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60 Comandos Linux

This document provides a tutorial on 60 essential Linux commands commonly used by system administrators for various tasks, including navigation and software management. It includes prerequisites for using the command line, examples of commands such as ls, pwd, cd, and many others, along with their syntax and usage. Additionally, it offers tips for beginners and a downloadable cheat sheet for offline access.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views34 pages

60 Comandos Linux

This document provides a tutorial on 60 essential Linux commands commonly used by system administrators for various tasks, including navigation and software management. It includes prerequisites for using the command line, examples of commands such as ls, pwd, cd, and many others, along with their syntax and usage. Additionally, it offers tips for beginners and a downloadable cheat sheet for offline access.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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60 essential Linux

commands

System administrators commonly use commands to manage


Linux servers. Commands are more efficient and allow users to
automate various tasks more quickly.
In this tutorial, we will explain 60 essential Linux commands for
various purposes, from navigation to software management.
Download our Linux command cheat sheet from the link below
to access the information offline.

• Prerequisites

• To 60 essential Linux commands

• Essential Linux commands FAQ

Prerequisites
Before proceeding, access the command-line interface of your
Linux desktop or virtual private server (VPS). If you use a
remote system, connect to it using an SSH client like
PuTTY or Terminal.
If you don’t have a Linux machine, we recommend
purchasing Hostinger’s VPS hosting plan. Our Browser
terminal feature lets you connect to your server directly from
the web browser to simplify the process.
Moreover, Hostinger’s Kodee AI assistant can write
commands based on your needs. It helps beginners learn Linux
utilities more efficiently, as they don’t need to open
documentation for references.

To 60 essential Linux
commands
Let’s look at the 60 most commonly used Linux commands and
their examples for system administration.
Pro Tip

If you want to check a command’s usage, syntax, and

options, use the –help flag. For example, enter ls –

help to display the ls utility guide.

1. ls command
The ls command lists the content of a folder, including files and
directories. Here’s the syntax:
ls [options] [directory_or_path]

If you omit the path, the ls command will check the content of
your current directory. To list items inside subfolders, add the -
R option. Meanwhile, use -a to show hidden content.

2. pwd command
To check the full path of your current working directory, use
the pwd command. Its syntax is as follows:
pwd [options]
The pwd command has only two options. The -L option
prints environment variable content, like shortcuts, instead
of the actual path of your current location. Meanwhile, -
P outputs the exact location.
For example, /shortcut/folder is a shortcut for /actual/path,
and you are currently in /actual/path/dir. If you use the -
L option, the output will be:
/shortcut/folder/dir

Meanwhile, the -P option will print the exact canonical path:


/actual/path/dir

3. cd command
Use cd to navigate between directories in your Linux VPS. It
doesn’t have any option, and the syntax is simple:
cd [path_or_directory]

Depending on your location, you might only need to specify the


parent directory. For example,
omit path from path/to/directory if you are already inside
one. The cd command has several shortcuts:
•cd – returns to the current user’s home directory.

•cd .. – moves a directory up.

•cd – – goes back to the previous directory.

4. mkdir command
The mkdir command lets you create one or multiple
directories. The syntax looks like this:
mkdir [options] directory_name1 directory_name2
To create a folder in another location, specify the full path.
Otherwise, this command will make the new item in your
current working directory.
For example, enter the following to
create new_folder in /path/to/target_folder:
mkdir path/to/target_folder/new_folder

By default, mkdir allows the current user to read, write, and


execute files in the new folder. You can set custom privileges
during the creation by adding the -m option. To learn more
about permission management, read the chmod section below.

5. rmdir command
Run rmdir to delete empty directories in your Linux
system. The command syntax looks like this:
rmdir [options] directory_name

The rmdir command won’t work if the directory contains


subfolders. To force the deletion, add the –p option. Note that
you must own the item you want to remove or
use sudo instead.

6. rm command
The rm command deletes files from a directory. You must have
the write permission for the folder or use sudo. Here’s the
syntax:
rm [options] file1 file2

You can add the -r option to remove a folder and its contents,
including subdirectories. Use the -i flag to display a
confirmation message before the removal or -f to deactivate it
completely.
Warning! Avoid using -r and -f unless necessary.
Instead, add -i option to prevent accidental deletion.

7. cp command
Use the cp command to copy files from your current directory
to another folder. The syntax looks like this:
cp file1 file2 [target_path]

You can also use cp to duplicate the content of one file to


another using this syntax. If the target is in another location,
specify the full path like so:
cp source_file /path/to/target_file

Additionally, cp lets you duplicate a directory and its content to


another folder using the -R option:
cp -R /path/to/folder /target/path/to/folder_copy

8. mv command
The main usage of the mv command is to move a file or folder
to another location. Here’s the syntax:
mv file_or_directory [target_directory]

For example, we will move file1.txt from another location to


the /new/file/directory path using this command:
mv /original/path/file1.txt the/target/path

You can also use the mv command to rename files in your


Linux system. Here’s an example:
mv old_name.txt new_name.txt

If you specify the full path, you can simultaneously rename files
and move them to a new location like this example:
mv old/location/of/old_name.txt new/path/for/new_name.txt
9. touch command
Run the touch command to create a new empty file in a
specific directory. The syntax is as follows:
touch [options] [path_and_file_name]

If you omit the path, the touch command will create a new file
in your current working directory. Here’s an example:
touch file.txt

10. file command


The file command checks a file type, such as TXT, PDF, or
other. The syntax is as follows:
file [file_name]

If you use this command on a symbolic link, it will output the


actual file connected to the shortcut. You can add the -k option
to print more detailed information about the item.

11. zip and unzip commands


The zip command compresses one or multiple files into
a ZIP archive, reducing their size. Here’s the syntax:
zip [options] zip_file_name file1 file2

To extract a compressed file into your current working


directory, use the unzip command like so:
unzip [options] zip_file_name
12. tar command
The tar command bundles multiple files or directories into an
archive without compression. The syntax looks as follows:
tar [options] tar_file_name file1 file2

To create a new TAR file, you must add the -c option. Then, use
the -f flag to specify the archive’s name.
If you want to enable compression, add a specific option based
on your preferred method. For example, the following will
bundle file1.txt and file2.txt with the gzip compression:
tar -cfz archive.tar.gz fle1.txt file2.txt

Remember that the archive’s file format will differ depending


on the compression method. Regardless of the extension, you
can unpack a TAR file using this syntax:
tar [options] tar_file_name

13. nano, vi, and jed command


nano, vi, and jed commands let you edit files. They have the
same syntax, except at the beginning, where you specify the
name of the tool:
nano/vi/jed file_name

If the target file doesn’t exist, these commands will create a


new one. Since your system might not have these text
processing utilities pre-installed, configure them using your
package manager.
We will explain the command in the apt and dnf
command section.
14. cat command
The concatenate or cat command has various usages. The
most basic one is printing the content of a file. Here’s the
syntax:
cat file_name

To print the content in reverse order, use tac instead. If you


add the standard output operator symbol (>),
the cat command will create a new file. For example, the
following will make file.txt:
cat > file.txt

You can also use cat with the operator to combine the content
of multiple files into a new item. In this
command, file1.txt and file2.txt will merge into target.txt:
cat file1.txt file2.txt > target.txt

15. grep command


Global regular expression print or grep lets you search
specific lines from a file using keywords. It is useful for filtering
large data like logs. The syntax looks as follows:
grep [options] keyword [file]

You can also filter data from another utility by piping it to


the grep command. For example, the following
searches file.txt from the ls command’s output:
ls | grep "file.txt"
16. sed command
Use the sed command to search and replace patterns in files
quickly. The basic syntax looks like this:
sed [options] 'subcommand/new_pattern/target_pattern' input_file

You can replace a string in multiple files simultaneously by


listing them. Here’s an example of a sed command that
changes red in colors.txt and hue.txt with blue:
sed 's/red/blue' colors.txt hue.txt

17. head command


Use the head command to print the first few entries of a file.
The basic syntax is as follows:
head [options] file_name

You can also print the first few lines of another command’s
output by piping it like so:
command | head [options]

By default, head will show the first ten lines. However, you
can change this setting using the -n option followed by your
desired number.
Meanwhile, use -c to print the first few entries based on the
byte size instead of the line.

18. tail command


The tail command is the opposite of head, allowing you to
print the last few lines from files or another utility’s output.
Here are the syntaxes:
tail [options] file_name
command | tail [options]
The tail utility also has the same option as head. For example,
we will extract the last five lines from the ping command’s
output:
ping -c 10 8.8.8.8 | tail -n 5

19. awk command


The awk command searches and manipulates regular
expression patterns in a file. Here’s the basic syntax:
awk '/regex pattern/{action}' input_file.txt

Although similar to sed, awk offers more operations beyond


substitution, including printing, mathematical calculation, and
deletion. It also lets you run a complex task with
an if statement.
You can run multiple actions by listing them according to their
execution order, separated by a semicolon (;). For example,
this awk command calculates the average student score and
print names that are above that threshold:
awk -F':' '{ total += $2; students[$1] = $2 } END { average = total / length(students);
print "Average:", average; print "Above average:"; for (student in students) if
(students[student] > average) print student }' score.txt
Need help with a command?

Ask Kodee, Hostinger’s AI assistant, to break down

and explain complex commands.

20. sort command


Use the sort command to rearrange a file’s content in a
specific order. Its syntax looks as follows:
sort [options] [file_name]

Note that this utility doesn’t modify the actual file and only
prints the rearranged content as an output.
By default, the sort command uses the alphabetical order
from A to Z, but you can add the -r option to reverse the order.
You can also sort files numerically using the -n flag.

21. cut command


The cut command selects specific sections from a file and
prints them as a Terminal output. The syntax looks like this:
cut options file

Unlike other Linux utilities, the cut command’s options are


mandatory for file sectioning. Here are some of the flags:
•-f – selects a specific row field.
•-b – cuts the line by a specified byte size.

•-c – sections the line using a specified character.

•-d – separates lines based on delimiters.

You can combine multiple options for a more specific output.


For example, this command extracts the third to fifth field
from a comma-separated list:
cut -d',' -f3-5 list.txt

22. diff command


The diff command compares two files and prints their
differences. Here’s the syntax:
diff file_name1 file_name2

By default, the diff command only shows the differences


between the two files. To print all the content and highlight the
discrepancies, enable the context format using the -c option.
You can also ignore case sensitivity by adding -i.
For example, run the following to show only the differences
between 1.txt and 2.txt:
diff -c 1.txt 2.txt
23. tee command
The tee command outputs another command’s results to both
the Terminal and a file. It’s helpful if you want to use the data
for further processing or backups. Here’s the syntax:
command | tee [options] file_name

If the specified file doesn’t exist, tee will create it. Be careful
when using this command since it will overwrite the existing
content. To preserve and append existing data, add the -
a option.
For example, we will save the ping command’s output as new
entries in the test_network.txt file:
ping 8.8.8.8 | tee -a test_network.txt
24. locate command
The locate command searches for a file and prints its location
path. Here’s the syntax:
locate [options] [keyword]

If you use the -r option to search files using regular


expressions, omit the [keyword] argument.
The locate command is case-sensitive by default, but you can
turn off this behavior using the -i flag.
Note that locate will look for files from its database. While this
behavior speeds up the search process, you must wait for the
list to refresh before finding newly created items.
Alternatively, enter the following to reload the data manually:
updatedb

25. find command


The find command searches for a file within a specific
directory. Here’s the syntax:
find [path] [options] expression
If you don’t specify the path, the find command will search
your current working directory. To find files using their name,
add the -name option followed by the keyword.
You can specify the type of item you are looking for using the -
type flag. The –type f option will search files only, while -type
d will find directories. For example, we will
check file.txt in path/to/folder:
find path/to/folder -type f -name "file"

Unlike locate, the find command searches through folders in


real time. While it slows down the process, you can look for
new items immediately without waiting for the system
database to refresh.

26. sudo command


superuser do or sudo enables non-root users who are part of
the sudo group to execute administrative commands. Simply
add it at the beginning of another utility like so:
sudo [options] your_command

For example, enter the following to open a file using nano as


an administrator:
sudo nano file.txt

The Terminal will prompt you to enter the user’s password


before executing the command. By default, you must reenter it
after five minutes of inactivity.
Typically, you don’t add any option to sudo, but you can check
them by entering:
sudo --help
Warning! Since users with sudo privileges can change
various settings of your system, use this command with
caution.

27. su and whoami commands


The su command lets you switch to another user in the
Terminal session. The syntax looks as follows:
su [options] [username]

If you don’t specify any option or username, this command will


switch you to the root user. In this case, you must enter the
password before changing the account.
You can check the currently logged-in user from the Linux
command-line shell. Alternatively, use the whoami command:
whoami

28. chmod command


Chmod lets you change the permissions of files or
directories. The basic syntax looks as follows:
chmod [options] [permission] [file_or_directory]

In Linux, there are three folder and file permissions – read (r),
write (w), and execute (x). You can assign them to three parties
– the owner, a group, or other accounts belonging to neither
category. Consider this example:
chmod -rwx---r-– file1.txt
The spot after the first hyphen (–) specifies the permission for
the owner of file1.txt. In the previous example, we grant them
the rwx privilege.
The next spot is for groups. Since we won’t grant them any
privilege, we put three hyphens to indicate emptiness. The last
slot is for other users who only have read or r permission.

29. chown command


The chown command lets you change the ownership of files,
directories, or symbolic links. Here’s the syntax:
chown [options] newowner:newgroup file1 file2

If you want to assign a user as the new owner of an item, leave


the group name empty. For example, we will make admin-
vps the owner of file1.txt:
chown admin-vps file1.txt

Conversely, omit the username to make all group members the


owner. Remember to write the colons (:) like so:
chown :newgroup file1.txt

30. useradd, passwd, and userdel


command
Use the useradd command to create a new account in your
Linux system. The syntax is as follows:
useradd [options] new_username

By default, the useradd command doesn’t prompt you to give


the new user a password. You can add or change it manually
later with the passwd command:
passwd new_username

To remove a user, use the userdel command followed by the


account name like the syntax in the example:
userdel new_username

Since managing other users requires a superuser privilege,


run these commands as root or with the sudo prefix.

Pro Tip

To set up a password and other details during the account

creation process, use the adduser command instead.

31. df command
The df command checks your Linux system’s disk usage,
displaying the used space in percentage and kilobyte (KB).
The syntax looks like this:
df [options] [file system]

Note that the df command operates at the file system level. If


you don’t specify one, the utility will display all the active file
systems.
32. du command
To check the size of a directory and its content, use
the du command. Here’s the syntax:
du [directory]

The command will check your working directory if you don’t


specify a path or folder. By default, it breaks down each
subfolder’s disk usage, but you can add the -s option to
summarize the total usage in one output.
You can also use the -M option to change the information
from KB to MB.

33. top command


The top command displays all running processes in your
system and their hardware consumption. The syntax looks like
this:
top [options]

The top command has various options. For example, -p lets


you check a specific process by specifying its ID. Meanwhile,
add the -d flag to change the delay between screen updates.
34. htop command
Like top, the htop command lets you display and manage
processes in your Linux server. It also shares the same
syntax:
htop [options]

htop has options similar to top, but you can add additional
ones. For example, -C enables the monochrome mode, while –-
tree shows processes in a hierarchical view.

35. ps command
The ps command summarizes the status of all running
processes in your Linux system at a specific time.
Unlike top and htop, it doesn’t update the information
automatically. Here’s the syntax:
ps [options]
You can print a more detailed report by adding other options.
For example, use -A to list all processes in your system, -r to
check only the running ones, or -u username to query those
associated with a particular account.

36. uname command


The unix name or uname command displays detailed
information about your Linux machine, including hardware,
name, and operating system kernel. Its basic syntax looks
as follows:
uname [options]

Without any option, the command will print your system’s


kernel name. To check all information about your machine, add
the -a option.

37. hostname command


Use the hostname command to check your VPS hostname and
other related information. Here is the syntax:
hostname [options]

If you leave the option empty, the command will print your
hostname. Add -i to check your server’s IP address, -a to print
the hostname alias, and -A to output the system’s fully
qualified domain name (FQDN).

38. time command


The time command measures the execution time of commands
or scripts to gain insights into your system performance. The
basic syntax looks as follows:
time command_or_script
You can measure a series of commands by separating them
using double ampersands (&&) or semicolons (;) like so:
time command; command; command

39. systemctl command


The systemctl command is used to manage services in your
Linux system. Here’s the basic syntax:
systemctl subcommand [service_name][options]

The subcommands represent your task, like listing, restarting,


terminating, or enabling the services. For example, we will list
Linux services using this:
sudo systemctl list-unit-files --type service --all

Note that this command might not work with older distributions
since they use another service manager.
40. watch command
The watch command lets you continuously run a utility at a
specific interval to monitor changes in the output. Here’s the
basic syntax:
watch [options] command_name

By default, watch will run your command every two seconds,


but you can change the interval using the -n option followed by
the delay. If you want to highlight changes in the output, add
the -d flag.

41. jobs command


Jobs are tasks or commands that are running in your current
shell. To check them, use the jobs command with the following
syntax:
jobs [options] [Job_ID]

Running this command without any argument will show all jobs
running in the Terminal’s foreground and background. If you
don’t have any ongoing tasks, it will return an empty output.
You can display more detailed information about each job by
adding the -l option. Meanwhile, use -n to show only tasks
whose status has changed since the last notification.

42. kill command


Use the kill command to terminate a process using its ID.
Here’s the basic syntax:
kill [signal_option] Process_ID

To obtain the process ID, run the following command:


ps ux
The kill command has 64 termination signals. By default, it
uses the SIGTERM method that lets the program save its
progress before closing.

43. shutdown command


The shutdown command lets you turn off or restart your Linux
system at a specific time. Here’s the syntax:
shutdown [option] [time] [message]

If you run the command without any arguments, your system


will shut down immediately. You can specify the schedule using
a 24-hour format or a relative one. For example, enter +5 to
shut down the system after five minutes. To restart the
machine, add the -r option.
The message argument specifies the notification other users
in your system will receive before the server shuts down.

44. ping command


The ping command sends packets to a target server and
fetches the responses. It is helpful for network diagnostics. The
basic syntax looks like the following:
ping [option] [hostname_or_IP_address]

By default, ping sends infinite packets until the user manually


stops it by pressing Ctrl + C.
However, you can specify a custom number using the -c option.
You can also change the interval between transfers by adding -
i.
For instance, let’s send 15 packets every two seconds to
Google’s server:
ping -c 15 -i 2 google.com
45. wget command
The wget command lets you download files from the internet
via HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP protocols. Here’s the syntax:
wget [options] [URL]

By default, the wget command will download an item to your


current working directory. For example, run this command to
retrieve the latest WordPress installer:
wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip

46. cURL command


Use the cURL command to transfer data from or to a server by
specifying its URL. The basic syntax looks as follows:
curl [options] URL

Running cURL without an option will print the website’s HTML


content in your Terminal. If you add the -O or -o option, the
command will download files from the specified link.
The cURL command is also helpful for testing API or server
endpoints. You can do so by adding the –X option followed by
an HTTP method, depending on whether you want to fetch or
upload data.
For example, the following command will retrieve data from a
specific API endpoint:
curl -X GET https://api.example.com/endpoint

47. scp command


The scp command lets you securely copy files and directories
between systems over a network. The syntax looks as follows:
scp [option] [source username@IP]:/[directory and file name] [destination
username@IP]:/[destination directory]

If you are copying items to or from your local machine, omit the
IP and path. When transferring a file or folder from a local
machine, specify its name after options.
For example, we will run the following to copy file1.txt to our
VPS’ path/to/folder directory as root:
scp file1.txt [email protected]:path/to/folder

You can change the default SCP port by specifying its number
after the -P option. Meanwhile, use the -l flag to limit the
transfer bandwidth and add –C to enable compression.

48. rsync command


The rsync command syncs files or folders between two
destinations to ensure they have the same content. The syntax
looks as follows:
rsync [options] source destination

The source and destination can be a folder within the same


system, a local machine, or a remote server. If you are syncing
content with a VPS, specify the username and IP address like
so:
rsync /path/to/local/folder/ [email protected]:/path/to/remote/folder/

You can add the -a option to sync the file or folder’s attributes
as well, including their symbolic links. Meanwhile, use the -
z flag to enable compression during the transfer.
49. ip command
The ip utility lets you list and manage your system’s network
parameters, similar to the ifconfig command in older Linux
distros. Here’s the syntax:
ip [options] object command

Running this command without any argument will print the


manual, including an explanation about acceptable options and
objects.
To manage a network parameter, specify the action in
the command argument. For example, run this to show your
system’s IP address:
ip address show

50. netstat command


The netstat command displays information about your
system’s network configuration. The syntax is simple:
netstat [options]

Add an option to query specific network information. Here are


several flags to use:
•-a – displays listening and closed sockets.

•-t – shows TCP connections.

•-u – lists UDP connections.

•-r – displays routing tables.

•-i – shows information about network interfaces.

•-c – continuously outputs network information for real-


time monitoring.

51. traceroute command


The traceroute command tracks a packet’s path when
traveling between hosts, providing information like the transfer
time and involved routers. Here’s the syntax:
traceroute [options] destination

You can use a hostname, domain name, or IP address as the


destination. If you don’t specify an option, traceroute will run
the test using the default settings.
Change the maximum packet hops using the -m option. To
prevent traceroute from resolving IP addresses, add -n.
You can also enable a timeout in seconds using the -w flag
followed by the duration.

52. nslookup command


The nslookup command requests a domain name
system (DNS) server to check a domain linked to an IP address
or vice versa. Here’s the syntax:
nslookup [options] domain-or-ip [dns-server]

If you don’t specify a DNS server, nslookup will use your


internet service provider’s default resolver. You can add other
options to change how this command queries an IP address or
a domain.
For example, use the -type= option to specify the information
you want to check, such as the DNS records.
You can also set up automatic retry with the -retry= flag and
add -port= to use a specific port.

Since some Linux distros don’t have this utility pre-installed,


you might encounter the “command not found” error. You
can configure it by downloading bind-utils or dnsutils via
your package manager.

53. dig command


The domain information groper or dig command displays
information about a domain. It is similar to nslookup but more
comprehensive. The syntax looks as follows:
dig [options] [server] [type] name-or-ip

Running dig without an argument will check A records of the


specified domain using the operating system’s default resolver.
You can query a particular record by specifying it in
the [type] argument like the following example:
dig MX domain.com
To run a reverse DNS lookup, add the –x option and use an IP
address as the target.

54. history command


Run the history command to check previously run utilities.
Here’s its syntax:
history [options]

Add the -r option if you want to clear the Terminal history. To


rerun a specific utility from the list, enter an exclamation mark
followed by its ID.
For example, use the following to run the 145th command:
!145

55. man command


The man or manual command displays a comprehensive
guide of another utility. The syntax looks like the following:
man [options] [section_number] command_name

If you specify only the command name, man will display the
entire manual. Alternatively, you can select one of the nine
sections using their IDs to print more specific information.
For example, run the following to check the library call section
of the ls command’s manual:
man 3 ls
56. echo command
Use echo to print text in your command as a Terminal output.
Here’s the syntax:
echo [options] [text]

You can also add the redirection symbol (>) to print the text in
a file instead of Terminal. If you use two symbols (>>), it will
append the existing content. The command syntax looks like
this:
echo [options] [text] > [file_name]

If your text contains an environment or shell


variable like $var, echo will display the actual value. This
command is commonly used for testing and bash scripting.

57. ln command
The ln command links files or directories with a shortcut. The
syntax looks as follows:
ln [options] source target

This command will automatically create the shortcut, meaning


you don’t need to make one manually. For example, the
following will enable you to open file.txt using shortcut.txt:
ln target.txt shortcut.txt

By default, ln creates a hard link, meaning changes in the


source will be reflected in the linked item and vice versa. To set
up a soft or symbolic link, add the -s option.

58. alias and unalias command


The alias command lets you set another name for a string that
belongs to a file, text, program, or command name. Here’s the
syntax:
alias name='string'
For example, the following will assign k as the alias for
the kill command, allowing you to use the letter instead of the
full name.
alias k='kill'

To check a command’s alias, run alias followed by an


alternative name. For example, we will check the previous
snippet:
alias k

You can remove an alias by running this syntax:


unalias [name]

59. cal command


The cal command displays a calendar in your Linux command-
line interface. Here’s the syntax:
cal [options] [month] [year]

If you don’t add any argument, the command will show the
current date. Alternatively, you can enter a specific month and
year in a numerical format.
You can also add the -3 option to show the current, previous,
and next month.

60. apt and dnf command


The apt command lets you manage advanced package
tool (APT) libraries in Debian-based operating systems such as
Ubuntu and Kali Linux. The syntax looks like this:
apt [options] subcommand
The subcommands define the action, like updating the library,
upgrading software, installing an application, or removing a
package. For example, we will install the Vim text editor:
apt install vim

In Linux, package management commands differ across


distributions. For example, Red Hat Enterprise Linux-based
distros like CentOS and AlmaLinux use dnf. It has the same
syntax and options as apt.
Running both apt and dnf requires superuser privileges,
which you can only obtain with sudo or via root.

Conclusion
Linux commands enable system administrators to manage
their servers more efficiently. They provide capabilities like
scripting, variables, and automation that graphical user
interfaces need to improve.
In this tutorial, we have explained the 60 most commonly used
Linux commands. These will be invaluable for various tasks,
including file management, user administration, navigation,
and network configuration.
Take advantage of the Kodee AI assistant to use these
commands more efficiently. It lets you use simple prompts to
write various utilities and scripts according to your task to save
time and effort.

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