Introduction and Function of Indian Knowledge System (IKS).

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) refers to the rich and diverse
traditional knowledge that has been accumulated over centuries in
the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines,
including philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy,
arts, literature, and more. The roots of IKS can be traced back to
ancient texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and other
classical scriptures.

Introduction to Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

1 Ancient Roots: IKS has its foundations in ancient Indian texts, which
are often written in Sanskrit. The Vedas, considered the oldest sacred
scriptures, contain profound insights into philosophy, spirituality,
and various branches of knowledge.

2 Holistic Approach: Unlike Western knowledge systems that often

compartmentalize different domains of knowledge, IKS takes a more
holistic approach. It integrates various disciplines, recognizing the
interconnectedness of different aspects of life.

3 Spiritual Foundation: Many aspects of IKS are deeply rooted in

spiritual and metaphysical principles. Concepts such as Dharma
(moral and ethical duties), Karma (law of cause and effect), and
Moksha (liberation) are integral to the understanding of knowledge
in the Indian context.

4 Traditional Arts and Sciences: IKS encompasses not only theoretical

knowledge but also practical skills. Traditional arts, crafts, and
sciences like Ayurveda (traditional medicine), Yoga, Jyotisha
(astrology), and Vastu Shastra (architecture) are significant
components.
 Functions of Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

1 Preservation of Wisdom: IKS plays a crucial role in preserving the

accumulated wisdom of ancient Indian civilizations. It has been
passed down through generations orally and in written form,
contributing to the continuity of cultural and intellectual heritage.

2 Holistic Healthcare: Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine

within IKS, focuses on holistic well-being, considering physical,
mental, and spiritual aspects. It emphasizes preventive measures and
natural healing methods.

3 Philosophical Insights: IKS provides profound philosophical insights

into the nature of existence, consciousness, and the purpose of life.
It has contributed to the development of various philosophical
schools of thought, such as Vedanta, Nyaya, Samkhya, and
Mimamsa.

4 Sustainable Living Practices: IKS promotes sustainable living

practices by aligning human activities with natural cycles and
principles. Traditional agricultural practices, water conservation
methods, and eco-friendly lifestyles are part of this knowledge
system.

5 Cultural Expression: IKS is deeply intertwined with the cultural

fabric of India. It finds expression in classical arts, literature, music,
dance, and architecture, reflecting a harmonious blend of creativity
and spiritual values.

In summary, the Indian Knowledge System encompasses a vast

reservoir of ancient wisdom that extends beyond academic
disciplines. It reflects a holistic and integrated approach to life,
emphasizing the interconnectedness of various aspects of knowledge
and promoting sustainable, ethical living.

Four Vedas In brief

The Vedas are a collection of ancient sacred texts that form the
foundation of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, each with its unique
set of hymns, chants, rituals, and philosophical teachings. Here is a
brief overview of each of the four Vedas:

Rigveda:

Oldest Veda: Rigveda is the oldest and most revered of the four
Vedas, believed to have been composed around 1500 BCE.

Hymns: It consists of a collection of hymns (mantras) dedicated to

various deities, expressing praise, devotion, and philosophical
insights.

Divisions: Rigveda is divided into ten mandalas (books), with the

tenth mandala often considered a later addition.

Samaveda:

Musical Chants: The Samaveda is known for its musical notation and
is closely associated with the chanting of hymns during rituals. The
verses are often sung during religious ceremonies.

Derived from Rigveda: Many of its verses are derived from the
Rigveda, but they are presented in a musical format suitable for
chanting.

Yajurveda:
Prose and Rituals: Yajurveda is associated with the performance of
rituals and ceremonies. It contains prose mantras and explanations
of how to perform rituals, making it a guide for priests.

Two Branches: Yajurveda is traditionally divided into two branches –

the Krishna (black) Yajurveda and the Shukla (white) Yajurveda. Each
branch has its own Samhita and Brahmana texts.

Atharvaveda:

Magical and Practical Wisdom: Atharvaveda contains hymns and

verses associated with magical and practical wisdom. It addresses
everyday concerns, including healing, charms, spells, and rituals for
various purposes.

Broader Scope: Unlike the other Vedas, Atharvaveda has a broader

scope and deals with aspects of life beyond the ritualistic and
philosophical dimensions.

Each Veda is further divided into four parts: Samhitas (hymns),

Brahmanas (rituals and ceremonies), Aranyakas (meditations), and
Upanishads (philosophical teachings). Together, the Vedas constitute
the foundational texts of Hinduism, shaping religious practices,
philosophical thought, and cultural traditions in ancient India.

Top of Form

Four Upvedas in brief

The four Vedas, Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, are

considered the primary Vedas in Hinduism. While—Ayurveda,
Dhanurveda, Gandharva-veda, and Sthapatyaveda—are actually part
of the Vedangas and Upavedas.
Here's a brief explanation of these supplementary texts:

Ayurveda (Health-care):

Definition: Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine that focuses

on holistic health and well-being. It is considered an Upaveda
associated with the Rigveda.

Content: Ayurveda includes knowledge about herbal medicine, diet,

lifestyle, surgery, and various therapeutic practices.

Dhanurveda (Archery):

Definition: Dhanurveda is the Upaveda related to the Yajurveda and

is associated with the art and science of archery and warfare.

Content: Dhanurveda includes teachings on archery, weaponry,

military strategy, and physical fitness.

Gandharva-veda (Music, Dance, etc.):

Definition: Gandharva-veda is an Upaveda connected with the

Samaveda. It deals with the performing arts, including music, dance,
and drama.

Content: Gandharva-veda encompasses the theory and practice of

classical music, dance, and other aesthetic expressions.

Sthapatyaveda (Architecture):

Definition: Sthapatyaveda is an Upaveda associated with the

Atharvaveda. It deals with the principles and practices of
architecture and town planning.

Content: Sthapatyaveda covers the design and construction of

buildings, including temples and other structures, as well as the
layout of cities.
These Upavedas and Vedangas (limbs of the Vedas) complement the
knowledge found in the primary Vedas and provide specialized
insights into various fields. While the four Vedas form the core of
Vedic literature, these additional texts contribute to a more
comprehensive understanding of diverse aspects of life and
knowledge in ancient Indian tradition.

The 6 Vedagangs, namely Shiksha (शिक्षा), Kalpa (कल्प),

Vykaraṇa (व्याकरण), Chhandas छं दस्), Nirukta (निरुक्त), and
Jyotisha(ज्योनतष).

The six Vedangas (limbs of the Vedas) are indeed associated with the
study and understanding of the Vedas. The correct names are as
follows:

Shiksha (शिक्षा):

Definition: Shiksha deals with phonetics and pronunciation. It

provides rules for the proper articulation of Vedic texts.

Kalpa (कल्प):

Definition: Kalpa deals with rituals, ceremonies, and the correct

performance of Vedic rites. It includes Srauta Sutras, Grihya Sutras,
and Dharma Sutras.

Vyakarana (व्याकरण):
Definition: Vyakarana is the study of grammar. It focuses on the rules
of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis, essential for
understanding the correct meaning of Vedic texts.

Chandas (छंदस्):

Definition: Chandas deals with poetic meters and prosody. It

provides rules for the metrical arrangement of Vedic verses.

Nirukta (निरुक्त):

Definition: Nirukta is the study of etymology and interpretation of

difficult Vedic words. It helps in understanding the meanings of
words and their contextual usage.

Jyotisha (ज्योतिष):

Definition: Jyotisha deals with astronomy and astrology. It includes

the study of celestial bodies, calculation of time, and the preparation
of calendars. Jyotisha is further divided into three branches: Skanda
(mundane astrology), Samhita (horoscopy and electional astrology),
and Hora (individual horoscopy).

These Vedangas are auxiliary sciences that aid in the proper

understanding, recitation, and application of the Vedas. They play a
crucial role in preserving the accuracy and authenticity of Vedic
knowledge and are considered foundational in the study of Vedic
literature.
 Itihasa (इनतहास) ( Ramayana रामायण and Mahabharata
महाभारत ) and Purana पुराण (Vishnupurana ववष्णुपुराण,
Bhagavata Purana (भागवत पुराण) etc.)

Certainly, "Itihasa" and "Purana" are two significant genres of

ancient Indian literature that play a crucial role in conveying
mythological, historical, and philosophical narratives. Here's a brief
overview of each:

Itihasa (इतिहास): "Itihasa" literally translates to "history" or "thus

happened." It comprises two major epic narratives:

Ramayana (रामायण):

Authorship: Traditionally attributed to the sage Valmiki, the

Ramayana narrates the life and adventures of Lord Rama, his wife
Sita, and his loyal companion Hanuman.

Content: The epic explores themes of dharma (righteousness),

devotion, and the battle between good and evil. It consists of seven
books or Kandas.

Mahabharata (महाभारत):

Authorship: Attributed to the sage Vyasa, the Mahabharata is one of

the longest epic poems in the world.
Content: The Mahabharata contains the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred
dialogue between Lord Krishna and the warrior Arjuna, embedded
within its narrative. The epic revolves around the Kurukshetra War
and addresses moral and ethical dilemmas, duty, and the pursuit of
righteousness.

Purana

Purana (पुराण): "Purana" means "ancient" or "old," and these texts

are a genre of ancient Indian literature that provides a vast collection
of mythological stories, cosmology, and genealogies. Some well-
known Puranas include:

Vishnu Purana (विष्णुपुराण):

Authorship: Attributed to the sage Parashara, the Vishnu Purana is

one of the eighteen major Puranas.

Content: It primarily focuses on the worship of Lord Vishnu,

cosmology, and the genealogy of gods and legendary figures.

Bhagavata Purana (भागवत पुराण):

Authorship: Attributed to the sage Vyasa, the Bhagavata Purana is a

highly revered text.

Content: It narrates the stories of various avatars of Lord Vishnu,

with a special emphasis on the life of Lord Krishna. The Bhagavata
Purana explores devotion (bhakti) as a means of attaining spiritual
liberation.

Puranas, in general, serve as repositories of traditional wisdom,

cosmological explanations, and moral teachings. They contribute to
the cultural and spiritual understanding of Hinduism, providing
insights into mythology, history, and philosophy.
Dharmashatra धमवशास्र (Manusmriti मिुस्मनृत, Yajnavalkya-
smriti याज्ञवल्कक्य, स्मनृत etc.).

"Dharmashastra" refers to the genre of ancient Indian legal and

ethical literature that provides guidelines for righteous living and
social order. These texts are known for prescribing codes of conduct,
duties, and laws for individuals in various societal roles. Two
prominent Dharmashastra texts are Manusmriti and Yajnavalkya-
smriti:

Manusmriti (मनुस्मृति):

Authorship: Traditionally attributed to the legendary sage Manu,

Manusmriti is one of the earliest and most well-known
Dharmashastra texts.

Content: Manusmriti covers a wide range of topics, including social

ethics, duties of individuals in different varnas (castes), punishments
for offenses, and the concept of dharma. It also outlines the duties of
kings and rulers.

Yajnavalkya-smriti (याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति):

Authorship: Attributed to the sage Yajnavalkya, this smriti is one of

the important texts in the Dharmashastra tradition.

Content: Yajnavalkya-smriti addresses similar themes as Manusmriti

but often with variations in the details. It emphasizes the concept of
dharma, the duties of individuals in different stages of life
(ashramas), and societal harmony.
Apart from Manusmriti and Yajnavalkya-smriti, there are many other
Dharmashastra texts authored by various sages and scholars. These
texts collectively contribute to the understanding of dharma, which
encompasses moral, ethical, and legal principles that guide
individuals in leading a righteous life within the social structure.

Key themes found in Dharmashastra texts include:

Varnashrama Dharma: The division of society into varnas (castes)

and ashramas (stages of life), each with its prescribed duties.

Legal Codes: Guidelines for legal procedures, punishments for

crimes, and principles of justice.

Family and Social Ethics: Rules governing family life, marriage,

inheritance, and social conduct.

Duties of Kings: Guidance for rulers on governance, administration,

and protection of their subjects.

While these texts have been influential in shaping traditional Hindu

societal norms, it's important to note that interpretations and
applications of these guidelines have evolved over time, and there
may be diverse perspectives on their relevance in contemporary
society.

Darshan

Philosophy is a branch of knowledge that explores fundamental

questions about existence, reality, knowledge, values, reason, mind,
and language. It seeks to understand the nature of reality and human
experience, often through critical analysis and reasoned
argumentation. Philosophical inquiries cover a wide range of topics,
including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, political
philosophy, and the philosophy of mind.

Here are some key branches of philosophy:

Metaphysics: Concerned with the nature of reality, existence, and

the fundamental nature of being. It explores questions about the
nature of space, time, causation, and the relationship between mind
and matter.

Epistemology: Examines the nature, scope, and limits of human

knowledge. It addresses questions related to belief, truth,
justification, and the methods by which knowledge is acquired.

Ethics: Deals with questions of morality, including the nature of right

and wrong, good and evil, and how individuals should conduct
themselves. It explores ethical theories and principles to guide moral
decision-making.

Aesthetics: Explores the nature of beauty, art, and taste. It examines

questions related to the appreciation of art, the nature of aesthetic
experiences, and the criteria for judging artistic creations.

Political Philosophy: Investigates questions related to governance,

justice, rights, and the structure of societies. Political philosophers
explore the principles that underlie political systems and the moral
implications of political actions.

Logic: Concerned with the principles of valid reasoning and

argumentation. It examines the structure of valid arguments and is
crucial in assessing the soundness of philosophical claims.
Philosophy of Mind: Explores questions about consciousness,
perception, mental processes, and the relationship between the
mind and the body.

Throughout history, various philosophers have contributed to the

development of philosophical thought, including ancient
philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, medieval thinkers like Thomas
Aquinas, modern philosophers like Immanuel Kant and John Locke,
and contemporary figures like Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martha
Nussbaum.

Philosophy encourages critical thinking, careful analysis, and

reflection on fundamental aspects of human existence, making it a
foundational discipline that intersects with many other fields of
study.

Six schools of indian philosophy ***(not in syllabus)

The six classical schools of Indian philosophy, also known as the

"Shad-darshanas," represent diverse philosophical perspectives that
have developed over centuries in ancient India. Each school
addresses fundamental questions about the nature of reality, the
self, knowledge, and the purpose of life. Here are the six schools:

Nyaya (Logic): Founded by Sage Gautama, Nyaya focuses on logic

(Tarka Shastra) and epistemology (Pramana). It emphasizes
systematic reasoning, debate, and logical analysis to arrive at valid
conclusions. Nyaya recognizes four pramanas or valid sources of
knowledge: perception, inference, analogy, and verbal testimony.
Vaisheshika: Attributed to Sage Kanada, Vaisheshika explores
metaphysics and atomism. It classifies the world into nine categories
(padarthas), including substance, quality, action, and more.
Vaisheshika asserts that all objects in the universe are composed of
atoms and their combinations.

Samkhya: Founded by Sage Kapila, Samkhya is a dualistic school that

focuses on the enumeration of principles. It posits the existence of
two fundamental entities: Purusha (consciousness or spirit) and
Prakriti (matter or nature). The goal of Samkhya is to attain liberation
(moksha) through the discrimination between Purusha and Prakriti.

Yoga: Attributed to Sage Patanjali, Yoga philosophy provides a

systematic approach to spiritual practice and self-realization. It
consists of an eightfold path (Ashtanga Yoga) that includes ethical
principles, physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama),
concentration, and meditation. The ultimate goal is to attain union
with the divine (Samadhi).

Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa): Attributed to Sage Jaimini, Mimamsa

focuses on ritual and sacrificial practices described in the Vedas. It is
divided into two branches: Purva Mimamsa (ritualistic and
interpretative) and Uttara Mimamsa or Vedanta (philosophical and
metaphysical). Purva Mimamsa emphasizes the importance of Vedic
rituals for achieving worldly and heavenly goals.

Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa): Attributed to Sage Vyasa, Vedanta is a

philosophical school that interprets and synthesizes the teachings of
the Upanishads. It explores the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman)
and the relationship between Brahman, the individual self (Atman),
and the world. Vedanta is often divided into different sub-schools,
including Advaita (non-dualism), Visishtadvaita (qualified non-
dualism), and Dvaita (dualism).
These six schools collectively represent the rich tapestry of Indian
philosophical thought, each offering unique perspectives on
metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and the nature of existence.

Nyaya न्याय (Logic तकव शास्र and Epistemology

ज्ञािमीमांसा).

Nyaya, often referred to as Nyaya Sutra or Nyaya Darshana, is one of

the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. It is primarily
concerned with logic (Tarka Shastra) and epistemology (Pramana),
aiming to provide a systematic and rational approach to
understanding the nature of reality and acquiring valid knowledge.

Here are key aspects of Nyaya philosophy:

Logic (Tarka Shastra): Nyaya places a strong emphasis on logical

reasoning and argumentation. The Nyaya Sutras, attributed to the
ancient sage Gautama (also known as Akshapada), provide a
structured system for debate and logical analysis. The system
includes categories of inference, analogy, and comparison to
establish valid conclusions. The Nyaya school believes in the
importance of precise definitions and systematic organization of
knowledge.

Epistemology (Pramana): Nyaya addresses questions related to the

nature of knowledge and the means by which knowledge is acquired.
It recognizes four pramanas or valid sources of knowledge:

Pratyaksha (Perception): Direct sensory perception is considered a

reliable source of knowledge.
Anumana (Inference): Logical reasoning based on observation and
experience.

Upamana (Comparison/Analogy): Knowledge gained through analogy

or comparison.

Sabda (Verbal Testimony): Knowledge obtained through

authoritative verbal testimony, such as scriptures, reliable sources,
or experts.

Categories (Padarthas): Nyaya classifies the objects of knowledge

into sixteen categories (padarthas), providing a comprehensive
framework for understanding reality. These categories include
substance, quality, action, universal, particular, and others.

Dissent and Debate (Vada-Vadi): The Nyaya tradition encourages

debate and discussion as a means to arrive at the truth. It
acknowledges the presence of different viewpoints and engages in
logical argumentation to resolve disagreements.

Purpose of Knowledge (Purushartha): Nyaya, like other philosophical

schools in Hinduism, recognizes four purusharthas or life goals:
Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Kama (desire/pleasure), and
Moksha (liberation). Nyaya sees knowledge as a means to achieve
these life goals.

The Nyaya school has had a significant influence on Indian

philosophy, particularly in shaping the methods of debate and logical
analysis. It has also contributed to the development of Indian
epistemology and has been an integral part of the broader
philosophical discourse in Hinduism.