planer approximately.
Example 1.4.1 f an antenna has a main lobe with p. = 20, HP = 20 calculate
ayproximate directivity and comment on result.
Solution : Let us use approximate formulae, neglecting minor lobes,
D 41253 (deg) 41253 (deg) = 103
HP HP (20°) (20°)
Expressing directivity of a given antenna in dBi ie. decibles over isotropic antenna
(or radiator).
D = 20 108
log Directivity of given antenna 103
10 Directivity of = 20 log 1 0
1 =40.2567 dBi
(in dB) isotropic radiator
Thus the anterna radiates a maximum power in the direction of main lobe which is
103 times as much as radiated by an isotropic radiator for the same power input.
Example 1.4.2 The radiation resistance of an antenna is 72 2 and loss resistance is of 8 2.
What is the directivity if the power gain is 30 3
Solution: The efficiency of antenna is given by,
Prad Rrad 72 72
=0.9
Prad + Poss Rrad +Rloss 72+8 80
The power gain of the anternna is given by,
GP max = n,XGpmax
Hence directivity is given by,
Gp max 30
Gpmax 0.9
=33.33
Hence directivity (in dB) is given by
GD max (in dB) = 10 log 1o [G pmax]=10 log1o (33.33) =15.2283 dB
Example 1.4.3 An antenna has a radiation resistance of 73 2 and a loss resistance of 79
the power gain is 20, calculate the directivity and efficiency of the anten
Solution: Rrad = 73 2, Rioss =72, Gp = 20
By defirition, efficiency of antenna is given by,
73 73
, = Prad
Prad + Poss
Rrad
Rrad t Rloss 73+7 80
= 0.9125
% n, = 91.25 %
Now the power gain and directivity are related to each other through relation by,
Gp = m,Gp
Gp 20
Gp 0.9125
= 21.9178
Expressing directivity in dB as,
Gp (in dB) = 10 log1o [Gp] = 10 log1o(21.9178) = 13.4079 dB
Example 1.4.4 Calculate Front to Back Ratio (FBR) of an antenn expressed in dB if the
antenna radiates 3 kW in its optimum direction while 300 W in opposite dirertion
Solution : By definition,
Power radiated in desired direction 3000
FBR =
Power radiated in opposite direction 300 = 10
Hence FBR = 10 log 1o (10) = 10 dB
(in dB)
Example 1.4.5 Find the effective length of a half wave dipole.
Solution: The effective length of a half wave dipole is given by,
I/2
1
Lef =
Im -i/2
2
and L =
But B= 2
thrust or knowledae
Anier
Leff = sin 2 A
L
4
2
2 TZ 2 TZ 1 L
i.e.
Leff = COS dz = sin
2T
2 4
Leff = m = 0.3183 m
Example 1.4.6 An antenna receives a maximum power of 2 uW from a radio station.
Calculate its maximum efective area if the antenna is located in the far field of the station
where |E|=50mVm.
Solution: The maximun power received is
I'R max = 2 uW
The average power density is given by,
1||2 1(30x10 ) 3.315 uW
Pavg 2 Mo 2 120
Hence the maximum effective aperture area is given by,
PR max 2x10-6 =0.6033 m2
A em =
3.315x106
P'avg
Example 1.4.7 If the noise figure of the antenna at room temperature is 1.1 dB, what is the
efective noise temperature ?
Solution : Given :
To = Room temperature = 290 K
F (in dB) = 11 dB
By formula,
= 10 log10 (F)
(in dB)
1.1 = 10 log1o (F)
F = Antilog 1.2882
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIQNS"- An up thrust for knowledge
Antenna and Wave Propagation
1-48 HUndamentals of R
is given by,
Hence effective noise temperature
- 1) Th = (1.2882 - 1) (290) = 83.58 K
T, =(F
The radiation efficiency of a certam antenna is 95 %. The marim
Example 1.4.8
is 0.5 W/Sr. Calculate the directivity of the antenna if
intensity
= 0.3 W
)Pnput = 0.4 W and i) Pod
W/sr
Solution : Given n= 0.95, Umay = 0.5
) The radiation efficiency of an antenna is given by,
Prad
P'nput
0.95 = Prad
0.4
Prad = 0.38 W
The directivity of an anterna in terms of the radiation intensity is given by,
Umax 0.5
16.5346
D =
P.rad 0.381
4T 4T
ii) The directivity of an antenna is given by,
U max 0.5
D = = 20.9439
Prad
4T
Example 1.4.9 Amaximum current carried by antenna is 125 A, calculate the pou
40
radiated by antenna, radiation resistance and efficiency, if loss resistance is 1 Q
Solution:
For antenna, dL=
40
The radiation resistance is given by,
Rrad = 80 2 -80 -80 40
= 0.4934 S2
The maximum current carried by the antenna is 125 A. Hence the value of rn
current is given by,
Im 125
Ims = = 88.38 A
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thnust for knowledn
Propagation Fundamentals of Radiation
Antenna and Wave 1-49
Hence the power radiated by antenna is given by,
Prad = Rrad rms = (0.4934) (88.38)
= 3.8539 kW
For the antenna, loss resistance is given 1 Q. Hence the antenna efficiency is given by,
Rrad 0.4934
= 0.33
Rrad +Ross 0.4934 +1
Hence the antenna efficiency of 2. /40 antenna carrying maximum current of 125 Ais
33 %.
Example 1.4.10 An antenna of jam aircraft is being used to jam enemy radar. If the antenna
has a gain of 12 dB in the direction of transmission and the radiated power is 5 kW.
Calculate the electric field intensity in the vicinity of enemy radar which is 3 km avay.
The frequency of transmission is 4 GHz.
Solution: The directive gain of the antenna is 12 dB. Hence we can write directive gain
of anternna as,
in dB
Gp (0,¢) = Antilog 10 [Gp(e.) 10
= Antilog10 15.8489 15.85
gain of the
The power transmitted or radiated is given as 5 kW. The directive
antenna is given by,
Pa (9.0) _ Pa(0,0) .. (1)
Gp (0.¢) = P
avg Prad
4 2
maximum value of the
The power density Pa (0,0) can be expressed interms of the
electric field intensity as,
1||2 .. for free space no =120N
Pa (0,0) = 2 Mo
Substituting value of Pa (0,0) in equation (1), we get,
1|E|?
2 no 120
Gp (9,0) =
Prad Prad
4nr 4nr2
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS An up thrust for knowledge
Antenna and Wave Propagation 1-50
Fundamentals
Prad 240x] = 60Gp (8.0) Pad (60) (15.85) (5x103
3x103
=0.7268 V/m
Example 1.4.11 Calculate the voltage induced by a plane wave of field strength o.01
frequency of 1 MHz in a vertical antenna of 8 meter high.
Solution: Lef =8 m, E = 0.01 V/m
By formula, the effective length of antenna is given by,
Leff =
= E(Lef) = (0.01) (8) =0.08 V
Example 1.4.12 Calculate the physical height of a half tvave dipole with antenna Qof
banduwidth of 10 MHz.
Solution:
Given Af = 10 MHz, Q = 30
Antenna bandwidth = Af=Operating (resonant) frequency
Q
Frequency fo = (A)/0) =(10x10)X30) =300×10° Hz =300 MHz
We know that,
C= Velocity of light = f2
Hence wavelength is given by,
C 3x108
= =1meter
300x 106
Hence length of the half wave dipole is
= 0.5 meter
Example 1.4.13 An antenna with effective temperature of 15 K is fed into a microuw
amplifier with effective noise temperature of 20 K. Calculate available noise power per u
bandwidth at the input for this particular antenna temperature. Calculate noise power fom
noise bandwidth of 4 MHz.
Solution: Given : T, = 15 K, T; = 20 K, B = 4x10 Hz
i) Available noise power is given by,
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge
Propagation
Antenna and Wave 1-51 Fundamentals of Radiation
P = k(TA + TR)B
Hence power per unit bandwidth is given by,
P
B
=
k(TA + TR) =1.38x10- (15+20) = 48.3x 10"23 WIHz
i) Total available noise power is given by,
P= 4x10 x 48.3x10-23 = 193.2x10-17 W
Example 1.4.14 Find Qof the antenna if the antenna bandwidth is 600 kHz and cut to a
frequency of 30 MHz.
Solution : Given : Af = 600 kHz, fo = 30 MHz
By formula, Af =
fo
nd
600x10330x106
Q
30× 106
Q = 50
600x103
2
length dL<<N.
greater that of a short dipole (of
antenna with circular aperture of diameter 3 mef
an
Example 1.4.17 Calculate gain of
losses.
5 GHz frequency assuming zero
=5x 10 Hz, d= diameter=3m, Poss = 0
Solution:f=5 GHz
be zero, we can write, the antenna efficiency as uni
As losses are assumed to
hence,
G
Pmax = 1
G
pmax
G Pmax = Gpmax = D
But according to concept of maximum effective aperture,
4T
D = A em
3x 108
Hence
0.06 m
5x 109
A = = 7.0685 m
em
4T
G
Pmax (0.06)2
-(7.0685) = 24673.72
Example 1.4.18 Determine maximum effective aperture of an antenna having small side lobes.
The half power beam widths in the perpendicular planes intersecting in beam axis are 35
and 40°
Solution:
Let
= 35° OH =40°
Then the directivity of antenna can be expressed (with HPBW expressed in degrees)
as,
41257 41257
D = = 29.4692
(35) (40)
By definition, the maximum effective aperture is given by,
Aem -D = (29.4692) =0.34512 m?
47 4x
Example 1.4.19 Calculate directivity D(0,0) for the three unidirectional sources with power
patterns as follous
a) U(0,6) =Uo sin sin
where U(0,¢) lies between 0s0s Tand 0< s nand
u, Maximum radiation intensity.
Solution: By definition,
D(0,¢) 4TU max .. (1)
Prad
a) U(0,¢) = Uo sin sin
Hence Prad = |Ue,0) d2 =| U , o ) sin0 de do
9= 00= 0 0=00= 0
|Uo sin sin )(sin® de do)
9= 0¢= 0
2 n/2
= Uo sin 0de sin dÙ =Uo2 sin °% de2 sin²p do
0= 0 =0 9=0 =0
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"- An up thrust for knowledge
Antenna and Wave Propagation 1-56
Fundamentals of Radi
Putting value in equation (1),
4T Uo 16
D (0,¢) = 4nUma I| = 5.0922
4 4
Example 1.4.20 For a source with radiation intensity U= 6c0s 0, find the
HPBW, when its pattern is unidirectional. directivity
Solution :
4 TtUmax
Directivity = Gd max = D =
Prad
2T
Prad = [U(e,0) sin0 de d¢ ... limits of are 0 to as pattern is unidirectior
Q=0 =0
2T 2
1
6cos sin9 de d¢ = 6 dÍ. 2sin 9 cose de
=00=0 0=0
1
= 6(2r) sin 20 de ....:: sin 2 0 = 2sin cos
2
cos201% -COS T + COs 0
=
Jo -6 (20 2
=
...(" cos Tt = -1, cos 0
= 6 T
Hence directivity is
4 r(6) = 4
D = 4TUmax
Prad 6T
The beamwidth is given by,
4 TT 4 Tt
T rad
D 4
Hence half power beamwidth is,
HPBW = rad
2 2
R PT(TRI 4 nd
transmission formul.
Equation (1.7.8) is the alternative form of the Friis
of 3 cm used as transt
Example 1.7.1 Consider two simnilar dipoles having length
receiving antenna if it isp
receiving antennas. Find the power received by the
radiating 15 Waverage
distance of 10 m from the transmitting antenna which is
f=1GHz.
m, P =15 W,
Solution : Given f = 1GHz, d= 10
antennas are transmitting and receiving in direction of
Assuming both
assuming.
radiation. Hence for short antennas,
GT = GR
GR == 1.5
By Friis's formula
Propagation 1- 69 Fundamentals of Radiation
Antennaand Wave
PR = P,(GRG 4nd
C 3x108
= 0.3 m
But lx109
P¡ =(15\1.5x1.5)| 4x0.3
TX 10
=0.1923 mW or 192.35 uW
Example 1.7.2 1wo space crafts are separated by 3000 km. Each has antenna with
Ga max =200 and operating at 2 GHz. If receiver on space craft A requires 20 dB power
over 1 pW, what transmitter power is required on the space craft B to achieve this signal
AU: May-15, Marks 8
Level
Solution:
Given f = 2GHz, Gd max = 200, d = 3000 km
PR = 20 dB of power over 1 pW.
i) The wavelength of the wave at 2 GHz is given by,
3x108
2 = = 0.15 m
f 2x109
ii) The receiver on space craft A requires 20dB over 1 pW means,
PR
20 = 10 log10 Llx10-12
PR = (100)(1x 10-l2) = 1x10-10 w
Using Friis's transmission formula, we can write,
2
PR = P,(GGR 4nd
Hence the transmitter power required is given by,
2 lx10-10
PR 4xTX 300x 103
= 157.91 W
P, = 200x 200 1.15
GGR
Example for Practice
Example 1.7.3 : A microwave relay link is to be designed such that the transmitting and
receiving antennas are separated by 30 miles. The directive gains of both
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge
1-70 Fundamentals of Rari
Antenna and Wave Propagation
the antennas are equalto 45 dB. Assuming both antennas lossless
transmitted by the
matched at 3 GHz, find what power is
[Ans.transmi t er
:36.8115
have received power of 1 mW.
