ANTENNAS AND

2.54
WAVE
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Ahalf wave dipole radiating in freespace is driven
PROPAGR
1.
the terminals calculate E and H, 1km
of 0.5 A at from
angles (1) = 45° and (ii) 0 = 900 the anleA
Solution:

COS COs
2 V
601
sin 0 m

cos cos0
I
H, 2rr sin 0 m

Given
I = 0.5A r= 1km = 1x10®m

(i) O= 450

cos cos 45
60 × 0.5 2
E, = 1x10 sin 450

E, = 42.42 x10V/m

cos cOs 45
0.5 2
H, -- 2x3.14 x1x10 sin 45

H = 0.113 x 10-9 A/m.

ii) O= 90'

COS cos 90 60 × 0.5

60 x 0.5 2 x1
E 1000
1000 sin 90

E, =0.03 volts/metre
 SAND ANTENNA ARRAYS
WIREANTENNAS 2.55

cos cos 900

0.5
H, = 2x3.14 x 100 sin 90°

H, =7.96 × 10 Amperes/metre
using the formula,
We can verifythe answers by

E Ho =3772 (in free space)

H, V&,
E 42.42x 10-3
3779
H, 0.113 x 10-9

E 0.03
& 377Q
H, 7.96 x105
2. What is the radiation resistance of a current element whose overall
length is N50.
2
de)
Radiation resistance, R, = 807* ohms

\2
R,= 807°
50 × )

80 x(3.14)
(50
R, =0.316 ohms
3.
Calculate the physical height of a half wave dipole having
Qof 30 and antenna
bandwidth of 10 MHz.
Solution:
Given Q= 30, Bw = 10 MHz
Resonant frequency, f = Q.Bw
= 30× 10MHz
f =300MHz
2.56
ANTENNAS AND WAVE
length of half wave dipole,
2

3x108
f 300 x108

Physical height of halfwave dipole is 2 2

i.e., l=0.5m
4. Calculate the bandwidth of a 50 cm long half wave dipole having a0#.
Given l = 50 cm, Q= 15
For a half wave dipole, ( = /2 = 50 cm

f
Bandwidth =

Q
N2 = 50 X 10 m
2 = 100 × 10 m

C 3 x 108
=.03 x 10" = 300 MiZ
100 x 10-2

300x 10 = 20 MHZ
Bandwidth =
15
uniformarTA
5. Calculate the directivity of a given linear broadside,/4 between"
of 10 isotropic elements with a separration of
elements.
For broadside array,
2L
D=

where L is the length of the array

L= nd
Given n =10, d = N4

D=.2.10 2/4
 ANTENNA ARRAYS 2.57
ANTENNAS AND
MRE
linear broadside array consists of four equal isotropic inphase
A with N3 spacing. find the directivity
6.
point Sources
and beam width.
For broadside array,
2L 2x nd
D=

2x4
D = = 2.6
3×

114.6
Beam width between first nulls = L/n =114.6|L=(n-1)d =3d=3-=
HPBW 114.6
Halfpower beam width =57.3°
2 2

7. A uniform linear array consists of 16 isotropic point sources with

a spacing of /4. If the phase difference is - 90°, calculate the
directivity, HPBW, beam solid angle and effective aperture.
Since the phase difference is - 90°, the given array is an end fire array.
For end fire array,

4L
Directivity, D =

Length of the array, L =(n-1)d = (16 1)W4 = 15/4

4.152
D = = 15
42
HPBW for end fire array is given by,
2 2
HPBW = 57.3 = 57.3
VL/2 152 1
X
4

= 57.3 = 41.85

HPBW» 42°
Beam solid angle, 4T 4×3.14 = 0.84Sr
Sea= D 15
 ANTENNAS AND
2.58
WAVE PROPAGI
For an end fire consisting of several half wave length \solt
radiator is to have a directive gain of 30°, Find the arraylet
8.
major lobe (i.e.,
beam wid th
and width of the
values for a broadside array?
these
first mala between
What will be
4L
case, D =
For end fire

4L =30

L=7.5A
Array length,
first nulls,
Beam width between
2
BWFN = 114.6
VL/
ib
2
BWFN = 114.6
7.5A/2

= 114.6 |2 = 59.18°
V7.5
For broadside array,

L = M2 × D
= N2 X 30

Array length, L= 152

114.6 114.6 114.6 7.64°

BWFN =
L/2 152/2 15
 OANTENNA ARRAYS
ANTENNASAND 2.59
WIREA

broadside array operating at 100 cm wavelength consists of four

A spaced 50 cm. Each element carries radio frequency
9. dipoles
hal wave
current in the same phase and of magnitude 0.5 amperes. Calculate
radiated power, ii) half vwidth of the major lobe.
)
Power
radiated by n-array elements is given by,
Pad nlR,
Given, n =4,I = 0.5 A, R, = 73 (for halí wave dipole)
= 4X (0.5) × 73
P pad
= 4 X 0.25 × 73

P rad = 73 Watts

For broadside array,

22 22
BWFN = = 1°radian
nd 4x2/2

BWFN
HPBW = = 0.5°radian
2 2

or in terms of degree
HPBW = 0.5 X 57.3 degree
HPBW = 28.65°

10 namicrowave link, two identical antennas operating at 10 GHz are

used with power gain of 40 dB. If the transmitter power is 1 Watt, find
the received power if the range of the link is 30 km.
For identical antennas,

G, = G, = G = 40 dB.
By friss Lransmission formula,
Power received,

P, = P A Ar
watts
 2.60 ANTENNAS AND
WAVE
where Apt =
4
;Aer 4T
PROPAOAT
P
G, ' G, A?
4 47
P =

4n

Given G in dB = 40

10 log.. G = 40
log,, G = 4
G= 104 = 10,000

3x 108
= m
10x 109
à = 0,03 m

P
1(10000)* x(.03) 2
(4x3.14 x30 x10°)
P, =0.634 4 watte.
meter squ
of a 10
11, Calculate approximately the radiation resistance
loop antenna at frequency of 3MHZ ( = 100m)
Solution:
2

Radiation resistance, R, 31200 ohms

 ANTENNA ARRAYS 2.61
ANTENNAS AND
WIRE

loop = 10 m
Given, radius of
Area A = T r'
= 314 m²

= 100 m.

314
R, 31200
(100)
R, s 30,8 ohms.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is a half wave dipole? (or) What is a resonant length antenna?
Ainy linear antenna of /2 long is called as half wave dipole antenna or resonant
length antenna,
2. What is the radiation resistance of a half wave dipole?
Radiation resistançe of a half wave dipole antenna ie.,M2 antenna is given by,
R,= 732
3. What is the effective aperture and directivity of a half wave dipole
antenna?
Elective aperture, em
A, = 0.132
Directivity, D= 1,63
* Write down the expressions for radiated fields of a /2 antenna
(halfwave dipole antenna)
cos cos
601
E, = >E
sin m

T
cOs cOs
2 A
2rr sin0 m
 Propagation 3-29
Antenna Arrays

of Minor
Lobe 1
Direction Omin = cos where m = 1, 2, 3, ...

Subsidary Maxima 42m+1)] where m = 1, 2, 3, ...

Direction of =cos
(orSideLobes) 2nd

MajorLobe BWFN = 22. 2

Beamwidthof rad =
114.6
(BWFN) degree

Power Beam
Half
Width (HPBW) HPBW BWFN 1
57.3
rad =
2
degree

Directivity D =2
-)
.ble 3.8.1 Summary of n element uniform linear broadside arrav
Eample.3.8.1 Alinear broadside array consists of four equal isotropic inphase point sources
equalto Calculate the directivity and beam width if the total
h syacing length of the
AU: Dec.-14, Marks 8
luton: For broadside array, directivity Dis given by,

D= where L =Total length of array,

ibstihuting value of L, we get,
D =

e beamwidth of major lobe is given by,

2
BWEN = rad = 2 rad

BWFN = 114.6° = 114.60

ty half power
beamwidth is given by,
HPBW = rad = 1 rad or HPBW =
57.3°
= 57.3°

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONs- An up thrust for knowledge

 3-30
Antenna and Wave Propagation
linear
Example 3.8.2 Obtain the field pattern fora uniform array of 6 Anlen a
spaced à/2 distance apart. The power is
find HPBW and FNBW.
applied with
isotropic
equal amplitude point
and in sou
phase. A
Solution: Given :n=6, d =

i) Field pattern :
1) Major lobe : For broadside array (equalamplitude and phase) th
Hence direction of major lobe is the
direction normal to axis of array.
= 270,
givenmaxbyirma =9is al,
2) Magnitude of major lobe : The magnitude of major lobe is given by,
major lobe = n=6
by,
3) Nulls: The directions of nulls are given
min = cos s-1 where m = 1, 2, 3, ..
nd

(1)2 = cos 70.53° and 109.47

For m = 1, min 1 = cOs

For m= 2, min 2 = cos -1|+- (2)2 = cos 48.18° and 138.81°

side lobes is given by,

4) Subsidary maxima (side lobes) : The direction of
= cos
(2m +1) where m =1,2, 3, ...
2nd

A(2+1) =Cos 60° and 120°

For m = 1, 01 = cos+.

-1 A(4+1) =cos 33.56. and 146.44°

For m = 2, 2 = cos +

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 Propagation 3-31
Antenna Arays

is as =900
the feld pattern Pming 109.470 Omin1 70.530
Hence theFig.3.8.2
= 48.180
power bandwidth =60° Pmin2
half Omin2 = 138.81°
The
/
s g i eb
ny , 5 = 146.44° 05 =33.56°
HPBW = 57.3

=180° =0
(6-1)*=54
d=
=(a-!) 2

1
HPBW = 57.3

= 22.92°

(HPBW) =270°
Hence FNBW = 2
Fig. 3.8.2
= 2(22.92°) = 45.84o
Example 3.8.3 Using exact method, calculate the distance between elements of broadside array
Dhose beam zwidth betuween first null is found to be 45° at afrequency of 10 MHz. There
ae 8elements in the array.
Solution : Given : n =8, BWFN = 45° f = 10 MHz = 10×10º Hz
C 3× 108
= 30 m
Now f 10x 106
114.6
For Broadside array, BWFN =

Buf L = nd
114.6
BWFN = 45
nd

d = (114.6)2 (114.6) (30) = 9.55 m or 0.31833

45 n 45(8)
ample 3.8.4 A broadside array consists four identical half wave dipoles spaced 50 cm apart.
Ythe wavelength is 0.1 m and each element carries r,f. current of equal magnitude of
0.25 Aand
lobe.
same phase, calculate power radiated and half power beamwidth of the major

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 3-32
Antenna and Wave Propagation

Solution : Given:n= Number of elements = 4,

Wavel engt
any two elements = 50 Cm = 0.5 m, I =
h=
= 0.1
m, Arten a n
d= Spacing between
1) Power radiated is given by, Current= 0.25 A
Prad = n([ Rrad)
Rrad = Radiation resistance of antenna i.e. half wave diople = 73 9
where

Prad = 4(0.25) (73) = 18.25 W

2) The length of the array in meter is given by,
L = nd = 4(0.5) = 2m
Hence the bandwidth between first nulls is given by,
22 2x0.1
BWFN = = 0.1 rad or 5.73°
L 2
Hence half power beamwidth is given by,
BWFN 0.1
HPBW = = 0.05 rad or 2.865°
2 2

Example 3.8.5 Find the minimum spacing between the elements in a broadside aroy a %
isotropic radiaturs to have directivity of 7 dB.
Solution :Given : GDmax =7 dB, n = Number of elements = 10
By definition,
G
Dmax = 10log 10[G pmaxJ
7 = 10 log 1oG Dmax
= 5.0118
Gpmax
By formula, the directivity for the broadside array is given by,

Gpmax =

5.0118 =

d = 0.25
Hence to achieve directivity of 7 dB with a broadside array of 10 isotropic radiato,
the minimum distance between the elements must be 0.25 .

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge

 3-40
Antenna and Wave Propagation

But nd =L= Length of array

Gpmax )
Sr. No.
Parameter
Expressions
0
Direction of Major Lobe Omax

2 Magnitude of Major Lobe

3. Direction of Minor Lobe nin cOs where m=1,2,3,

Direction of Subsidary 0= cos where m=1,2,3,..
Maxima (or Side Lobe)

2m
Beamwidth of Major Lobe BWFN t2 rad =t 114.6 2m
(BWFN) degre

2m rad = 57.3 2m
6. Half Power Beamn Width HPBW=t degree,
(HPBW)

m=1,2, 3,

7 Directivity D-)
end fire array
Table 3.9.1 Summary of n element uniform linear
elements at rigt
An end fire array with elements spaced at 2 and with axes of
Example 3.9.1
36. Determine array length and
directivity of
angles to the line of array is required to have
width of major lobe.
Solution : For end fire array, the directivity is given by

D-
36
)
= 4|
L =

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge

d Wave
Prpagation 3-41
Antenna Arrays
major lobe is given by,
ofthe
2m
BWEN= t 2 rad

= L=9^ we get,
utting m

=0.9428rad or
AWEN =2 6
2m
BWFN = t114.6

=1 and L=9^, we get

gm

BWFN = t114.6 = 54.02°

nole 3.9.2 4isotropic point sources are placed ^6 m apart. The power is applied with
equal
omglitde and a phase diference of between adjacent element, determine BWFN.
uton : For 4 isotropic sources, n = 4, d=, 8 =
phase difference 3
Cos +33
= cos +

niple Maxima : COs + 30

3

cos = -1

= tcos-[-1] = t180°
de Lobes: ny
Sin = 1

= sin- 1= t(2k+1)
2
;ßd cos Q+6] =
±(2k+1);
= +(2k+1);

|cos +1] = +(2k+1)

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 3- 42
Antenna and Wave Propagation

= t
where k=0,1, Arten
For k = 0,
= t cos =tcos

sin = 0
Nulls :

= sin-0 = t kt

= t kt
3k /+600
=

For k = 0, = tcos-1t0] =t180°

¢ = tcos = t60°
For k = 1,

Hence the radiation pattern is given by,

-60P
BWFN = 300° - 60° = 2400
Fig. 3.9.2
BWFN 240° = 120°
HPBW = 2 2
uniform end - fire arna i
Example 3.9.3 Show that the width of the principle lobe of a
space.
greater than that of a uniform broad-side array of the same
Solution:Beamwidth of major lobe of broad-side array
nulls. Alternatively beamwidt
The beamwidth is defined as the angle between first
between first null and the major lobe maximu
is the angle equal to twice the angle
direction.
Hence the beamwidth between first nulls is given by,
BWFN = 2x Y, where y =90-¢
But min cos where m = 1, 2, 3,.....
nd

Also 90- min = Y i.e. 90- y = min

Hence 90-y = cos-1/ mà
nd

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONs- An up thrust for knowledge

 Wave Propsgation 3-43
Antenna Arrays
both the sides, we get,
cosine of angle on
-1/,ma
Taking
e0=os/cos nd
ma
nd ... (2)

verysmall,
siny=y. Substituting in above equation,
iya mà
nd (3)
nul,i.e. m = 1,
hist
fr
nd

22
BWFN= 2y = nd

But nd (n - 1) d if n is very large. This nd indicates the total length of array in

by L.
neter. This is denoted
BWFN =
22. rad =
2
rad
L ... (4)
()
Converting BWFN in degrees, we can write,
114.62 114.6
BWFN = degrees .. (5)

Beamwidth of major lobe of end fire array

The beamwidth of the end fire array is greater than
that of broadside array.
: Beamwidth = 2x Angle between first
nuls and
maximum the major lobe i.e. min:
of
Omin = 2 sin + m
2nd .. (6)

sin min
2
2nd
is very low, then we can write sin min
2 2 Using this property in above
equation we get,
min2 m
2nd
min 4ma 2mh
2nd ... ()
nd

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Antenna and Wave Propagation 3-44

But nd = Lie. length of the anterna array, so equation

min =
2m
(7)
becomes, rlen a
The beamwidth between first nulls is given by,
2m
BWFN = 20 min ZL/A
Thus from the final expressions it is clear that width of principle lobe of
greater end-hre at ay
Example 3.9.4 Draw the radiation pattern of an end-fire linear array of eight
half vavelength uniform spacing and uniform amplitude distribution. Find etlheements uot
null directions.
side lo,
Solution: n=8, d= Thus nd 42

1) Major lobe
For end-fire array, current is uniform in amplitude with progressive phase shit. T,
phase angle is given by
y = Bd(cos -1)
The condition of principle maxima is given by y = 0.
i.e. V= Bd(cos -1) = 0
i.e. Cos = 1
i.e. = 900

Thus ¢ = 0 indicates direction of principle maxima.

2) Magnitude of major lobe
The maximum radiation occurs when y = 0. Hence we can write
d
lim dñ
sin n
2 lim n =n
|Major Lobe = V’0 d V’0
dñ
3) Direction of nulls
The direction of nulls is given by,
Omin = tcos where m=1, 2, 3, 4, ...

For m = 1, Omini = t cos

For m = 2, Omin2 = t cos|1-=t 60°

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONs- An up thrust for knowledge
 dWavePropagation 3-45
Antenna Arays

= tcos
Omin3

= tcos 90°
Omind
521
Pmin5 t cos
1-10447"
62
Bm=0, Pmin6 t
cos 1-=+120°
7
Omin7
= t 180°
Mrn=8,We ger Omin
4Directions of
subsidary maxima or side lobes
of side lobes are given by,
Thedirections

2nd
where mn = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

krm=1, 1 =tcos -5131

krm=2, =t 67.970

Pmin4 = 90
Omin5 Pmin3
minß 5 4 Pmin2

min? Pmint
7

= 180 -= 0°

=-90°
Fig. 3.9.3

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 3-46
Antenna and Wave Propagation

For m = 3, 93 = t cos
=t 8282°
Arten a
4= cos =t 97.18°
For m = 4,

For m = 5, 5 = t cos 1-*11202

13A1 =t 128.68°
06 = t cos
For m = 6, 84

For m=7,

Hence the radiation pattern is as shown in

Fig. 3.9.3.
angle if alinear array having 10
Example 3.9.5 Calculate : i) HPBW i) Solid
source with /2 spacing and phase diference ð =
90°.eas isotropic pit
Solution: As the phase difference &= 90° is mentioned, the linear array of 10
point sources is end fire type array.
n =Number of elements in array = 10
/2
d= Spacing between adjacent elements =
Then the total length of array is given by,
L =(n-1) d = (10-1) ÷
(HPBW) is given by,
i)For end fire array, the half power beam width
HPBW = 57.3 |(2m) degre

Putting m=1 andL we get,

HPBW = 57.3
2(1) =38.2°

ii) The beam solid angle is given by,

array
4n
where D= Directivity of an
D'
Hence the directivity Dof an end fire array is given by,

D = 18

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"- An up thrust for knowledge

 WavePPropagation 3-47
Antenna Arays

beamsolid angle is given by,

H e nte
he

4T 4TT = 0.6981 Sr.

Q = D18

for
Practice
ples
Eramp
Eample3.9.6: Sketch the radiation pattern of a two element array having identical
radiators spaced 4 apart and current in one radiator lags behind other by
90°.
Example3.9.7: Calculate : i) HPBW ii) Solid angle if a linear array having 10 isotropic
point source with /2 spacing and phase difference 8 = 90°.
[Ans. : HPBW = 38.2°, 2 = 0.6981 Sr.]
Erample 3.9.8 Calculate the directivity in dB for the broadside as well as end fire array
consisting 8 isotropic elements separated by distance.
4
(Ans. : Gpmax = 6.021 dB, Gpmax (in dB) = 9.031 dB]
Eample 3.9.9: Find the length and BFWN for broadside and end fire array:if the
directive gain is 15.
[Ans. : For broadside array, L = 7.5 A meter, BWFN
For end fire aray, L =3.75 15.28;
meter, BWFN = 83.699)
Example 3.9.10 : A linear antenna consists of 4-isotropic sources.
The-distance between
adjacent elements is
2 The power is applied with equal magnitudes and a
phase difference - dr. Obtain the field pattern and find HPBW.
[Ans. : HPBW: 57.3°]

Reiew Questions
1.
Derive the expressions for field
pattern of end-fire array of nsources of equal amplitude and
2.
spacing. AU : May-12, Marks 16
Obtain null directions for array of nisotropic point sources of equal magnitude and spacing.
3. AU : Dec.-10, Marks 12

4 Derive expression for directivity of end fire array.

5. Erylain diferent properties of end fire array.
Derive expression for produced by a linear array and
field deduce it for an end fire array.
AU : May-14, Marks 10

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