaraja-I took the help of the ruler of Viriyala and regained his Kingdom.
159. Kusumayudha – V
 Title – Mu enegalla.
160. Kusumayudha – VI
 Title – Marbala Kesari.
 His contemporary was “Rudradeva” of the Kaka ya dynasty.
 According to Krivvaka inscrip ons, Rudradeva defeated him. A er this defeat,
Kusumayudha – VI was in exile for 12 years.
 A er 1 year, he regained his kingdom with the help of his ministers and appointed them as
Mahamandaleshwar (Grand Chiefs).
161. Nagathi Raja
 Title: “Viveka Narayana”.
 During his period Kaka ya ruler Ganapa deva defeated Naga Raja and annexed
Mudigonda Chalukyas Kingdom.

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  The decline of Mudigonda Chalukyas is explained in the “Palampeta” inscrip on issued by
Recharla Rudra who was the army chief of kaka yas.
162. Social and Economic Condi ons
 Inscrip ons tell us that Mudigonda Chalukyas belong to “Manavyasa Gotra”.
 Ini ally they were Sudras, later they were Brahminized.
 According to the Moghalicheruvu inscrip on, people lived in village and tribal huts.
 The rulers were concerned about the Welfare and Poverty of the people.
 It is believed that if someone gives Produce (Eragadanyam) to the government on peramani
Poornima day, good fortune will be bestowed upon them.
 By this, we can say that there was no pressure for the payment of taxes. Public used to pay
taxes Voluntarily.
 This tax money was used for Agricultural developments and for construc on of Canals and
to dug tanks.
163. Religion
They followed Vedic, Shaiva, Vaishnava and Sakteya religions.
 Shak Devata:
o Mudigonda Chalukyas treated themselves as “Hara Putras” & ruled with Sapta
matrikas.
o Betaraja’s wife Sri Mahadevi was known as “Abhinava Gowri”.
 Vaishnavam: Their inscrip ons contain Bhagwan Narayana, Varaha and Garuda Dhwaja, by
this we can tell that they were followers of Vaishnavism.
 Kamadeva:
o Most Prominent God during those days. He is in the form of “Nirguna Deva”.
o Till today, tribes worship Kamadeva in North Telangana.
164. Fes vals:
1. Makar Sankran : Good fortune will be bestowed if dona ons are done on this day.
2. Peramani Poornima: it is believed that it is good to pay taxes / produce voluntarily to the
government.
3. Gowri Fes val: this is today’s “Bathukamma” fes val.

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 TGPSC - GROUP-2
IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)
Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY - 06 (UNIT – 2)

KAKATIYA’S
In recent years, public welfare programs introduced during the Kaka ya period have greatly inspired
current policy makers in Telangana, notably the pres gious Mission Kaka ya ini a ve aimed at
improving irriga on facili es for agriculture.
 The irriga on works such as Golusucheruvulu (tanks) constructed by the Kaka ya rulers have
become the blueprint for modern irriga on projects, reflec ng the rich heritage of water
management in the region.

Category Source/Period Details

Epigraphical Mugallu Grant (956 CE)  Men ons Gundyana, a Kaka ya chief under
Sources Eastern Chalukyan prince Danarnava.
Hanamkonda Thousand  Issued by Rudradeva, declaring his
Pillar Temple (1163 CE) sovereignty.
Bayyaram Tank  Issued by Mailambika, sister of Ganapa deva,
Inscrip on (1219 CE) provides genealogy and men ons the
construc on of Bayyaram Tank.
Motupalli Abhaya  Issued by Ganapa deva, men ons external

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 Sasanam (1244 CE) trade from Motupalli Port and protec on for
traders.
Malkapuram Epigraph  Refers to Vidyamandapams (educa onal
(1261 CE) ins tu ons) during Rudramadevi’s reign.

Chandupatla Epigraph  Issued by Puvvula-Mummadi, provides details

(1289 CE) about Rudramadevi's death while figh ng
Kayasta Ambadeva.
Literary Sources Panditaradhya Charitram  Wri en by Palkuriki Somanatha, discusses
& Basavapuranam socio-religious aspects of Kaka ya rule.
Shivayogasaram  Wri en by Kolani Ganapa deva, offers
insights into the poli cal events of the Kaka ya
period.
Prataparudra  Wri en by Vidyanatha, focuses on cultural and
Yashobhusahanam poli cal life under Prataparudra.
Nrutyaratnavali  Wri en by Jayapa Senani, discusses cultural
and performance arts during Kaka ya rule.
Siddheshwara Charitam  Wri en by Kase Siddappa, provides useful
historical accounts of Kaka ya governance.
Muslim Sources Tarik-e-Ferishta & Futuh-  Wri en by Muhammad-Qasim-Ferishta and
us-Sala n Islami, they detail Muslim invasions and
conquest of Warangal.
Tarikh-e-Feroz Shahi  Wri en by Zia-uddin-Barani, provides insight
into the poli cal events during the period.
Foreign Travels of Marco Polo  Provides accounts of flourishing external trade
Accounts during the reign of Rudramadevi.

RISE OF KAKATIYAS
 Rise of Kaka yas:
 Origin of Kaka yas: The origin of the Kaka ya dynasty is debated. Some scholars suggest they
served in the army of the Rashtrakutas. The Magallu grant (956 CE) issued by Eastern
Chalukyan Prince Danarnava men ons Gundyana, the first known Kaka ya.
 Service Under Eastern Chalukyas: Early Kaka ya chiefs served the Eastern Chalukyan rulers
as provincial officials, par cularly in regions like Koravi and Khammam.
 Name Kaka ya: The name is believed to be derived from their family deity Kakatamma or
from the village Kaka puram (though its exact loca on is unknown). According to historian
P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, they likely got their name due to their worship of Goddess Kaka , an
incarna on of Durga.
 Subordinate Chiefs (956 CE - 1162 CE): The Kaka yas started as subordinate chiefs before
becoming sovereign rulers. This period marks their rise in power:

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  Gundyana (956 CE): Men oned in the Magallu grant, Gundyana served Rashtrakuta king
Krishna III and played a key role in Danarnava's victory over Ammaraju in Eastern Chalukyan
internal conflicts. A er Rashtrakutas' decline, Gundyana asserted authority in the Koravi
region.
 Beta I (1000-1052 CE): Son of Gundyana, he became the chief of Anumakonda Vishaya
and invaded Kanchipuram under Chalukyan King Someshwara I.
 Prola I (1052-1076 CE): Beta I’s son, Prola I, made Anumakonda the capital of the Kaka yas
and constructed the Kesamudram Tank at Warangal.
 Beta II (1076-1108 CE):
 Served Vikramaditya VI (Eastern Chalukyan Prince) and supported him in the war of
succession.
 Was granted Sabbinadu (Karimnagar) with a thousand villages and took tles like
Tribhuvanamalla and Mahamandaleshwara.
 He was succeeded by his son, Durgaraya (ruled un l 1116 CE).
 Prola II (1116-1157 CE):
 Prola II succeeded Durgaraya and was known for his military achievements, which were
inscribed in the Anumakonda Thousand Pillar Temple epigraph.
 He supported Someshwara III and defeated his feudatories, including Medaraja of
Polavasa and Gundaraju of Manthena.
 Prola II was killed by Inagala Brahmi Reddi, a general of the Velana Chola king. His son,
Rudradeva, came to power in 1158 CE and declared sovereign power in 1163 CE.
 Rudradeva (1163-1195 CE)
Sovereign Power (1163 CE):
 Rudradeva declared himself the first sovereign ruler of the Kaka ya dynasty in 1163 CE. This
declara on was inscribed in the Anumakonda Thousand Pillar Temple inscrip on.
 He assumed the tle "Raya Gajakesari" and issued coins in his name, symbolizing his royal
authority.
Military Conquests:
 Rudradeva's reign was marked by several military victories:
 He defeated Dommaraju, Medaraja-II of Polavasa, Malligadeva, and Choda Udaya,
expanding his influence across Karimnagar.
 His army inflicted a defeat on the Telugu Chola King Kanduri Chola Bhima.
 Vellanki Gangadhara, his trusted general, played a crucial role in these conquests and
helped consolidate Rudradeva's administra on.
Challenges from Yadavas of Devagiri:
 During his reign, Rudradeva faced opposi on from the Yadavas of Devagiri. The conflicts with
the Yadava dynasty were a recurring theme in his military campaigns.
Founda on of Orugallu (Warangal):
 To accommodate the growing popula on of his state and secure his rule, Rudradeva laid the
founda on for a new capital city at Orugallu (later known as Warangal). This marked the

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 beginning of Warangal's prominence as the poli cal center of the Kaka ya dynasty.
Death in Ba le (1195 CE):
 Rudradeva's reign came to an end when he was killed in a ba le with Yadava King Jaitugi in
1195 CE. His death marked a significant moment in the Kaka ya dynasty's early struggle to
maintain sovereignty.
Succession:
 A er Rudradeva's death, his younger brother Mahadeva took over the reign of Kaka ya State
and ruled un l 1199 CE.
 Mahadeva also faced conflicts with the Yadava army and lost his life in ba le.
 His young son, Ganapa deva, was imprisoned by Yadava King Jaitrapala but was later set free
to divert a en on toward Devagiri.
Recherla Rudra's Role:
 Following Mahadeva’s death, Recherla Rudra, a trusted officer of the Kaka yas, played a
crucial role by installing Ganapa deva as the ruler and managing the state's affairs,
stabilizing the kingdom during a turbulent period.
 Rudramadevi’s Reign (1263-1289 CE)
1. Accession to Power (1263 CE):
 Rudramadevi was chosen as the successor by her father, Ganapa deva, and became the
ruler of the Kaka ya kingdom in 1263 CE.
 She was one of the few women rulers in Indian history and was well-trained in warfare
and statecra .
2. Administra ve and Military Reforms:
 She ruled with great spirit and brought about all-around progress in her kingdom.
 She crushed internal revolts, especially those led by her cousins, Harihara and Murari.
3. Key Officials:
 Rudramadevi was supported by loyal and experienced officials such as Kayasta
Jannigadeva, Tripurari, Gonaganna Reddy, Recherla Prasaditya, Malyala Gundiya, and
Inuluri Annayya.
4. Defea ng External Threats:
 During her reign, the Ganga and Yadava rulers invaded the kingdom but were decisively
defeated.
 Recherla Prasaditya, her general, played a cri cal role in leading the army against the
Yadavas, earning the tle "Kaka ya Rajya Sthapanacharya" (Kaka ya State Founder).
5. Matrimonial Alliance with Yadavas:
 A er the Yadavas' defeat, a matrimonial alliance was established between the Kaka yas
and the Yadavas through the marriage of Ellannadeva, a member of the Yadava family, to
Rudramadevi’s daughter.
6. Ambadeva's Revolt:
 Towards the end of her reign, one of her officials, Kayasta Ambadeva, revolted.

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 Rudramadevi personally led her forces to suppress the rebellion.
 Chanduptla epigraph (1289 CE) records that Rudramadevi died in her struggle with
Ambadeva.
 Prataparudra-II (1289-1323 CE) and the Decline of Kaka ya Dynasty
1. Accession to Power (1289 CE):
 Prataparudra-II, Rudramadevi’s grandson, ascended the throne a er her death. He had
been adopted by Rudramadevi due to her lack of a male heir.
2. Ini al Military Success:
 Prataparudra-II successfully defeated Kayasta Ambadeva, who had previously revolted
against Rudramadevi.
 His forces also crushed other rebellious chiefs such as Nellore Rajaganda Gopala and
inflicted defeats on the Yadava army.
3. Khilji Invasions (1290 CE onwards):
 The Kaka ya dynasty faced a new threat from the Delhi Sultanate, star ng with invasions
by Alauddin Khilji's generals in 1303 CE.
 Prataparudra’s army successfully defended Warangal in the Ba le of Upparapalli against
the first invasion.
 However, in 1309 CE, Malik Kafur, another general of Alauddin Khilji, a acked Warangal
again. Prataparudra-II was defeated and forced to accept a subordinate posi on to the
Sultanate.
4. Rebellions and Internal Challenges:
 The defeat by the Delhi Sultanate encouraged local subordinates and chiefs to revolt
against Prataparudra-II. However, Ju ayya Gonkaya Reddi, a commander of the Kaka ya
army, suppressed these revolts and restored order.
5. Final Ba le and the Fall of Kaka yas (1323 CE):
 In 1316 CE, a er Alauddin Khilji’s death, Prataparudra-II stopped paying tribute to Delhi,
which led to another invasion by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq in 1323 CE.
 Prataparudra-II faced the Delhi forces bravely but was eventually defeated. He was
captured and, while being taken to Delhi, commi ed suicide by jumping into the Narmada
River.
6. End of Kaka ya Rule (1323 CE):
 With Prataparudra’s death, the Kaka ya dynasty came to an end, and Warangal was
renamed Sultanpur under the control of the Delhi Sultanate.
 The oppressive rule by the Governors of Delhi sparked a libera on movement led by
surviving Kaka ya officials and chiefs.
 Divisions of Kingdom:
 Kingdom - Naadu - Sthalam - Villages
 Last part in Administration is the Village.
 24 Villages together are known as Sthalam.

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  “Ayagars” were appointed for Village administration.
 Ayagar System:
 (Pan Iddaru Ayagandra)
 Land was given as Wages / Salary to Ayagars for the services rendered by them to Villages and
Kingdom.
 The Village officers were known as “Ayagars”.
 Ayagar system was formed before Kakatiya’s
 period.
 “Ayamu” means “field”.
 Every Village had 12 Ayagars, these posts are Hereditary.
1. Karanam
2. Reddy
3. Talari
4. Purohita
5. Kammari (Blacksmith)
6. Potter (Kummari)
7. Gold smith (Kamsali)
8. Barber (Mangali)
9. Laundry (Chakali)
10. Carpenter (Vadrangi)
11. Tanners (Charmakara)
12. Vetti (bonded labor)
 Karanam: He looks after the revenue records and lands in the villages.
 Reddy : He collects the land tax and remits it to the government.
 Talari: Village security guard.
 Vetti: The person who does free service.
 Niyoga System:
 During Kakatiya’s period, the administration was divided into 72 departments. These are
called Niyogas.
 The supervisor of Niyogas is known as “Bahattara Niyogadipathi”.
 The Prime Ministers (P.M) were:
Ganapati deva P.M – Malyala Hemadri Reddy
Rudrama devi P.M – Vellanki Gangadhara
Pratapa Rudra – II P.M – Mupidi Nayaka
 Important Ministers during Kaka ya’s:
Title Role/Responsibility
Gaja Sahini Chief of Elephantry
Sandhi Vigraha Minister for Foreign Affairs and War

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 Pragada Incharge of King’s Castle
Prada Vivaha Law Minister
Samudritha Regional Judicial Head
Tirparulu Responsible for determining the percentage of crop produce to be
given to the government
Nagara Sri Kavali Security guard of the Castle
Mandleshwar State Governor

 Nayankara System:
 The Nayankara system in military force was introduced by Rudrama Devi, Pratapa Rudra
strengthened this system.
 Bhattara Niyogadipathi during Ganapati • Deva’s period was Gangaiah Sawhney and during
Rudrama Devi’s period were Tripurari and Ponkamallaiah Pragada.
 Bhattara Niyog Adipati during Pratapa • Rudra-II was Ambadeva Maharaju.
 The Prime minister was a key figure in the • administration.
 In the Nayankara system, the army was maintained by Nayankara’s and King’s would give
lands to Nayankar in return for their services.
 The Nayankara system is similar to the Jagirdari System.
 According to Ekamranatha’s Pratapa Rudra Charita, during Pratapa rudra’s period there were
77 Nayanmars for 77 towers.
 Pratapa Rudra – II had given control over 1⁄4th part of land to Nayankars.
 Nayankars used to collect the tax and Maintained law and order in this land.
 The places which were under the control of Nayankars were known as “amaram”.
 Judiciary / Judicial System:
 According to Rajanithi Ratnakaram, there are 4 Nyaya Sabhas during Kakatiya’s.
 Pratistita: Temporary judicial branch appointed in Capital city.
 Apratistita: Temporary judicial branch in Villages.
 Samudrika : A judicial branch in which Ministers or Pradvivahaka act as judges.
 Sashita Apratistita : king is the Judge.
 According to Duggirala Inscription Ganapati deva solved the issues of Duggirala and
Morampudi Village borders.
 There were special judges known as Pradvikas in the Court of king.
 Kakatiya’s formed Dharmasasanas for special cases and the judgment given by them is
preserved in the form of “Jayapathras”.
 The “Mudra Vartha” officers used to get the official stamp on Jayapathras.
 Talari was responsible to see that no robbery takes place in Villages.
 Economic Condi ons
 Agriculture was the main occupation in the Kakatiyas period. It was done through Lakes /

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 tanks.
 Forests were cut down and the land was brought under Cultivation.
 The uncultivated land is brought under cultivation by giving tax exemptions to the farmers.
 The lands which were away from villages were donated to officers and for religious purposes
and made useless land into useful.
 The king’s land is called “Racha doddi” (Racha pollam). This was given to farmers on the
condition that half of the farm produce is to be given to the king.
 Apart from the Government, the private persons also gave the land to lease (Koulu) to the
farmers. This is known as “Tambula Srava”.
 The agricultural land was divided into Magani (wet land) and Metta (dry land).
 The irrigated land was known as “Achukattu”.
 The main crops were Cotton, Paddy, Jowar, Sugar cane, coconut, Wheat, Onions, Oil seeds
and Indigo.
 Scented rice was grown in the Orugallu region during Kakatiya’s.
 The varieties of Paddy were “ Rajanna Shouli, Kalamu, Shiramukhi and Pathanga Hoyana”.
 Land tax was the main source of income for the government.
 The land tax was known as “Ari” and those who were paying Ari were called “Arigaapulu”.
 The tool for measuring the land was “Kesari Patigada”.
 Land tax was 1/6th of the total crop produce.
 The taxes “Koru” and “Putti Sahiti” were imposed on the agricultural land.
 The land tax was collected either in the form of money or crop produce.
 Tax in the form of money – Puttipahundi.
 Tax in the form of grains – Putti Koluchutta.
 Taxes were collected by an officer known as “Kolakandru”.
 The crop produced in fixed land was known as “Siddayam”.
 People should pay tax twice in a year i.e; in Kartika masam and Vishaka masam (month). The
traditional taxes during this period are
 Darishinam: Tax paid while visiting the king.
 Prakruti: Amount to be paid for the services of officers or for receiving benefits from the king.
 Appanam: paying for no reason.
 The own land of king was known as Racha
 polam / Racha doddi.
 According to Mella cheruvu inscription (A.D.1311) kings had total powers on Racha Pollam,
Regadi or Veligandu and on Sandy soil.
 Racha pollam / Racha doddi was mentioned in Mella cheruvu inscription.
 The land under the control of Nayankars was “Veli Pollam”.
 People used to have individual lands. When there was any necessity, kings used to take their
lands and would pay compensation to them. By this we can say that “King does

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 Water Resources / Irriga on :
 Construction of tanks / lakes is considered as one of the Saptadhanas. As mentioned in the
Ganapeshwara inscription.
 Kakatiya constructed many lakes for Agriculture.
 They constructed lakes in such a way that when one lake is filled with water, the extra water
will go into another lake. This is the chain system known as “Golusu Kattu Cheruvulu”. The
lakes (tanks) were;

Cheruvu Name Constructor

Ramappa Cheruvu Recharla Rudra
Pakala Cheruvu Jagadalamummadi
Bayyaram Cheruvu Mailamba
Kesari Samudram Prola Raju I
Lakkavaram Cheruvu Ganapa Deva
Ghanpur Cheruvu Constructed during Ganapa Deva's
period
Hanumakonda Cheruvu Rudra Deva
Se Kereya Cheruvu Betaraju II
Kunda Samudram Kundamamba
Katukuru Cheruvu Mailamma (Ganapa Deva’s wife)

The army chief of Ganapati deva was Malayala Choda. He constructed the following lakes.
 Chouda Samudram
 Ganapa Samudram
 Bala Samudram
 Art and Architecture
Ramappa Temple (Rudreshwara Temple)
 Significance: The temple is an architectural masterpiece of the Kakatiya dynasty, showcasing
engineering innovation, including the use of floating bricks, sand-box foundations, and
exquisite stone sculpting.
 Name: The temple is one of the rare ones named after its sculptor, Ramappa, a tribute to the
craftsmanship that created it.
 Construction: Built in 1213 AD during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva under
the supervision of his Chief Commander Rudra Samani in Ranakude, Atukuru province
(modern-day Telangana).
Architectural Features:
 Constructed using lightweight floa ng bricks that can float on water.
 Built on a 6-foot-high pla orm with a cruciform plan.
 The temple took nearly 40 years to complete.

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  The sanctum has a shikharam (tower) and is surrounded by a pradakshinapatha
(circumambulatory path).
 Ar s c Details: The temple is known for its elaborate carvings on walls, pillars, and ceilings,
reflec ng the ar s c heritage of the Kaka yan era.
One of the most famous examples of Kakatiya architecture is the Warangal Fort.
 It was built in the 13th century during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
 The fort is located in the heart of Warangal City.
 It is a massive structure that was built using granite blocks.
 It features the throne of Ganapati Deva, the Swayambhu temple, and several gateways
adorned with intricate carvings.
The Thousand Pillar Temple is another famous example of Kakatiya architecture.
 This was built during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
 The temple is located in Hanamkonda.
 It is known for its impressive pillars, which are carved with intricate motifs and sculptures.

Kakatiya Thoranam was carried out during the reign of Ganapathi Deva.
 This intricate arch bears resemblances to the gateways of the Sanchi Stupa.
 It is recognized as the symbol of Telangana.
 Jainism in Early Kaka ya Rule:
 Jainism enjoyed the patronage of early Kaka ya chiefs, especially Prola-I and Beta-I.
 The Siddheshwara Charitam by Kase Diddappa describes their support for Jainism, with
dona ons of land and cash made to Jain basadis (temples).
 Jainism flourished in several centers such as Bodhan, Vemulawada, Patancheru, Kolanupaka,
and Anumakonda during this period.
 Shi to Saivism and Vaishnavism:
 Under the sovereign Kaka ya kings, Saivism and Vaishnavism gained more popularity.
 Saivism became prominent with significant Saivite centers like Pangal, Sanigaram,
Kanteshwar, and Ainavolu emerging.
 Several Golakimatas (monas c centers) were founded at Manthema, Malkapuram, Somadila,
and Madadam
 Social Groups:
 The primary social groups in Kaka ya society were Brahmins, Vaishyas, and Sudras.
 Several sub-castes emerged during this period. According to Kreedhabhiramam by Vinukonda
Vallabha Raya, there were eighteen castes (Ashtadasakulas) residing within the Warangal
Fort.
 Samyas (caste associa ons) were prominent.
 Mahajanas was the Samya of Brahmins.
 Nakaram was the Samya of Vaishyas.
 The Samya of PanchanamuVaaru (ar sans) also existed.

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  Each Samya had a head who wielded significant power over the community and was
responsible for collec ng taxes from caste members.
 Caste Diversity:
 Pratapa Charita by Ekamranatha and several epigraphs men oned various castes involved in
different professions, including:
 Gollas (herdsmen)
 Barbers
 Sailas (weavers)
 Po ers
 Vaishyas
 Brahmins
 Telikas (oil pressers)
 Boyas (hunters)
 Carpenters
 Medharas (basket makers)
 Upparas (salt makers)
 Cultural Prac ces:
 Entertainment: People engaged in ac vi es like dance, music, puppet shows, and cockfights
for entertainment.
 Social Prac ces: Child marriages, the Devadasi system, and polygamy were common societal
prac ces.

RACHAKONDA AND DEVARAKONDA VELAMAS

 Velamas are also known as Padmanayakas or Recharla Velamas, belonging to the Recharla Gotra.
 The Velugo Vamshavali is the primary historical source about the Padmanayakas.
 A er the fall of the Kaka ya dynasty, the Recharla Velamas ruled parts of present-day Nalgonda
and Mahabubnagar districts.
 Following the death of Kapaya Nayaka, they annexed the Musunuri Kingdom and became key
administrators over the en re Telangana region.
 The Recharla Velamas ruled for over 150 years, with Rachakonda and Devarakonda as their
capitals.
 They ini ally served as feudatories of the Kaka yas.
 Bethala Nayaka, the first prominent leader of the Recharla Velamas, was from Amanagallu, near
Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district.
 Between 1225-1253 A.D., Ganapa Deva appointed Bethala Nayaka as the regional head of
Amanagallu.
 Bethala Nayaka's sons included Recharla Rudra, Recharla Prasaditya, and Dhama Nayaka.
 Recharla Rudra served as the army chief under Ganapa Deva.
 Recharla Prasaditya was the army chief during the reign of Rudrama Devi.

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 Genealogy of Velamas:
 Bethala Nayaka
 Dhama Nayaka
 Vennama Nayaka
 Eradacha Nayaka
 Singama Nayaka
 Singama Nayaka I (A.D. 1325-61):
 Founder of the independent Velama Kingdom.
 Established Amanagallu in Nalgonda as his capital.
 Received 80 gi s from Pratapa Rudra, earning him the tle Ashi Varala Singama Nayaka.
 Expanded his kingdom, annexing the region between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers and
extending it to Eleshwaram.
 Anapota Nayaka I (A.D. 1361-84):
 Moved the capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda (Nalgonda).
 Along with his brother Madha Nayaka, a acked Jallipalli Fort, defea ng Somavamsha
Kshatriyas and Reddy leaders who were responsible for his father’s death, earning the tle
Somakula Parashurama.
 Constructed the Rachakonda Fort with a surrounding stone wall and built a water body named
Anapota Samudram.
 Founder of the Rachakonda Kingdom.
 Conflicts started between the Reddy’s and Velamas during his reign.
 Annexed Bhuvanagiri and Shanigaram Forts and visited the holy shrine at Inole (Ainole),
issuing inscrip ons describing his victories.
 Earned the tle Andhra Deshadhiswara a er conquering the forts.
 Titles of Anapota Nayaka I:
 Hindu Raya Suratrana
 Khadga Narayana
 Jaganobba Ganda
 Tribhuvana Rama Raya
 As per the Rachakonda inscrip on, he constructed the tanks Anapota Samudram and Raya
Samudram.
 Dug two wells: Sankella and Kolukutam wells.
 To protect the kingdom from the Southeast, he divided it and appointed his brother Madha
Nayaka as the ruler of Devarakonda.
 Singama II (Sarvagna Singana):
 Greatest ruler of Velamas, renowned as a poet and writer.
 Also known as Kumara Singama Nayaka and Sarvagna Singama Bhupala.
 Patron of Vaishnavism and a supporter of arts and literature.
 Titles of Singama II:

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  Sarvagna Chakravarthy
 Kalyana Bhupa
 Pra Ganda Bhairava
 Sarvagna Chudamani
 Laksha Lakshana Veda
 Khadga Narayana
 Court Poets of Singama II:
1. Vishweswara:
o Authored Chamatkara Chandrika (Alankara Sastra/Science of Figures of Speech).
o Described Singama II as Sahitya Shiipavadhi.
2. Bommakan Appayya Matya:
o Wrote a commentary on Amarakosham.
 Literary Contribu ons by Singama II:
 Rasarnava Sudhakaram (Alankara Sastra book)
 Sangeeta Sudhakaram (Music book)
 Ratna Panchaalika (Drama)
o Ratna Panchaalika portrays the marriage of Sri Krishna and Kumalayavali.
o This drama was performed during the annual celebra ons at Prasanna Gopala Temple
(Vasantayatra).
 Other Prominent Poets and Scholars:
 Shakalya Ayyalaryudu: Wrote Bhaskara Ramayanam.
 Shakalya Mallu Bha u:
o Title: Chaturbasha Kavita Pithamaha.
o Works include Nirdoshya Ramayanam, Udara Raghaviyam (Poetry), and Avyaya
Sangraham (Dic onary).
o Engaged in a debate with Varada Charya, son of Vedanta Deshika, and was defeated.
 Anapota Nayaka II:
 A powerful ruler known for winning numerous ba les.
 Also referred to as Kumara Anapota Nayaka, Pinna Annama Nayaka, and Immadi Anapota
Nayaka.
 Rao Madha Nayaka:
 A devout follower of Vaishnavism.
 Donated Torrur/Tadur village as Sri Rangapura Agraharam to Sri Ranganatha Swamy.
 His wife Nagambika constructed Naga Samudram tank near Rachakonda and issued the Naga
Samudram inscrip on.
 Authored Raghaviyam, a commentary on Ramayanam, and dedicated it to Sri Rama.
 Singama Nayaka III (A.D. 1430-1475):
 The last ruler of the Rachakonda dynasty.
Titles:

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  Dhivishaludu
 Sarvagna Rao Singama Nayaka
 Mummadi Singama Nayaka
Court Poets:
 Bammera Pothana
 Gourana
 Bhourava Kavi
Inscrip ons during his reign:
 Shayampet inscrip on (A.D. 1464) issued by his brother Dharma Naidu.
 Tirupa inscrip on (A.D. 1475) issued by Singama Nayaka III for dona ng gi s to Lord
Venkateshwara.
 Bellamkonda inscrip on (A.D. 1453) by Singama Nayaka III.
 Kanjeevara inscrip on (A.D. 1437) by Vasantha Nayaka.
Men ons by Scholars:
 Srinadha referred to Singama Nayaka III as Singama Bhupala in his works.

DEVARAKONDA VELAMA RULERS:

 Madha Nayaka:
 Founder of the Devarakonda Velama kingdom.
 Capital: Devarakonda.
 Built Madhavapuram near Devarakonda.
 Constructed the Dwara Mandapa at Umamaheshwaram (in Nallamalla forest), known as the
Northern gateway to Srisailam.
Lingamanidu:
 The last ruler of the Devarakonda Kingdom.
 The kingdom ended due to annexa on by the Bahmanis.
 Economic Condi ons - Trade
 Main Occupa on: Agriculture was the primary occupa on during the Velama period.
 Brahmins in Agriculture: Literary works of Potana and Srinatha indicate that even Brahmins
engaged in cul va on.
 Types of Land:
1. Me a (Uplands)
2. Tari (Moist land)
3. Hor culture land
 Main Crop: Jowar was the dominant crop due to the prevalence of Me a lands.
 Rice Consump on: Rich people primarily consumed rice, with varie es such as Shiramukhi,
Kalama, Shali, Hayapa, Ethanga, and Hoyana.
 Other Occupa ons: Ca le rearing was also a significant occupa on. Every temple had an
animal house called Kilaras.

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 Revenue:
 Main Source of Income: Land tax, which was 1/6th of the crop produce.
 Grain Storage: Villages had storage units called Rachagadelu to store grains collected as tax.
 Industries:
 Tex le Industry:
 Orugallu, Rachakonda, and Devarakonda were renowned for their tex le industries.
 Popular saree varie es during the Velama period included:
 Rama Singaram
 Vasantha Singaram
 Sri Krishna Vilasam
 Rama Vilasam
 Vasantha Vilasam
 The book Simhasana Dvatrimshika also men ons Pa u Sarees like:
 Hema Pa u
 Pulli Goru Pa u
 Vela Pa u
 Vajra Pa u
 Udaya Pa u
 Kalamkari Industry: This was another famous industry during the Velama period.
 Nirmal Iron Swords: Renowned worldwide for their quality during this me.
 Trunk Industry: According to the book Rukhmangadha Charita, the trunk-making industry was
also prominent.
 Trade:
 Interna onal Trade: The Balijas and Vaishyas were involved in interna onal trade during this
period.
 Main Port City: Vadapalli on the banks of the River Krishna was the primary port city.
 Conflicts Over Vadapalli: There were conflicts between the Velamas and Reddy Raju for
sovereignty over the port city Vadapalli.
 Social Condi ons:
 Caste System: The caste system was prevalent. Brahmins gained significant strength, while
Kshatriyas saw a decline in their influence.
 Posi on of Women: The status of women deteriorated during this period, largely due to the
invasions by Muslim rulers. Women rarely stepped out of their homes due to the heightened
concerns for safety.
 Social Evils: Prac ces such as Sa and Child Marriages became widespread in Hindu society,
introduced as a response to the Muslim invasions.
 Marriage Tradi ons: Royal marriages were grand, involving significant dowries and gi s, with
dowry referred to as "Aranam."
 Clothing:

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  Men wore dho s and shirts.
 Women wore colorful sarees. The book Simhasana Dwatrimshika, wri en by Koravi
Goparaju, men ons 49 types of silk sarees and 14 types of gold, silver, and bronze
ornaments.
 Higher caste women wore the saree pallu to the right side, while lower caste women
wore it to the le side.
 Dance Forms: Tradi onal dance forms included Perini, Bharatanatyam, Jakini, and Goundilu.
The foreign dance form introduced during this me was "Paarashika Mathali."
 Religious Condi ons during the Velama Period
 Patronage of Shaivism: Ini ally, Velama Nayakas supported Shaivism, with a focus on
Theravada Shaivism. They worshiped Rudra forms of Lord Shiva, such as Bhairava and
Mailaru.
o Violent rituals such as Ranamu Kadupu (cooking rice with enemy blood) and Chapudu
Gudi were prac ced.
 Vaishnavism: Later rulers shi ed their patronage to Vaishnavism. Two sects emerged within
Vaishnavism—Thengal and Vadagal, with Vadagal Vaishnavism preached by Vedanta Desika.
 Efforts to Preserve Hindu Culture: A er defea ng Muslim rulers, Velama kings worked to
preserve Hindu culture, renova ng Brahmin Agraharas destroyed by invaders.
 Literary Contribu ons
 Court Poets of Singama Nayaka III:
o Bammera Potana:
 Titles: Sahaja Kavi, Bhaktha Potana, and Maha Bhagavat Kartha.
 Major Works: Veera Bhadra Vijayam, Andhra Maha Bharatam, Narayana Shatakam,
Bhogini Dandakamu (based on the love story of Sarvagna Singama Nayaka and
Bhogini).
 He eventually le the kingdom due to discontent with palace life and led an
agricultural lifestyle.
o Gourana:
 Title: Sarasa Sahitya Lakshana Chakravar .
 Major Works: Lakshana Deepika, Navanadha Charita, Harishchandra Upakyanam.
o Bhairava Kavi:
 The first to use the Banda Kavitha style in Telangana.
 Major Works: Sriranga Mahathyam and Ratna Pariksha.
o Koravi Goparaju:
 Court poet of Rana Mallu.
 Authored the Telugu poem Simhasana Dvatrimshika, analyzing dreams long before
Sigmund Freud.
 Translated the Jain work Trishash Salakapuru Sacharitra from Sanskrit to Telugu.
 Temples and Forts
 Temples Built:

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  Rachakonda Velamas: Bhairava Temple, Rama Temple, Lakshmi Devi Temple.
 Devarakonda Velamas: Shiva Temple, Rama Temple.
 Bhuvanagiri Velamas: Someshwara Temple.
 Forts Built:
 Major forts were constructed at Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Bhuvanagiri, and
Orugallu to defend the kingdom.
 Rachakonda Fort:
 The fort is enclosed by three rings of walls.
 It houses a Rama Temple in the west and a Bhairava statue. A mosque was also built
inside the fort by the Bahmani Sultans.
 The hills have two Bhoga mandapas called Bhogamdani Mancham and Bhogamdani
Gudulu.
 A Vaishnava temple lies to the southeast of the fort.
 Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana discovered pain ngs of Putrakamesh Yagam and
Ashwamedha Yagam from the Ramayana in this temple.
 Religious Condi on
 Patronage of Shaivism: Ini ally, Velama Nayakas supported Shaivism, with a focus on
Theravada Shaivism. They worshiped Rudra forms of Lord Shiva, such as Bhairava and
Mailaru.
o Violent rituals such as Ranamu Kadupu (cooking rice with enemy blood) and Chapudu
Gudi were prac ced.
 Vaishnavism: Later rulers shi ed their patronage to Vaishnavism. Two sects emerged within
Vaishnavism—Thengal and Vadagal, with Vadagal Vaishnavism preached by Vedanta Desika.
 Efforts to Preserve Hindu Culture: A er defea ng Muslim rulers, Velama kings worked to
preserve Hindu culture, renova ng Brahmin Agraharas destroyed by invaders.
 Literary Contribu ons
 Court Poets of Singama Nayaka III:
 Bammera Potana:
 Titles: Sahaja Kavi, Bhaktha Potana, and Maha Bhagavat Kartha.
 Major Works: Veera Bhadra Vijayam, Andhra Maha Bharatam, Narayana Shatakam,
Bhogini Dandakamu (based on the love story of Sarvagna Singama Nayaka and
Bhogini).
 He eventually le the kingdom due to discontent with palace life and led an
agricultural lifestyle.
 Gourana:
 Title: Sarasa Sahitya Lakshana Chakravar .
 Major Works: Lakshana Deepika, Navanadha Charita, Harishchandra Upakyanam.
 Bhairava Kavi:
 The first to use the Banda Kavitha style in Telangana.

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  Major Works: Sriranga Mahathyam and Ratna Pariksha.
 Koravi Goparaju:
 Court poet of Rana Mallu.
 Authored the Telugu poem Simhasana Dvatrimshika, analyzing dreams long before
Sigmund Freud.
 Translated the Jain work Trishash Salakapuru Sacharitra from Sanskrit to Telugu.
 Other Poets during the Velama Period:
 Naganatha:
 Court poet of Anapota Nayaka-I.
 Literary Works:
 Madana Vilasa Bhanam
 Anapota Nayakiam
 Trilokabhedhi:
 Authored Sakala Dharma Param.
 Pusapa Nagatha:
 Translated Vishnupuranam into Telugu.
 Vinnakota Peddanna Matya:
 Authored Kavyalankara Chudamani.
 Madaki Singana:
 Wrote Sakala Ni Sammatham.
 Temples and Forts during Velama’s Period:
 Temples built by Rachakonda Velamas:
 Bhairava Temple
 Rama Temple
 Lakshmi Devi Temple
 Temples in Devarakonda:
 Shiva Temple
 Rama Temple
 Temples built by Velamas in Bhuvanagiri:
 Someshwara Temple
 Forts Built by Velamas:
 Key Forts Built by Velamas:
 Rachakonda Fort
 Devarakonda Fort
 Bhuvanagiri Fort
 Orugallu Fort
 Rachakonda Fort:
 The fort walls are structured in three concentric rings.

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  Inside the first fort wall, there is a Rama Temple on the west side.
 The fort also contains a mosque built by the Bahmani Sultans.
 A statue of Bhairava is located within the fort.
 On the hills of the fort, there are two Bhoga Mandapas, known as Bhogamdani Mancham and
Bhogamdani Gudulu.
 A Vaishnava Temple is located to the southeast of Rachakonda Fort.
 Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana discovered pain ngs of Putrakamesh Yagam and
Ashwamedha Yagam from the Ramayana inside the temple.
 Ranamu Kudu:
 A barbaric tradi on during the Recharla Velamas' period.
 Ranamu Kudu involved cooking rice with the blood of enemies killed in ba le, and this was
presented to the War Goddess and Ghosts.

QUTB SHAHI DYNASTY

 Founder: Sultan Qutb-ul-Mulk.
 Timeline: The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled from 1512 to 1687 AD.
 Origin: A er the disintegra on of the Bahamani Kingdom, several governors declared their
independence. Sultan Quli declared independence and established the Golconda kingdom
with its capital at Golconda.
 Key Features:
 Contemporary Rival Kingdoms: The Qutb Shahi rulers fought against the Vijayanagar, Bijapur,
Berar, Bidar, and Ahmadnagar kingdoms.
 Mughal Influence: Over me, the Mughals moved into the Deccan region and established
their supremacy, eventually conquering the Qutb Shahi kingdom.
 Development Focus: The Qutb Shahi Sultans were known for promo ng:
 Agriculture
 Irriga on
 Industry
 Trade
 Literature
 Architecture
 Historical Importance: The Qutb Shahi kingdom occupied a significant place in the history of
the Deccan region, contribu ng to its cultural and architectural legacy.
Sources of Qutb Shahi History
 Inscrip ons:
 Ghazinagar Inscrip on: Issued by Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah.
 Badshah-e-Ashurkhana and Darus Shifa Inscrip ons: Issued by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah.
 Miyan Misq Inscrip on: Issued by Abul Hasan Tanisha.
 Pangal and Koilkonda Inscrip ons: Provide valuable informa on about the Qutb Shahi

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 dynasty's rule.
 Literary Sources:
 Basan n-us-Sala n (Dastur-ul-Amal): Wri en by Mirza Ibrahim Zubari, this work offers
essen al insights into the Qutb Shahi polity, its structure, and administra on. The work covers
the administra on in just thirteen pages.
 Mirza Ibrahim Zubari was a contemporary of Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626-1672), according to
the eminent historian H.K. Sherwani.
 The Basan n-us-Sala n was modeled on Siasat Nama, a well-known poli cal trea se
authored by Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi, who served as the court scholar of Sultan Malik Shah Seljuki,
the ruler of Central Asia.
 Siasat Nama Influence:
 Siasat Nama discussed the du es and objec ves of a Sultan, serving as a guide for rulers.
 The Qutb Shahi Sultans adopted the Siasat Nama's principles in their administra on but also
honored local customs and laws in governing their kingdom, balancing external influence with
internal needs.
Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (1512-1543): Founder of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty
 Background:
 Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk was a scion of the royal family of Hamdan and belonged to the Qara
Quyulu (Black Sheep) tribe from Turkistan.
 A er the defeat of his tribe by the rival Aq Quyunlu (White Sheep) tribe, Sultan Quli fled to
India and se led in the Deccan during the reign of Muhammad Shah Bahmani.
 Career Under Bahmani Kingdom:
 He was ini ally enlisted in the royal bodyguard of Muhammad Shah Bahmani at Bidar.
 His successful hun ng expedi on earned him Warangal as a jagir and 150 Arab horses.
 In 1487, a er saving the life of the Sultan from rebellious forces, he was given the tle Khawas
Khan.
 A er suppressing the rebellion led by Bahadur Gilani in Konkan, he was awarded the tle
Qutb-ul-Mulk (Pillar of the State) and later promoted to Amir-ul-Umra (Chief Noble).
 He was appointed Governor of Telangana with control over the Golconda fort.
 Rise to Power:
 A er the death of Muhammad Gawan, the Bahmani Kingdom weakened and disintegrated.
Provinces like Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar declared independence by 1489 AD.
 Sultan Quli declared independence in 1512 AD, establishing the Golconda Kingdom.
 Military Conquests:
 Sultan Quli expanded his control by:
 Strengthening the Golconda fort.
 Suppressing local revolts and defea ng chiefs like Sitapa , capturing forts like
Bellamkonda.
 Defea ng the joint forces of Vijayanagar and Devarakonda at Pangal, despite being
outnumbered.

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  Capturing other forts like Ghanpur and Koilkonda.
 Defea ng Qiwam-ul-Mulk, a Bahmani noble, in Telangana.
 Seizing Kondavidu, Kondapalli, and Bellamkonda from Achyuta Raya, who agreed to pay
an annual tribute.
 Suppressing the revolt of Harichand, who held the fort of Nalgonda.
 Forcing the ruler of Bidar to surrender Medak.
 Strategic Ruler:
 Sultan Quli was a brilliant military leader and a strategist who expanded his kingdom to
include coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, and Telangana.
 Ruled as a governor for 24 years and as a sovereign for 26 years.
 Downfall:
 In his final years, a civil war broke out between his sons.
 His third son, Jamsheed, conspired from within the prison and had Sultan Quli
assassinated during prayer. Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah then crowned himself as the new
king.
Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550 CE)
 Reign:
 Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah ruled the Golconda Sultanate for seven years, from 1543 to 1550
CE. His reign is o en regarded as a tumultuous period and considered one of the ugliest
chapters in the history of Golconda.
 Rise to Power:
 Jamsheed came to power a er murdering his father, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, while he was
engaged in prayer. He sought to eliminate anyone who could expose the crime, including his
co-conspirator, Mahmud Hamdani, whom he personally killed to conceal the evidence of his
patricide.
 His brother Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, sensing danger to his life, fled to Bidar with a small group
of horsemen and sought assistance from Ali Barid of Bidar.
 Conflicts and Alliances:
 Ali Barid of Bidar and Ibrahim Quli laid siege to Golconda, but Jamsheed sought help from
Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar. Burhan responded by a acking Ali Barid's territory,
forcing Ali Barid to retreat to Bidar. Ibrahim fled to Vijayanagar, where he remained in exile
un l Jamsheed's death.
 Jamsheed was involved in conflicts with other Deccan kingdoms, par cularly Bijapur and
Bidar, and allied himself with Ahmadnagar to maintain power.
 He aided Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar in his bid to reclaim Sholapur from Ibrahim Adil
Shah of Bijapur.
 In return, Ali Barid of Bidar joined forces with Ibrahim Adil Shah, promp ng Jamsheed to ally
with Bijapur and Ahmadnagar. Jamsheed helped capture Kandahar, an important fort in
Bidar, but was later betrayed by Ibrahim Adil Shah, who imprisoned Ali Barid.
 Betrayal and Strategy:

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  Jamsheed skillfully manipulated alliances, including offering to help Ibrahim Adil Shah on the
condi on that Ali Barid was released. However, a er the release, he marched against Bidar
and placed Ali Barid back on the throne.
 When Ramaraj of Vijayanagar a acked Bijapur forces on the Bhima River, Jamsheed had to
assert his dominance over his rivals. He eventually emerged victorious due to his tac cal
brilliance and statesmanship.
 Death:
 Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah died of cancer in 1550 CE. His death sparked a power struggle among
the nobles of the kingdom.
 Succession:
 A er his death, Jagadeva Rao, one of the ministers, along with the Naikwars, invited Ibrahim
Quli Qutb Shah, Jamsheed’s youngest brother, who had been living in exile at Vijayanagar for
seven years. Ibrahim was given a grand welcome at Koilakonda, marking his return to
Golconda and the beginning of his reign.
Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah (1550–1580 CE)
 Rise to Power:
 A er the death of his brother, Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah, Ibrahim returned to Golconda with
the support of Aliya Ramaraya, the de-facto ruler of Vijayanagar.
 He took over the throne a er a brief poli cal confusion during which Subhan Quli, a seven-
year-old son of Jamsheed, was declared Sultan.
 Reign:
 Ibrahim ruled Golconda for 30 years (1550–1580 CE), significantly enhancing its glory and
prosperity.
 He maintained friendly diploma c rela ons with the Mughal Empire, par cularly with
Emperor Akbar.
 His reign is notable for relying on diplomacy and alliances rather than military conquests
alone, especially in inter-state rela ons.
 Conflicts and Alliances:
 In 1557, Ibrahim allied with Ahmadnagar and besieged Gulbarga (then under Bijapur), but
li ed the siege upon request from Bijapur and advice from his friend, Ramaraya.
 Later, Ibrahim allied with Bijapur and Vijayanagar to a ack Ahmadnagar, cemen ng his es
with Ramaraya by sending troops against his rebellious brothers and seizing Adoni Fort.
 However, tensions grew between Vijayanagar and Golconda. Ramaraya's forces insulted the
Muslim popula on, and Ibrahim was eventually forced into a treaty where he ceded the forts
of Pangal and Ghanpur to Vijayanagar.
 Ba le of Rakshasi-Tangdi (1565):
 Recognizing the threat posed by Vijayanagar's growing power, four Deccan Sultanates—
Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar—formed an alliance to crush Vijayanagar.
 The decisive Ba le of Rakshasi-Tangdi (also known as the Ba le of Talikota) in 1565 resulted
in the defeat and fall of Vijayanagar, shi ing the balance of power in South India.

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 Expedi ons and Conquests:
 Following the fall of Vijayanagar, Ibrahim Qutb Shah captured several territories:
 Rajahmundry: He subdued the local chiefs and captured the fort.
 Southern Orissa: His forces expanded Golconda's northern boundaries, including the
capture of Kasimkota and Potnur.
 Udayagiri (1579): Ibrahim captured the strong fort of Udayagiri, a major victory.
 Vinukonda, Kocharlakota, Cumbum, and Kondavidu: These territories were also
subjugated during his reign, with Kondavidu falling a er heavy bombardment in April
1579.
 Rela ons with Bijapur:
 Ibrahim supported Ahmadnagar in their efforts to reclaim Sholapur, which was presented
to Bijapur as part of the dowry for Princess Chand Bibi.
 Death:
 Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah died in 1580 CE while preparing for further military campaigns.
His death marked the end of an era of diploma c and military expansion for the Qutb
Shahi dynasty.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612 CE)
 Conflict with Bijapur:
 Muhammad Quli's reign was marked by con nued hos li es with Bijapur, par cularly
defending against Chandi Bibi, the widow of Ali Adil Shah, who courageously protected
Bijapur's citadel.
 Military Campaigns:
 Muhammad Quli’s forces crossed the Krishna River and captured several significant areas:
 Muslimadugu, known for its diamond mines.
 Nandyal, Velgode, Sirvel, Jammalamadugu, and Chennur were also subjugated.
 Hande Hanumappa, a fief-holder under the Qutb Shahis, plundered the temple of
Ahobilam for its jewels.
 Mughal Influence:
 The Mughal Empire began asser ng influence in the Deccan during Muhammad Quli's reign.
 In 1595, the Sultan of Ahmadnagar appealed to Bijapur and Golconda to form an alliance
against the Mughals. Golconda and Bijapur sent large armies to assist Ahmadnagar, but the
Mughals captured Ahmadnagar before they could arrive.
 The fort of Ahmadnagar held out due to Chand Bibi's leadership, but eventually, Berar was
ceded to the Mughals.
 In 1597, a decisive ba le was fought at Sonapet between the Mughal forces and the allied
armies of Bijapur, Golconda, and Ahmadnagar. The Mughals triumphed, forcing the allies into
retreat. Ahmadnagar fell in 1600 CE, and Chand Bibi was murdered, leading to the loss of the
Nizam Shahi territory.
 Later Military Campaigns:
 Muhammad Quli faced internal revolts and external threats:

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  Suppressed the revolt at Kondavidu.
 Engaged in a long guerilla conflict with Bijapur and besieged Penukonda, the capital of
Vijayanagar. However, false promises from Venkata II led to the siege being li ed, and
Golconda had to retreat, resul ng in the loss of Gandikota Fort.
 Rela ons with Mughals:
 Muhammad Quli established diploma c rela ons with Mughal Emperor Akbar. He welcomed
Masood Baig, Akbar’s envoy, with great respect and sent lavish gi s to the Mughal court,
maintaining cordial rela ons with the Mughal Empire un l Akbar’s death in 1605 CE.
 However, Jahangir's a acks on Golconda strained these rela ons during the later years of
Muhammad Quli's reign.
 Death:
 Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah passed away in 1612 CE, a er a reign marked by military conflicts,
alliances, and a complex rela onship with the expanding Mughal Empire.
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah (1612–1626 CE)
 Succession: Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah, son of Mirza Muhammad Amin and nephew of
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, ascended the throne in November 1612 CE.
 He married Hayat-Baksh Begum, daughter of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah.
 Shia Lineage: His mother, Khanam Agha, was from the family of Imam Musakhajim, head of
the Shia sect.
 Treaty with Mughals: Along with Bijapur, Golconda signed a treaty with the Mughals, agreeing
to pay peshkash (tribute). Golconda had to pay twenty lakhs, while Bijapur paid eighteen
lakhs, and Ahmadnagar twelve lakhs.
 Support for Shah Jahan: During Shah Jahan’s revolt against his father Jahangir, Sultan
Muhammad pretended neutrality but secretly supported Shah Jahan with cash and cereals.
 Trade Rela ons: Sultan Muhammad encouraged Dutch and English trade establishments on
the east coast. Dutch factories were set up at Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, Pulicat, and
Nagapa nam, focusing on tex les, spices, and exports to Southeast Asia, Middle East, and
Europe.
 Death: Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah died in January 1626 CE. His death, followed by the
deaths of Malik Ambar and Jahangir, opened new opportuni es for the Mughal rulers to
assert control over the Deccan sultanates: Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda.
Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672 CE)
 Ascension: Abdullah Qutb Shah, eldest son of Sultan Mohammad, ascended the throne at the
age of 15. His mother, Hayat Baksh Begum, managed state affairs during his early reign.
 Iranian Ties: Maintained friendly rela ons with the Shah of Iran, issuing gold and silver coins
in his name while reci ng the names of 12 Shia Imams.
 Mughal Submission: Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan sent a farman demanding the omission of
the Shah of Iran in Friday prayers, payment of a peshkash (tribute), and coinage in the Mughal
emperor's name. Abdullah Qutb Shah agreed, paying eight lakhs of hons, 100 elephants, 50
horses, and jewels worth four lakhs.
 Mir Jumla's Revolt: Muhammad Syed Mir Jumla, the Prime Minister of Golconda, rebelled

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 and aligned with Aurangzeb, who laid siege to Golconda in 1656. Abdullah offered his
daughter in marriage to Prince Muhammad, ceded Ramgir as dowry, and paid ten lakhs of
hons in three installments, promp ng the Mughals to li the siege.
 Shivaji's Triumph: Shivaji defeated Bijapur and Golconda, gaining control of Maharashtra. In
1669, Shivaji was permi ed to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from Bijapur and Golconda.
 European Trade: Golconda pursued trade rela ons with European traders. The English factory
at Machilipatnam was temporarily moved to Armagaon in 1628 but returned. In 1639, the
English established a factory in Madras. In 1645, a new lease was granted by Golconda.
 Factory System: By 1658, all factories on the Coromandel coast and Bengal were made
subordinate to Madraspatnam (St. George). In 1662, Neknam Khan, Governor of Karnataka,
blockaded Madras, forcing the Company to pay 11,000 hons as arrears and agree to an annual
payment of 12,000 hons for rent and 4,200 hons for customs.
 Death: Abdullah Qutb Shah died in 1672 AD, concluding his 46-year reign.
Abul-Hasan Tanashah (1672–1687 CE)
 Accession: Abul Hasan, known as Tanasha, succeeded the throne with a treasury holding fi y
crores and five lakhs of hons.
 Key Ministers: Appointed Madanna as Prime Minister and Akkanna as Minister of Armed
Forces. They filled high offices with their co-religionists. Their nephew, Gopanna (Ramadas),
a revenue officer in Palwancha pargana, used state funds to construct the famous
Badrachalam temple.
 Sivaji's Power: At the me of his accession in 1672, Sivaji was at his peak in Maharashtra. Sivaji
collected twenty lakhs of hons from Golconda, posing as a supporter of Deccan
independence. In 1677, during a Mughal invasion, Bijapur joined Mughal forces, extrac ng
one crore of rupees and ten thousand horses from Golconda.
 Sivaji's Agreement: Sivaji entered into a military agreement with Tanasha in 1677, dividing his
father’s jagirs between himself and his half-brother.
 Aurangzeb's Charges: Aurangzeb accused Tanasha of:
 Appoin ng Madanna as Prime Minister, subjec ng Muslims to un-Islamic rule.
 Implemen ng Hindu laws in place of Islamic ones.
 Tolera ng vices, immorality, and indulgence in sex.
 Alliances with Maharashtra.
 Mughal Siege: In 1687, Aurangzeb demanded one crore and twenty lakhs as se lement
arrears, two lakhs of hons in annual peshkash, and the removal of Madanna and Akkanna
from office. Tanasha refused. The siege of Golconda lasted eight months, beginning in January
1687.
 Fall of Golconda: Some Golconda generals betrayed Tanasha, aiding the besieging Mughals.
The Mughal forces eventually captured Tanasha, detaining him in Daulatabad fort, where he
died in 1700 a er a hunger strike.

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administra on of Qutb Shahis
Posi on Responsibili es
Sultan  Head of State, Commander of armed forces, law-giver, claimed
divine right (Zillullah), chief of all power organs.
Council of Ministers  Played key role in administra on, met on emergency or daily basis,
(Majlis-i-Diwandari) appointed ambassadors.
Peshwa (Prime Minister)  Head of administra on, managed high officials, assisted by
workers, converted into Diwan by Abul Hassan.
Meer-Jumla (Finance  Managed finances, tax collec on, alloca on of funds to
Minister) departments, supervised accounts.
Ain-ul-Mulk (Military  Handled military appointments, war strategies, army organiza on,
Minister) and training.
Nazir  Maintained law and order, promoted respect for ethics, ensured
loyalty to the Sultan.
Majumdar (Account-  Oversaw financial accounts, supervised departmental budgets,
General) usually a Hindu appointment.
Dabir (Diwan-e-Insha)  Managed transla on of royal farmans, ensured proper
communica on to provincial heads.
Kotwal (Police  Maintained law and order, provided security to internal and
Commissioner) external traders, supreme judge of the city.
Sarkhel (Chief Revenue  Managed revenue collec on, supervised provincial officers,
Officer) secured foreign traders on the East Coast.
Hawaldar  Managed government godowns, stables for horses and elephants,
and other resources.

Military System of Qutb Shahis

 Model: The Qutb Shahi military system was modeled a er the Bahmani Sultans with minor
adjustments.
 Standing Army: A strong standing army was directly controlled by the Sultan, sta oned at the
capital, Golconda.
 Challenges: The Qutb Shahi army faced constant military threats from Deccani Sultans, the
Vijayanagara Empire, and the Mughal rulers.
 Military Department: Headed by Ain-ul-Mulk, responsible for military administra on, strategies,
and appointments.
 Jagirs for Armed Forces: The Sultan granted Jagirs to Tarafdars (provincial governors) for
maintaining a fixed number of armed forces.
Land Revenue System of Qutb Shahis
 Land Measurement: Land was measured using a standard rope of 38 cubits, with mutual
agreement by villagers, as recorded in the Malkapuram inscrip on in Guntur district.

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 Mirasi Tenure: Most villages were under mirasi tenure, meaning hereditary land rights. Twelve
ayagars (village officers) held lands under hereditary tenure, including the patel (headman),
kulkarni (accountant), chaudari (head of traders), and others.
 Private Land Ownership: The Qutb Shahis recognized individual land ownership. For example,
Malik Mishk endowed all lands in Atapur village.
 Land Revenue: Agriculture was the primary occupa on, and land revenue was the main source of
income. In 1685-86, the total state revenue was 82,95,196 hons (approx. Rs. 2,47,85,529) from 22
Sarkars.
 Largest Sarkar: Sikkol Sarkar (115 parganas) was the largest, while Melangur (3 parganas) was the
smallest.
 Diamond Mines: The Sultan also earned revenue from diamond mines, leased to contractors. Total
revenue from all sources was 5 crores, with 1 crore saved annually a er expenses.
Socio-Religious Condi ons
 Hindu-Muslim Unity: The Qutb Shahi Sultans adopted liberal policies to maintain unity between
Hindus and Muslims, as reflected in sources like Tariq-e-Ferishta, Tariq-e-Qutb Shah, and various
Telugu literary works.
 Social Life Descrip ons: Eminent historian H.K. Sherwani and Palavekiri Kadiripathi's work
Sukasaptha provide detailed accounts of social life, including the Brahmins, Vaishyas, and Sudras.
 Kadiripathi discusses dress, food habits, houses, and daily ac vi es of different sec ons of society.
 Brahmins' Occupa ons: Brahmins were involved in rituals, trade, and agriculture. Vaishyas
engaged primarily in trade.
 Dress and Appearance: Court officials, including Hindus, wore long silk pyjamas, kurtas, and cloth
caps. Women adorned themselves with various gold ornaments and costly sarees.
 Sub-Castes: Several sub-castes emerged, including Kapu, Reddy, Velama, Balija, carpenters,
weavers, blacksmiths, po ers, tailors, fishermen, washermen, and barbers.
 Social Evils: Child labor was prevalent, with children working in fields and in the homes of the
wealthy.
Posi on of Women
 General Status: Women were mostly confined to domes c roles and lacked freedom outside their
homes. They lived under the control of husbands or mothers-in-law. Widows faced harsh
condi ons, and purdah was prac ced by both Hindu and Muslim women.
 Social Evils: Common social evils included child marriages, sa , pros tu on, and the devadasi
system.
 Polygamy was widespread among both Hindus and Muslims, although it was not as common
among the general popula on.
 Educa on and Arts: Women's educa on was limited, though girls from higher classes were trained
in dance, music, and pain ng.
 Notable women such as Hayat Bakshi Begum and Chand Bibi excelled in fine arts and poli cs.
 Courtesans and Devadasis: Courtesans were patronized by the ruling class, with 20,000
courtesans reportedly residing in Golconda.
 They entertained the king and his nobles and were linked to the sale of liquor, which contributed

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 revenue to the kingdom.
 Devadasis held a privileged posi on in society, as they were exempt from societal expecta ons
like widowhood rituals or polygamy.
 Foreign Accounts: Foreign travelers like Tavernier, Methwold, and Frair provided accounts of the
restricted status of women.
 Muslim women were o en secluded, carried in closed palanquins, while Hindu women had
compara vely more freedom of movement. Adultery was severely punished, especially for
women.
 Widows' Plight: Widows were o en treated poorly, deprived of jewels and good clothes, and were
required to remain indoors. Some widows, however, rebelled against societal norms, bringing
dishonor to their families.
Religious Condi ons
 Religious Tolerance: The Qutb Shahi Sultans followed a policy of religious tolerance and
encouragement toward Hinduism and Hindu subjects.
 Temple Dona ons:
 Abul Hasan donated Bhadrachalam, Shankargiri, and Palwancha to the Ramadas temple at
Bhadrachalam, founded in 1652 AD.
 He also donated three villages—Bhogapuram, Cherukuru, and Veerannapatnam—for the
maintenance of the Malleswaraswami temple on the river Krishna.
 Abdullah Qutb Shah granted land (amaram) in Chundi village to maintain temples in the
Kandukuru sima region.
 Par cipa on in Hindu Fes vals: Qutb Shahi rulers par cipated in Hindu fes vals such as
Vijayadasami, Deepawali, Sankran , Holi, Yekadasi, and Shivaratri. Pilgrimages were made to
sacred sites like Srisailam, Bhadrachalam, Tirupa , Bezwada, and Hanamkonda.
 Muslim Fes vals:
 Shab-i-barat, celebrated by Muslims, resembled the Hindu fes val Diwali, with fireworks and
celebra ons.
 Nuroz and Basant were also celebrated, along with the major Islamic fes vals Ramzan and
Bakrid.
 Muharram was observed by both Muslims and Hindus in various parts of the kingdom.
Alms Houses and Celebra ons: The Sultans built alms-houses in different areas to support the
needy.
 Important religious icons included Bibika Chesma, Bibika Alam, Bibi Fathima, Imam Hasan,
and Imam Hussain.
 People from all communi es offered flowers, jaggery, dup s cks, and more during religious
observances.
Economic Condi ons
 Richness of Golconda:
 Golconda was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in medieval Deccan, driven by its diamond
mines and fer le lands.
 Machilipatnam port facilitated foreign trade with Central Asia and European countries.

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 Agriculture and Irriga on:
 Agriculture was the primary occupa on.
 Irriga on tanks like Hussain Sagar, Budwel tank, and Ibrahimpatnam tank were constructed
to support agriculture.
 The Maa Sahab Tank was built to supply water to the local popula on.
 Agricultural land was categorized into Zamindari lands, and commercial crops like co on, jute,
fruits, and flowers were widely grown.
 Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah repaired tanks like Pangal tank and Udaya Samudram tank to support
agriculture.
 Revenue System:
 Land revenue was the primary source of income for the kingdom.
 The total revenue for 1685-86 was 82,95,196 hons from 22 Sarkars, amoun ng to Rs.
2,47,85,529.
 Sikkol Sarkar was the largest, and Kovilkonda generated the highest revenue.
 Diamond Industry:
 Golconda was famous for its diamonds, with Kollur, Ramallakota, Mallavalli, and Vajrakarur
being major diamond mines.
 World-famous diamonds like Kohinoor, Hope, Pi , and Nizam were mined here.
 Tavernier, a French traveler, recorded that 60,000 workers were engaged in diamond mining.
 Tex le Industry:
 Golconda produced high-quality tex les, including muslin, calico, lungis, and chintz cloth,
which were exported to Europe.
 Centers like Masulipatnam, Palakollu, and Nizampatnam were known for kalankari cloth.
 Famous tex les included Maslin, Salempuri, and Palampur.
 Carpet Industry:
 Warangal was famous for its carpets, with Muslim families engaged in carpet weaving.
 Raw materials for carpets were abundant in Telangana.
 Shipbuilding Industry:
 Narsapuram, Bheemunipatnam, and Machilipatnam were renowned for shipbuilding.
 Ships for Dutch and other merchants were built using teak wood and iron.
 Saltpeter Industry:
 Flourished in Masulipatnam, Narsapuram, and Pulicat, producing powder used in firearms.
Cultural Condi on
 Literature and Language Development:
 The Qutb Shahi rulers were well-educated, literary patrons, and poets.
 Languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Telugu were significantly developed during their
rule.
 Persian was the official language, while the Sultans ac vely promoted the growth of Urdu
literature.

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 Urdu and Persian Literary Contribu ons:
 Poets like Makeemi, Gawasi, and Mulla Nasrani were patronized during the Qutb Shahi reign.
 Ibrahim Qutb Shah's reign saw the flourishing of poets like Firoz Muhammad (who wrote Tasif
Nama) and Mulla Qiyali.
 Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was a noted Urdu poet, wri ng under the pen name Maani. His
works included Khanide, Gazal, and Marsi.
 Vajihi composed Qutub-e-Mushtari (poetry) and Subras (prose), while Ahmad wrote the
famous Laila Majnu.
 Abdullah Qutb Shah's reign (1626–1672 C.E.) is considered the Golden Age of Urdu Literature.
Gawasi, a prominent poet, composed works like Maina Satwan and Saif-ul-Mulk in 1625 A.D.
 Telugu Literature and Patronage:
 Sultan Quli and his son Jamshid issued inscrip ons in Telugu, gaining respect among Telugu-
speaking communi es.
 Ibrahim Qutb Shah, a er spending seven years in Vijayanagara, learned Telugu and Sanskrit,
earning him the tle Malikiba Rama among the Telugu people.
 Prominent Telugu writers in Ibrahim's court included Addanki Gangadhar, Marigan
Singaracharya, and Kandukuri Rudra.
 Addanki Gangadhar wrote Tap Samharnopakyanam, and Sarang Tammaiah composed
Vaijayanthi Vilasam.
 Ponnagan Telaganarya's Yaya Charitra, the first original Telugu work, was dedicated to
Amin Khan.
 Telugu devo onal songs were composed by Gopanna, the Tahsildar of Badrachalam, a
devotee of Lord Rama.
 Cultural Syncre sm:
 The Qutb Shahis demonstrated cultural tolerance by suppor ng both Urdu and Telugu
literature.
 Scholars and poets from both Islamic and Telugu tradi ons coexisted, enriching the cultural
fabric of the Golconda kingdom.
 Influence of Scholars:
 Notable Telugu poets like Kshetrayya par cipated in discussions at the court of Abdullah Qutb
Shah.
 Neba Krishnaiah Amathya composed Rajani Ratnakara in the court of Muhammad Quli
Qutb Shah.
 Devo onal and religious texts like Shivadharmo ara were wri en by Malla Reddy, while Yella
Reddy composed works like Vashistam and Lingapuranam.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

The constructions of Qutub Shahi had the mixed traditions of Persia and Hindu. This led to the
emergence of a new style known as the Indo – Sarcenic style.
 This style was started by Quli Qutub Shah.

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  The scripts used on the constructions are Naskh, Thulath, Kufic, Nastaliq and Thugru script.
 Hyderabad city:
 It was constructed by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 A.D.
 The then Peshwa Mir Momeen Astrabadi took Ispahan city of Iran as the basis and designed a
plan for Hyderabad city.
 Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah used grid style and built a new capital with 70 lakhs of Honnus,
surrounding the village “Chinchala” and has given the name Bagh Nagar based on his lover’s
name Bhagamati. This was mentioned by Tavernier.
 Thevnot said that the new capital was Bagh Nagar (city of gardens).
 In 1687, a historian named Muhammed Saki visited Hyaderabad along with Aurangazeb and
said that the air, water and environment of Hyderabad made the hearts of Hyderabadis pure
without any grudges and they live with love and affection towards each other.
 Foreigners praised Hyderabad city as “Arleen”.
 Mir Momeen Muhammed Astrabadi:
 He belongs to the “Musavi” family of South Iran.
 Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah appointed
 Momeen as Golconda Peshwa in 1585 A.D.
 Charminar:
 Charminar was built in 1591-92 A.D. by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah to commemorate the
eradication of Plague. The architect was Mir Momeen Astrabadi.
 He designed Charminar on the basis of “Maidan – e – Nakshajahaan” of Safaid city of Iran.
 This construction has the mixed style of Persia, Turkey, and India.
 The main attraction of Charminar are 4 Pillars which are at a height of 186 feet.
 Every Minar has 4 floors.
 Mecca Masjid:
 The construction of Mecca Masjid was started by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1614 and it
was finished / completed by Aurangazeb in 1693.
 The architects were Mir Faizullah Baig and Chowdary Rajaiah.
 The masons from Persia and Arabia worked for the construction of Mecca Masjid. The
entrance of Mecca Masjid has 15 Arches.
 Monolith architecture in Mecca Masjid – Mihrab
 Historians opine that some bricks used in the construction of this Mosque were brought from
the holy place Mecca, hence it is named as Mecca Masjid.
 French gems trader Tavernier has described the beautiful city of Hyederabad and Mecca
Masjid.
 Dar-ul-shifa (1595 A.D):
 Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah built a Unani hospital in 1595 A.D. which is present at Darul Shifa
near present day’s Salarjung Museum.
 This was known as the “House of Cure”.

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  Here Unani doctors from different countries were there. Medical services were free for all.
 Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah also constructed Khudadad Mahal and Badshahi Ashurkhana,
Charkhaman near Charminar.
 The Qutub Shahi tombs built near Golconda are well known for their architectural style. These
are built 1km away from Golconda fort at “Banjara Darwaja”.

FAIRS, FESTIVALS, MOHARRAM, URS, JATARAS

 Muharram (Peerla Panduga)
 Muharram is the first month in the Islamic calendar and one of the four sacred months during
which warfare is prohibited.
 The word Muharram is derived from "Haram," meaning "forbidden."
 Shia Muslims refer to the 10th day of Muharram as "Youme Ashura," marking the martyrdom
of Imam Hussain and his followers in the Ba le of Karbala.
 Muharram is a period of mourning, not a fes val. Shia Muslims spend the first ten days
remembering the martyrs.
 The Qutb Shahi dynasty, being Shia Muslims, gave great significance to Muharram in the
Golconda Kingdom.
 In Telangana, Muharram is observed by both Hindus and Muslims, with communal
par cipa on.
 In Hyderabad, a famous historical site, Badeshahi Ashurkhana, has been central to Muharram
celebra ons for centuries.
 A unique ritual includes the Peerlu (Alam relic) carried in a procession atop an elephant from
Bibi ka Alam to Chaderghat on the last day of the observance.
 Fireworks (Agni Gundam) are set off a er spo ng the new moon, and different food items
such as ro s and sharbhat are prepared and distributed.
Ramadan / Ramzan (Eid-ul-Fitr or Eid-al-Fitr)
 Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is considered the holiest month for
Muslims.
 Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated at the end of Ramadan in the month of Shawwal, a er the sigh ng of
the moon.
 Throughout Ramadan, Muslims observe fas ng from dawn to dusk and engage in prayers and
spiritual reflec on.
 The pre-dawn meal during fas ng is known as Sahar, while the meal to break the fast a er
sunset is called I ar.
 A popular dish called Haleem is specially prepared in Hyderabad during I ar.
 The 27th day of Ramadan is observed as Laylat-ul-Qadr or Shab-e-Qadr (Night of Power),
believed to be the night when the Holy Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.
Milad-un-Nabi
 Milad-un-Nabi is a significant fes val for Muslims, commemora ng the birth of the Prophet
Muhammad.

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Urs:
 A Dargah is a shrine built over the tomb of a Sufi saint.
 The word "Dargah" in Persian means gateway.
 People visit the Dargah to receive blessings from the deceased saints.
 The Urs is the death anniversary of a Sufi saint, marked by spiritual celebra ons.
 A Qawwali, a form of musical concert, is o en conducted during Urs.

SAMMAKKA - SARALAMMA JATARA (MEDARAM):

 Loca on: Tadvai mandal, Medaram village in Mulugu district, Telangana.
 Celebrated by: Primarily a tribal fair performed by the Koya tribe, but widely celebrated by non-
tribals as well.
History of Jatara:
 Sammakka, a tribal woman, was married to Pagididda Raju, the nephew of the tribal king
Medaraju of the Tadvai region.
 The couple had two daughters: Saralamma and Nagulamma, and one son: Jampanna.
 Saralamma's husband was Govinda Raju.
 In the 13th century A.D., Pagididda Raju was a feudatory chief under the Kaka yas, ruling
during the reign of Prataparudra-II.
 Prataparudra-II, enraged by Pagididda Raju's rebellion, a acked Medaram with his army
chief Yugandhara (Gannamanayaka).
 Pagididda Raju, Govinda Raju, and Saralamma died during the ba le, while Jampanna
jumped into Jampanna Vagu (Dayyala Madugu), turning the stream red with his blood.
 Sammakka fought valiantly but eventually disappeared into the forest near Chilakalagu a,
where the tribals later found a box with vermilion and turmeric.
 The tribals consider the vermilion box as the form of Sammakka and celebrate the
Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara every two years on the Shudda Poornima of Magha Masam.
 Features of the Jatara:
 Celebrated for 4 days:
 Day 1: Goddess Saralamma is brought from Kannepally and placed on Gadde, the
sanctum sanctorum.
 Day 2: Sammakka (represented by vermilion) is brought from Chilakalagu a and placed
on Gadde.
 Day 3: Both Goddesses are placed on Gadde. Devotees perform a holy bath in Jampanna
Vagu and offer Mahua flower (Ippa Puvvu) liquid to the dei es.
 Day 4: The final day involves the Vanapravesham, where the dei es are taken back into
the forest.
 Vehicles of the Dei es:
 Sammakka: Tiger
 Saralamma: Deer

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  The priests in this Jatara are from the tribal community.
 Devotees offer Bangaram (jaggery) equal to their body weight.
 Recognized by UNESCO as the largest tribal fair in Asia.
 A er Kumbh Mela, it is the second-largest religious congrega on in India, o en called the
Telangana Kumbh Mela.
 Declared a state fes val on 1st February 1996 by the then Andhra Pradesh government.
Gollagatha Jatara (Peddaga u Jatara)
 Also Known As: Peddaga u Jatara, Durajpally Jatara.
 Loca on: Celebrated at Palasherlaiah Ga u in Durajpally village of Suryapet district,
Telangana.
 Presiding Deity: The Yadava community performs rituals to honor Sri Lingamanthula Swamy,
the deity.
 Devarape e Ritual: The Jatara begins with the bringing of a divine box containing 30 idols of
dei es, known as Devarape e, to the temple, which is shown to related individuals.
 Gold Pot Decora on: The Yadavas of Khasimpet decorate the temple's Gopuram with a gold
pot as part of the rituals.
 Makara Toranam Procession: The Yadava community of Suryapet brings a Makara Toranam
(a ceremonial garland) in a procession to offer it to the deity.
 Choudamma Pujas: Rituals are also performed for Goddess Choudamma, the sister of
Lingamanthula Swamy.
 Other Rituals: Important rituals include the Dish Puja and the ligh ng of Ganda Deepam.
Devotees partake in the Prasadam by licking it like dogs as part of their devo on.
 Dura on and Frequency:
 Celebrated for 4 days, once every 2 years.
 Concluding Ritual:
 The Jatara concludes with priests performing the Kesaram ritual for the deity.
 Importance:
 This is the second-largest Jatara in Telangana, a er the Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara.
Edupayala Jatara
 Temple Loca on: Edupayala Vana Durga Bhavani temple is situated at Peddagu a tunnel in
Nagasani Palli village, Papannapet Mandal, Medak district, Telangana.
 River Significance: The temple is located where the Manjeera River divides into seven streams
(Edupayalu), giving the Jatara its name, Edupayala.
 Alternate Name: Due to its loca on in the Peddagu a tunnel, it is also referred to as Garuda
Ganda.
 Dura on and Timing: Celebrated for 3 days, star ng on the day of Mahashivaratri every year.
 Deity Worshipped: The presiding deity is Vanadurga Bhavani.
 Ritual Bath: Devotees believe that taking a bath in the sacred waters of Papala Madugu,
located near the Edupayala temple, cleanses them of their sins.
 Devotee Prac ces: During the Jatara, devotees take a ritual bath in the Edupayalu and spend

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 one night in the temple.
 Cultural Diversity: Representa ves from 18 different communi es perform their respec ve
pujas, following their unique tradi ons.
Komaravelli Mallanna Jatara:
 Loca on: The Jatara is celebrated in Komaravelli village, Siddipet district, Telangana.
 Deity: The main deity worshipped here is Mallikarjuna Swamy, commonly known as
Mallanna.
 Dura on and Timing: The fes val begins during Magha Masam and con nues un l Ugadi.
 Priests: The rituals and ceremonies are conducted by Oggu Pujaris (tradi onal priests).
 Devotee Rituals: Devotees perform circumambula on around the sacred Gangireni tree and
pray at the Volla Banda or Vallubanda to fulfill their wishes.
 Mythological Significance: Devotees believe that Lord Mahadeva appeared in the form of
Mallanna and married Balimedala Devi from the Balija community.
Tulja Bhavani Jatara:
 Loca on: Peddamunigal village, Chandampet Mandal, Nalgonda District.
 Occasion: Celebrated during Navaratri of the Dasara fes val.
 Main A endees: Primarily a ended by Lambadi tribes and other communi es.
 Priest: The main priest is also from the Lambadi tribe.
Nallakonda Jatara:
 Loca on: Narasimha Swamy Temple, Nallakonda village, Kodimial Mandal, Jag al District.
 Significance: According to the Puranas, Sri Maha Vishnu is believed to have stepped on this
hill a er destroying Hiranyakasyapa.
Ketaki Sangameshwara Swamy Jatara:
 Loca on: Sri Ketaki Sangameshwara Swamy Temple, Jharasangam village, Sangareddy District
(near Zaheerabad).
 Dei es: Brahma, Vishnu, and Maheshwara.
 Brahmotsavams: Celebrated annually from Magha Bahula Dashami to Phalguna Shudda
Padyami.
 Belief: Bathing in the Amrutha Gundam near the temple is believed to cure skin diseases.
Joginatha Jatara:
 Loca on: Jogipet, Sangareddy District.
 Celebra on: Held annually in March.
Siddulagu a Jatara:
 Loca on: Siddulagu a, Armoor Mandal, Nizamabad District.
 Deity: Siddalingeshwara Swamy (Lord Shiva).
Maldakal Jatara:
 Loca on: Venkateshwara Swamy Temple, Maldakal, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
 Deity: Venkateshwara Swamy, also known as Timmappa. The Jatara is also referred to as
Timmappa Jatara.

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Kothakonda Jatara:
 Loca on: Kothakonda, Bhimadevara Palli Mandal, Warangal Urban District.
 Deity: Veerabhadra Swamy, also known as Kora Meesala Veerabhadra Swamy due to his
dis nc ve moustache.
 Tradi on: Devotees offer Kora-Meesam (moustache) to the deity, a tradi on started during
the Kaka ya period.
 Fes val: Celebrated during Sankran .
Saleshwaram Jatara:
 Loca on: Shiva Temple, Nallamala Forest, Appaipalli Village, Lingala Mandal, Nagar Kurnool
District.
 Nickname: Known as the Telangana Amarnath.
 Temple Opening: The temple is opened only for 5 days a year.
 Community: Jatara is performed by the Chenchu tribes.
Rangapur Jatara:
 Loca on: Rangapur Village, Achampet Mandal, Nagar Kurnool District.
 Temple: Uma Maheshwara Temple, situated on a hillock in the Nallamala Forest.
 Other Site: The Hazarath Niranjan Shavali Dargah is located at the base of the hill.
Gangamma Jatara:
 Loca on: Bikkamalla Village, Suryapet District.
 Celebra on: Held annually on Ugadi by the Masanapalli Yadavas.
 Special Feature: Devotees bathe in Tanamcherla, near the temple.
Bathukamma Fes val
 Bathukamma Fes val is a unique and significant celebra on in the Telangana region,
symbolizing the state's rich culture and tradi ons.
 The fes val is celebrated for 9 days, star ng from Bhadrapada Amavasya and con nues ll
Ashwayuja Masam Shudda Padyami.
 Tradi onally, women return to their maternal homes to celebrate the fes val.
 The fes val emphasizes the importance of flowers, water, and nature in the rituals.
 Various flowers like Thangedu (tanners cassia), Gunugu (celosia argentea), Marigold, Gaddi
poolu (amaranth), Lotus, Chrysanthemum, and Katla poolu (skyblue clustervine) are
beau fully arranged in layers on a wide plate called Thambalam. The flowers are shaped into
a spire, with a Gouramma idol made of turmeric placed on top.
 Key Rituals:
 Women form a circle around Bathukamma, singing tradi onal songs while clapping and
revolving around the flower arrangement.
 A erward, Bathukamma is immersed in water by men, followed by women performing a puja
to Goddess Gouri with the water and distribu ng vayinam (ritual offerings) among
themselves, saying, "Es namma Vayanam Puchchukun namma Vayanam."
 Women apply the turmeric of Gouramma to their Mangala Sutra, considering it sacred for
their marital well-being.

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 Fes val Timeline:
 The first day of the fes val is called Engili Pula Bathukamma, and the ninth day is known as
Saddula Bathukamma.
 Bathukamma is not played on the sixth day, which is referred to as Aligina Bathukamma (or
Arrem).
 Gouri, another name for Parvathi, wife of Lord Shiva, is worshipped on the first day of the
fes val, par cularly in Lord Shiva temples.
Bonalu
 Bonalu is derived from the word "Bonam," which means Bhojanam or a meal, signifying a
feast offered to the Mother Goddess in the villages.
 The ritual process of the Bonalu fes val is referred to as "Uradi."
 It is celebrated by the people of Telangana during the month of Ashadam.
 A key feature of Bonalu is the Garaga dance, performed as part of the fes vi es.
 Rituals:
 Women prepare a special offering of rice cooked with milk and jaggery in an earthen pot,
which is decorated with neem leaves, turmeric, and vermilion, and a lit lamp is placed on top
of the pot.
 These women carry the pot on their heads in a grand procession, accompanied by music and
instruments, and offer it to the Mother Goddess at the temple.
 Dei es Worshipped:
 During the fes val, Mahankali is venerated in various forms, including Yellamma, Maisamma,
Pochamma, Peddamma, and Poleramma, to whom the Bonam is offered as a mark of respect
and devo on.
Maha Shivaratri:
 Maha Shivaratri marks the day of the divine marriage of Lord Shiva and Parva .
 Celebrated on Krishna Paksha Chaturdasi in the month of Magha Masam.
 Devotees offer Bilvapatras to Lord Shiva, which are considered sacred and dear to him.
 People observe fas ng and stay awake throughout the night in devo on to Lord Shiva.
Holi:
 Holi is celebrated on the Palguna Full Moon Day and marks the arrival of the Spring season.
 People splash colours and coloured water on each other. Natural colours from Modugu
flowers are tradi onally used.
 Kamadahanam or the burning of Kama takes place the night before Holi.
 In the evening, a special alcoholic drink called Bhangu is prepared and consumed.
Ugadi:
 Ugadi is celebrated on Shuddha Padyami of Chaitra Masam, marking the Telugu New Year.
 The name Ugadi comes from the Sanskrit words Yuga (age) and Adi (beginning), symbolizing
the beginning of a new age.
 A tradi onal dish called Ugadi Pachadi is made, combining six flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bi er,
pepper (hot), and tangy, which represents the different emo ons of life.

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  Other dishes like Bhakshalu (Polelu) and Purapoli (sweet) are prepared.
 Villagers gather to listen to the Panchangam (almanac) recited by a Brahmin.
 Ugadi marks the new year in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Konkan region, and Bali
tribes.
Sadar Fes val:
 Also known as the Mahisha fes val.
 Celebrated two to three days a er Deepavali.
 The buffalo, considered the vehicle of Yamadharma Raju, is adorned with garlands, painted
horns, and ankle bells, and is paraded through the streets.
 The fes val is primarily celebrated by the Yadava community.
Dasara / Dussehra:
 Dasara or Vijayadashami marks the day when Goddess Durga defeated the demon
Mahishasura.
 In Telangana, Bathukamma fes val is celebrated before Dasara.
 According to the Mahabharata, the Pandavas hid their weapons on the Jammi tree before
their exile and retrieved them on their return, a tradi on linked with Dasara.
 Celebra ons span from Ashwayuja Shudda Padyami to Shudda Navami (Navaratri) over 9
days, with the 10th day being Vijayadashami.
 Jammi tree is worshipped on this day, symbolizing strength and victory.
 Spo ng a Palapi a (Indian roller bird) on Dasara is considered a sign of good fortune.
 Rela ves exchange Jammi leaves (also known as Bangaram), symbolizing gold, as a gesture of
goodwill.
 Women display toys in an arrangement called Bommala Koluvu.
 The tradi onal Bethala dance is performed during the fes val.
 In Delhi, the Ravan Vadh (killing of Ravana) is reenacted during Ramlila performances.
Dhanatrayodashi / Deepavali:
 Deepavali celebrates the victory over the demon Narakasura.
 It is observed on Amavasya of Ashwayuja Masam.
 Dhanteras or Dhanatrayodashi, which occurs two days before Deepavali, is marked by
worshipping Kubera and Lakshmi Narayana by businessmen, especially among the Marwadis,
who also start new account books.
 Deepavali is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains as a fes val of lights.

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 TGPSC - GROUP-2
IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)
Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY - 07 (UNIT – 5)

ASAF JAHI DYNASTY

 The Asaf Jahi Dynasty ruled the princely state of Hyderabad for 224 years.
 Nizam-ul-Mulk was the founder of this dynasty, with a total of seven Nizams ruling between
1724 C.E. and 1948 C.E.
 Moderniza on of Hyderabad began under Diwan Salar Jung-I.
 The sixth Nizam, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, established several educa onal ins tu ons,
including a Medical School.
 Following India's independence in August 1947, the seventh and last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali
Khan, ini ally chose not to join the Indian Union.
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the then Home Affairs Minister and Deputy Prime Minister,
ini ated the Police Ac on on Hyderabad, leading to its integra on into the Indian Union on
17th September 1948.
 Infrastructure and Development
 The Nizams established the Agriculture Department and constructed various irriga on
projects, including:
 Osman Sagar
 Himayat Sagar
 Wyra, Kadem, Musi, Palair, and Munnair Projects

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  Industrial ini a ves included the Aurangabad Mills, Osman Shahi Mills, D.B.R Mills, and Azam
Jahi Mills Ltd.
 The Industrial Trust Fund was created to support local industries financially.
 Hyderabad’s trade expanded through Madras and Bombay ports, which handled the state’s
exports and imports.
 Architectural Legacy
 Mir Osman Ali Khan played a significant role in architecture, with buildings reflec ng the era's
culture, ideas, and civiliza on.
 Major architectural landmarks include:
 Osmania University and Osmania General Hospital in Mughal and Indo-Saracenic styles
 High Court in Indo-Saracenic style
 Legisla ve Assembly Building in Saracenic Rajasthani style
 Other notable buildings include City College, Public Gardens, Unani Hospital, Asafia
Library, Hyderabad and Secunderabad Railway Sta ons, Town Hall, Eden Bagh, and
Jubilee Hall showcasing Hindu-Islamic and Western architectural styles.
Ruling years of Asaf Jahis
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk (Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi), the founder of the Asaf Jahi dynasty, ruled from
1724 to 1748.
 Birth and Family: Born in 1671 in Agra to Mir Shihabuddin Siddiqi and Safia Khanum.
 Original Name: Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi.
 Titles and Honors
 Chin Qilich Khan - Conferred by Emperor Aurangzeb
 Nizam-Ul-Mulk and Fateh Jung - Bestowed by Emperor Farrukhsiyar
 Asaf Jah - Given by Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela
 Khan-i-Dauran - Granted by Emperor Bahadur Shah I
 Career Highlights
 Served under four Mughal Emperors.
 Appointed Mansabdar to a 4,000-strong army and Karnataka Subedar by Aurangzeb.
 Served as Ayodhya Subedar under Bahadur Shah I.
 Became Deccan Governor (Subedar) under Farrukhsiyar.
 Appointed Prime Minister to the Mughals during Muhammad Shah's reign.
 Founding of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom
 Established the Nizam’s kingdom in 1724, with Aurangabad as the capital.
 Known for his poetry in Persian, using the pen name Shakir.
 Administra ve and Diploma c Rela ons
 First Diwan (Prime Minister): Diyanath Khan.
 Close es with French and Bri sh officials.
 Ba les and Trea es with the Marathas
 Entered trea es with Bajirao I, the Peshwa of Marathas, a er three notable ba les:

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 1. Ba le of Palkhed (1728) - Led to the Mungi Shevgaon Treaty.
2. Ba le of Surat (1731) - Resulted in the Warna Agreement.
3. Ba le of Bhopal (1738) - Concluded with the Durai Sarai Treaty.
 Mungi Shevgaon Treaty: Nizam-Ul-Mulk granted permission to the Marathas to collect Chauth
(1/4th) and Sardeshmukh (1/10th) from his kingdom.
 Nadir Shah’s Invasion (1739): A er Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals at the Ba le of Karnal,
Nizam-Ul-Mulk a empted a treaty between Nadir Shah and Mughal Emperor Muhammad
Shah Rangeela. According to this agreement, Kohinoor diamond and Peacock throne were
handed over to Nadir Shah.
 Offer of Delhi Throne: Nadir Shah offered the throne of Delhi to Nizam-Ul-Mulk, which he
declined.
 Death and Succession: In 1748, Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali a acked Delhi, and Nizam-
Ul-Mulk set out to support Muhammad Shah Rangeela. However, he died en route in
Burhanpur, Maharashtra and was buried in Khuldabad, Aurangabad.

SUCCESSION CONFLICT POST-1748

Nasir Jung (Nazar Jung) (1748-50):
 Took over Hyderabad a er Nizam-Ul-Mulk’s death.
 Ba le of Ambur (1749) occurred during his rule.
 Faced a succession conflict with Muzaffar Jung, his nephew.
 French Governor Dupleix supported Muzaffar Jung, leading to a conspiracy against Nasir Jung.
 Nasir Jung was eventually killed by Nawab Himmat Khan of Kurnool.
 The French then installed Muzaffar Jung as Subedar of Deccan.
 First Carna c War (1746-48) took place during Nasir Jung's period.
Muzaffar Jung (1750-1751)
 He was the son of Khair-Un-Nisa Begum, who was the daughter of the 1st Nizam.
 He has given Machilipatnam, Diviseema and Yanam to the French for helping him to ascend
the throne.
 Muzaffar Jung gave tle “Zaffar Jung” to Dupleix and appointed him as the Governor to
Southern region of Krishna river
 Nawab of Kadapa and Kurnool conspired and killed Muzaffar Jung at Lakkireddipalli near
Rayacho .
Salabath Jung (1751-61)
 A er the assassina on of Muzaffar Jung, Salabath Jung ascended the throne with the help of
the French.
 French army chief De Bussy was with him
 Salabath Jung Diwan – Syed Lashkar Khan
 In 1753, Salabath Jung gi ed 4 Northern circars to the French.

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  Northern Circars were:
 MustafaNagar(Kondapalli)(in1752)
 Eluru
 Rajahmundry
 Srikakulam(Chicacol)
 Later in 1759, Salabath took away northern circars from the French.
 Important Zamindars in Northern circars:
1. Vizianagaram Zamindar – Vijaya Rama Raju
2. Bobbili Zamindar – Ranga Rao
3. Peddapuram Zamindar – Jagapati Raju
The following battles took place during the period of Salabath Jung:
 Bobbili War – 1757
 Chandurthi War – 1758
 Machilipatnam War – 1759
 Vandavasi War – 1760 (battle of Wandi Wash)
 3rd Carnatic battle – 1756-63
 Chandurthi War (1758) was responsible for the destruction of French in Andhra Pradesh
 During the reign of Salabat Jung Machilipatnam treaty (1759) was the 1st treaty between the
British and Hyderabad kings
 Nazar Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabath Jung are not part of Asaf Jahi dynasty and they don’t
have Nizam titles.
Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803)Top of Form
 He is the son of the 1st Nizam. He arrested salabath Jung in Bidar fort and declared himself as
Hyderabad Nizam
 From his period, Asaf Jahi were known as Nizams
 He was the first to rule the kingdom with the name of Nizam
 In 1770, he changed the capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad
 Nizam Ali Khan was contemporary to Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
 In 1790-92, 3rd Mysore war took place between Mysore king Tipu sultan and tripartite group
(British, Nizam and Marathas)
 In this battle, Tipu sultan was defeated and treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed
 According to this treaty, Nizam was given to Kadapa, Bellary and Gurramkonda regions.
 In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan was defeated by Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao -II in the battle of
Kharda.
 The British did not help Nizam in this battle, so Nizam removed the British army from his
kingdom and placed the French battalion under the leadership of Commander Raymond.

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  In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan’s son Ali Jah revolted against his father with the help of Medak
Zamindar Sada Shiva Reddy. However, this was spoiled by French army under the leadership
of Raymond
 In 1798, with the fear of Marathas, Nizam Ali Khan entered into the “Doctrine of Subsidiary
alliance” with the British east india company
 Subsidiary alliance was introduced by British Governor general Lord Wellesley in 1798
 According to the terms of a subsidiary alliance, princely rulers were not allowed to have an
independent armed force. British army was kept in the princely states and one British resident
will be appointed for every state which have signed the doctrine of Subsidiary alliance
 First independent ruler to sign the doctrine of Subsidiary alliance was Nizam Ali Khan (1798).
In this agreement the important role was played by Nizam Diwan – Aaj-Ul-Umra
 After this agreement, British resident James Kirk Patrick stayed at Hyderabad
 Sikandar Jha gave title “Hasmath Jung” to James Kirk Patrick
 During Nizam Ali Khan period, Padmanabha Battle took place at North coastal Andhra in the
year 1794
 VenkatachalamwasthepainterinnizamAli Khan’s court
Northern Circars:
 According to the agreement in 1766 Nizam had given Northern Circars (except Guntur) to east
India Company
 Kandregula Jogi Panthulu, plays a key role as Dubasi(mediator) between Nizam Ali Khan and
British regarding Northern Circars. This agreement took place between Nizam Ali Khan and
Kailad
 During this agreement the Bengal Governor General was Robert Clive (1766)
 Nizam’s brother Basalath Jung ruled over Guntur
 There was an agreement between British and Nizam ali Khan that Guntur will be handed over
to British only after the death of Basalath jung
 In 1788, Guntur was handed over to British Datta Mandalas (Rayalaseema districts)
 In 1800, Nizam Ali Khan handed over Datta Mandalas to the British East India company
 Da a Mandalas are:
 Kadapa
 Kurnool
 Anantapur
 Bellary
 Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao named datta Mandalas as “Rayalaseema” on the name of
Srikrishna Devaraya
 Raymond- French army:
 French commander during Nizam Ali Khan was Raymond (Michael Jiachim Raymond)
 The army under the control of Raymond was known as“RaymondPaltan”
 Nizam Ali Khan has given Medak Jagir to Raymond for the maintenance of his army

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  Raymond established Gunfoundry at Hyderabad in 1795, for manufacturing canons
 The people of Hyderabad called Raymond as Moosa Ram. On his name Moosarambagh was
formed. His tomb is at Asmangadh (malakpet)
 Women regiment formed by Nizam Ali khan was “Jafar paltan”
 Women soldiers of Jafar Paltan were known as “Gardinis”
 Construc ons of Nizam Ali Khan :
 Moti Mahal
 Gulshan Mahal
 Roshan Mahal
 Purani Haveli
 Purani Haveli:
 Purani Haveli (palace) is also known as Msarrat Mahal
 Nizam Ali Khan constructed Purani Haveli for his son Sikander Jha
 It is ‘U’ shaped and followed European style of Architecture
 The unique feature of this palace is the presence of world’s largest wooden wardrobe
 Later, this has become the official residence of Mir Mahabub ali Khan
Sikander Jha (1803-1829)
 His original name is Mir Akbar Ali Khan
 He built “Secunderabad” on his name in the year 1806
 Army types which were present during his period are:
 Nizam’s own army
 Army under the control of Diwan was Rohilla Army
 Linewala Army – kings related army
 At that time, British resident Henry Russel formed special army known as “Russel Brigade” in
1816
 Later, Russel Brigade came to be known as Hyderabad contingent/army
 Russel Brigade has suppressed the attacks of Pindari and regional revolters
 To meet the expenses incurred for the maintenance of Russel Brigade, Sikander Jha made
agreement with Palmer & Co company
 Sikander Jha took loan from Palmer & Co for the rate of interest at 25% on the advice of Russel
 Palmer & company was started by William Palmer at Hyderabad in the year 1811
 The Indian partner of Palmer & co was Banketi Das (Gujrat trader)
 This company was given permission for performing banking activities by Nizam Peshkar
Chandu Lal
 Sikander Jha was financially robbed by Palmer & Co. this led to the financial crisis of the nizam
kingdom. This situation was settled by Charles Metcalf
 Metcalf was appointed in place of Henry Russel as Hyderabad Resident

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  Metcalf approved Nizam to the loan from British at 6% interest rate and Nizam re-paid the
loans of Palmer & Co
 Construc on of Bri sh Residency:
 In between 1804-1808, James Kirk Patrick constructed British Residency at Koti in Hyderabad
 Architect of British Residency – Samuel Russell
 The buildings of British Residence are today’s koti women’s college and Osmania Medical
college
 The bathroom used by kirk Patrick is now used by students as seminar hall
 Kirk Patrick constructed Rang Mahal beside a British residence for his lover Khair- Un-Nissa.
 Char Bagh is built by Kirk Patrick around Rang Mahal. It resembles a Mughal garden in Kashmir.
 Present Rang Mahal is changed into physics laboratory
Nasir Ud Daula (1829-57)
 The incidents which took place after Nasiruddaula became Nizam in 1829
 Wahabi Movement:
 In 1838, Mubariz-ud-daula led the Wahhabi movement in Hyderabad
 Wahabi movement was against to the British
 Initially it started as a revolt against British and Sikhs, then eventually it changed as the
National Movement
 Mubariz-ud-daula is the step brother of Nasir-ud-daula
 In Hyderabad, Mubariz-ud-daula was the 1st to revolt against British
 The important disciples of Mubariz-ud-daula were: Lalkhan, Fakhar Muhammed, Pokharmal,
Gulam Rasul Khan
 Pokharmal supported Mubariz-ud-daula financially
 The then Kurnool Nawab “Gulam Rasul Khan” participated in wahabi movement and
supported Mubariz
 Wahabi movement in Hyderabad was suppressed by British Resident – General Fraser
 The Hyderabad Diwan during Wahabi movement was Chandu Lal
 On the instructions of British, Nasir-ud-daula arrested Mubariz-ud-daula and kept him in
Golconda fort
 Mubariz died in Golkonda fort in the year 1854
 Mubariz was recognized as the 1st freedom fighter of Telangana
 This movement can be treated as the inspiration for 1857 revolt
 Berar Treaty/Pact (1853)
 During the Nasir-ud-daula’s period, the debt to British East India company had reached to 64
lakhs
 In 1853, governor general Lord Dalhousie pressurized Nizam to repay the loan, then Nizam
paid half of the debt and Nizam entered into Berar treaty with Dalhousie for the remaining
amount

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  Berar treaty took place on 21st May, 1853 • At the time of Berar treaty
 Nizam – Nasir-ud-daula
 Diwan – Siraj-ul-mulk
 Governor – Lord Dalhousie
 British Resident – Col.Johnlo
 According to this treaty, Nizam has given following regions to British
 Berar
 Raichur
 Osmanabad(Darshiv)
 Berar treaty was signed by Siraj-ul-mulk and Dalhousie
 As per this agreement, Russel Brigade was changed as Hyderabad contingent and made
subsidiary to British Indian army
 Siraj-ul-mulk was feels humiliated with this treaty and died due to illness on 26th May, 1853
 With the death of Siraj-ul-mulk, his nephew Turab Ali Khan (Title-Salarjung) was appointed as
Hyderabad Diwan
 Bruce Norton in his book “The Rebellion in India” has commented regarding Berar treaty that
British took over the Berar region from Nasir-ud-daula by making goddess of justice deaf and
by closing her eyes
 The reason for taking over the Berar region by British is the presence of high-quality cotton in
berar region which can be used for manufacturing textiles in England
 Zamindar’s Revolt:
 During Nasir-ud-daula’s period, law & order problem arose in the princely state
 Some of the Zamindars revolted against the Nizam. They were
 Venkat Narsimha Rao – Ammapalem Zamindar
 Kapa Narsimha Rao – Chintagani Zamindar
 Jaganatha Rao – Munagala Zamindar
 The revolt of these Zamindars was suppressed by Hyderabad contingent
 Important events during Nasir-ud-daula’s period
 In 1829, Shamshul Umra established “Fakaria Madrasa”
 In 1834, Hyderabad’s first school “St.George Grammar school” was established by church of
England
 In 1834, the Translation Bureau of press was started. Here engineering and medical books are
printed
 In 1839, Chaderghat bridge was constructed on Musi River
 In 1846, Hyderabad medical school was established by Dr.Maechalin. later it was changed as
Osmania medical college
 In 1848, Sati was abolished in Hyderabad state
 In 1851, Warangal’s carpets and blankets are exhibited in England

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  In 1854, King Edward memorial hospital was constructed at Secunderabad. Later, this was
changed as Gandhi Hospital
 In 1856, Dr.Smith started First industrial exhibition at Hyderabad
 Nasir-ud-daula’s Diwan Chandulal have revived the Ahobilam Temple in Kurnool district
 Chandulal was a great poet in Persian and Urdu languages. Chnadulal’s pen name was –
SADAN. His family was known as Malwa’s family
 Nasir-ud-daula was the Hyderabad Nizam when sepoy mutiny started on 10th May, 1857.
After the revolt started within week days nasir-ud-daula died and Afzal-ud-daula became the
Nizam of Hyderabad
Afzal-ud-daula (1857-69)
 The important events during his period were 1857 revolt and revolt by Ramji Gond
 Ramji Gond Revolt :
 In 1860, Gonds, Rohillas revolted against British under the leadership of Ramji Gond at Nirmal,
Adilabad district
 Later, Ramji Gond and his 1000 associates were caught and hanged to death on a Banyan tree
in Nirmal. That tree came to be known as Veyyi Urila marri or Veyyi purrela chettu
 Peshwa Rao Saheb Conspiracy:
 In 1862, Peshwa Rao Saheb and his associates were residing secretly at Lal Kishan Lal’s house
in Begum Bazar
 Later, he conspired against the British in Hyderabad. This is popularly known as “Begum Bazar
Conspiracy”
 Finally, Rao Saheb was caught and hanged in August 1862
 Important incidents during Afzal-ud- daula period
 In 1858, special coins were minted known as “Hali Sikka”
 In 1859, Afzal gunj (Nayapul) bridge was constructed
 In 1862, mahbubia school was started by Syed Ali Bilgrami
 In 1864, the 1st English newspaper Deccan times was started in Secunderabad
 In 1868, Grand Trunk road was laid between Hyderabad and Sholapur
 In 1868, first time Bank of Bengal was established in Hyderabad
 In 1869, first postal stamp was issued in Hyderabad
 Chowmahalla palace
 The construction of Chowmahalla palace was started in 1750 during Salabath Jung’s period
and was completed during Nizam Afzal-ud- daula period (1857-69)
 Chowmahalla means four palaces. The four palaces in this are:
 Afzal Mahal
 Mahtab Mahal
 Aftab Mahal
 Tahniyat Mahal
 Chowmahalla palace is similar to “Shah Palace” in Tehran, Iran

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  The clock above the main gate of Chowmahalla palace is known as Khilwat Clock which has
been working for 250 years
Mir Mahboob Ali Khan (6th Nizam) (1869-1911)
 He was born in the year 1866. He ascended the throne at the age of 3 years under the regency
of Diwan Salar Jung–I
 Other co-regents were: Shams-ul-umra (Amir-e-kabir) Narendra Bahadur
 On 5th February, 1884 he was crowned in Chowmahalla palace. Officially he took the
responsibilities of the kingdom
 The then British India viceroy Lord Rippon attended this ceremony
 In 1885, British presented Mir Mahboob Ali Khan with the title “Star of India”
 After the death of Diwan Salar Jung, his son Layak Ali Khan (Salar Jung-2) was appointed as
Hyderabad Diwan
 On the instruction of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the official language was changed from Persia to
Urdu by Salar Jung - II in 1884.
 Mahboob Ali Khan was the disciple devote of Sufi saint Baba Sarfuddin
 The graveyard of Baba Sarfuddin is at Pahadi Sharif
 Mahboob Ali Khan introduced new dressing style in Hyderabad ( Sherwani, Pagidi/Turban)
 He was expert in Polo and Tent pegging sports
 He constructed “Mahboob Mansion” for his wife Sardar Begum
 During his period, Koya tribes revolted in the surroundings of Khammam
Titles of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
 Rang Rangeela Raja
 Little fellow
 Mahbub Ali shah
 Qanuncha-i-Mubarak:
 Mir Mahbub Ali Khan in 1892 brought reforms to the constitution through a Farman known
as Qanuncha-i-Mubarak
 The administration in the kingdom took place through this Farman
 As per this Farman, there will be cabinet council for running Executive business and a
Legislative council for framing law
 Cabinet Council: It consists of the Prime Minister, other ministers and advisors. Cabinet council
will discuss and take decisions regarding administration and will send the same to Nizam for
approval
 After the approval, Prime minister will execute the decisions taken by cabinet council
Members of the legislative council are
 Chief justice of High Court
 Vice justice
 Director of Revenue department
 Director of Education department

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  District Police officer
 Secretary of Finance department
 In Legislative council, all the members are government officials
 Previously, king used to take advice from prime minister regarding Farman’s but now the
Farman’s are issued based on the advice given by the legislative council
 Rural Local Bodies:
 In 1884, Lord Rippon introduced local self- governments in British India
 For this, Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan had issued the “Dastar-ul-Amal” act in 1888.
 The Dastar-ul-Amal act was known as the “Local fund rules act”. This act came into force in
1889
 Kishan Pershad:
 He was Diwan of Hyderabad from 1900-1912 during Mahboob Ali Khan period
 Kishan Pershad wrote poems with the pen name “Shad” (meaning; Happy creature)
 In 1905, Silver Jubilee celebrations (during 6th Nizam), Kishan Pershad organized and
conducted Mushaira (means poetic symposium)
 He started a newspaper by name Mahbub- Al-Kalam and published poems of 6th Nizam
 He fought for the rights of mulkis Important events during 6th Nizam period
 ChandaRailwayschemeagitation(1883)
 Mulki Agitation(1888)
 Berar Permanent Treaty(1902)
 Greatmusifloods(1908)
 Chanda Railway Scheme agitation (1883):
 It was the first public agitation against the Nizam in Hyderabad province
 In 1870, the construction of railway line was started between Hyderabad and Wadi
 In 1871, coal mines were discovered in Singareni and Chanda
 The agreement was made between British and Nizam to extend the Hyderabad- Wadi
railway line till Chanda, to transport the coal from Chanda of Maharashtra.
 This company came forward to invest 3 lakh pounds on this project, for this Nizam
government agreed to give 6% interest on it
 Chanda railway agitation took place under the leadership of
 Aghore Nath Chattopadhyay – Nizam college principal
 Mulla Abdul Qayyum – Employee of survey settlement
 Houshagi Hoshung – Revenue employee
 Nizam expelled the above three persons from Hyderabad for 2 years
 On 22nd May, 1883 – Hoshung, Qayyum On 23rd May, 1883 – Aghoranath were
expelled
 Agitated by the decision of the Nizam, people organized meeting and took out
processions against it

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  Hence, Chanda Railway agitation was the 1st incident that brought political awareness
among the people of Telangana
 The Chanda Railway agitation was published in the following newspapers
 Times of India
 Bengal Gazette
 Aghornath Cha opadhyaya:
 He belongs to Brahmin community of Bengal State
 He was the first Indian to get doctorate degree in chemistry from Edinburgh University
(Degree of Science)
 In 1878, he came to Hyderabad and joined as government servant as a part of reforms of Salar
Jung-I
 In 1879, he founded “Young mens improvement society”. He demanded for the freedom and
equality, rights to people of Hyderabad
 In 1883, he led the Chanda Railway agitation
 In 1885, he joined Indian National Congress
 He was an important member in Arya Samaj. He participated in Swadeshi Movement
 He became the 1st principal of Nizam college which was established in 1887
 With the help of Mulla Abdul Qayyum, he founded Brotherhood society
 Mulla Abdul Qayyum
 He was the employee in survey settlement department of Nizam government
 He participated in Chanda Railway scheme agitation and was expelled from the state
 He was the 1st muslim from Hyderabad to join Indian National Congress
 In 1894, he had written the book “A flee for compulsory education” in Urdu. This helped for
the development of educational department in Hyderabad
 He founded, Equinus Suftha Society for educational and social reforms
 Mulki Agita on/Movement:
 In 1888, people for the 1st time demanded Mulki rights in Hyderabad state
 The Diwan during this agitation : Sir Asman Jah
 Mulki means locals and Non-mulki means Non-locals
 In 1888, Mulki agitation started demanding that only mulki’s should be appointed for the
vacancies of governments Jobs
 Mulki agitation was started by Lawyer Kishan Rao
 Then, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan issued a Farman (gazette) stating that only mulkis should be
appointed for the vacancies
Floods in Musi River (1908)
 Musi floods occurred on 28th September, 1908 during Mahboob Ali Khan period
 These floods are named as “Great Musi Floods”
 Because of these floods, the total area of Afzal gunj was inundated

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  Almost 20,000 people died and many people lost their homes
 Afzalgunj hospital was totally destroyed. During that time, a 200 year old Tamarind tree inside
Afzalgunj hospital saved over 150 people who climbed on it. Till to-date this plant is alive
 Mir Mahboob Ali appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Sri Mokshagundam
Visvesvarayya to give recommendations for preventing such type of floods in future
 Berar Permanent Treaty/ Agreement:
 During 6th Nizam in 1902, Berar Permanent treaty was signed
 The then Viceroy Lord Curzon came to Hyderabad and signed the agreement
 Lord Curzon appointed British officials under the leadership of Sir George Cason Walker for
the improvement of administration in Hyderabad state
 Cason Walker was appointed as finance minister and Hakkins appointed as Inspector General
of Police
 Industries during 6th Nizam
 Hyderabad Deccan Spinning, weaving mills limited- 1877
 Mahbubani Gulbarga mills – 1884
 Aurangabad Mills – 1888
 In 1899, the Godavari valley Railway line was established. The Railway line was connected
from Hyderabad to Manmad of Godavari Valley. Because of this spinning and Ginning mills of
cotton were established there
Construc ons during Mahboob Ali Khan
 Falaknuma Palace:
 It was built by Sir Viqar-ul-umra
 It was built in the shape of a scorpion
 It is in the Andrea palladian style of architecture
 The construction was started in 1884 and was completed in 1893
 Falaknuma means “Mirror of the Sky” in Urdu The architect was William Ward Maret
 In this palace construction Italian marble and England wood was used
 Town Hall:
 In 1905, 6th Nizam laid stone for town hall in public gardens on the occasion of his 40th
birthday
 It was completed by 7th Nizam in 1913
 At present it is used as the state assembly building
 It was built in Saracenic-Rajasthani style
 It is known as the White gem of Hyderabad
 Bella Vista Palace:
 It was constructed by the then chief justice of High court Muslehuddin Mohammed in 1905
 Bella Vista meaning “Beautiful Sight” (in Italy)
 At present, Administrative staff college of India is located in Bella Vista

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 Victoria Memorial Orphanage (1905):
 Queen Victoria has awarded Mir Mahboob Ali Khan with a title “Grand commander star of
India”
 In memory of her, Mahboob Ali constructed Victoria memorial orphanage at Saroornagar in
1905
 In 1953, Nehru visited this place and changed the name as Victoria memorial home for
children
 Victoria Zanana Hospital:
 Hyderabad Nizam constructed this hospital when prince of Wales visited Hyderabad
 Nampally Railway Sta on:
 In 1907, Nampally Railway station was built by Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali
 This is also known as “Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station”
 It is known as Nampally station because it is built in wet place
 In 1921, the first passenger train started from this station
 Kachiguda Railway Sta on:
 It is constructed in Gothic style architecture during 7th Nizam period in 1916
 Till 1950, it was headquarters for Nizam's Guaranteed State Railways
 Nizamia Observatory:
 It was established in 1908 during 6th Nizams period
 It is the 3rd Observatory in the country
 It was established by Nawab Zafar Jung
 Initially it was established at Shalibanda in 1901
Important incidents during 6th Nizam:
 In 1884, Mir Laiq Ali changed the official language from Persian to Urdu
 During Mahboob Ali Khan period, schools which were established for the girls
 Darmawan High school at old city near Charminar
 KeysHighschool,Secunderabad
 In 1884, Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab Imad-ul-mulk) was appointed as the director of public
instructions (in education department) by 6th Nizam
 1st women to get Medical degree in Hyderabad was Edith Boardman
 In 1888, 6th Nizam appointed 1st Hyderabad Chloroform Commission under the
chairmanship of Edward Lawrve
 In 1889, 2nd Hyderabad Chloroform Commission was appointed. The women member in this
commission was Rupabai Furdoonji
 In 1890, Warangal industrial school was started
 In 1891, Syed Hussain Bilgrami established Asafia library (Afzalgunj)
 Daagh Dehlvi was appointed as the 1st court poet of Hyderabad state in 1901. 2nd court poet
of Hyderabad : Jaleel Manikpuri

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 Sir Ronald Ross:
 He was born in 1857 in Almora (Uttar Pradesh)
 In 1897, during the period of 6th Nizam he did research on Malaria at Begumpet,
Secunderabad

MIR OSMAN ALI KHAN (7TH NIZAM) (1911-48)

 He is known as the architect of Modern Hyderabad
 He made the Hyderabad state to stand at 1st place by undertaking many developmental
activities
 He born on 6th April, 1886 to Mir Mahboob Ali Khan and Zahrunnisa Begum
 Because of his love towards his mother Zahrunnisa Begum, he made an agreement with the
government while handing over the road transport organization to Andhra Pradesh that every
bus registration number of the R.T.C should include the letter “Z” (first letter of his mother
name)
 Children born to 7th Nizam and Dulhan Pasha Begum are
 Mir Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah)
 Mir Shujath Ali Khan (Moazzam Jah)
 Himayath Sagar is constructed in the name of Azam Jah.
 Azam Jah married princess Durru shehvar of the Ottoman empire of Turkey
 The sons of Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar are Mukarram Jah and Muffakham Jah
 In 1967, after the death of 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan’s grandson Mukarram Jah was
coronated as 8th Nizam
 Moazzam Jahi market was constructed on the name of second son of 7th Nizam i.e;
Moazzam Jah
 Moazzam Jah also married princess Niloufer of Ottoman empire
 Mir Osman Ali Khan became Nizam administrator on 29th August 1911 after his
 father’s death. He took oath on 18 September, 1911
 Titles of Mir Osman Ali Khan
 His exalted Highness
 Star of India
 Sultanul Ulum
 Rustam-i-Dauram
 Muzaffar-ul-Malikh
 Mohiyuddin-al-millat
 The title “His Exalted Highness” was conferred by the British Government because of his
support to British during the 1st world war (1914-18)
 In 1912, British gave the title “Star of India”
 Afzal-ud-daula(1861)

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  Mir Mahboob Ali Khan(1885)
 Mir Osman AliKhan (1912)
 The title “Sultan Ul Ulum” was conferred by Osmania University Richest Person in the world
 On 22nd February, 1937 in Times Magazine world’s richest person’s list he stood 1st. So, Times
Magazine has named Mir Osman Ali Khan as the world’s Richest person
 He used most valuable Jacob diamond as his paper weight
 In 1947, the Nizam gifted a diamond necklace known as “Tiara” to Queen Elizabeth-II on the
occasion of her wedding
 In 2008, a list of worlds all time richest persons were released and Mir Osman Ali Khan stood
at 5th position in the list
 Important reforms of Mir Osman Ali Khan:
 During 1914-1919, Nizam Osman Ali Khan ruled directly without Diwan
 In 1919, Nizam ended his direct rule and formed an executive council which was presided by
Diwan Sir Sayyid Ali Imam
 Nizam appointed a committee under the chairmanship of High court Judge Balmukund for the
recommendations on Legislative reforms
 In 1922, when Sir Ali Imam was Diwan, the legislation was separated from judiciary
 In 1919, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the protection of mulkis
 Death sentence was abolished
 In 1921, Slaughter of cows was stopped
 Devadasi and Bonded labor was abolished
 In 1921, smoking is prevented in court halls
 In 1937, Bahadur Arvamudam Iyengar committee was appointed for Constitutional and
Political reforms
 Protec on of Historical Monuments:
 Osman Ali Khan paid special attention for the development of historical places like Ajanta,
Ellora caves and thousand pillar temple, Ramappa temple
 He appointed special researchers Professor Secconi & Verseni from Italy for the protection of
Ajanta caves and allotted Rs.30 lakh for research
 He appointed a special committee for safeguarding Sitaram Bagh temple (Hyderabad)
 7th Nizam has given funds to following temples in Hyderabad – Madannapet, Shankar Bagh
and Golnaka temples
 City Improvement Board:
 In 1912, 7th Nizam appointed city improvement board under the chairmanship of Moazzam
Jah for the development of Hyderabad
Irriga on Facili es:
 Osman Ali Khan have constructed many projects for irrigation and drinking water
 Osman Sagar (Gandipet Tank)- 1920:

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  In 1920, Osman sagar dam was constructed on Musi river in Gandipet to provide an additional
source of drinking water for Hyderabad and to protect for city from floods, after the great
musi floods of 1908
 This is named after 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
 The construction started in 1912 and was completed by 1920
 Himayath Sagar-1927:
 Mir Osman Ali Khan constructed this reservoir on the “Esi”, a tributary to the Musi River
between 1923-27
 It was named after 7th Nizam son Himayat Khan
 Osman sagar & Himayat sagar run parallel to each other and they are known as “Twin Lakes”
(janta jalashaya)
 Pocharam Reservoir- 1922:
 In 1922, it was constructed on a tributary named Aleru in pocharam village of Nizamabad
district
 Nizam Sagar (1923-31):
 This project was constructed on Manjira River in present Kamareddy district (previously
Nizamabad)
 The project plan was given by Ali Nawaz Jung
 Wyra Reservoir (1923-30):
 It was constructed across the Wyra river, a tributary of Krishna in Khammam district
 Paleru Project (1924-29):
 This reservoir was constructed on Paleru river, tributary of Krishna in Kusumanchi village of
Khammam district
 Belal Project (1924-29):
 Constructed in Bodhan taluq of Nizamabad district for drinking water facilities
 Rajampalli Project (1924):
 It is built in Rajampalli of Medak district with 3 lakhs expenditure
 Singabhupalem Reservoir (1919-40):
 It was constructed in Yellandu Taluq of Khammam district
 It was initially constructed for preventing drought in the area
 Ali sagar Dam (1931):
 In 1931, it was constructed in Nizamabad district
 It was named after Telangana Engineer Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung
 Dindi Project (1943):
 It was constructed on Dindi River, tributary of Krishna in Devarakonda taluq of Nalgonda
district
Projects before 7th Nizam’s period:
 Ghanpur Anicut (1905):
 It is a medium project constructed across Manjira river near Ghanpur in Medak district

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 Asif Nagar project (1905):
 It is constructed in Nemalikallu village of Yadadri district on Musi river
 Ali Nawaz Jung:
 In 2014, Telangana government declared July 11th, the birth anniversary of Nawab Ali Nawaz
Jung Bahadur as Telangana Engineers day.
 Ali Nawaz Jung was famous engineer during 6th, 7th Nizam’s period
 Ali Nawaz Jung went to England on state scholarship to royal Indian engineering college in
cooper’s hill and completed civil engineering
 Later, he was appointed as Hyderabad State Chief Engineer in Nizam state
 After Great Musi Floods in 1908, he assisted the chief engineer Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
 He is known as Father of Telangana irrigation and Telangana’s Arthur Cotton
 He designed the following projects : Nizam sagar, Ali sagar, Wyra, Paleru and Fateh nagar
 Industries
 Many industries were established during the period of Mir Osman Ali Khan because of the
support from government
 Industrial laboratory was established by the government in 1917 for conducting researches
 In 1918, a special department was formed known as Commerce & Industries department
 In 1929, 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan formed “Industrial Trust Fund” with one crore rupees to
give financial support to the industries
 Osmania University Graduates Associa on:
 In Hyderabad state for the 1st time exhibition of industrial products was conducted at
Chaderghat (Hyderabad) in the year 1856
 In 1930, Osmania University Graduates Association have conducted permanent exhibition of
industrial products in Hyderabad
 This exhibition is named “Numaish”. Till to date it is conducted at Nampally exhibition grounds
every year
 Osmania University Graduates Association have published a newspaper named “Mulki
industries” to encourage small scale industries
 They also established “Cottage industrial institute” to promote small scale industries
 D.B.R Mills (1920):
 Diwan Bahadur Ramgopal Mill
 In 1920, it was established in Hyderabad at lower Tank bund, it is a private company
 Important industries established during the period of 7th Nizam:
 Soda factory – 1910
 Bone factory – 1913
 Deccan button factory – 1916
 Karkhana Zinda Tilismath – 1920
 Singareni collieries – 23rd Dec, 1920

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  Charminar cigarette factory – 1925
 Shahabad cement factory – 1925
 Deccan glass factory – 1927
 Vazir sultan tobacco factory (VST) – 1930
 Kagaznagar paper mill – 1933
 Azam Jahi Mills (Warangal) – 1934
 Bodhan Nizam sugar factory – 1937
 Golconda cigarette factory – 1941
 Alwin metal works – 1942
 Praga Tools – 1943
 Sirsilk paper mill (Kagaznagar) – 1946
 Hyderabad Asbestos – 1946
 Karkhana Zinda Tilismath (1920):
 It was founded by Dr. Muhammed Moizuddin Farooqui in Hyderabad
 This company manufactures farooky Tooth powder and Zinda balm, Zinda Tilismath
 Singareni Collieries Company Limited (1920):
 In the year 1871, Dr. William King of the Geological survey of india discovered coal mines in
singareni region of Khammam district
 Later, the England company “Hyderabad Deccan Mining Company” started digging coal mining
 In 1920, it formed as Singareni Collieries Company limited (SCCL)
 Vazir Sultan Tobacco (VST):
 In 1916, it was started by Vazir Sultan at Vithalwadi, Hyderabad
 Later in 1930, on the advice of Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya it was changed to present VST
region
 Nizam State Road Transport Department:
 It was established in 1932 with 27 buses and 166 employees
 In 1940, Osman Ali Khan started 1st double decker buses in India
 Deccan Airways Limited (1945):
 It was commercial airline started at Begumpet, Hyderabad with the collaboration of Nizam
and Tata airlines
 The share of Nizam was 52% and that of Tata Airlines was 48%
 Important constructions during 7th Nizam’s period
 Osmania University:
 Mir Osman Ali Khan have allotted 11% of total budget for the development of education
 Issued scholarships to encourage students
 Mir Osman Ali Khan’s education officer M.T.A. Myeyo suggested to establish special
university and the ways to strengthen the education system

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  In 1913, the students of Darul-ul-uloom formed as Old Boy’s Union and explained the
important of establishing a university to the Nizam
 In between 1915-19, 4 educational councils were conducted in Hyderabad
 In 1915, the chairman for the 1st educational council was Sir Akbar Hydari. Because of his
efforts, Osmania university was established
 On 26th April, 1917, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the establishment of Osmania
university
 The year 1917, in which Farman is issued, is treated as Osmania university’s establishment
year
 In 1919, classes related to university started in the rented building in Abids
 University was established with “urdu” as the medium of instruction
 It was the 1st university in India to teach in regional language (Urdu)
 English professor Sir Patrick Gedes did survey and selected the present 1400 acres (Adikment
region) of land for the university construction
 On 5th July, 1923 Mir Osman Ali Khan have laid a foundation stones for the 1st structure of
Osmania University i.e; arts college
 The design (detailed plan) of arts college was given by the Belgium architect Monsieur Jasper
 When Jasper returned from Hyderabad, the execution of the plan was done by Nawab Zain
Yar Jung
 Pinkish granite stone was used for the construction of arts college
 Different styles of architecture are seen in this. It has the style of Hindu as well as Muslim,
Arab, Eurish and Gotik styles
 Later 7th Nizam on 4th December, 1939 inaugurated arts college buildings and shifted the
classes from Abids to here
 Arts college 1st principal- Raj Masud
 First vice-chancellor of Osmania university- Habibur Rehman Khan
 In 1949, the medium of instruction was changed from Urdu to English.
 Osmania University is identified as the 7th oldest university in India and 3rd oldest in south-
India
 In 1943, during university convocation celebration national leader Raj Gopal Chary
participated and have praised this university as the national university, and real seat of
education
 Other facts:
 In 1921, Nizam issued Farman for free primary education
 During 1916-17, Nizam government have established special Dalit schools and provided all
facilities for free of cost
 In 1931, during the round table conference held in London Dr.B.R.Ambedkar praised Nizam
for establishing Dalit schools

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  Mir Osman Ali Khan have established special schools for physically handicapped and orphan
children and did alot for the development of educational system and established vocational
schools
 Koti Women’s college was established in 1924
 Warangal college- 1930
 7th Nizam have purchased this palace and made it as his official residence
 In 1951, 7th Nizam took Oath as Raj Pramukh in drawing room of this palace
 Hill Fort Palace:
 It was constructed in 1923 by Nizamath Jung
 Later, Nizam purchased this palace
 This was the official residence of Nizam 2nd son Moazzam Jah
 The architecture is in the style of trinity college, Cambridge
 High Court:
 The plan was drawn by Shankar Lal and Mehar Ali Fazil
 Construction started on 15th April, 1915
 On 20 April, 1920 the high court building was inaugurated by the 7th nizam
 Red and white marbles were used for construction and the words “Ram Rahim”are inscribed
on the walls which shows religious tolerance
 Architecture style- Indo-Serasenic Osmania General Hospital:
 In 1866, during the period of Afzal-ud-daula (4th Nizam) Afzalgunj hospital was started on the
banks of Musi river
 This was completely destroyed by the great Musi floods of 1908
 Later, Osman Ali Khan constructed Osmania general hospital in the place of Afzalgunj hospital
in 1925.
 Osmania Medical College:
 In 1848, during Nasir-ud-daula’s period Hyderabad Medical school (HMS) was started
 1st principal of HMS: Dr.William Michalin
 The then secretary of medical department James Lancaster saved many lives in 1919 when
influenza virus was spread across Hyderabad
 In 1920, HMS was changed as Osmania medical college
 Moazzam Jahi Market:
 In 1935, Nizam Osman Ali Khan constructed on the name of his son Moazzam Jah
 This construction was built by Granite Stone and has a “Clock Tower”.
 State Museum (Hyderabad museum):
 It is constructed with granite and it has a clock tower
 In 1864, Nizam Afzal-ud-daula constructed a building named “Dolls house” in public gardens
 In 1930, dolls house was changed as state museum

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 SALAR JUNG - I REFORMS
 Salar Jung- I was born in 1829 in Bijapur
 His original name : Mir Turab Ali Khan
 He worked with three Nizams from 1853 to 1883 for 30 years
 1853-57 : Nasir-ud-daula
 1857-69 : Afzal-ud-daula
 1869-83 : Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
 The political advisor of Salar Jung was Nawab Sarwar-ul-mulk
 Salar Jung is the descendant of Sheik omar karman of Medina
 Salar Jung held following positions before becoming Diwan Medak Talukdar Higher authority
in revenue department
 Nasir-ud-daula named Salar Jung – I as a “Firangi bacha” (foreign boy)
 In 1876, Salar Jung-I visited London with the motive of obtaining Berar back from the British.
(British took Berar in 1853)
 In London Salarjung-I received the honorary degree of D.C.L (Degree in Civil Law) from the
University of Oxford
 He learned administrative tactics from officer Daiton in London
 While returning to India, Salar Jung visited Rome city and there he purchased the famous
marble statue titled “Veiled Rebecca”
 At present, this statue is present at Salar Jung museum in Hyderabad
 He introduced modern administrative principles in Hyderabad
Administra ve reforms:
 During Salar Jung- I, the extent of the Nizam Kingdom was 82,698 miles.
 Hyderabad state population in 1881 was 98,45,594
 Salar Jung divided the kingdom into 5 subas and 17 districts
 In villages Patel, Patwari, Talari and Dhed played important roles
 Patwari : Responsible for land tax and an accountant
 Talari : Security of village and other services
 Dhed : Who works for the officers and at community/ village hall
 Neri : Who looked after irrigation works Sedisindi : Security for 50 houses in village
 In 1868, Salar Jung -I appointed a council of Ministers by name “Sadar-ul-Mihams”
 The important 4 persons in this are
 Revenue Minister : Mukarram-ud-daula Bahadur
 Law Minister : Bashir-ud-daula Bahadur
 Incharge of Police department : Shamshir Jung Bahadur
 Head of Public works & other departments : Shaheb Jung
 The personal secretary of Salar Jung was Syed Hussain Bilgrami

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  The departments which were under the direct control of Prime Minister were known as
“Madar-ul-Mihams”
Revenue reforms
 In 1864, Revenue board was established
 In 1865, as part of Revenue reforms, Salar Jung introduced Zilabandi system
 The Diwani territory was divided into districts for the purpose of revenue and judicial
 When the time of introduction of Zilabandi system Nizam of Hyderabad was Afzal-ud- daula
and British Resident : George Yule
 Salar Jung has divided the districts into 3 categories based on their annual income
 Primary category: Income > 12,00,000/-
 Secondary Category : upto 10,00,000/-
 Tertiary Category : upto 8,00,000/-
Land tax was of two types:
 Ba ai System:
 The land tax was collected in the form of crop produce
 The officers who collects the land tax were known as Bilmuktadars
 These officers will be given this authority through auction
 Salar Jung abolished this Battai system and started to collect the tax in the form of money
 Ryotwari System:
 Land tax is paid in currency form
 Salar Jung introduced this system during Afzal-ud-daula’s period. In this, farmers will directly
pay the tax to the Government
 In 1867, Revenue board was abolished, in that place central revenue board was created known
as sadar Mahake-i-Malgujari
 The officers of this department are known as Muhtamim and Ruknu.
 As part of revenue reforms, police department is separated from revenue department in 1867
 In 1875, Central Inam institute was established
 In 1875, land revenue survey and settle- ment department was established for demarcation
of boundaries and for surveying of lands
 During that period, the land is measured using 10 yards of chain.
 This was standard, it is known as Bigha or 6/6 chain.
 Bigha is important for land measurement. Even today it is used in Telangana
Economic Reforms:
 Salar Jung have decreased the salaries of officials and himself also because of the poor
financial condition of Hyderabad province
 Armed force & additional military force was abolished
 In 1858, Salar Jung introduced coins known as “Hali Sikka”. Hali Sikka was a silver coin (its
value is 15% less than the British Rupee)

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  Till 1857, Mughal coins were used in Hyderabad
 In 1861, he started Stamp paper office
 Central Mint Office is at Hyderabad and Regional mint offices are at Narayanpet (1870) and
Gadwal (1875)
Educa onal Reforms:
 In 1855, Salar Jung established western educational institution known as Darul Uloom school
(oriental college) at Hyderabad
 The medium of instruction were Persian, Arabic, Urdu and English languages
 In 1870, City high school & Engineering colleges were started
 In 1872, Chaderghat school was started
 In 1873, Madrasa-e Aliya was established
 for the children of Nobles
 In 1878, Madarsa-e-Aizza was established for the children of Royal family
 In 1880, Chaderghat English high school and school of engineering were together called as
Hyderabad college
 In 1881, Salar Jung established Gloria Girls High school in Hyderabad. It was the First Girls
school in Hyderabad
 In 1882, Islamia school was established by Syed Hussain Bilgrami
 It was the First Muslim girls school in the country
 In 1884, Mahabubia college was established in Secunderabad
 Salar Jung-I financially supported Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the establishment of Aligarh
educational institutions
 Educational department was supervised by officers known as Muhtamims Talimat, appointed
by Salar Jung
 In 1869, W.H.Wilkinson was appointed as educational department secretary. He introduced
new educational methods
 The private schools during the Nizam period were known as Khangi’s.
Transport and communica on Reforms
 In 1868, Grand trunk road was laid from Hyderabad to Sholapur
 In 1869, Nizam state railway was established
 In Hyderabad province the construction of First railway line was started in 1870 from Wadi
to Secunderabad and was finished in 1874
 In 1874, Secunderabad railway station was established. This railway system was known as
Nizam's Guaranteed state railway.
 In 1877, British engraved Buckingham canal
 In 1864, hyderabad’s 1st English newspaper Deccan times was started
 In 1867, Government printing press was started
 In 1885, 1st telephone facility was introduced in Hyderabad

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Police Reforms
 Large number of police constables and Sowers were appointed
 The head of police department – Mahkama-e-Kotwal
 Police station – Chowki
 Chowkidar – S.I
 Taluq police officer – Amin (inspector)
 District police officer – Muhtamim (SP)
 Head of Muhtamim – Nayab Sadar Muhtamim (DIG)
 Jamedar/ Daftadar – Head constable
Judicial Reforms
 In 1862, Law department was established
 In 1869, Salar Jung abolished the punishment which involved mutilation of arms
 In 1872, Salar Jung created a court of appeal known as Mahkama-e-murafa-e-Azla
 This was created to accept all the civil and criminal appeals from districts & cities.
 Salarjung established the Supreme Court Known as “Majlis–e–Murafa”, The chief justice of
the Supreme Court was Nazim.
 For the Surveillance on District officials he established a High Court known as “Mahkama–i–
Sadar”.
 A high court known as Majlis Aliyah Adalat was established for civil administration in
Hyderabad
Public Works
 During the late 19th century the Nizams government began medium and major irrigation
projects under the supervision of the public works department.
 The government evolved a definite policy of preserving and maintaining the tanks, wells,
channels and other minor irrigation works.
 During the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan, especially in the 1920’s, a number of medium and
major irrigation projects were built.
 The Ghanpur Anicut was the first scheme constructed across Manjira river in 1904.
Nizamsagar was the largest irrigation project in the erstwhile Hyderabad state.
 The construction of Nizamsagar dam began in 1923 and completed by the year. The Wyara
and Palair projects in the Warangal district were completed in 1927.
Railways:
 The beginning of modern railway system in the Hyderabad State can be traced back to the
year 1862, when the Government of India ordered the construction of a railroad from
Sholapur to Hyderabad.
 The Nizam’s Government were prepared to construct the line as a ‘State affair’ or in financial
partnership with the Government of India.

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  In 1869 a line was surveyed from Gulbarga to Hyderabad by the Great Indian Peninsula (GIP)
Railway Company and a year later Salar Jung, sanctioned the construction of a railway line
from Gulbarga to Hyderabad.
 The Nizam’s Government agreed to give the land free, grant jurisdiction over the line to
officers appointed by the British Government.
 The first section of the line from Wadi to Secuderabad, 115.75 miles, was opened on 9th
October 1874. The GIP Railway Company managed the line from 1874-1878 with its own
rolling stock.
Communica on:
 Hyderabad was connected through the electric telegraph system for the first time with
Bombay and Kurnool in 1856-57 and Salar Jung made use of the device for official purpose.
 Telegraphic lines were opened by the Government of India according to the Agreement of
1870.
 A regular postal communication between the capital city of Hyderabad and the districts was
established.
 In1869, the Postal Department was reorganized and the office of Post Master General was
established in the metropolis to supervise, direct and control the postal arrangement in the
entire Diwani territory.
Other Reforms
 In 1867 – Forest department was established
 In 1876 – Firani factor
 In 1864 – Military department was established
 In 1875 – Daftar-e-najma Jamiyath (office for military management) was started by
government
 In 1864 – political department
 In 1867 – income tax department was established
 In 1886 – Medical department
 In 1874, Salar Jung abolished practice of Sati in Hyderabad state
 Salar Jung died on 8th February, 1883 due to cholera disease
 Wahid Khan praised Salar Jung as the great administrator
 Dighton commented that Salar Jung was an analytic but not an administrator
 William Digby said that Salar Jung has reconstructed the Nizam kingdom political system.
Caste Structure:
Society was divided into the four primary castes—Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras—which
evolved into a more complex structure over me.
 Brahmins held the highest status, involved in administra on and religious prac ces.
 Kshatriyas occupied the second er, mainly engaged in administra on.
 Vaishyas were third in the hierarchy, primarily involved in commerce, trade, and money-
lending.

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  Shudras comprised the majority, largely working in agriculture and tradi onal occupa ons.
Many occupa ons eventually transformed into specific castes.
 Tribal Groups: Important tribal groups included Lambadi (Banjaras), Erkalas, Chenchus, Gonds,
Koyas, and Konda Reddis, residing predominantly in the Nizam State.
 Muslim Community: The Muslim popula on consisted of:
 Foreign Origin: Iranians, Turanians, Turks, and Arabs, known as "Afakies."
 Local Origin: Deccanis, including North Indian Rohillas and Pathans.
 Muslims were divided into Shia and Sunni sects, with minimal cultural differences. They
generally refrained from vegetarianism and alcohol.
 Official Hierarchy:
 The Nizam held the highest posi on, followed by Paigah Nobles.
 Other officials included jagirdars, deshmukhs, deshpandeys, patels, patwaris, and village
servants.
 Higher classes enjoyed luxury, contras ng with the simple lifestyle of lower classes.
 Social Inequi es and Evils:
 Ve chakiri: This forced labor system required washermen, barbers, po ers, and other lower
castes to work for jagirdars and village heads.
 Bhagela: Farmers unable to repay debts became bonded laborers (bhagela), working for
landlords un l debts were cleared.
 Begari: Similar to bhagela but prac ced in towns and ci es.
 Other prevalent social issues included child marriage, polygamy, dowry, pros tu on,
purdah, devadasi, and aadapapa systems.
Ve
 Vetti is a form of forced labor system without any remuneration. It was present in the entire
Telangana during the Nizam period. One person from every Harijan family had to be allotted
for Vetti.
 Collecting wood from nearby forest and delivering post.
 The Harijan cobblers were not paid by the landlords when they prepared footwear for them.
They were only paid by the peasants.
 The people of backward classes like Boyas, Bestas and Rajakas had to carry the palanquins of
the landlord's family members without any remuneration. Toddytappers had to supply toddy
to the families of landlords free of charge by allotting them five to ten palm trees exclusively
for them.
 The people of backward classes were exploited and tortured by the landlords in many ways.
 The most inhuman thing which existed in Telangana as in the form of Vetti was keeping the
slave girls and sending them with their bride daughters. The duty of these slave girls was to
act as concubines of the landlords. They had to meet the sexual desires of the guests of the
landlords.
 Vetti had another perspective. The Nizam's government recognized some classes ak
Balothadars,. t provided inam lands in lieu of their services to the villagers.

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  The landlords gradually occupied their lands and the services of Balothadars were
transformed into vetti. These people were very unfortunate in Telangana society,
Washermen, barbers, potters, carpenters, blacksmiths and Dalit sections were forced to do
vetti.
 They had to serve the officials of Police, Revenue, Forest and excise departments without any
remuneration. Whenever these officials arranged camps in the villages, they also had to send
the women from their families to serve them physically also.
 In this manner, the system of Vetti downgraded the life of backward classes in Telangana and
pushed them into slavery.
 The exploitation by the Jagirdars, Paigahs and rulers of estates is evident by the forcible
collection of more than ten crore rupees in the form of land revenue from the peasants.
 The Jagirdars, Deshmukhs and landlords continued their looting with the support of corrupt
officials. Visunuri Rafnachandra Reddy, the Deshmukh of Janągafna in Nalgonda district
forcibly occupied the lands of tenants and farmers. He also forced the people of 40 villages to
do Vetti.
 Telangana armed struggle started in 1946 against his atrocities.
 Nizam period, women’s status was largely restricted:
 Restricted Roles: Regardless of wealth, women were generally confined to domes c roles,
primarily responsible for family and childcare.
 Lower-Class Women: Women from lower social classes o en worked in agriculture or
tradi onal occupa ons to support their families.
 Royal and Nawabi Women: While women from royal and noble families enjoyed some
financial freedom, they lacked individual liberty.
 Gradual Improvement: The Salar Jung reforms and the establishment of educa onal
ins tu ons began improving women’s status.
 Increased Par cipa on: Educated women became more ac ve in social and cultural
movements during the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan, marking a shi in their role in society.

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 TGPSC - GROUP-2
IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)
Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY - 08 (UNIT – 5)

ARYA SAMAJ
 Among the major socio-religions movements of India, the Arya Samaj played a pivotal role in
spreading the socio-poli cal renaissance in Nizam’s dominion, It took a poli cal colour in
Hyderabad State.
 The foundation of Arya Samaj can be considered as the first step of Vedic reformist
movement. According to the definition given by Arya Samaj, the word Hindu is wrong.
 There are no Hindus. All of them are Aryans.
 Arya Samajists claim that the meaning of Hindu is slave and the word Hindu was propagated
widely by the foreigners to present them as the slaves or servants.
 Aray Samaj was founded to defend Vedic religion from the attack of Islam in North India.
 Swami Dayananda Saraswathi
 Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi in 1885 at Bombay. He explained
the significance of Vedas with the slogan Go back to Vedas.
 His aim was to re-establish the supremacy of Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed
truth.
 The Book written by him was Satyartha Prakashika in Hindi.
 It is the holy text of Arya Samaj. He propagated the principles of Arya Samaj through a journal
named Vedic Adarsha (1934).

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  It was banned by the Nizam's government in 1935. He criticized Christian, Islam and Sikh
religions in Satyarth Prakashika.
 Satyartha Prakashika was translated into Telugu by Adịpadi SomanathaSwami Dayananda
Saraswati Rao. Swami Dayananda criticized all religions and emphasized that Vedic religion is
the paramount among al.
 He asks all Arya Samajis to perform Sandhya Vandan.
 Principles of Arya Samaj
 The Shodasa Samskaras (16 rites) of Manu dharma must be accepted and practiced.
 No one is born with a certain caste.
 People become Brahaman, Kshatriya, Vyshya or Shudra (4 Varnas) based on their profession.
Vedas are eternal and supreme.
 Idol worship, religious rites and priesthood are condemned. Polytheism, unnecessary
sacrifices and rituals, untouchability are prohibited.
 Aryyśamaj- Hyderabad Branch (1892)
 In 1890, the first branch of Tharoor Arya Samaj was founded in Hyderabad state.
 The Hyderabad branch ofArya Samaj was founded by Swami Nityananda and Girijananda
Saraswathí in 1892.
 President - Kamla Pershad, Secretary- Lakshman Deshji. Renowned personalities of
Hyderabad like Kesavarao Koratkar, Vaman Nayak, Damodar Palekar and Aghoranath
Chattopadhyaya joined the members of Arya Samaj and promoted its activities by explaining
the importance of Vedas to the common public.
 Kesavarao Koratkar (Former Chief justice of Hyderabad) served as the President of Arya Samaj
until 1932.
 He translated Satyarth Prakasika by Dayananda Saraswati into Telugu. He along with
Vamanrao Nayak and Ganapatirao Hardhikar founded Viveka Vardhini School in 1907.
 Note: It is the earliest Telugu school founded in Hyderabad.
 Shuddhi movement
 The Arya Samaj leader who was killed by a Muslim leader Khaza Hasan Nizam for was
organized by organizing Shuddhi movement- Shraddhananda.
 The Arya Samaj leaders who were expelled by the Nizam government in 1894 for organizing
Shuddhi movement- Balakrishna Sharma, Nityananda.
 The leaders of Ama Samaj who were detained by the Nizam government- Viswananda
Saraswathi, Vidyananda Brahmachari.
 In 1929, a Muslim named Siddique Deendar insulted Hindu deities by claiming himself as
Channa Basaveshwara. The members of Arya Samaj held many meetings to counter his
propaganda.
 The Arya Samaj organized many programmes such as preaching the Satyartha Prakash and
performing Havanakunda (holy fires) in 1930 to attack the allegations against Hindu society.
TheNizam prohibited the Haves and the activities of Arya Samaj without prior approval of the
government in 1934.

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  The government magazine ofArya Samaj Vaidik Adarsh was banned in Nizam State in 1934.
 In December 1938, Shyamlal, an Arya Samaj leader was poisoned to death at Bidar.
 Satyagraha of Arya Samaj
 Communal riots occurred at Dhoolpet in 1939. The representative of Arya Sabha appealed to
the Nizam to enquire into the incident. It was refused by the Nizam. The Police detained only
Hindus whenever such incidents happened.
 To protest against the partiality, Sarvadeshik Arya Samaj took up Satyagraha under the
leadership of Mahatma Narayan Swami.
 On 24 October 1938, Hindu Civil Liberty Union started Satyagraha against the Nizam
government and to secure civil rights for Hindus. It took full form by February 1939. About
1200 Satyagrahis were detained by July.
 So, the government was forced to climb down. Lala Desh Bandhu Gupta on behalf of Arya
Samaj Sabha participated in negotiations with the government and withdrew the Satyagraha
on 7 August 1939.
Vavilala Ramachandra Rao sang Vande mataram at this moment and became famous as Vande
mataram Ramachandra Rao.
1. Hyderabad Day was observed all over India on 24 October 1939
 The members of Arya Samaj were untouchables in the view of the government from 1942 to
1948. Their houses, shops and of their friends were often attacked or torched. I
 n March 1942, some Muslims fired on their procession and four Arya Samajists were dead.
The Arya Samajists were punished when a similar incident occurred at Nagarkurnool. Riots
occurred in Nizamabad during the Dussehra festival.
 The members of Arya Samaj founded hundreds of schools without the aid of the government.
 On 2 September 1947, the flag was hoisted at Parakala. The police opened fire and 15 people
died and more than 250 persons were injured. Arya Samaj tried to protect Hindus before
police action by founding shelters at the border areas.
 A social activist Bathini Mogilaiah developed this gym by showing special attention.He hoisted
National Aag on Warangal fort. The Razakars murdered Mogilayya on 11th August 1946 for
hoisting the flag.It is the first political murder in Telangana.
 Note: Bhupati Krishnamurthy participated along with him in hoisting the flag. Mogilayya was
murdered by Lakhadi Master Pahilwan. Wife of Mogilaiah- Lachchamma.
 Pandit Narendarji was a prominent leader of Arya Sabha in Nizam dominion.
 he attended the meeting held at Warangal to intensify the movement against the Nizam.
Kaloji Narayana Rao had written a poem Dharyam leni Daddammalaku Dhairyam Cheppaka
eenadu on Narendraji.
 All India Arya Samaj Conference (December 1938- Sholapur)
 It was presided over by Loknayak Sri Madhava Rao.
 Chief guest -VírSavarkar
 Savarkar extended his full support to the Hyderabad movement. He warned the Nizam that
he had to face an intense movement if he did not agree the demands of Hindus.

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 Ac vi es of Arya Samaj in Telangana
 The centre of Arya Samaj came into existence in the city of Hyderabad in the year 1892. Sultan
Bazar became active centre of the Arya Samaj.
 By 1938 Arya Samaj had 250 branches in the State, twenty of which were located in the twin
cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
 The Arya Samaj used to give fitting reply to the Nizam’s operations during 1930’s.
 Nizam Administration issued Circular No. 53, which forbidden all annual meetings of Arya
Samaj in 1937. But the Arya Samajists protested against it by making celebrations without any
prior sanction.
 Some local dignitaries of Suryapet decided to buy a building for Arya Samaj to help the
activities of Arya Samaj against the tyrannical rule of Nizam.
 The tradition of sacrificing animals before their Ghadis by Doras, Deshmukhs and landlords on
the occasion of Dussehra was practiced for ages.
 Under the leadership of Bommagani Dharmabhiksham, they gave a representation to
Suryapet deshmukh Kunduru Lakshmí Kantha Rao to stop animal sacrifice. Deshmukh tore the
paper before them.
 The protestors strongly condemned his action. The Deshmukhs of Sirikonda, Vatti Khammam
Pahad and Eapuru accepted their appeal and celebrated the festival by breaking pumpkins.
The Yadavas of Durajpally in the vicinity of Suryapet celebrate Lingamanthula Swamy Jathara
every two years.
 Dharamabhiksham invented the Anti animal sacrifice Bhajana group headed by Lalji Meghji
from Hyderabad. The Bhajana group started singing after setting up camps on the hillock. They
raised slogans and showed cardboard placards.
 The Hindus on the other side stood along the road to attack Muslims and a terrible situation
was created. So, the police-imposed section 144. The President of Arya Samaj who
participated in Anti Nizam protests in 1947- M.R.Shyam Rao.
 Narayana Rao, a member of Krantidal of Arya Samaj made an attempt on the life of Nizam on
4h December 1947. The Nizam escaped unhurt.
 The Arya Samaj took up constructive activities also. After the death of Keshav Rao Koratkar,
his son Vinayak rao Vidyalankar became the President of Arya Samaj and Pandit Narendraji
became its secretary.
 In memory of Keshav Rao, they founded Keshav Memorial Educational Institution on 29 July
1940 at Narayanguda in Hyderabad. It started training centers named Upadeshak Vidyalaya
at Nalgonda.
 Arya Samaj in its 6 Annual meeting passed a resolution demanding the Hyderabad dominion
to join the Union of India and to establish a responsible government
 In order to mobilise public opinion against the despotism of the Nizam government, the Arya
Samaj conducted annual meetings inviting people from various parts of Country.
 They were arrested and imprisoned in various jails of the State and some of them died out of
starvation to uphold the cause of patriotism.

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  The spirit of martyrdom of Arya Samajists continued to be exhibited in 1942 “Do or Die”
movement, “Join Union” movement of 1946-47 and “Border” movement of 1947-48.
 This saga of sacrifice provoked the sentiments of the people and inspired them to develop the
political consciousness.
 About seventy per cent of the nationalists of Hyderabad Karnataka belonged to the Arya
Samaj. Arya Samaj served as a training ground for the nationalists of this region.

ANDHRA JANA SANGHAM

Andhra Jana Sangham was founded in response to an incident at the Nizam’s State Social Reforms
Conference in Hyderabad on 11-12 November 1921. The forma on marked the beginning of a
significant cultural and social movement in Telangana. Key points are:
 Conference Incident: Maharshi Karve presided over the Conference, but when Allampalli
Venkatarama Rao a empted to introduce a Telugu resolu on, it was loudly dismissed,
especially by the Marathi a endees.
 This disrespect led the Telugu a endees to form the Andhra Jana Sangham that very night.
 Forma on and Growth: With only 12 founding members, the first official mee ng of Andhra
Jana Sangham took place on 14 February 1922 under the chairmanship of Konda Venkata
Ranga Reddy in Hyderabad.
 the name was revised to Nizam’s State Andhra Jana Sangham, and Madapa Hanumantha
Rao emerged as a central leader.
 Objec ves: The Sangham aimed at cultural, social, and economic rejuvena on for Telangana
people, focusing on Telugu libraries, reading rooms, and private schools.
 It encouraged the study of Andhra’s history.
 Suppor ve Media: Newspapers like Nilagiri Pathrika, Telugu Pathrika, and Golconda Pathrika
supported the Sangham’s objec ves.
 Library Movement and Women's Educa on: The library movement grew rapidly, with its first
conference held at Madhira in 1925. In 1928, the Sangham began promo ng women's
educa on, establishing the Andhra Balika High School
 Despite opposi on from Osmania University—which ini ally refused to recognize Telugu-
medium students—the efforts were supported by Maharshi Karve, allowing the first Telugu-
medium girls to sit for their matricula on in 1934.
 Evolu on into Andhra Mahasabha: By 1930, at the Jogipet Conference in Medak, the
Sangham transformed into the Andhra Mahasabha.
 Although the Nizam’s government objected to the term "Andhra," leaders stood firm, refusing
to replace it with "Telugu" or "Telangana."

ANDHRA MAHA SABHA

The Andhra Maha Sabha (AMS) was formed in 1930 to unite leaders across sec ons for educa onal
reform.

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  AMS ini ally focused on increasing educa onal facili es by submi ng requests to the
government.
 The Sabha established village libraries to spread awareness and understanding, especially in
rural areas.
 Prominent social workers like Unnava Venkataramaiah, Madapa Hanmantha Rao,
Suravaram Pratap Reddy, Ravi Narayana Reddy, and T. Anantha Venkat Rao led AMS efforts
to educate and empower people.
 AMS sought to eradicate the Purdah system in Hyderabad and other Telangana areas.
 Emphasis was placed on female educa on and banning child marriages.
 AMS advocated for a responsible government, aboli on of ve (forced labor), and educa on
in regional languages beyond Urdu.
 A total of 13 AMS conferences were held across the state with support from local elites,
landlords, and merchants.
 Ini al AMS mee ngs faced significant challenges in obtaining government permission.
 Andhra Mahila Conferences were held alongside AMS conferences star ng in 1930 to address
women's issues.
 By the 9th conference at Dharmavaram, women members felt confident to hold independent
conferences in 1942.
 First Andhra Maha Sabha (Mee ng) 1930
 The First Nizam Andhra Andhra Sabha was held at Jogipet, Medak district on March 3, 4 and
5- 1930, under the presidentship of Sri Suravaram Pratap Reddy.
 He was the editor of Golconda newspaper, he wrote several books and was also called as
king of the board of Telangana (Telangana Vaitalikudu).
 All the Telugu movements of the state came and met in that Mahasabha. Every person who
has paid a fee of 1 Rupee.
 Second Andhra Mahasabha 1931
 Second Nizamandhra Mahasabha was conducted at Devarakonda, Nalgonda district on 3, 4
and 5th March 1931, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was its president.
 As in the first meeting, in this meeting also social issues were discussed and resolutions were
passed in a requesting manner to the Nizam Government.
 The deliberations of this meeting were conducted in Telugu.
 Keshava Rao and Maharashtra leader Vaman Nayak participated in this meeting.
 Third Andhra Mahasabha (Mee ng) 1934
 The organizers decided to conduct the Third Andhra Mahasabha meeting at Jataprolu, which
was in Kollapur Samsthanam.
 Prominent High Court advocate Chakrahari Narasaraju wrote a letter to samastam officials for
permission.
 The officials replied that they do not have the power to give such permission, further they said
that they can allow the meeting if the organizers obtain permission from the Nizam
Government.

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  The organizers requested Mahabubnagar district collector for permission. On 24 Dec 1931,
Collector replied that he could not interfere in the affairs of Princely States.
 It took three years for the organizers to obtain permission to conduct a third meeting.
 On 13, 14 and 15th Dec 1934, the third Andhra Sabha was held at Khammam under the
presidentship of Sir Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao, Government imposed restrictions even to
discuss social issues besides political issues.
 Hence this meeting discussed farmer's partnership in Nizamandhra Maha MahaSabha and
in next meetings.
 Fourth andhra Mahasabha 1935
 The Fourth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha was held at Sircilla, Karimnagar district on 30, and 31
December 1935 and 1s Jan 1936.
 This meeting was presided over by Madapati Hanumantha Rao.
 Third Nizamandhra Mahasabha constituted a subcommittee to decide rules of Mahasabha.
Committee submitted its report.
 The rule 31 in the report provided that all the affairs, resolutions and speeches of the Sabha
should be in Telugu language.
 This was recommended to stop insults and injustices to the Telugu language and culture.
 Fi h Andhra Mahasabha 1936
 This meeting was held at Shadnagar, Mahabubnagar district on 15, 16 and 17th Dec 1936.
 The meeting was presided over by Sri Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, who was an elected
representative of High Court Advocates for two years.
 Sixth andhra Mahasabha 1937
 The sixth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting was held at Nizamabad on 6, 7 and gth Dec 1937,
Mandumala Narasimha rao was its president. Maharashtra leaders Kashinath Rao
Muchpalkar, maulvi Ghulam Bashani attended this meeting and failed to speak in Telugu.
 Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, Valuri Baswaraju and Nandagiri Venkata Rao ete demanded to
follow condition 31 i.e. speaking in Telugu is mandatory.
 But Ravi Narayan Reddy clarified that this condition shall be waived to the National Leaders
During this period, Nizam state appointed Ayyangar Committee for political reforms. Sixth
Nizam Andhra Mahasabha requested Ayyangar Committee to recommend for the formation
of representative government in Nizam State.
 Seventh Andhra Mahasabha 1940
 In the year 1940. Seventh Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at Malkapuram, Hyderabad
district. The meeting was presided over by Mandumula Narasinga Rao.
 After the Sixth Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting, following changes took place in Nizam
State- those are formation of State Congress committee, Satyagraha movement, and
formation of communist party.
 Volunteers of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha participated in all those activities.

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  On 19th July 1939 Ayyangar Committee submitted its recommendations on Constitutional
reforms. The Mahasabha decided to boycott the committee recommendations declaring them
as anti development and useless.
 Seventh Nizam Andhra Sabha was divided into two groups (1) Extremists(Youth leaders) (2)
Moderates (Old leaders) on Ayyangar Committee recommendations after voting took place.
 Land taxes were very high in Telangana, Rs. 15-22 was collected as tax from wetlands.
whereas in British India the government collected Rs.5-10.
 After Prakasham Panthulu became the Revenue minister of Madras state. he reduced 25% of
ths tax. Mahasabha demanded the reduction of taxes on the line of Madras state.
 Eighth Andhra Mahasabha 1941
 This meeting was held in Chilkur village, Huzurnagar taluq of Nalgonda district, on 3,4 and
5th June 1941,
 under the presidentship of youth leader Ravi Narayana Reddy.
 This meeting discussed new issues like ill-effects of capitalist economic system, freedom of
women, women economic independence, Second World War, policies of Princely State
toward British India etc.
 Mahasabha membership fee was reduced from Rs one to 25 paise (four anas) to give an
opportunity to the common man to become its member.
 Condition 31 of Mahasabha (deliberations in Telugu only) was removed.
 Ninth andhra Mahasabha 1942
 This meeting was held in Dharmavaram village, of Warangal district on 22, 23 and 24th May
1942,
 under the presidentship of most moderate leader Madiraju Rama Koteswara Rao.
 This was the last simultaneous meeting of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha and women Nizam
Andhra Mahasabha and declared it as one of the prominent associations in Nizam state.
 But along with the growth of Mahasabha, the differences between members also increased
which divided the Mahasabha into three groups
(1) Congress (2) Communists (3) Moderates.
 Moderates were the supporters of landlords, Communists fought in favor of farmers, naturally
communists became enemies to moderates, others formed a third group.
 Tenth andhra Mahasabha 1943
 This meeting was held in Hyderabad on 23, 24 and 25th May 1943.
 In the history of Mahasabha for the first time an election was conducted to decide the
presiding officer of 10h Mahasabha. Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy won the election with a
narrow majority over Baddam Yella Reddy, a leader belonging to the extremist group.
 In this meeting extremist groups introduced a resolution demanding an interim people's
government with full powers.
 But extremists(communists) group, proposed an amendment to the interim people's
government that 50% seats of interim government be given to Majlis-e-Ittehadul
Muslimeen, remaining 50% seats should be distributed to Telangana, Martwada and Kannada

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 regions representatives of Mahasabha. The Extremist's resolution was defeated after much
discussion.
 Eleventh Andhra Mahasabha 1944
 During this period struggle for ownership on land struggles began, which was led by the
Communist group of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha led the movement, Andhra Mahasabha
president Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy (Congress group) prohibited the communist group
from Mahasabha on the allegation that, they are transferring Mahasabha activities into
violence.
 To counter this, the Communist group decided to capture the Eleventh Mahasabha
presidency. Finally after realizing the fact that they do not have the majority in Mahasabha,
Nationalists and Moderates gave up the Mahasabha leadership.
 As a result, the Eleventh Mahasabha identified as communist Mahasabha.
 Under these conditions mentioned above, the Eleventh Mahasabha meeting was held at
Bhongir, Nalgonda district on 27ih and 28th May 1944, Ravi Narayan Reddy was
unanimously elected as its president.
 To reach the common man further the Mahasabha membership fee was further reduced from
four anas to one ana.
 Kaloji, Raja Bahadur Goud and Polkampally Venkata Rama Rao had important roles in the
meeting. Chandra Rajeshwar Rao from Andhra Region played key roles in organizing
Mahasabha and successful deliberation of the meeting.
 Impact of the first world war, the existing conditions, food problem, price control, rationing,
licenses, thakthas, tax burden on farmers, food production and interest rates were the other
issues discussed by the Mahasabha.
 As discussed earlier, Mahasabha was divided into three groups Congress (also called
Nationalists), Communists and Moderates.
 After the capture of Mahasabha by Communists, Moderates and Congress lost their place in
Mahasabha; Mandumula Ramachander Rao released a press statement and criticized
eleventh Mahasabha meeting and stated that this meeting (Rebel or Nationalist (12th)
Nizamandhra Mahasabha) was against the main arms of Nizam Andhra movement.
 Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Madiraju Rama koteswara Rao, Parsa
Srinivas Rao, Mandumala Narsinga Rao are the members of the committee,
 On 15, 16 and 17 March 1945 Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at MadiKonda village,
Warangal district, under the presidentship of Mandumula Narsinga Rao.
 This Mahasabha was also called as Nationalist group of Mahasabha, revivalist Mahasabha,
Congress Mahasabha and rebel Mahasabha etc,
 The Mahasabha passed following resolu ons :
 Taking action against illegal activities of the Nizam state officers
 Eradication of corruption
 Stopping forceful procurement of food grains
 Independence to India

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  Standing council members should always wear Khadi
 Lifting the ban on Congress (Nizam imposed ban).
 Twel h Andhra Mahasabha 1945
 This meeting was held on 26, 27, April 1945 at Khammam, under the presidency of Ravi
Naryana Reddy.
 12th Mahasabha decided to support Telangana Armed Struggle and worked hard to spread
Armed Struggle to the entire Telangana. Fighting against Razakars and removal of feudal state
were the other issues taken up by the Mahasabha. Nizam state also started army camps in
Telangana, increased watch on people and banned communist parties.
 It was because of all these developments that the communist leaders went underground and
the next meeting i.e. the 13th Mahasabha meeting could not be held.
 Standing council meeting was held at a later period, the council appointed Baddam Yella
Reddy as its president and Ravi Narayana Reddy as secretary.
 Thirteenth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1946
 This meeting was held on 10, 11, 12th May 1946 at Kandhi village, Medak district under the
presidentship of Jamulapuram Keshava Rao.
 This meeting discussed in detail on International conditions, Indian National politics, Princely
States, Constitution of Hyderabad State legislature, Nizam State Government, people, their
citizenship.
 education, farmers, animal husbandry, health, formation of responsible government. This was
the last Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meeting.
 In 1946 Nizam lifted a ban on state Congress after the Nizam Andhra Mahasabha merged into
the State Congress party. Hereafter all activities of Nizamandhra Mahasabha were conducted
on the ame of Congress party.
 Telangana district were increased from 8 to9, Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meetings were held
in'7 district because of Marathi domination in Adilabad, self rule of Nizam in atraf balda, the
Nizam Andhra Mahasabha meetings were not conducted in these two district.
 First to Ninth meetings both Nizam Andhra Mahasabha and women Mahasabha meetings
were conducted simultaneously at the same time.
 After the Ninth meeting women started conducting their meeting independently.
 Tenth women Mahasabha Meeting was held under the presidentship of Palvancha Princely
State queen Smt. Alivelu Manga Tayaramma.
 Other women Mahasabha was also conducted in Hyderabad under the presidentship of
Gurugunta princely state queen Lalita Devi.

ANDHRA MAHILA SABHA

 Andhra Mahila Sabha was ini ated alongside the Andhra Maha Sabha in 1930.
 Andhra Maha Sabha conducted 13 Maha Sabhas and 10 Mahila Sabhas.

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  Mahila Sabhas were led by notable women leaders, including Nadimpalli Sundaramma,
Tanguturi Varalakshmamma, Yellapragada Sithakumari, Madapa Manikyamba, Burgula
Ananta Laxmidevi, Nandagiri Indira Devi, Yogyasheela Devi, and Rangamma Obul Reddy.
 These Sabhas focused on women's welfare and educa on, passing resolu ons and forwarding
them to the Nizam.
 The Nizam Government issued a farman allowing widow remarriage, marking an early social
reform in the Nizam's State.
 In 1940, the 18th Andhra Mahila Sabha was held at Chilkur, led by Rangamma Obul Reddy,
who encouraged women to abandon purdah and oppose child marriage.
 Pulijala Kamala Bai, Secretary of the Sabha, emphasized that the women’s movement should
be led by women.
 Members of Andhra Mahila Sabha, mainly from middle and upper-class families with
nationalist ideals, addressed issues like women’s education, abolition of prostitution,
purdah, and widow remarriages.
 These reforms often met resistance from conservative sections within and outside the
organization.
 During the 3rd Andhra Mahila Sabha conference in Khammam, there was conflict between
reformists and those opposed, who saw themselves as protectors of Hindu Dharma.
 By 1937, Maharashtra and Karnataka Parishads had established their own platforms for
similar social issues.
 All India Women’s Conference was launched in 1945 under Prameela Tai, with members like
Mankumari Chowrasia, Jaduav Behen, Gita Devi, Leela Devi Dangoria, and Yashodha Devi
from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
 Andhra Yuvati Mandali was founded in 1935 in Hyderabad by Yellapragada Seetha Kumari
and Illendula Saraswathi to address women’s issues, establish schools, and promote women’s
education.
 Muslim women’s activism in Hyderabad was represented by organizations like Anjuman-e-
Khavateen-e-Deccan, started by Suegra Humayun Mirza in 1895 to support poor women,
widows, and eradicate social evils.
 Lady Hyderi founded the Hyderabad Ladies Club, focused on addressing women’s issues.
 Women had limited educational opportunities in the Nizam State, though Nizam VI and VII
expanded access in urban areas.
 The All Hyderabad Students Union was formed in 1934, including women who attended
Osmania classes behind chilman (purdah).
 Three women—Shakuntala (Secretary), Susheela (Treasurer), and Padma (Executive
Member)—joined the Executive Committee of the All Hyderabad Students Union.

ADI HINDU MOVEMENT

 Adi Hindu Movement was ini ated in the Hyderabad State against untouchability and caste
discrimina on.

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  Bhagya Reddy Varma, born on 22nd May 1888 in Hyderabad, was a key figure in this
movement.
 He was the second child of Madari Venkaiah and Rangamamba.
 Due to personal issues, he le home as a child and worked as a picker boy at a Roman Catholic
brothers' tennis court.
 In 1906, he founded Jagan Mitra Mandali with the aim to educate Dalits.
 Varma joined the Electrical Department as an Electrical Engineer in 1912.
 He was instrumental in establishing mul ple organiza ons focused on the emancipa on of
Dalits.
 In 1910, Bhagya Reddy Varma started the Vaidika Dharma Pracharam Sabha to raise religious
and moral awareness among Dalits.
 In 1913, Arya Samajist Baji Krishna Rao awarded him the title "Varma" in recognition of his
social service.
 To foster unity among various sub-castes, he organized preeti bhojanam (community meals).
 He established the Swastika Volunteer Corps in 1912 to serve the Dalit community.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma celebrated Buddha Jayan annually un l his death; his last celebra on
was on 25th May 1913 under Raja Bahadur Rai Biwesomnath.
 He pioneered the Dalit self-respect movement in Andhra Pradesh as well.
 In 1917, he presided over the First Andhra Desa Panchama Conference at Bezawada, where
he condemned the term Panchama and replaced it with Adi Andhra, asser ng it was created
by dominant castes.
 Varma believed Dalits were not part of Hinduism and advocated for recogni on as original
inhabitants.
 Due to his efforts, Madras Government Order (GO) 817 was issued on 24th January 1922,
recommending the term Adi Dravida (Tamil) and Adi Andhra (Telugu) instead of Panchama or
Paraya in government records.
 In 1931, the Nizam Government adopted the term Adi Hindu in the census for Dalit
communi es, including Mala, Madiga, Dakkali, Dhed, and Chamar.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma aimed to unite Dalits and Bahujans by founding various
organizations:
 Yadava Sangham under Srugam Sitaram
 Sabari Sangham under Durgaiah
 Pardhi Sangham under Hanuman Singh
 In 1925, he organized the Adi Hindu Sabha with Subedar Sayanna, an Arundhatiya leader.
 He also organized the Matanga Janasabha in 1925 with Guntimalla Ramappa and founded
the Matangi Sabha in 1927 at Mallepalli, passing resolutions against liquor and toddy
consumption.
 Secunderabad became the movement's center as he toured Karimnagar, Warangal,
Khammam, and Nizamabad, advocating rights for Madigas.

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  Industrialist Mudigonda Laxmaiah supported the movement by providing financial aid to poor
Madiga students.
 In 1937, the Jambavarna Seva Samithi promoted awareness among Arundhatiyas.
 Matanga Mahasabha leader Guntimalla Ramappa pushed for Dalit unity in 1932.
 On July 10, 1931, at the Adi Hindu Dharmika Sabha, Varma called for unity among Dalit sub-
castes.
 He presided over the Adi Hindu Conference held in Nagpur in May 1933.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma actively participated in Andhra Maha Sabha meetings, advocating
societal reforms.
 In the first meeting at Jogipet on 3rd-5th March, 1930, presided by Suravaram Pratap Reddy,
Varma called for removal of untouchability, while Reddy proposed educational facilities for
Adi-Hindus.
 Varma also addressed the second meeting at Hyderabad.
 At the 1934 Khammam conference, he organized Adi Hindu gymnastic competitions under
the leadership of Kodi Ramamurthy.
 In 1925, to encourage youth, he held painting, drawing, and craft exhibitions at Prem Theatre
in Hyderabad.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma attended the Divyajnana Samajam meeting in Calcutta on 15th
December 1917, where he highlighted Brahmanism's role in Dalit degradation; Mahatma
Gandhi praised him for his work.
 Gandhi visited the Adi Hindu Social Service League and Adi Hindu School in 1929.
 In 1920, identity movements gained momentum in Northern India, with All India Adi Hindu
(Depressed Classes) conferences held in Delhi, Allahabad, Lucknow, and Nagpur, all attended
by Varma.
 Varma was a delegate at the Adi Hindu special conference in Delhi on 24th February 1928.
 He participated in the 8th All India Adi Hindu Conference at Mayo Hall, Allahabad, on 16th
November 1930, which demanded Adi Hindu representation in Central and State
legislatures.
 Varma attended the Adi Hindu conference and other meetings in Vijayanagaram in 1936.
 On 22nd September 1937, the Nizam Government formed a committee for reforms; Varma
requested two seats for Adi Hindus.
 Krishna Swamy Mudiraj recorded that Varma delivered 3348 public speeches.
 Bhagya Reddy Varma's life symbolized the Adi Hindu Movement; he created awareness
among railway employees, military soldiers, merchants, contractors, workers, and laborers.
 He passed away on 18th February 1939, marking a major loss for the Adi Hindu Movement
and Hyderabad's Dalit community.
 Arige Ramaswamy
 Arige Ramaswamy was a contemporary of Bhagya Reddy Varma and ac vely fought against
caste discrimina on.
 He founded Suneeta Bala Samajam in Secunderabad and Matangi Mahasabha in Nampalli.

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  Ramaswamy campaigned for the aboli on of the Jogini system and opposed supers ons,
animal sacrifices, and child marriages.
 He introduced Achala Philosophy and followed Brahma Samaj principles, though he believed
Dalits were separate from the Hindu fold.
 In 1922, he established the Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha with J. Papayya as vice-president and
Konda Venkataswamy as president to reform Adi Hindus.
 The Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha also worked to abolish the Devadasi system.
 Ramaswamy prevented a Mala girl’s dedica on as Jogini and arranged her marriage with a
Madiga boy to foster unity between the two sub-castes.
 He founded the Arundha ya Maha Sabha to raise awareness among Madiga castes.
 Besides being a reformer, Arige Ramaswamy was also a poet.
 B.S. Venkat Rao
 A significant Dalit leader in the Nizam State, inspired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s movement.
 In 1922, he co-founded the Adi Dravida Sangham with Madari Govindarajulu and Madari
Venkatswamy.
 Also in 1922, he established the Adi Hindu Mahasabha with C.S. Yatiraj, K. Ramaswamy, and
Arige Ramaswamy to unite Dalits and address social issues.
 He created a library and night school affiliated with the Adi Hindu Maha Sabha, which he
established in 1926 in Secunderabad.
 In 1936, he founded the Ambedkar Youth League to support Dalit youth.
 Venkat Rao was elected Secunderabad Cantonment Board Member in 1938, MLA in 1939,
and became Education Minister in 1947.
 He presided over the Mahar Conference in Poona in May 1936.
 In 1938, he started the City Depressed Classes Association in Hyderabad.
 He met Nizam's Prime Minister Sir Akbar Hydari in 1934, advocating for Dalit representation
in the legislature and separate electorates.
 As Education Minister, he upgraded Burton High School to Adaiah Memorial High School and
facilitated Dalit students' entry into colleges.
 He initiated a Scheduled Caste Trust Fund with a one-crore allocation for Dalit welfare from
the Nizam Government.
 He led the Hyderabad Depressed Classes Association, uniting smaller Dalit groups.
 After Hyderabad’s accession to India, he was placed under house arrest and passed away in
1953.
 Battula Shyamsunder
 B. Shyamsunder started as a student leader and became a trade union leader.
 He presided over the Depressed Classes Maha Sabha (Anjuman–e-Fastukhaum) on 30th May
1942.
 P.R. Venkataswamy referred to Shyamsunder’s entry into the Dalit Movement as a "Red
Letter Day."

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  Shyamsunder served as Secretary of the Scheduled Castes Federation, working alongside B.S.
Venkat Rao.
 He attended the All India Scheduled Castes Federation meeting in Nagpur in 1944.
 He was the president of Osmania University Graduates Association and part of the
Reconstruction Committee of Osmania University in 1944.
 Shyamsunder was a Standing Committee Member and Senate Member of Osmania
University.
 He advocated for Dalit representation in Nizam's Executive Council and supported Dalit-
Muslim Unity.
 He successfully urged the Nizam to allocate 5 lakh rupees to the People's Education Trust,
founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
 Shyamsunder represented Dalit issues internationally, traveling with Moin Nawaj Jung and
Jaheer Ahmad on behalf of the Nizam Government for Hyderabad's separate statehood.
 During the All India Depressed Classes Political Maha Sabha on 18th July 1942,
representatives from Hyderabad, including Shyamsunder, decided to form the Scheduled
Castes Federation.
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's visit to Hyderabad in 1944 inspired the Scheduled Castes Federation.

LITERARY AND LIBRARY MOVEMENTS TOP OF

FORMBOTTOM OF FORM
Hyderabad State faced a dual struggle against both British imperial rule and Nizam’s feudal rule for
independence and responsible government.
 Libraries played a vital role in spreading political and national awareness in Hyderabad's
freedom movement.
 The Nizam, a loyal ally to the British, sought to suppress criticism and prevent exposure to
nationalist ideas.
 Despite efforts to control information, the people of Hyderabad were influenced by
nationalist ideas spreading across India.
 The Library Movement in Telangana began to educate people on the history of ancient and
medieval Telugu culture and Telangana.
 This movement aimed to bring social, cultural, and political awareness as part of the Andhra
Movement in Telangana.
 The movement encouraged people to resist Nizam’s fascist rule and was viewed by the Nizam
government as a threat.
 The Nizam government imposed strict controls on libraries, seeing libraries as revolutionary;
permission was required even to open a library.
 Despite oppression and restrictions, the movement persisted, with books being distributed
secretly.
 Prominent figures in the movement included Suravaram Prathapa Reddy, Oddiraju Brothers,
Vattikota Alwar Swamy, Nagulapalli Kodanda Rama Rao, Madapati Hanumantha Rao,
Bhagya Reddy Varma, and others.

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  These individuals, often journalists or editors, played key roles in the library movement across
Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Medak, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, and
Hyderabad.
 Warangal was bifurcated, and Khammam district was created on October 1, 1953.
 Libraries in the state of Hyderabad
 The library of Nagai Village is located near wadi Railway Station and is said to have been
established by the Chalukya King Prathama Shekar in the year 1058 A.D.
 Secunderabad Library (1872)
 In Telangana, Somasundar Mudaliar started a library in Secunderabad in the year 1872.
 This can be considered as the first library not only in Hyderabad, but also in the Telugu
speaking areas.
 This was merged into Mahboobia College in 1884.
 Shankarananda Library (1872) - Secunderabad
 In 1872, Mudigonda sankara dyulu started 'Shankarananda' library.
 The first notable person in the Telugu library movement - -Mudigonda Sankaracharyulu
(Warangal).
 He founded Secunderabad Sarvajanika Library in 1872 Secunderabad. In 1920, he founded
Sri Saiva Maha Sabha and acted as its head.
 Asafia state Library - 1892
 The library was established as a civic library in 1880. Founder - Moulvi Abdul Qayoom, Imad-
ul- mulk. Syed Huaasin Bilgrami played an important role in its establishment. The Nizam
captured it and renamed it Asafia State Library. In 1892 'Asafia State Library' was established.
 Initially, in this library only Arabic, Persion, Urdu, English and Sanskrit books were available.
But. due to the efforts of Andhra Maha Sabha, it also kept books in other regional languages,
such as Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Hindi since 1940.
 This library is today's state central library. It is locally known as Afzal Gunj library.
 Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao
 Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao is regarded as the pioneer of the library movement in
Telangana.
 Born on 18 May 1877 in Penuganchiprolu, Krishna district, his parents were Venkatappaiah
and Gangamma.
 He was an eminent researcher and historian, fluent in Telugu, English, Kannada, and Marathi.
 He completed B.A. in Marathi at Nagpur and a private M.A. from University of Calcu a in
1902.
 Komarraju served as Diwan to Munagala Zamindar Nayini Venkata Ranga Rao.
 He worked as an assistant editor for the Marathi journal Vividh Gnan Vistar.
 Books authored by him include:
1. Shivaji Charitra
2. Mahammadeya Yugam

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 3. Haindava Maha Yuga
4. Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam (first encyclopedia in Telugu)
5. Sivatatva Sara of Mallikarjuna Panditha
6. Lakshminarayana Vyasavali
 Komarraju promoted cultural renaissance in Telangana and built cultural es between Andhra
and Telangana.
 Collaborated with N.C. Ketkar to release Karna Parva of Mahabharata in Marathi by the writer
Moropant.
 LIBRARY FOUNDED BY KOMARRAJU LAKSHMANA RAO
 Krishnadevarayandhra Bhasha Nilayam was founded by Komarraju Lakshmana Rao on 1
September 1901 at Koti, Hyderabad.
 This was the first library in Telangana established as part of the Library Movement and initially
operated from Ravichettu Ranga Rao's residence.
 Ravichettu Ranga Rao served as the first secretary of the library.
 The library aimed to promote the Telugu language and culture in Telangana, sparking further
cultural renaissance and expansion of the library movement across the region.
 Key contributors to the library's establishment and growth:
1. Sri Munagala Srinayani Venkataranaga Rao (Financial Aid)
2. Ravichettu Ranga Rao
3. Adipudi Somanatha Rao
4. Kodati Narayana Rao
5. Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao
6. Raghupati Venkatarathnam Naidu
7. Parthasarthi Appa Rao (Ruler of Paloncha estate)
8. Valipe Lakshmana Rao (Munsab of Hyderabad)
 The library hosted literacy festivals and conferences to foster literary culture, including:
o Reddy Yuga Sarvaswata Sapthaham - 1941
o Ramayana Kalpavruksham Sapthaham - 1950
o Potana Vardhanti Sapthaham - 1940
o Bhuvana Vijaya Sapthaham - 1942
 Sri Rajaraja Narendra Andhrabhasha Nilayam - 1904 Hanamkonda
 It was founded on 29th January 1904 at the residence of Pingali Venkata RamaReddy under
the chairmanship of Subedar Raya Muralidhar. It continued from 1904 to 1934 at the
residence of Pingali Venkata Rama Reddy.
 Key role in the establishment of this basha Nilayam :
1. Kommaraju Lakshmana Rao
2. Srinayani Venkataranga Rao
3. Ravichettu Ranga Rao
4. Tungaturthi Narasimha Rao

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 Role of press in Library movement
 First independent Telugu monthly launched in 1913 from Mahabubnagar in the name of
Hithabodhini, the monthly was edited by Badaru Srinivasa Rao, who is also interested in drama
and ayurvedic medicine.
 Sundari Bai, Roopkhanpeta Ratnamamba Desai, these two women writers published their
essays, and poetry respectively in the monthly.
 After that in 1917 Andhramata, a journal published from Hyderabad gave priority to the
Christian literature.
 Jana Sangham launched in November 1921, but a full-fledged body formed in 1922 and
activities of the Sangham gained momentum with establishment of Nilagiri, and Tenugu
Patrika at the advice of Andhra Pitamaha Madapati Hanumantha Rao.
 Shabnavis Venkata Rama Narasimha Rao, who established a library named “Andhra Saraswati
Nilayam‟ at Nalgonda on 18th March 1918.
 Before launching this library there was another library in existence under the name of VI
Nizam “Mahabubia Reading Room‟.
 Shabnavis was a Muqtedar of a village called Mamillagudem nearby Nalgonda town. At an
early age he came into public life by establishing a printing press called “Osmania printing
press”.
 He also started a book publishing house “Vireshalinga Kanthabharana Granthamala'', he later
started another granthamala named Samskarini Granthamala.
 Print media used to publish in detail the anniversary celebrations in the press, so that the
activities get the publicity.
 Library organizers, generally used to work as stringers and correspondents to the Golconda
patrika, hence they wrote detailed reports on the celebration, which get published as it is.
 Shabnavis started a weekly Nilagiri at the advice of Madapati on 4th august, 1922.
 This Nilagiri used to publish anniversaries of libraries; special articles on library movement
were also given prominence in the journal.
 On the study of these issues we can come to a conclusion that the weekly proudly stood by
the side of library organizers.
 Kodati Rama Krishna Rao of Repala in Suryapet district was very much active in the library
movement; he was instrumental in organizing library conferences at the Andhra Jana
Sangham meetings at Suryapet.
 Yama Aravaiah of Suryapet established the Andhra Vignana Prakashini library.
OTHER LIBRARIES SET UP UNDER LIBRARY MOVEMENT
 Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1910(Khammam)
 Prataparudra Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1913 (Madikonda- Warangal)
 Samskrutha Kalavardhini Grandhalayam- (1913- Secunderabad)
 Secretary- Peddi Sivarajaiah
 Andhra Vignana Prakashini Grandhalayam- 1918 Suryapet
 Founder- Puvvada Venkatappayya (Teacher).

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  In 1918, a teacher named Sri Puvvada Venkatappaiah started a library with the help of local
people and named it as "Andhra Vijnana Prakasini" at Suryapet in Nalgonda District.
 He also established "Krishi Pracharini Organization'" and published Telugu books. Because of
this, the Nizam government suspended him from services.
 Reddy Hostel Library- 1918 Hyderabad
 Reddy Hostel Library was established in 1918 at Reddy Hostel in Hyderabad with the initiation
of Kotwal Raja Bahadur Vekatrama Reddy.
 In this Library, Palm Leaf Records available in Telangana were preserved. From 1924 to 1932,
Suravaram Pratapa Reddy served as a secretary of this Library.
 It contained the book “The Indian War of Independence” written by Veer Savarkar which was
banned by the Nizam government.
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was removed from the post of Secretary.
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy wrote a famous book called Telangana -Andhrula Kartavyam for
the purpose of Reddy Hostel, Hyderabad for maintaining libraries and for the activists of
Library Movement.
 Andhra Saraswathi Grandhalayam- 1918 Nalgonda
 Founder- Shabnavis Venkata Ramanarasimha Rao
 Vignana Pracharini Mudralaya- 1919 (Inugurthy- Warangal)
 It was founded by the Oddiraju brothers.
 Bhasha Kalpavalli Grandhalayam Secunderabad - 1920
 Founder - Madhuri Raghavulu
 Deshoddharakamala - Vattikola Alvarswamy
 Abhirami Grandhalayam- 1921 (Kolanupaka)
 Sri Bal Bharati Grandhalayam- 1921 (Nalgonda) Umamaheswara Andhra Bhasha Nilayam-
1922 (Siddipet) Balasaraswati Grandhalayam- Afzalgunj (1923)
 Balasaraswati Andhra Bhasha Nilayam - Kodati Narayana Rao
 Vignana Pracharini Grandhalayam- 1923 Manthani
 Founder-Avadhani krishnaiah
 Another name of this library- Osmania Andhra Bhasha Nilayam
 Vemana Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1923 Hyderabad
 Founder- Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy
 Prataparudra Bhasha Nilayam- 1924 Madikonda
 It was assisted by- Palla Durgaiah, Mothkur MadhuSudhan Rao, Pingali Venkateswara Rao
 It was established at the residence of Peddi S Sivarajaiah.
 Andhra Sodari Samajam Grandhalayam- 1925, Hyderabad
 Adi Hindu Library- 1926 (B.S. Venkata Rao)
 Deccan Vysya Sangha Grandhalayam- 1926
 Jogipet Grandhalayam- 1930 (Medak- Jogipet)

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  Sri Seetha Ramanjaneya Hindu Varthaga Grandhalayam- 1930 (Singareni)
 Desoddharakamala- Vattikota Alwar Swamy
 Andhra Bhasthodharaka Grandhalayam - 1939 (Pida Gopavaram)
 Sri Venugopala Grandhalayam- 1934, Vemsuru
 Chairman of this library - V.Srinivasa Rao
 Secretary- Bellamkonda Chandramoulees wara Shastri
 Vignana Niketa Granthalayam- 1936, Kambame u
 It was founded with Akula Purnananda Gupta as the Chairman, Suggula Akshaya lingam Gupta
as the Vice chairman and Kodati Narayana Rao as the Secretary.
 Vidyabhivardhini Grandhalayam-1939 (Thotapalli)
 Boyinapalli Venkata Rama Rao founded this library in 1939 at Thotapalli in Karimnagar district.
 He also founded a mobile library, a western book library, an adult school and a Harijan school
in association with this library.
Bapuji Library - Founder - B.S. Gupta, Choudavarapu Purushottam, Nalla Pichaiah.
Gandhi Granthalaya- 1940 (Hanamkonda- Bandaru Nagabhushana Rao)
Rythu Grandhalayam- 1941 (Chilkur- Ravi Narayana Reddy)
 Sri Hanumad Andhra Grandhalayam- 1943 (Khammam- Malakapalli)
 It was established by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad.
 Viveka Vikasini Grandhalayam- 1943 (Pillalamarri-Suryapet)
 Founder- Ummethala Ramanuja Rao
 Annah Granthalayam
 It was founded by Veldurthi Manikya Rao. He was assisted by K.C.Gupta (Kalwakuntla Chandra
Sen Gupta). Veldurthi Manikya Rao translated the Urdu firmans issued by Nizam into Telugu.
 First Mobile Library in Telangana :
 The first mobile library in Telangana was started by T.K.Balaiah, a Taluk officer in Nizamabad
district carried books on a bullock cart and distributed them in the Armoor Taluk.
LITERARY ORGANIZATIONS
 Sahithi Mekhala (1936)
 It was the first literary organization. Sahithi Mekhala was founded in 1936 in Nalgonda by
Ambatipudi Venkataratna Shastri.
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, Dhavalaa Srinivasa Rao and Pulijala Hanumantha Rao provided
assistance for its establishment.
 Books published by Sahithi Mekhala:
 Dasaradhi - Agnidhara
 Punna Anjaiah - Neelagiri Kavula Sanchika
 Pulijala Gopala Rao -Khadga Tikkana
 Ambatipudi Venkataratnam -Tarkabhasha
 Sadhana Samithi (1939)

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  The founders of Sadhana Samithi were Burgula Ranganatha Rao, Bhaskarabhajla Krishna Ran
and Veldurthi Manikya Rao.
 Objec ves of Sadhana Samithi:
 Building a coordinated world of language with both old and modern literatures
 Encouraging young writers.
 Encouraging all literary forms like verses, Poems and songs.
 Books published by Sadhana Samithi:
 Burgula Ranganatha Rao Vyahyali (Stories)
 Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao Navya Kavitha Neerajanam (Essays)
 Bogi Narayana Murthy Pareeksha Chaduvu (Drama)
 Gadiraju Venkata Ramanaiah Bhojaraju (Verse poem)
 Vignana Yardhini Parishad (1941)
 Founder- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
 Books published by this organiza on:
 Suravaram Pratapa Reddy- Rarpáyana Viseshaalu, Mrutyu Siɖdhantham, Andhra Prataparudra
Yasuo Bhushanam.
 Andhra Saraswatha Parishad - 1943
 After the conversion of Nizam Andhra Jana Sangham into Andhra Mahasabha in 1930, it
became a political organization.
 As the Andhra Mahasabha was far from the development of Telugu language and literature,
the supporters of Telugu wanted to establish an organization for the development of Telugu
language.
 The foundation of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was discussed at a meeting held in 1943,at
Hyderabad.
 Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was founded on 26 May 1943 at the oflige of Golconda Patrika
in Hyderabad. It was established as a non-political organization exclusively for the
development of Telugu language.
 Founder- Devulapali Ramanuja Rao (Father of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad), Devulapalli,
Lokanandi, Rangamma and Obul Reddy played an important role in its foundation.
 First President- Lokanandi Shankar Narayana Rao.
 First secretary- Venkatereddy Seshaiah
 Second President- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
 Current President- Yendluri Shiva Reddy
 Initially, Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was run from the office of Golconda Patrika. The
magaziņe published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad- Andhra Sri (1944)
 First annual meeting of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was held at Warangal.
 Important books published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
 Andhra Vangmaya Charitra- Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani
 Saraswatha Muktavali- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao

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  Salivahana Gatha Sapthasathi Saaram- Rallapali Anantha Krishna Sharma
 Andhrula Charitra- Nelakuri Venkata Ramanaiah
 Important Speeches organized by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad
1. Andhra Mahabharata Upanyasam
2. Maha Bhagavatam Upanyasam
3. Andhra Sapthaham
 Important func ons of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
 Promotion of Libraries
 Conducting essay competitions and presenting prizes
 Promotion of Telugu medium schools
 Conducting elocution competitions in Telugu
 Felicitating Telugu poets and writers
 The books namely Pandit Sarasaswatam, Praja Sarasaswatam and Bala Sarasaswatam were
published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad.
 The books published under Pandit Saraswati were:
 Suryanarayana Reddy Shastri- Kavyalankara Sangraham
 Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Shastri- Salivahana Gatha Saptasathi Saaramu
 Burgula Ramakrishna Rao- Saraswatha Vyasa Muktavali
 Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani- Sahitya Sopaanaalu
 Telangana Sahitya Academy
 After the formation of Telangana state, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy has been renamed
as First Chairman- Nandini Siddha Reddy
 Present Chairman- Juluri Gowri Shankar
 The logo of Telangana Sahitya Academy was designed by noted painter Ravishankar Rao from
Cherial- according to the directions given by the Chief Minister K.C.R.
 On Sahitya Academy logo, a swan is drawn in filigree style in the middle of the logo. In the
place of the swan's beak, a pen's nib is drawn.
 The swan is shown to be floating on pages of a book.
 On the upper side, the backdrop of the Telangana map is drawn and a full-grown tree is drawn
on it depicting that literature is trading like a full grown tree in Telangana.

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 TGPSC - GROUP-2
IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)
Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY - 09 (UNIT – 5)

TRIBAL AND PEASANT REVOLTS

RAMJI GOND, KUMARAM BHEEMU, AND TELANGANA PEASANT ARMED STRUGGLE
 Dependence on Forests:
 Tribal communi es have historically depended on forests for sustenance, culture, and iden ty,
with their economy and belief systems closely ed to the forest environment.
 Government Expansion and Legisla on in the 19th Century:
 In the mid-1800s, the government sought to extend its authority over neglected areas,
including forests, to regulate and control resources.
 This extension of state power led to discomfort among landlords and imposed restric ons on
tribal communi es’ access to forests.
Key Forest Legisla ons:
 First Forest Act (1865):
 The first significant step toward regula ng forest resources, controlling how forest produce was
collected by forest dwellers.
 Forest Act (1878):
 Expanded government control over forests by prohibi ng ac vi es such as trespassing and
ca le grazing, and designa ng such ac vi es as forest offenses.
 First Forest Policy (1894):
 Introduced regula on of user rights, further restric ng tribal access and privileges within

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 forests for conserva on purposes.
 Land Transfer Act (1917):
 Enacted by the Bri sh in response to uprisings in the Andhra region of the Madras State, this
Act restricted land transfers between tribals and non-tribals to protect tribal land ownership.
 The Nizam Government did not enforce similar protec ons, which allowed non-locals to
migrate, occupy, and register tribal lands as their own, leading to significant land loss for tribal
communi es.

RAMJI GOND
 Ramji Gond, who hailed from the Adilabad district of Telangana, was among the most prominent
leaders of the First War of Independence in the erstwhile Hyderabad Princely State.
 Many regions in Nizam’s domains were aflame with anti-British sentiments when the mass
insurrections broke out in 1857.
 Among these was the Adilabad district, where the resident Gond tribal community who were
unhappy with the state’s oppression and exploitation of the peasantry, and its support of the
activities of the British colonial state.
 The Gonds were joined in their endeavor by the Rohillas, who proclaimed Nana Saheb as their
leader and pledged to plunder the territory of the Nizam for allying with the British.
 Under the leadership of Ramji Gond, the Gonds and the Rohillas kept up the joint insurrection
for almost two years.
 The British assigned a massive armed force to suppress this uprising but to no avail.
 It was only in 1860 that the rebellion was quelled after several armed clashes, in which several
people, from both sides, died.
 However, Ramji Gond managed to escape the colonial pursuit and remained free.
 Though the British archival documents do not speak of Ramji’s arrest, according to the legends
preserved by the Gonds, he was arrested later, tried, and hanged.
 The tree from which he was hung is venerated even today as “Gondumarri”.
 The hanging of 1000 Gonds of Telangana was a more brutal and earlier event than the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
 .At the time this mass hanging of Gonds did not get widespread attention.
 Ramji Gond’s legendary contributions to the anti-imperialist struggle in 1857 remain
inspirational for us even to this day.
 Ramji Gond museum to come up in Hyderabad
 Union Minister for Culture, Tourism and Development of the Northeast Region G. Kishan
Reddy (February 16, 2024) laid the founda on stone for the Ramji Gond Memorial Tribal
Freedom Fighters Museum in Hyderabad.
 This ini a ve is an acknowledgement of a rich but o en overlooked aspect of India’s history
and aims to weave together the threads of the past, present and future to ensure that the
sacrifices of Telangana’s tribal communi es are never forgo en,
 The design of the museum reflected the aspira ons and dreams of an en re community.
 Interac ve exhibits and immersive experiences will take the visitors on a journey through me,

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 tracing the footsteps of those who dared to defy the status quo.
 From the Nirmal Ghat Fight to the Banyan tree of ‘1,000 nooses’, each artefact will tell a story
of courage, resilience and the enduring human spirit,

KUMARAM BHEEM
 Birth and Early Life:
 Born on 22nd October 1901 in Sankepally, Jodenghat (now in Komaram Bheem Asifabad
district).
 Parents: Kumram Chinnu and Sombai.
 Belonged to the Gond tribal community.
 Oppression Under Nizam’s Rule:
 The Asifabad area was under the rule of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.
 Tribal communi es faced exploita on, with limited access to their lands and resources.
 Tribal Livelihood in Jodenghat:
 The tribals in the Jodenghat area prac ced shi ing agriculture, known as Podu, within the
forest.
 They lived rela vely autonomously, not under direct state control un l early 20th-century
reforms.
 1917 Act by the Nizam Government:
 Aimed at protec ng Adivasi lands, but it introduced confusion and challenges in the lives of
the tribals.
 The Act imposed mul ple taxes on the tribal popula on, complica ng their simple, cashless
way of life.
 New Taxes Introduced:
 Various taxes were imposed, including:
 Bancherai Pannu: Tax for feeding ca le in the forest.
 Dumpa Pa : Tax for collec ng firewood.
 Ghar Pa , Nagar Pa , Faisal Pa , Choubina: Addi onal taxes that further burdened
the tribal community.
 The tribals, unfamiliar with money, faced significant hardships in paying these taxes.
 Establishment of Revenue Collec on Office (1918):
 The Nizam government set up a Forest Revenue (Tahasil) office at Utnoor to streamline tax
collec on from the tribals.
 Paper Mill at Sirpurkagaz Nagar:
 A paper mill was established in Sirpurkagaz Nagar, requiring vast forest areas for raw material.
 Large tracts of forest were seized by the government, forcing many Gonds into factory work
under adverse condi ons due to loss of access to their tradi onal lands.
 Land Encroachment by Non-Locals:
 Non-local groups, including Marathas, Telugus, and Muslims, occupied lands belonging to the
Gonds and Kolams with the help of officials and moneylenders.

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  False cases were frequently filed against the tribals, subjec ng them to legal and financial
hardships.
 Kumram Bheem’s Search for Solu ons:
 Witnessing the increasing exploita on, Kumram Bheem began exploring ways to resist the
injus ces faced by his community.
 A er the sudden death of his father, Bheem’s family moved to Surdapur village, where he was
further exposed to stories of tribal resistance.
 Inspira on from Tribal Heroes:
 Bheem learned about the bravery of Gond kings, Birsa Munda’s revolt, Ramji Gond’s courage,
and Alluri Sita Rama Raju’s sacrifice through his friends Madaavi Mahadu and Mothiram.
 These stories inspired Bheem, ins lling a sense of pride in Gond heritage and a desire for
resistance.
 Conflict over Land Ownership:
 As Bheem prepared to harvest his crop, Patwari Laxman Rao and Pa edar Siddiq Ali claimed
ownership of the land Bheem had cul vated.
 In the ensuing confronta on, Bheem killed Siddiq Ali, an incident that marked a turning point
in his life.
 Impact of the Incident:
 This event galvanized unity between the Gond and Kolam tribes, both of whom relied on
shi ing agriculture for their livelihood.
 A er this incident, Bheem le for Bollarum and later moved to Chandrapur, where he worked
in the prin ng press of Vithoba.
 Escape from Chandrapur Prin ng Press:
 Bri sh officers arrested Vithoba, accusing him of prin ng an -government materials,
promp ng Kumram Bheem to escape.
 Work in Coffee and Tea Planta ons:
 Bheem spent five years working in coffee and tea planta ons, where he witnessed Bri sh
officers exploi ng workers.
 He emerged as a leader among the workers, organizing resistance against Bri sh atroci es.
 Return to Jodeghat:
 A er escaping the planta ons, Bheem returned to his na ve place, Jodeghat in Adilabad
District, with a renewed resolve to support and fight for his people.
 Marriage:
 Kumram Bheem married Sombai from Devadom village, establishing his family in his homeland
as he commi ed to working for the welfare of his community in Jodeghat.
 Jal, Jungle, Zameen (Water, Forest, Land):
 Kumram Bheem championed the concept of "Jal, Jungle, Zameen," emphasizing the tribal right
to water, forests, and land.
 He ini ally united his uncles, brothers, and rela ves in the Surdapur area and gradually
expanded the movement to nearby areas, including Jodeghat.

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 Message of Resistance:
 Bheem urged the tribal communi es to resist government encroachment and reclaim their
tradi onal rights, encouraging them to con nue their shi ing (podu) cul va on prac ces.
 He highlighted the genera onal connec on that the Gonds and other tribes had to their lands
and resources.
 Success in Uni ng the Community:
 Bheem successfully convinced and united the people under his vision, building a strong base
for resistance.
 He established 12 Gond villages as centers of unity and collec ve ac on.
 Established Gond Villages:
The 12 Gond villages he established were:
 Babezhari
 Jodeghat
 Chalbardi
 Goginmovadam
 Hoyikhan Movadam
 Bhimangondi
 Kallegam
 Murikilanka
 Ankusalpur
 Narsapur
 Demdiguda
 Patnapur
 Conflict over Cultivation and Land Claims:
 Revenue and Forest officers declared 3,000 acres in the 12 tribal villages as illegally cul vated
under Kumram Bheem's leadership.
 Cases were filed against the tribals, leading to confronta ons where some were injured,
including Bheem, who suffered a severe bullet injury.
 Bheem demanded autonomous powers for the 12 villages.
 Appeals for Autonomy:
 With advice from Janakapuram Panthulu and Advocate Ramachandra Rao of Asifabad, Bheem
sent numerous letters to the Nizam requesting land rights and autonomy for the tribal villages.
 The Nizam did not respond, leading Bheem to conclude that armed resistance was necessary.
 Declaration of Liberation and Guerilla Army Formation:
 Bheem declared the 12 villages liberated and established Jodeghat as the center of his
movement.
 He organized a guerilla army from various tribal communities, including Gond, Kolam,
Pradhan, Thoti, Nayak, and Podu.
 Betrayal and the Final Battle (1st September 1940):

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  Government officers covertly allied with Kurdu Patel, a close associate of Bheem.
 Led by Captain Ali Raza Branden, government forces climbed Jodeghat hills to attack Bheem,
who was holding a meeting at the Galgad Goddess Temple on Ashwayuja Pournami night.
 Police attacked without warning, killing many sleeping tribals and massacring others at
Neykappi waterfall and Kariyar Gundam in Jodeghat valley.
 Bheem fought bravely but was killed, along with approximately 140 tribal people, becoming
martyrs in the battle.
 Official Casualty Report and Aftermath:
 The Nizam’s government reported 15 tribal deaths initially but independent estimates suggest
around 138 tribal people were killed.
 Following the incident, the Nizam appointed Austrian Professor Christoph von Fürer-
Haimendorf to study Gond conditions, resulting in the Dastur-ul-Amal Act of 1940 and later
the 1/70 Act in India.
 Legacy of Kumram Bheem:
 Kumram Bheem is celebrated as a hero and eternal leader among the Gonds.
 His death anniversary, on Aswayuja Pournami after Dussehra, is observed as a significant day
in Adilabad district.
 Since 2014, the Telangana government has officially recognized Kumram Bheem's death
anniversary as a state festival, honoring his legacy and resistance.
 Government Honors and Memorials:
 In 2011, the Andhra Pradesh Government named a pres gious water reservoir project a er
Kumram Bheem.
 Following the state's bifurca on in 2014, the Telangana Government established a memorial
at Jodeghat, including a Komaram Bheem Museum dedicated to tribal history.
 In 2016, a new district, Komaram Bheem, was created from the division of Adilabad district in
his honor.
Cinema c Depic ons:
 Bheem’s story was adapted into films twice:
 In 1990, the film Komaram Bheem, directed by Allani Sridhar, featured Bhoopal Reddy as
Bheem and won two state Nandi Awards.
 In 2022, the blockbuster film RRR presented a fic onalized friendship between Komaram
Bheem and Alluri Sitarama Raju, gaining interna onal acclaim, including an Oscar and a
Golden Globe.

PEASANT MOVEMENTS
The Telangana Armed Struggle is recognized as a major autonomous movement in both global
libera on history and the Indian communist party movement.
 Historical Truth of People’s Revolt:
 The struggle demonstrated the historical reality that suppression breeds resistance, as seen in
the Telangana rebellion.

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 Dual Fight During WWII:
 During the Second World War, Indians fought against two oppressive systems:
 Bri sh Colonial Exploita on: Resis ng the economic and poli cal exploita on by Bri sh
rulers.
 Local Monarchical Exploita on: Opposing the feudal and oppressive prac ces of local
princely rulers.
 Democra c Founda ons:
 Through these simultaneous struggles, Indians laid the groundwork for democra c ideals,
dismantling the monarchical systems and contribu ng to world history.
 Telangana Rebellion (Telangana Sayudha Poratam):
 The Telangana Rebellion, also known as Telangana Sayudha Poratam, was a communist-led
peasant insurrec on against the princely state of Hyderabad, stemming from agita ons
between 1944 and 1946.
 Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946-1951):
 This struggle formally emerged as an armed peasant movement in the Nizam-controlled
Telangana region of Hyderabad State from 1946 to 1951, highligh ng resistance against feudal
exploita on and monarchical oppression.
REASONS FOR TELANGANA ARMED STRUGGLE
The terrible conditions present in Nizam State motivated the people of Telangana to take up armed
struggle against the Nizam.
 Objec ves- Land, Livelihood, Libera on,
 The person who commented that "such kind of struggle never took place anywhere in Asia
except in China " Will Caldwellsmith.
 Ac vi es of Nizam against the Hindu Culture
 The Hindu population that was more than 80% of the total population experienced
discrimánation in Hyderabad state. It was declared an Islamic state.
Some places were renamed according to Islamic culture.
 Elagandula- Karimnagar
 Palamuru- Mahabubnagar
 Indur- Nizamabad
 Methuku- Medak
 Bhuvanagiri- Bhongir
 Manukota- Mahabubabad
 Feudal system in the state of Hyderabad
 The princely state of Hyderabad maintained a feudal system within its agricultural economy.
 There were two primary types of land tenure: diwani (or khalsa) and a dis nct category known
as jagir.
 The jagir lands were granted to aristocrats called jagirdars based on their rank and posi on,
while a por on of these lands were held as crown lands (sarf-e-khas) by the Nizam.
 The civil courts did not have jurisdic on over the jagir lands, allowing the jagirdars to impose

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 various excessive and arbitrary taxes on the peasants and collect revenue through private
agents.
 The diwani tenures resembled the ryotwari system introduced by the Bri sh in other parts of
the country.
 They had hereditary revenue collectors known as deshmukhs and deshpandes, who were
granted land annui es called vatans based on past revenue collec ons.
 The diwani lands, legally owned by the government, were divided into small sec ons called
pa as, which were registered to occupants responsible for paying the land revenue.
 These registered occupants included peasants who cul vated their own land, as well as those
who employed agricultural laborers or rented out the land to tenants.
 The tenants, referred to as shikmidars, had tenancy rights and could not be evicted as long as
they fulfilled their land revenue obliga ons.
 However, over three-fourths of the tenants were tenants at will or asami shikmidars, who had
land revenue obliga ons but lacked tenancy rights.
 They could only become shikmidars a er a period of twelve years, although in prac ce, they
were o en evicted within three to four years.
 The responsibility for registra on lay with the deshmukhs and deshpandes, who had access to
land records, while the peasant’s lacked literacy.
Socio-Economic Conditions
At the beginning of Telangana Armed Struggle, there was to implement the three types of land
revenue taxes in Telangana with the object for the suppression and exploitation of the farmers and
exploitation.
They were:
 Diwani or Khala
 There was 5 crore 30 lakh acres of land usable to the cultivation in the Hyderabad State. Out
of that, 3 crore acres of land means 60% of the land in the total agricultural and was directly
under the land revenue tax system. This was called Diwani or Khalsa area.
 Jagirs
 30% of the land out of the total agricultural land was under the Jagirs in the State. There were
so many feudal classes in the Jagirs with different names such as Paigahs, Samsthans,
Jagirdars, ljardars, Ranjardars, Maktedars, Inamdars, Agraharas and so on.
 Surf-e-Khas
 The 10% of the agricultural land which was kept under the control of Nizam for his own
expenses was called Surf-e-Khas, yearly above two crore rupees of income was possible
through this system.
 the Nizam did not use any percentage of this money for the public usage purpose. And also
he used to take an extra amount of rupees 70 lakhs per annum from the treasury of the state.
 Ve System
 The poor people were ordered to do the work to the feudal landlords and government officers
without any payment.
 They have to do all types of services freely, forcibly and when they refuse to do so, they have

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 to face the violence. This system was called bonded labor or Vetti'.
 This was the most common in the Hyderabad States, particularly in Telangana. The owners of
the estates, paigas, Jagirdars, landlords and government officers used to exploit the people of
the villages in many ways.
 In every village, where the feudal system was implemented, the people of artisan and
professional castes such as Washermen, Barbers, Blacksmith, Potters, Carpenters and other
caste people were treated as the serventa.
 The landlords used these people as the bonded laborers and also they treated the people as
the slaves.
 On the other side the untouchable caste people, Mala and Madigas were treated cheaper
than the slaves.
 Along with this, illegal exploitation of labor, illegal levying of taxes, severe punishments
discrimination against the lower castes the forcibly collection of the levy like 'Nagula Vaddi'
(high tax on the paddy) etc.,
 were implemented strictly on the people and they collected such heavy taxes mercilessly.
 The Exploita on of Bonded (Forced) Labour
 Exploitation of the forced and bonded labor was an unjustified method in the tyrannical
feudalistic rule of the Nizam.
 The landlords, Deshmukhs, Namidars, Masters even the village officers and their agents also
unlimitedly practiced this system in every village without any discrimination as the
Representatives of the Nizam, this was a symbol of the tyrannical rule of the Nizams in those
days.
 First Phase of Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1940-1945)
 Ini a on of the Struggle:
 Organized by the Communists in Telangana, with the Communist Party (C.P.) founded
secretly in 1940 by Ravi Narayana Reddy.
 Ravi Narayana Reddy is considered the "Father of Telangana Armed Struggle."
 Consolida on in Hyderabad Princely State:
 In 1940, the Andhra Maha Sabha came under Communist control a er passing a
resolu on at Malkapur against the Iyengar Commi ee Reforms.
 Key demands included:
 Aboli on of the ve (forced labor) system.
 Reduc on of excessive tenancy rates and taxes.
 Compulsory survey se lement.
 Aboli on of taxes on toddy tapping.
 Forma on of a responsible government.
 Expansion of Influence (1941-1944):
 Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over a mee ng at Chilkur in 1941, where the Communists
solidified control over the Andhra Maha Sabha.

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  At the Andhra Maha Sabha mee ng in Bhuvanagiri in May 1944, Ravi Narayana Reddy was
elected President, and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao was appointed as President of
Nalgonda district.
 Around 10,000 people a ended, including Communist leader Chandra Rajeswara Rao.
 Following this mee ng, "Sanghas" (branches) of Andhra Maha Sabha were established in
many villages across Nalgonda and Warangal districts, mobilizing peasants and farmers.
 The Comrades Associa on also mobilized educated youth and labor in Hyderabad city to
resist the Nizam.
 Communists’ Response to WWII Hardships:
 During WWII, the Nizam imposed addi onal levies on farmers, intensifying their suffering.
 Communists leveraged these condi ons to strengthen the movement, mobilizing peasants
against the Nizam's oppressive policies.
Key Incidents During This Phase
 Resistance Movement of Shaik Bandagi Saheb (1940)
 Background and Conflict:
 Shaik Bandagi Saheb, a poor Muslim farmer from Kamareddy Gudem, owned 4 acres of
land and faced a dispute with rela ves, including Abbas Ali, a police Patel.
 Despite Abbas Ali's connec ons, Bandagi Saheb fought for his land rights and won the
court case.
 Murder of Bandagi Saheb:
 On 26th July 1940, Abbas Ali and his brothers, supported by Deshmukh Rapaka Venkata
Ramachandra Reddy, murdered Bandagi Saheb with axes.
 This brutal incident shocked the community, inspiring widespread resistance against
oppression and igni ng a spirit of rebellion in Telangana villages.
 Commemora on and Legacy:
 Shaik Bandagi’s courage was honored by the Andhra Maha Sabha and the Communist
Party.
 His story is immortalized in the play Maa Bhoomi, wri en by Sunkara Satyanarayana and
Vasireddy Bhaskara Rao, symbolizing resistance against feudal oppression.
 Revolt of Lambadas at Dharmapuram and Mondrai
 Background:
o The villages of Dharmapuram and Mondrai in Jangaon Taluq were under the control of
Maqtedars Pusukuru Ranghava Rao and Katharu Narsimha Rao, respec vely.
o Tribal Lambada people in these villages cul vated the land for their livelihood.
 Unlawful Land Occupa on and Revolt:
o The landlords occupied approximately 200 acres of land from the Lambadas and filed
false cases against them.
o Under the leadership of the Andhra Maha Sabha and the Communist Party, the
Lambadas revolted against the landlords and successfully reclaimed their land.

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 People’s Revolt at Errabadu
 Land Grabbing by Landlord:
 Jenna Reddy Pratapa Reddy, a landlord from Errabadu village in Suryapet Taluq, held
around 150,000 acres, including lands forcibly taken from villages such as Chilpakunta,
Edaville, and Nuthankal.
 He expelled poor farmers from these lands, re-registering them under his name, and hired
goons to in midate the peasants.
 Peasant Resistance:
 Led by Gajula Ramchandraiah of Edaville, the united peasants organized a disciplined
revolt, successfully reclaiming their lands from the landlord.
 Widespread Resistance Against Landlords:
 Peasants across Telangana con nued to resist landlords in other areas, targe ng influen al
landlords such as:
 Kunduru Lakshmikantha Rao (Deshmukh of Old Suryapet).
 Thadakamalla Sitha Ramachandra Rao (Maktedar of Bethavolu in Huzurnagar Taluq).
 Bhogala Veera Reddy (landlord of Bakkavanthula Gudem).
 Veerabhadra Rao (Banjardar of Mellacheruvu).
 Anwar Pasha (Jagirdar of Allipuram and Thimma Puram).
 Pingili Ranga Reddy (Zamindar of Mulakala Gudem).
 Pingala Narsimha Reddy (landlord of Nashikal).
 Resistance Against Small and Medium Landlords:
 Peasants also rose against smaller landlords who owned over 5,000 acres, with support
from the Sangham (Andhra Maha Sabha branches), fueling the struggle across Telangana.
 Documenta on and Mo va on by Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao
 Tour and Documenta on:
 Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao toured Jangaon Taluq to document the atroci es of Nizam’s
police, the landlords, and the system of bonded labor.
 He published these observa ons in books and pamphlets, including:
 Janagama Prajala Veerochitha Poraataalu, Hyderabad Rajyamlo Poleesula
Duranthaalu – detailing the people’s struggles and police atroci es.
 Ve Chakiri – addressing bonded labor issues.
 Goddali Pe u – a pamphlet aimed at rallying the people.
 The Land Struggle of Chakali Ailamma
 Background and Role in the Telangana Armed Struggle:
 Chakali Ailamma, a courageous woman and member of the Andhra Maha Sabha and
Communist Party, fought against the Deshmukh of Isunoor.
 Her home became a revolu onary hub during the Telangana People's Armed Struggle.
 Married to Chityala Narsaiah, she passed away in Palakurthi, Warangal district, in 1985.
 Land Exploita on by Landlords:

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  Landlords controlled thousands of acres illegally, o en evic ng poor tenant peasants on
the grounds of "Bedakhal" (land aliena on).
 Ailamma and her husband cul vated 10 acres of wetland and 20 acres of dry land as
tenants under the authority of Utham Raja Rahava Rao, the Maktedar of Mallampally.
 Resistance Against Exploita on:
 Ailamma and her family, with the support of the Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist
Party, opposed local authori es, including Visunuru Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy and
Police Patel Veerammneni Seshagiri Rao.
 Following a riot at Palakurthi Jathara, the police filed the "Palakurthi Conspiracy Case"
against Ailamma's family, arres ng her husband and sons along with Communist Party
leaders.
 Deshmukh's A empted Land Takeover:
 While Ailamma's family was detained, Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy and Mallampalli
Maktedar collaborated to seize the land Ailamma and Narsaiah had been cul va ng.
 Deshmukh’s goons a acked the fields, a emp ng to take possession of the land and
harvested crops in Ailamma’s absence.
 Peasant and Communist Resistance:
 Led by Yadagi Rao and supported by Communist leaders like Bheem Reddy Narsimha
Reddy, Nallu Pratapa Reddy, and Nalla Narsimhulu, locals defended the land and
successfully repelled Deshmukh’s hired goons.
 With community support, the harvested crop was safely returned to Ailamma’s home,
solidifying her reputa on for bravery.
 Recogni on as "Communist Ailamma":
 Her bold defiance earned her the tle "Communist Ailamma" in history, with her ac ons
praised by Communist leader Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao.
 Memorandum Against Atroci es:
 Ravi Narayana Reddy submi ed a memorandum to the Superintendent of Police,
documen ng Visunoor Deshmukh’s atroci es.
 The newspaper Meezan published a summary, bringing public a en on to the case.
 Martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah (4th July, 1946)
 Background:
 Doddi Komaraiah, a shepherd from the Kuruma caste and the younger brother of Doddi
Mallaiah (an Andhra Maha Sabha member in Kadavendi), had no prior involvement with
the Sanghams.
 Mo vated by his brother's suffering under the oppressive rule of Janamma Dorasani and
encouraged by local leaders, he joined the Andhra Maha Sabha village commi ee.
 Conflict with Local Authori es:
 Komaraiah’s brother, Doddi Mallaiah, was seen as a rival to Visunuru Deshmukh and
Janamma Dorasani, who, along with hired goons, frequently threatened Mallaiah and
other village leaders like Yerramreddy Mohan Reddy and Katkuri Ramachandra Reddy.

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  Village leaders formed a volunteer group armed with s cks for self-defense, using
Machete Ramachandraiah’s house as the Andhra Maha Sabha village commi ee’s main
office.
 Planned A ack by Deshmukh’s Goons:
 Around 40 armed goons, led by Mishkin Ali and Gaddam Narsimha Reddy, stayed at a
school near Dorasani’s residence, plo ng to kill Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party
leaders.
 A er drinking heavily, the goons began throwing stones at the nearby home of Jampala
Lachemma, provoking a reac on.
 People’s Procession:
 Around 100 Andhra Maha Sabha members, led by Yerramreddy Mohan Reddy, rallied in a
procession with s cks, which grew to about 500 people as peasants and laborers joined.
 They marched towards the Dorasani’s residence (Gadi) with slogans against Deshmukh
and Dorasani.
 Doddi Komaraiah’s Presence and Martyrdom:
 Komaraiah, aged 23, had just returned from the forest with his sheep and was taking his
meal as the procession reached the Gadi.
 At 9:15 pm on 4th July 1946, Mishkin Ali’s goons opened fire without warning, killing
Komaraiah, making him the first martyr of the Telangana Armed Struggle.
 Impact and Legacy:
 Komaraiah's martyrdom marked the beginning of the Telangana Armed Struggle.
 Va kota Alwar Swamy, a central commi ee member of Andhra Maha Sabha, visited
Kadavendi to witness the a ermath, later documen ng the condi ons of Telangana
villages in his novel Prajala Manishi and narra ng social issues in Gangu.
 Notable Figures and Commissions:
 Arutla Lakshmi Narasimha Reddy headed the commi ee inves ga ng police atroci es in
the Chakali Ailamma case.
 Mirza Ali Haider was appointed by the Nizam to chair the commission to suppress the
Telangana Armed Struggle.
The Incidents of Akunuru and Machireddy Palli
 Akunuru Village Revolt (1943):
 People of Akunuru village in Jangaon Taluq rebelled against a forced levy under the leadership
of Seethal Prasad, the village Police Patel.
 Villagers successfully forced the police and government officers to retreat; however, the
government retaliated by sending a large armed police force.
 The police beat the villagers, registered cases against Seethal Prasad and 12 others, and sent
them to jail. Despite this, villagers refused to pay the levy, making the incident historically
significant.
 Machireddy Palli Levy Incident (1945):
 In Machireddy Palli, Bidar Taluk, villagers resisted state officials over levy collec on, showing

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 the unity of different social classes in Telangana’s rural society.
 Tahsildar Kwaja Mohinuddin inves gated non-payment of levy and seized unreported grain
stock from Police Patel Hanumath Reddy’s house.
 Hanumath Reddy, along with his assistant Ram Reddy and 100 farmers, demanded the return
of the grain. The Tahsildar, sensing the tension, released the stock a er deduc ng the levy
and fled the village.
 Further Demands and Government Retalia on:
 When the Tahsildar returned, farmers demanded that he reduce the levy to half a mound (5
kg) per acre instead of one mound (10 kg).
 In response, high-ranking officials, including the Taluqdar and DSP, arrived with 30 police
officers at midnight, a acking the village, bea ng men, arres ng them, and moles ng
women.
 Reac on and Fact-Finding Mission:
 Kumari Padmaja Naidu, upon receiving a le er from Mahatma Gandhi condemning the
a acks, visited Akunuru and Machireddy Palli with party organizer Sadineni Dharmaiah for
fact-finding.
 Padmaja Naidu cri cized the Nizam’s police and government for their brutal repressive
ac ons, bringing a en on to the oppressive policies and the villagers’ resilience.
 Heroic Struggle of Gopal Reddy
 Early Involvement and Leadership:
 Born in Atmakur village, Suryapet taluq, Gopal Reddy joined the an -Nizam movement in
1946 at the age of 20.
 He began as a volunteer and quickly rose to lead the central guerrilla squad.
 Combat and Resistance:
 In Patharlapadu, Suryapet taluq, Gopal Reddy’s squad was a acked by 100 soldiers and
200 Razakars. He fought back, killing two policemen.
 He further a acked soldier camps in Atmakur and Enumamula, killing several soldiers,
showcasing his bravery and commitment to the movement.
 Heroic Struggle of Renigunta Rami Reddy
 Background and Ideology:
 Rami Reddy, a landlord from Renigunta village, Bhuvanagiri taluq, was known for his
progressive views and ac ve par cipa on in the Andhra Maha Sabha.
 In response to police and Razakar a acks on villages, he organized a youth protec on
force, equipping them with firearms and training them for defense.
 Village Defense and Buruju For fica ons:
 Rami Reddy for fied the village with a buruju (watchtower), similar to other Telangana
villages, to defend against police and Razakar raids.
 The police could not enter villages without dismantling these makeshi forts.
 Final Ba le and Martyrdom:
 One day, a large force of police and Razakars a acked Renigunta. Rami Reddy and his 20-

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 member guerrilla squad retaliated.
 Kolanupaka Tahsildar climbed a tree and targeted Rami Reddy, shoo ng him, leading to
his martyrdom. Almost all defenders were killed in the heroic struggle.
 Rami Reddy’s sacrifice inspired the people, and a song wri en about him became a war
anthem across Telangana.
 Second Phase (1945-47) - Forma on of Squads
 Village Protec on Squads:
 The Communists formed Village Protec on Squads of 20-30 members to lead the armed
struggle, spreading Communist ideology and training in poli cs, weaponry, and
healthcare.
 Members included ac vists from the Andhra Maha Sabha and the Communist Party,
supported by women and tribal communi es.
 Spread of Peasant Struggle:
 The movement in Nalgonda and Warangal districts extended to Karimnagar and other
areas, intensifying resistance across the Telangana region.
Ban on Communist Party
 Government Crackdown (October 1946):
 The Nizam government launched surprise a acks against Communists in October 1946,
detaining some leaders like Va kota Alwar Swamy while top leaders like Ravi Narayana
Reddy and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao escaped.
 Military camps were established in disturbed areas of Nalgonda and Warangal districts to
control the growing movement.
 Headquarters Shi to Vijayawada:
 Due to intensified repression, the Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party shi ed their
headquarters to Vijayawada, known as “Stalingrad” at the me, serving as a hub for arms
distribu on.
 Ban on Communist Party (November 1946):
 In November 1946, the Nizam government officially banned the Communist Party.
 Decision to Take Up Arms:
 In response to the ban, military camps, and repression, the Communist Party resolved to
intensify armed resistance and defend against landlord goons while consolida ng party
ideology in villages.
 Strategic Silence and Prepara ons (Early 1947):
 The Communist Party remained largely inac ve in early 1947, using this period to quietly
procure arms, plan, and strategize.
 The Nizam government, mistakenly believing the movement had subsided, withdrew
military camps from the villages.
 Third Phase (1947 - 17th September 1948)
 Bri sh Announcement of Independence:
 The Bri sh government declared India would gain independence on 15th August 1947,

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 urging Princely States to decide their future alignment.
 On 12th June 1947, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan declared Hyderabad’s sovereignty, angering
the people who sought union with India.
 Join India Movement:
 The Hyderabad State Congress launched the Join India Movement, led by Swami
Ramananda Tirtha, advoca ng for Hyderabad’s integra on with the Indian Union.
 Forma on of Razakars:
 Kasim Razvi, with Nizam’s support, established a private mili a called Razakars, aimed at
violently opposing Hyderabad’s accession to India and suppressing the Hindu popula on
in Hyderabad State.
 Failure of Congress to Curb Razakar Atroci es:
 Despite efforts, the Congress party was unable to control the Razakars’ violent ac vi es,
leading to widespread atroci es and escala ng tension within Hyderabad.
 The rural people of Hyderabad state were tortured by the Razakars.
 The State Congress Party was confined only to urban areas. So they couldn't help the rural
people.
 At that moment, the Communists came forward to save the people from the cruel activities
of the Razakars.
 They decided to launch Armed struggle. After taking the decision, theéy left Andhra Maha
Sabha from 21% April 1947 and initiated Armed struggle with the name Cônpunist Party.

OBJECTIVES OF THE TELANGANA ARMED STRUGGLE

 End Bonded Labor and Illegal Exac ons:
 The Communist Party and Andhra Maha Sabha aimed to abolish bonded labor and stop all
forms of illegal extrac ons from the peasants.
 Non-Coopera on with Forced Levy System:
 The movement encouraged non-coopera on with the forced levy system imposed by the
Nizam's government.
 Land Ownership and Reclama on:
 Unite peasants to claim ownership of lands they had been cul va ng for years and reclaim
lands that landlords had unlawfully seized.
 Reduce Tenancy Burdens:
 Raise awareness among farmers to stop paying tenancy taxes to landlords, reducing their
dependency and burden on the feudal system.
 Redistribute Grain Stocks:
 Seize paddy stocks from landlords and Deshmukhs to distribute food to the poor and needy.
 Destroy Financial Records and Debt Papers:
 Burn promissory notes, debt records, and bonds ed to landlords, village officers, feudal lords,
and moneylenders, aiming to liberate peasants from financial bondage.

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 Arming and Forming Village Squads:
 Replace s cks and rods with guns and weapons to empower the movement, forming armed
village squads for self-defense and organized resistance.
Extension of the Movement and Government Reac on
 Campaign Against Nizam's Atroci es:
 The Communist Party and Andhra Maha Sabha campaigned against the Nizam’s oppressive
policies towards farmers, cri cizing arbitrary rule and government violence.
 Government Repression and Ban on Communist Party:
 In November 1946, the government banned the Communist Party, arrested several leaders,
and deployed Razakars (affiliated with Majlis-Ithehadul Muslimeen) to suppress the
movement.
Forma on of Armed Village Squads:
 In response to intensified a acks by Razakars and the government, Communists formed armed
village squads to protect the people and con nue the struggle.
 Village Protec on Squads
 Forma on and Role:
o Youth in villages formed Village Protec on Squads, collec ng weapons like baramars
(shells), spears, and other tools to defend against Razakars and the Nizam's police.
o They guarded villages, improved poli cal awareness, mo vated people, and supported the
village commi ee's daily ac vi es.
 Destruc on Squads
 Tac cs and Objec ves:
o These squads disrupted enemy movements by digging up roads, placing planks with nails
to puncture vehicle res, and destroying property of police collaborators.
o Equipped with basic tools like spades, crowbars, and nails, they coordinated with village
squads to remain unexposed.
 Guerilla Armed Squads
 Recruitment and Purpose:
 Made up of courageous and disciplined youth who pledged to overthrow exploita ve rule
and establish people’s governance.
 Armed with limited modern weapons and tasked with resis ng Razakar and police raids,
these squads (10-25 members each) carried out quick raids and dispersed immediately.
 Pledge and Structure:
 Members took a pledge under the red flag, vowing to priori ze weapons over life and emulate
the martyrs.
 Forma on of guerrilla squads helped the Communist Party divide work into poli cal and
military wings, leading to control over 3,000 villages and establishing people’s rule in
Telangana.
 Parakala Massacre - "Another Jallianwala Bagh" (2nd September 1947)
 Na onal Flag Hois ng Event:

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  On 2nd September 1947, people from 30 villages gathered in Parakala, Karimnagar district, for
a flag-hois ng event led by Congress leaders Ka anguri Keshava Reddy and S. Manohar Rao.
 Led by Chi kes Srisailam, villagers marched with the na onal flag, but were ambushed by
Nizam's police on orders from Tahsildar Vishweshvara Rao and Circle Inspector Ziaullah.
 The police fired on the crowd without warning, crea ng a massacre reminiscent of Jallianwala
Bagh.
Fourth Phase (17th September 1948 - 21st October 1951)
 A ermath of Police Ac on and Communist Response:
 Following Police Ac on by the Indian government, many Communists went underground,
aiming to intensify the movement for establishing a stable government and resis ng
oppressive rule.
 At the 1948 Communist Party mee ng in Calcu a, under the leadership of B.T. Ranadive, a
decision was made to oppose the Indian government as well.
 Withdrawal of the Telangana Peasants’ Armed Struggle
End of Armed Struggle:
 The Communist struggle con nued un l 21st October 1951, when it ended based on advice
from Russian leader Joseph Stalin.
 The struggle had significant impacts, leading to the libera on of Telangana’s people from
Zamindar and Razakar oppression.
Government of India’s Response:
 On 10th January 1950, the Tenancy Lands Act was passed, redistribu ng lakhs of acres to the
poor.
 The Indian government appealed for peace, and a Communist delega on (Jyothi Basu, A.K.
Gopalan, Muzaffar Ahmed) nego ated the peaceful end of the struggle.
First General Elec ons (1952)
 Communist Party’s Success:
 In the 1952 elec ons, Communists won all 14 Assembly seats in Nalgonda district.
 Ravi Narayana Reddy was elected to the Lok Sabha from Nalgonda and to the Hyderabad
Assembly from Bhuvanagiri, winning a record majority in the Nalgonda cons tuency.
 Pendyala Raghava Rao set a record by winning from three cons tuencies.
 Effects of the Withdrawal of the Armed Struggle
Key Outcomes:
 The 225-year rule of the Asaf Jahi dynasty ended, and systems of Jagirdars and bonded labor
were abolished.
 12 lakh acres of land were distributed to the poor, with the introduc on of land reforms in
Telangana for the first me in India.
Bhoodan Movement Ini a on:
 In April 1951, Gandhiite Vinobha Bhave launched the Bhoodan Movement in Pochampally,
Nalgonda, with Vedire Ramachandra Reddy dona ng 100 acres.

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 Social Reforms and Legacy:
 The armed struggle led to the aboli on of feudal prac ces, unlawful collec ons, and bonded
labor.
 Social equality improved in Telangana villages, minimum wages were established for farm
laborers, and youth gained a sense of awareness and the courage to ques on oppression.

POLICE ACTION/ OPERATION POLO - END OF NIZAMS

 Opera on Polo (September 13-17, 1948)
 Background and Hyderabad's Declara on:
 On 2nd August 1948, Hyderabad’s Prime Minister, Mir Laiq Ali, declared that India
planned to launch a military a ack on Hyderabad State.
 He informed Jawaharlal Nehru that Hyderabad would take the ma er to the United
Na ons (UNO) if India proceeded with military ac on.
 Reason for the Name "Opera on Polo":
 The Indian Army opera on was named "Opera on Polo" due to Hyderabad’s
dis nc on of having the highest number of polo fields in the world at that me.
 Appeal to the United Na ons:
 On Pakistan’s advice, the Nizam’s government sent a complaint to the UNO via
cablegram on 21st August 1948.
 Hyderabad’s External Affairs Minister, Moin Nawaz Jung, appealed to the UN Security
Council to address the dispute between India and Hyderabad, ci ng Ar cle 35,
Paragraph 2 of the UNO Charter.
 Hyderabad Delega on to the UNO:
 A delega on led by Moin Nawaz Jung was sent to the UNO on 10th September 1948.
The members included:
 Moin Nawaz Jung
 Ali Yavar Jung
 Zahir Ahmad
 Mohammad Hamidulla
 Alternate Names for Opera on Polo:
 Opera on Polo is also known as Opera on Caterpillar and Police Ac on.
 Posi on on Sovereignty (15 April 1948):
 Nehru declared that India would not accept the sovereignty of any other state within its central
territory.
 Mee ng in Madras (25 July 1948):
 Nehru stated that India would not go to war with the Nizam, as India only engaged in conflict
with equals, not subordinate states.
 White Paper on Hyderabad (26 July 1948):
 The Indian government released a white paper outlining its stance and issues regarding

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 Hyderabad State.
 Parliamentary Declara on (7 September 1948):
 Nehru affirmed in Parliament that Hyderabad was an integral part of India.
Primary reasons for Operation Polo:
1. Violation of Standstill agreement
2. Complaint of Nizam government to UNO against India
3. Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 12 September 1948
 A er considering all above points, the government of India on the insistence of Sardar Vallabh Bhai
Patel ini ated Police ac on (military invasion) on Nizam State on 13 September 1946.
 It informed the Bri sh High Commissioner, Pakistan High Commissioner and American
Government that the government of India is ini a ng Police ac on to restore peace in Hyderabad
state by controlling the víolence commi ed by Communists and Razakars.
 Contemporary to this military a ack, America also ini ated military a ack in the name of Police
ac on (Truman Pocument) in Korcan peninsula against the communists.
 The Indian government also named the military invasion as Police Ac on.
 To keep the evidence obscure, it entered the military expenditure under the head of the health
department.
 The military a ack against the Nizam was named as Police ac on, because any military ac on
against an independent state would be a viola on of core principles of UNO.
 This military ac on (codename- Opera on Polo) was headed by General Maharaj Shri
Rajendrasingh Jadeja.
 The Police ac on was performed by Major Jayanto Na Chaudhuri. Under the command of J.N,
Chaudhuri, the Indian army entered Hyderabad from five fronts.
 The Indian forces received an overwhelming welcome from the people of Telangana.
 During Opera on Polo, air opera ons in aid of the military troops were controlled by Subrato (He
became the first Indian Chief of the Air Staff on l April 1954)
 The plan for opera on Polo was laid down by- Eric Goddard (So it is also known the Goddard Plan)
 Indian troops entered Nizam State from various places.
They were:
 The a ack from Solapur was headed by- J.N. Chaudhuri
 The a ack from Vijayawada was headed by- A.A. Rudra
 The a ack from Bombay was headed by- D.S. Brag The a ack from Berar was headed by-
Shivadu Singh Main thrust was from two sides. They were- Solapur front led by J.N.Chaudhuri
and Vijawada front led by Major General Rudra.
 The areas occupied by 13 September 1948 under the command of J.N. Choudhuri were-
Sholapur, Tamawadi, Osmanabad, Naldurg, Tuljapur Areas occupied under Rudra were-
Munagala, Bonakal
 Areas occupied by the Indian army by 14 September 1948 were- Daulatabad, Jalna, Manikhed,
Kannengaon

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  On 15 September 1948, the Indian forces under the command of Rudra entered Old Suryapet
Village.
 Areas occupied by 16 September 1948 were- Zaheerabad, Hingoli, Raichur, Parbhani, Koppal,
Munirabad.
 Betrayal and Surrender of the Hyderabad Army
Role of Syed Ahmed El Edroos:
 Nizam's Military Commander, Syed Ahmed El Edroos, secretly ordered field officers to avoid
conflict with Indian forces, enabling the Indian Army to quickly occupy Hyderabad within days.
 On September 18, 1948, El Edroos formally surrendered to the Indian Army’s Major General
J.N. Chaudhuri.
Key Figures during Opera on Polo
 Indian Dignitaries:
 Governor General of India: C. Rajagopalachari
 Prime Minister: Jawaharlal Nehru
 Home Affairs Minister and Deputy PM: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 Agent of Central Government: V.P. Menon
 Agent of Indian Union: K.M. Munshi
 Defence Minister: Baldev Singh
 Hyderabad State Dignitaries:
 Head of Hyderabad State: Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
 Prime Minister: Mir Laiq Ali (Last Prime Minister)
 Commander-in-Chief: Syed Ahmed El Edroos
 Leader of Razakars: Kasim Razvi
Nizam's Surrender
 Public Address and Formal Surrender:
 On September 17, 1948, Nizam addressed the people on Deccan Radio, announcing
his decision to surrender, aiming to prevent further violence.
 He allowed the Indian Army to occupy Bolarum and Secunderabad cantonments,
ordered the withdrawal of his forces, and appointed a temporary commi ee for
administra on.
 On September 18, 1948, El Edroos surrendered formally to Major General Chaudhuri,
who became the Military Governor of Hyderabad, though the Nizam con nued as the
ceremonial Rajpramukh.
 Notable Statements and Events:
 Sardar Patel famously stated that the "wound of Hyderabad" had been removed from
India.
 On September 22, 1948, the Nizam withdrew his UN complaint, formally accep ng
Hyderabad’s integra on into India.
Significance of Opera on Polo

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  Historical and Poli cal Importance:
 Opera on Polo played a vital role in integra ng Hyderabad into India, symbolizing the end
of princely state autonomy and furthering the cause of a unified na on.
 This opera on marked a significant military achievement, demonstra ng the strength of
India’s armed forces and their role in protec ng the na on’s unity.
Key Facts and Notes
 Hyderabad State Official Radio: Deccan Radio
 First Director of Deccan Radio: Fazlur Rehman
 Post-Opera on Celebra ons:
 17th September is celebrated in Maharashtra as Muk Diwas,
 in Karnataka as Libera on Day of Hyderabad-Karnataka,
 Telangana as Libera on/Annexa on Day.

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