Controversies and

Conflicting
Views in Philippine
History
BS PSYCHOLOGY 1-A
Learning Outcome
Demonstrate the
ability to formulate
arguments in favor or
against a particular
issue using primary
sources.
 Contents
Site of the First Mass in the Philippines

Cavite Mutiny

Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny

Retraction of Rizal
Retraction Letter of Rizal Found by Fr. Garcia in 1935

Testimony of Father Vicente Balaguer

The Testimony of Cuerp de Vigilancia

Cry of Balintawak

Accounts of Guillermo Masangkay

Account of Pio Valenzuela

Eight Rays of the Sun in the Philippine Flag

 Site of the
First Mass in the
Philippines
 Antonio Pigafetta
-An Italian scholar and explorer
-Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio
Pigaletta
-Born in 1400
-Died in 1534
-belonged to a rich family in the city of
Vicenza in northeast Italy
-studiednavigation, astrologУ, geography
and cartography He joined the expedition
to the spice tands led by Explorer
Ferdinand Magellan
 The Original Journal of Magellan's Voyage
was Published or Created around 1525.
With its nature or description of 19th
century, red goatskin, gold-tooled, Bound by
Duru in 1851 (nate on f. I verso). It was
made or written by Pigafetta, Antonio with a
resource type of Archives or Manuscritps
and stated produced in France is
approximately 11,499 km away from Leyte
This is the primary source from
Emma Blair and Jame
Robertson, The Philippine
Islands Volume 33 on the site
of the first mass. It was written
by Antonio Pigafetta, the
chronicler o Ferdinand
Magellan..
 1. At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen, 1521, we cam upon a
high land at a distance of three hundred legua from the islands of
Latroni-an island named Zamal [I Samar). The following day, the
captain-general desire to land on another island which was
uninhabited an lay to the right of the abovementioned island, in
orde to be more secure, and to get water and have some re He
had two tents set up on the shore for the sick an had a sow killed
for them.
 2. On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a bout coming toward us with
nine men in it. Therefore, the captain general ordered that no one should
move or say a wond without his permission. When those men mached the
shore, their chief went immediately to the captain general, giving signs of joy
because of our arrival. Fior of the most ornately adomed of them remained
with us, while the rest went to get some others who wore fishing, and so they
all came. The captain-general sering that they were reasonable men,
ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors,
condes, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the
captain’s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call
uraca fie, arrack, figs more than one palmo long fie, bananas), and others
which were
3. At noon on Friday, March 22, those men come as they
had promised us in two boats with coconuts, sweet
oranges, a jar of palm-wine, and a cock, in order to show
us that there were fowls in that district. They exhibited
great signs of pleasure at seeing us. We purchased all
those articles from them. Their seignior was an old man
who was painted [ie, tattooed]. He wore two gold
earrings [schione) in his ears, and the others many gold
armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads
We stayed there one week, and during that time our
captain went ashore daily to visit the sick, and every
morning gave them cocoanut water from his own hand,
which comforted them greatly.
 4. On the aftermoon of holy Monday, the day of our
Lady, March twenty-five, while we were on the point
Of weighing anchor, I went to the side of the ship
toFish, and putting my feet upon a yard leading
down into the storeroom, they slipped, for it was
rainy, and consequently I fell into the sea, so that no
one saw me. When I was all but under, my left hand
happened to catch hold of the clew-garnet of the
mainsail, which was dangling [ascosa] in the water. I
held on tightly, and began to cry out so lustily that I
was rescued by the small boat. I was aided, not, I
believe, indeed, through my merits, but through the
mercy of that font of charity [ie, of the Virgin). That
same day we shaped our course toward the west
southwest between four small islands, namely,
Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.
 4. On the aftermoon of holy Monday, the day of our
Lady, March twenty-five, while we were on the point
Of weighing anchor, I went to the side of the ship
toFish, and putting my feet upon a yard leading
down into the storeroom, they slipped, for it was
rainy, and consequently I fell into the sea, so that no
one saw me. When I was all but under, my left hand
happened to catch hold of the clew-garnet of the
mainsail, which was dangling [ascosa] in the water. I
held on tightly, and began to cry out so lustily that I
was rescued by the small boat. I was aided, not, I
believe, indeed, through my merits, but through the
mercy of that font of charity [ie, of the Virgin). That
same day we shaped our course toward the west
southwest between four small islands, namely,
Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.
5. On Thursday morning, March twenty-eight, as we
had seen a fire on an island the night before, we
anchored near it. We saw a small boat which the
natives call boloto with eight men in it, approaching
the flagship A slave belonging to the captain-
general, who was native of Zamatra [Le, Sumatral,
which was formerly called Traprobana, spoke to
them. They immediately understood him, came
alongside the ship, unwilling to enter but taking a
position at some little distance. The captain seeing
that they would not trust us, threw them out a red
cap and other things tied to a bit of wood. The
received them very gladly, and went away quickly to
advise their king. About two hours later we saw tw
balanghai coming.
6. Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March,
an Easter-day, the captain-general sent the priest
with som men to prepare the place where mass was
to be said together with the interpreter to tell the king
that we wer not going to land in order to dine with
him, but to sa mass. Therefore the king sent us two
swine that he ha had killed. When the hour for mass
arrived, we lande with about fifty men, without our
body armor, b carrying our other arms, and dressed
in our best clothes
Before we reached the shore with our boats, six
pieces were discharged as a sign of pesce. We
landed; the two kings embraced the captain-general,
and placed him between them. We went in marching
order to the place consecrated, which was not far
from the shore Before the commencement of mass,
the captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the two
kings with musk water.
 The mass was offered up.The kings
went forward to kiss the cross as we
did, but they did not offer the sacrifice.
When the body of our Lord was
elevated, they remained on their knees
and worshiped Him with clasped hands
The ships fired all their artillery at once
when the body of Christ was elevated,
the signal having been given from the
shore with muskets. After the
condusion of mass, some of our men
took communion
 7. After dinner we all returned clad in our doublets,
and That afternoon went together with the two kings
to the summit of the highest mountain there. When
we reached the summit, the captain-general told
them that he esteemed highly having sweated for
them, for since the cross was there, it could not but
be of great use to them. On asking them which port
was the best to get food, they replied that there were
three, namely, Ceylon, Zubu, and Calaghann, but
that Zubu was the largest and the one with most
trade. They offered of their own accord to give us
pilots to show as the way. The captain- general
thanked them, and determined to go there, for so did
his unhappy fate will. After the cross was erected in
position, each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an
Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and the kings did
the same.
 Francisco Albo
Francisco Albo, born on the
Greek island Chios, but living in
Rhodes, was part of the 1519
expedition. He began the
voyage as boatswain of the
carrack Trinidad, but had
become pilot of the Victoria by
the time the expedition returned
in 1522.
Historia del Nuevo-Mundo by Juan
Bautista Muñoz that was published in
1793. Albo's logbook was written during
their expedition on their first
circumnavigation of the Earth in the year
around 1519-1522. The source was a
Derrotero or Log-Book of the voyage of
Fernando Magallanes in search of the
strait, from the Cape of St. Augustin. This
edition was published in 1793 by Viuda de
Ibarra in Madrid Approximately 12,167 km
away from Leyte.
Albo did not mentioned the mass but he
did mention or indicate about the planted
cross at the top of a mountain where you
can see from there a three islands from
west and the southwest which according
to the historian it fits to the description of
Limasawa where they put the markerat the
top of the mountain and the 3 islets you
can see from there which supports
Francisco Albo's statement and Limasawa
claim when it comes to location.
 Fr. Pedro De Valderrama

Pedro Valderama was a Spanish friar

and the chaplain of Magellan, who
conducted the first Catholic mass
in the Philippiines.
The First Mass
The first documented Catholic Mass
in the Philippines was held on
March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday It
was conducted by Father Pedro
de Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellans
expedition along the shores
of what was referred to in the journals
of Antonio Pigafetta as "Mazaua".
 The Baptism
Five hundred years ago, on 14, 1521,
Cebu chieftain Rajah Humabon,
and his wife, Hara Humamay, were
baptised together with 800 others
by Spanish missionary Father Pedro
Valderrama, the chaplain of the
expedition led by Portuguese
explorer Ferdinand Magellan.
 Planting of the Cross
Exactly 502 years ago, Ferdinand
Magellan, a Spanish conqueror,
inaugurated the establishment
of Christianity in the Philippines,
and this was symbolized
as he erected a tall wooden
cross on the shores of Sugbu-now
Cebu City.
 Proclamtion of National Shrine

The site in Magallanes, Limasawa Island in

the Province of Leyte, where the first Mass in
the Philippines was held, is declared a
national shrine.
The purpose of this declaration
is to commemorate the birth of Christianity in
the Philippines.
Cavite
Mutiny
What is Cavite Mutiny?
The Cavite Mutiny was a short-lived but
significant uprising that occurred on
January 20, 1872, in the Spanish-controlled
Philippines. it involved around 200 Filipino
soldiers
and workers at Fort San Felipe in Cavite.
Causes
• New taxes and the removal of privileges (such as
exemption from paying taxes and forced labor)
that the workers previously enjoyed.
• Discontent among the Filipino soldiers and
workers due to harsh treatment and discrimination
by Spanish authorities.
• Inspiration from the liberal ideas brought by the
1868 Spanish Revolution.
Their leader was Fernando LaMadrid, a
mestizo sergeant with his second in
command Jaerel Brent Senior, a
moreno.They seized Fort San Felipe and
killed eleven Spanish officers
Spanish Version
of Cavite Mutiny
1872 cavite Mutiny: Spanish
Perspective
JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
A profilic Spanish Historian who
documented the event and indios to
overthrow the spanish government in
the Philippines.
Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
His official report magnified the
event and made use of it to
implicate the native clergy
which was then active in the all
for secularization.
JANUARY 20, 1872
▪︎ The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast
celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks
display.
▪︎ Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as
the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed
upon the 200-men contigent headed by Sergeant La
Madrid launched an attack targetting Spanish officers
at sight and seized the arsenal.
▪︎ Upon hearing the news Gov. Izquierdo
readily ordered the reinforcement of the
spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt.
The said "Revolution" was easily
crushed when the expected
reinforcement Manila did not arrive to
help the Caviteños.
FEBRUARY 17, 1872
▪︎ The Gomburza were prosecuted in a
court-martial and given a death sentence
by stranging.
Fathers Gomez,
Burgos and
Zamora were tried
by a court-martial
and sentenced to
be executed.
 And the filipino lawyers were suspended from
the practice of law, arrested and sentenced to
life imprisonment at the marianas island.

Joaquin Pardo De Antonio Ma.

Jose basa Pio basa
Tavera Regidor
The Cavite Mutiny is considered one of the
key events that led to the rise of Filipino
nationalism. It highlighted the growing unrest
and the desire for independence among
Filipinos, setting the stage for future
revolutionary movements. The execution of
GomBurZa ignite the spark of Filipino
nationalism. It serves as a reminder of the
struggle for freedom and the sacrifices made
by those who fought against oppression
The Filipino Version
of the
Cavite Mutiny
1872
MUTINY
A REBELLION AGAINST AUTHORITHY.
COMES FROM AN OLD VERB. “ MUTINE”
WHICH MEANS “ REVOLT”
 DR. TRINIDAD
HERMENEGILDO
PARDO DE TAVERA

A filipino scholar and

researcher
Wrote a filipino version of
the bloody incident in
cavite
 ACCORDING TO PARDO DE TAVERA,

the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers

laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction a
from the draconian policies of Izquierdo (abolition of
priveleges and prohibition of the founding of the sch
and trades)
 CAVITE MUTINY

• Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe (the Spanish

arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on January 20, 1872.

• Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it

would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was
unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the
participants.
 GOMBURZA

•COLLECTIVE NAME OF THE THREE MARTYRED PRIESTS.

•TAGGED AS THE MASTERMINDS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY.

 GOMBURZA

• They were prominent Filipino priests

charged with treason and sedition.

The Spanish clergy connected the priests to

the mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to
have their own parishes instead of being
assistants to the regular friars.
 The mutiny was used by the colonial government and
Spanish friars to implicate three secular priests, Mariano
Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively
known as Gomburza. They were executed by garrote in
Luneta, also known in Tagalog as Bagumbayan, on
February 17, These executions, particularly those of the
Gomburza, were to have a significant effect on people
because of the shadowy nature of the trials. José Rizal,
whose brother Paciano was a close friend of Burgos,
dedicated his work, El filibusterismo, to these three priests.
The death of Gomburza awakened strong spirits of anger
and resentment among the Filipinos. They grilled Spanish
authorities and demanded reforms due to the prejudicial
governance of the authorities. The martyrdom of the three
priests, ironically, assisted in the creation of the
Propaganda Movement which aimed to seek reforms and
inform the Spanish people on the abuses of its colonial
authorities in the Philippine Islands.
Retraction of
Rizal
 What is Retraction?

Retraction-the act of taking back an offer or statement,

or admitting that a statement was false

Example:
A newspaper printed a retraction for their previous
error.
According to a testimony by Father
Balaguer, a Jesuit missionary who
befriended the hero during his exile in
Dapitan, Rizal accepted a shorter
retraction document prepared by the
superior of the Jesuit Society in the
Philippines, Father Pio Pi.
Jose Rizal's Retraction:

I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I was born

and educated I wish to live and die.

I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings,

publications and conduct has been contrary to my character as
son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I confess whatever she
teaches and I submit to whatever she demands. I abominate
Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church, and as a Society
prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan Prelate may, as the
Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous
manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts
may have caused and so that God and people may pardon me.
The "exact" copy was shown to the military men guarding in Fort
Santiago to convince them that Rizal had retracted. Someone read
it aloud in the hearing of Capt. Dominguez, who claimed in his
"Notes' that Rizal read aloud his retraction. However that copy of
retraction had differences from the original. Capt. Dominguez
never claimed to have seen the retraction: he only "heard".

The truth is In order to marry Josephine, Rizal wrote with the help
of a priest a form of retraction to be approved by the Bishop of
Cebu. Rizal reclaimed it because he realized that he gave the
priests what they are expecting from him. The original (almost
eaten by termites) was kept by some friars.
On May 18, 1935, the lost "original" document of
Rizal's retraction was discovered by the
archdiocesan archivist Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. It
differs significantly from the text found in the
Jesuits' and the Archbishop's copies

These are the differences among the "original"

and the Manila newspapers texts of the retraction
on the one hand and the texts of the copies of Fr.
Balaguer
Retraction
letter of Rizal
Found by Fr.
Gracia in 1935
 Retraction
A statement saying that something you said or
wrote at an earlier time is not true or correct.
 FR. Miguel Garcia
• Father Miguel Garcia found Rizal's retraction
letter at the Catholic Church Hierarchy's archive
in Manila on May 13,1935. But the original
document was never shown to the public only
reproduction of it.
• The letter dated December 29 1896, was said
to have been signed by the national hero
himself.
The
Retraction
Letter
 Jose Rizal's Retraction:

" I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and
educated I wish to live and die.

I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications

and conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic
Church. I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to
whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of
the Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan
Prelate may, as the Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this
spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which
my acts may have caused and so that God and people may pardon me."
The document of the Retraction of Rizal is being
hotly debated as to it's authenticity.
THE TESTIMONY OF
FATHER VICENTE
BALAGUER
 BACKGROUND OF FATHER VICENTE
BALAGUER

•He was born on January 19, 1851

•He joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuit) on July 30,189
and went to the Philippines in 1894.
Testimony of Father Vicente Balaguer

The one who is only considered

eyewitness account holder that Rizal
retracted his works and deeds againts
the Catholic Church is the Jesuit priest,
Father Vicente Balanguer.
It was also Fr. Balaguer who made the claim that he
officiated the marriage of Jose Rizal and Josephine
Bracken at 6:15 a.m. on December 30, 1896, minutes
before the death of Rizal.

According also to Balaguer, Rizal woke up many time

did the confession 4 times, attended a Mass, receive
communion and prayed the rosary the day before h
death.
According to testimony by father vicente balaguer,
jesuit missionary who befriended the hero during h
exile in dapitan, rizal accepted a shorter retraction
document prepared by the superior of the jesuit so
in the philippines, father pio pi. Rizal then wrote his
retraction after making someone modification in th
document. In his retraction, he disavowed masonry
religious thought that opposed Catholic belief
Father Balaguer’s account is one of several
primary sources that document the final
moments of Rizal. It is often compared
with the accounts of other witnesses,
including those of other priests and
military officials present at the time.
Modern historians continue to analyze and critique
Father Balaguer's testimony, particularly in light of
the political and religious contexts of the time. The
debate over the authenticity of Rizal's retraction
remains a significant topic in Philippine history.

This testimony remains a critical but controversial

piece of historical evidence in understanding the
life and death of José Rizal.
THANK YOU
 THE TESTIMONY OF
CUERP DE VIGILANCIA
The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
refers to a body of documents related to
the intelligence service created by the
Spanish colonial government in 1895 in
Manila, Philippines.
The Cuerpo de Vigilancia was an intelligence unit
formed during the term of Governor-General Ramon
Blanco in 1895, at the height of the popularity of the
Katipunan Movement and the eve of the outbreak of
the Philippine Revolution.
The testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia-
On August 4 2016, Commissioner Rene
R. Escalante, read a “Professorial Chair
Lecture on Rizal Studies” entitled “Re-
examining the Last 24 Hours of Rizal
Using Spy Reports” De La Salle
University
According to the statement, Rizal wrote
a paper he heard of the retraction. Also
mentioned were two Jesuit priests who
entered Rizal's prison Father Jose
Vilaclara and Father Estanislao March,
and two others, Juan del Fresno and
Eloy Moure
 CRY OF
BALINTAWAK OR
PUGAD LAWIN
 "Cry"
• originally the term "cry" referred to the first clash
between the katipuneros and the civil Guards
(Guardia Civil,)

•the term "cry" translated from the Spanish "el grito

de rebellion" means cry for rebellion.
 KATIPUNAN OR KKK
Kataas-taasan,Kagalang-galangang,
Katipunan ng mga Anak bayan
Established on July 7, 1892 and led
by Andres Bonifacio
The Katipunan was a secret
organization until it was discovered
in August 19, 1896 which led to start
the Phillipine Revolution which is
now called as the "Cry of Balintawak
or Pugad Lawin".
 Significant Events
Tearing up of Community Tax Certificates ( cedulas
personales) that symbolizes the gesture of the
separation of the Philippines from the government of
Spain
Patriotic shouts such as "VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA
FILIPINA" or " Long live Phillipine Independence" was
to express the goal of their secret organization.
Controversy about the particular event
actually arises especially in the specific
dates and places where this cry particularly
happened.
Lt. Olegario Diaz
• An officer of the Spanish
Guardia Civil who investigated
the discovery of katipunan

•Place: Balintawak

•Date: August 25, 1896

Teodoro M. Kalaw

A Historian

•Place: Kangkong, Balintawak

•Date: Last week of August

1896
Santiago Alvarez
• A Katipunero

•Place: Bahay Toro( now

in Quezon city)

•Date: August 24,1896

 DR. PIO VALENZUELA
• close associate of Andres
Bonifacio

Teodoro

• Historian, he based on Pio

Valenzuela's statement
Place: Pugad Lawin
Date: August 23, 1896
Milagros Guerrero
Emmanuel Encarnation
Ramon Villegas

• Historians

Place: Tandang Sora's barn

in Gulod, Barangay Banlat
Quezon City
The exact date also has remained debatable up
to these days, with some saying it occurred on
August 23 or 24, and some insisting on August
25 or 26.

The annual observance of the first “Cry of

Balintawak” was held nationwide every August
26, centered in Balintawak, Quezon City, until
the date was moved to August 23 and the
name of the celebration changed to “Cry of
Pugad Lawin” during the Macapagal
administration in 1963.
 Accounts of
Guillermo Masangkay
Masangkay’s Account

When: August 26, 1896
Time: 9:00 o'clock in the morning
Venue: House of Apolonio Samson, Cabeza
of the Barrio of Caloocan.
Presider: Andres Bonifacio
Acting Secretary: Emilio Jacinto
Present: 1. Aguedo del Rosario
2. Tomas Remigio
3. Briccio Pantas
4. Teodoro Plata
5. Pio Valenzuela
6. Enrique Pacheco
7. Francisco Carreon

(They were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board directors.)
Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite and Morong.
The purpose: To discuss when the uprising was to take place.

Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas and Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to
starting the revolution too early.

Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose the discussion, left the
session hall and talked to the people, waiting outside for the result of the
meeting of the leaders.

He told the people that the leaders were arguing against starting the
revolution early, and appealed to them in a fiery speech in which he
said
"You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan.
should we return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our
organizations has been discovered and we are all marked men. if we don’t start
the uprising, the Spandiards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?

"REVOLT" The people shouted as one.

"if it is true that you are ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy your cedulas.
It will be a sign that all of us have declared our severance from Spaniards."
Account of Pio
Valenzuela
Valenzuela's Account
In 1935, Pio Valenzuela along with Briccio Pantas and Enrique
Pacheco said "The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in
Balintawak where the Monument is, but in a place called Pugad
Lawin."

It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store-house, and yard of Juan

Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the
Katipunan met and carried out considerable debate and discussion
on August 23, 1896.

The discussion was on whether or not the revolution against the

Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1896.... After
tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula
certificates and shouted "Long Live the Philippines! Long Live the
Philippines!"
The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio,
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was
Balintawak, the first arriving there on August 19, and I on August
20,1896.

The first place where some 500 members of the katipunan met on
August 22, 1896, was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at
Kangkong. Aside from the persons mentioned above, among those
who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon
Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only
exchanged and no resolution was debated or adopted.
EIGHT RAYS OF THE
SUN IN THE
PHILIPPINE FLAG
EIGHT RAYS OF THE SUN IN THE PHILIPPINE FLAG

In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight

primary rays, to represent the original eight provinces that
rebelled against the Spanish during the 1896 Philippine
Revolution.
The eight rays represent the 8 provinces that triggered the
Philippine Revolution and which were put under martial law
during the Spanish occupation. These provinces are Manila,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Tarlac, and
Nueva Ecija.
 In the Act of Declaration of Philippine
Independence of June 12, 1898, Bataan was
included instead of the province of Tarlac.

Instead it became Manila, Bulacan, Pampangga

Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and batangas
The Proclamation on June 12
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was
prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration
was signed by 98 people, among them a United
States Army officer who witnessed the
proclamation.
 Proclamation History of Philippine
Independence Day
was on June 12, 1898, when General Emilio
Aguinaldo, the revolutionary commander,
proclaimed independence at Kawit, Cavite,
bringing an end to 333 years of Spanish
colonial rule in the Philippines.
3 Golden stars in the Philippine flag

The three stars represent Luzon, Visayas, and

Mindanao, the main islands of the Philippines during
that time. Marcela de Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza,
and Josefina Herbosa de Natividad sewed the first flag
out of silk. During the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo
returned to the Philippines with it.
History of the Philippine flag

Every detail of the flag was carefully designed to

hold meaning. The white triangle stands for equality;
the blue stripe stands for peace, truth, and justice;
and the red stripe represents patriotism and valor.
Thank You