2023 CANDIDATES REVISION QUESTIONS

FORM TWO
Transport
1. a) Distinguish between single circulatory and double circulatory system. (2mks)

(b)A person of blood group O requires a transfusion. Name the blood group (s) of the possible
donor. (1mk)
2. An athlete training to take part in an international competition moved to a high altitude
area where he was to train for twelve (12) days before the competition. He took his
pulse rate per minute daily and tabulated them as shown below
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pulse per 72 78 89 92 92 90 86 80 77 74 72 72
minute

(a) Other than pulse rate, name one other process which was affected by change in
altitude. (1mark)
(b) Account for the change in pulse rate from.
(i) Day 1 to day 7 (1 mark)

(ii) Day 8 to day 12 (1 mark)

(c) Explain the advantage this athlete has over the one who trains in a lower altitude
area. (2 marks)

(d) The equation below represents a reaction which takes place during rapid muscular
movements in humans.
Glucose..............lactic acid + 150kj
(i) State two effects of this reaction to an individual (2 marks)

(ii) How is lactic acid finally eliminated from the muscle tissue after the muscle return to
normal movement (1 mark)

3. a) State three structural differences between arteries and veins (3mks)

b) List two factors that aid in blood flow through the veins (2mks)
c) Name the proteins in the blood which are responsible for determining the blood group of a
person (2mks)
d) In a certain person, blood took long time to clot after a cut. What vitamin deficiency was the
person likely to have been suffering from? (1mk)

4. The diagram below represents circulatory system in animal.

(a) Name the class whose members show the circulatory system shown above.(1mk)
(b) (i) Name the parts labeled I and II (2mks)
I………………………………………………………………………………………
II……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State two difference in blood composition and flow in blood vessel R and P. (2mks)

(d) (i) Explain why root pressure stops when a root is deprived of oxygen. (1mk)

(ii) Explain why a plant stomata may close in a hot sunny afternoon only to re-open a short
while later. (2mks)

5. a) What is blood transfusion ? (1mark)

(b) State three precautions to be observed before transfusing blood. (3marks)

(c) State the advantage and disadvantage of blood group O. (2marks)

(d) (i) What is a universal recipient? (1mark)

(ii) State the blood group of universal recipient. (1mark)

6. The diagram below represents the direction of flow of water over the gills of a fish and
the flow of blood in a capillary in the gills the percentage oxygen in solution at points A,
B, P, Q and R is given in the table below the diagram. The percentage hemoglobin
saturation is also given at positions P, Q and R.
position % oxygen in solution % haemoglobin saturation
with oxygen
A 10 __
B 7 __
P 4 55
Q 7 85
R 6 95

(a) Why is the percentage of oxygen lowest at P? (1mk)

(b) State with reasons, what this data suggest what will happen to oxygen in the water at
position B ? (2mks)

(c) Why is the percentage of oxygen, in solution lower at R than at Q ? (1mk)

(d) Suppose the direction of blood was opposite the above, suggest the disadvantage of this
arrangement as compared to the one above. (1mk)

(e) The principle whereby the blood flows in the opposite direction to that of another fluid is
known as counter-current effect (flow). Give two examples where this effect occurs in the
human body (2mks)

(f) Name the structure of gaseous exchange in the stems of woody plants. (1mk)
7. a) i) Name the blood vessel that connects arteries to veins. (1mk)
ii) Explain three ways in which the vessels named in (a) (i) above are adapted to carry
their functions. (3mks)

b) Name the blood vessel with the highest concentration of:

i) Glucose (1mk)
ii) Carbon (IV) Oxide. (1mk)
c) i) Cardiac muscles are said to be myogenic. Explain. (1mk)
 ii) What is a single circulation? (1mk)
8. A potometer is a device for investigating the rate of transpiration. Prior to setting up,
the potometer and the stem of a leafy shoot are immersed in water. Under water, the
bottom centimetre of the stem is cut off and the cut end inserted into the plastic tubing.
The apparatus is removed from the water, a bubble of air allowed to enter the open
end of the capillary tube and that end then inserted into a beaker of water. The
completed set-up for a simple potometer is shown below.

(a) What assumption is made when this apparatus is used to investigate the rate of
transpiration? (1mark)
(b) Explain each of the following.
(i) Why it is necessary to cut the leafy shoot and fit it into the potometer under water (1mark)

(ii) How the bubble of air is introduced into the capillary tube. (1mark)

(iii) Why a syringe is attached. (1mark)

(iv) Why the set-up is left for 15 minutes before taking readings. (1mark)

(c) The table below shows some results recorded using the apparatus.

Time(minutes) Distance travelled by bubble(mm)

Normal room Covered with clear Covered with black
conditions plastic bag plastic bag
0 0 0 0
2 18 10 4
4 36 19 8
6 55 29 11
8 74 38 15
10 90 48 18

(i) Account for the difference in distance covered when the leaves where covered with clear
and black plastic bag. (3 marks)
ii) explain why the distance of air bubble travelled faster when the photometer was set in
normal room conditions compared to when it was covered with clear plastic bag. (2marks)

9. In an experiment, a student covered one of the leaves of a potted plant on both upper
and lower surfaces with blue cobalt chloride paper. The plant was exposed outside for
45 minutes. Observation: The cobalt chloride on the undersurface of the leave changed
into pink in the first 20 minutes only as the upper surface remained blue. However at
the end of the experiment, after 45 minutes, the upper surface also turned pink.
i) State the aim of the experiment. (1mrk)

ii) Give one significance of the results obtained. (1mrk)

iii) When transplanting seedlings, it is advisable to remove some leaves. Explain (1mrk)

iv) Describe how water moves from the soil into xylem of root hairs. (5marks)

10. The diagram below shows a cross section of a plant stem.

(i) State the class of the plant from which the organ was obtained (1 mark)
(ii) Name the parts labeled X Y and Z (3 marks)
X …………………………………………………………………………………………
Y ………………………………………………………………………………………...
Z ………………………………………………………………………………………...
iii) Describe the path taken by carbon (IV) oxide released from the tissue of an insect to the
atmosphere. (3mrks)
iv) State ways why the heart muscles are considered to be special. (1mark)

Gaseous exchange
1. a) Name two substances which are found in the intercellular air spaces in a green leaf
during a hot sunny day. (2marks)
(b) Name the gaseous exchange structure found in the:
i) Stem of a mesophyte plant (1mark)
ii) Root of aquatic halophytes (1mark)
iii) Terrestrial insects.(1mark)
(c) State three ways in which the gill filaments are adapted to their functions. (3marks)

2. The diagram below represents a transverse section of a leaf.

(a) (i) State the habitat of the plant from which the leaf was obtained. (1mks)
(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) (i) above. (2mks)

(b) How does the part labelled B adapt the plant to its habitat (1mk)

(c) a bony fish dies immediately after being removed from water . Explain (3mks)

(d) What structures are used for gaseous exchange in plants found in marine water? (1mk)

3. The diagram below represents a structure used for gaseous exchange in a woody plant
(a). Name the part labeled A and B. [2 marks]
(b). Name the gases marked by arrows X and Y. [2 marks]
X……………………………………………………………………………………
Y……………………………………………………………………………………
(c). Give the function of the part labeled B. [1 mark]
(d). Name the physiological process that results in the production of gas X in the plant tissues.
[1 mark]
(e). Why does low oxygen concentration in the soil result in reduced mineral on absorption by
root hair of plants? [2 marks]

4. The diagram below represents a unit of gaseous exchange in man. Study it carefully and
answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the blood vessel that brings blood to the lungs and the vessel which takes blood away
from the lungs. (2mks)
b) Name the structure above. (1mk)
c) Label A and E. (2mks)
d) In what form is carbon (IV) oxide transported in structure labeled E. (1mk)
e) Name the gas G. (1mk)

5. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the tissue where the cells drawn above are found. (1 mark)
b) Identify cells A and B. (2 marks)
c) Give two structural differences between cell A and cell B. (2 marks)

d) Describe how structure C opens as explained by the photosynthetic theory. (3 marks)

Respiration
1. The diagram below illustrates an experiment to demonstrate a certain biological
process. Before adding yeast suspension in tube A, the glucose solution was first boiled
and cooled.

a. What biological process was being demonstrated? (1mark)

(b) (i) What observation would be made in tube B after 20 minutes of the experiment?
(2marks)

(ii) Account for the observations made in (b) (i) above (2marks)

(c) Write down a word equation to summarize the reaction taking place in tube A. (1mark)
(d) State two industrial applications of the chemical reaction taking place in tube A. (2marks)

2. The diagram below represents a simple respiratory pathway in cells.

a) Name the process marked X and Y. (2mks)

b) State two differences between process X and Y. (2mks)

c) State the name of substance B and condition under which it is formed. (2mks)

d) Explain how body size affects the rate of respiration in animals. (2mks)

3. It was found that during germination of bean seeds, 9.2 cm3 of carbon IV Oxide was
produced while 9.0 cm3 of oxygen was used up.
(a) (i) Calculate the respiratory quotient of the reaction:- (2 marks)
(ii) Identify the substrate being metabolized. (1mark)
(b) In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur? (1 mark)

4. A set up was done as shown below

Boiling tube

a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)

b) State two observations in the test tube (2mks)

 c) State an observation in the boiling tube 1mk)

d) List two conclusions made at the end of the experiment (2mks)

e) A man weighing 90kg requires 200KJ per gram of body weight while a rat weighing
50g requires 2500KJ per gram of body weight. Explain (2mks)

5. The experiment below was set-up to investigate some physiological processes. The
glucose solution was first boiled then cooled. The set-up was left for 24hrs.

(a) Suggest two aims of the experiment. (2mks)

(b)(i) State the expected observations after 24 hours. (2mks)

(ii) Explain your observations in a (i) above. (2mk)

(iii) Why was glucose solution boiled then cooled? (1mk)

(iv) Suggest a control for the above experiment (1mk)

6. a) Name the organic chemical product produced in muscles during vigorous activity in
insufficient oxygen supply. (1 mark)

b) Explain why a cereal plant will not grow if its rate of photosynthesis is less than its
rate of respiration (1 mark)
c) Outline the products of anaerobic respiration in plants. (1 mark)
d) During oxidation of certain food substances the respiratory quotient was found to be
0.718
i. Name the kind of food substance being oxidized. (1 mark)
ii. State one advantage of using the food substance named in (i) above as a
respiratory substance
(1mark)
 e) Why would you give an athlete glucose and not sucrose after a race? (2 marks)

Excretion

1. The diagram below shows how blood glucose in Mammalian body is regulated.
Pancrease secretes hormone Y

Normal glucose level Normal glucose level

Level 90mg/100𝑐𝑚3 Level 90mg/100𝑐𝑚3

Hormone Z released
a)Name hormones Y and Z; (2marks)
b) State two ways by which hormone lowers glucose level in the blood when it rises above
90mg/100𝑐𝑚3 . (2marks)

c) Name the condition an individual would suffer from if there is failure of the pancreas to
secrete hormone Y.State how the condition can be managed. (2marks)

d) Give two ways by which mammalian blood carry out homeostasis function. (2marks)

2. Shown below is a section through the mammalian nephron.

a) Name the structures labeled - (2mks)

A
N
b) Name all structures in a nephron which are normally present in the cortex region of kidney.
(1mk)
c) Which region in the Nephron deals with conservation of body water (1mk)

d) Name one hormone that has an effect on part labelled X. (1mk)

e) How is part labeled N adapted to its function. (3mks)

3. The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in a certain organ in the
mammalian body.

Ammonia + carbon (IV) oxide..................compound Q + water

(a) Name the process represented in the equation above. (1 mark)

(b)Name the organ in which the process occurs. (1mark)

(c) Why is the process important to mammals (1mark).

(d)Identify the organic compound Q. (1 mark)

(e) Explain the source of ammonia in the organ named in (b) above. (2 marks)

(f) What happens to organic compound Q.? (2 marks)

4. a) Explain why plants lack complex excretory system. (4marks)

b).i) What would happen if a person produced less anti-diurectic hormone? (1mrk)

ii) What term is given to the condition described in (b) (i) above? (1mrk)
c) State two portions of the human nephron found only in the cortex of the kidney. (2mrk)

5. Proteins are present in a balanced diet. They are broken down into amino acid, the body
cannot store amino acids, and so any excess amino acids are metabolized as shown below.

(a) Names the process S and T, stating the organ in which each occurs. (4marks)
process name organ
S
T
(b) Describe how urea is transported to the site of removal from the body. (2mks)

6. Catalase is an enzyme present in all living tissues in both plants and animals. It breaks down
toxic hydrogen peroxide produced during cellular metabolism into less toxic water and
oxygen is evidenced by effervescence. In an experiment 10 ml of hydrogen peroxide was
put in different boiling tubes into which different specimens were put. The table below
summarizes part of the results. Carefully analyze the table and answer the questions that
follow.

specimen observation

A Fresh liver A lot of bubbling almost

violent
B Boiled liver No bubbling
C Fresh muscle tissue Vigorous bubbling less than
test tube A
D Dry bean seed Very slow bubbling
E Soaked bean seed Vigorous bubbling done
intensity of tube C
F 1cm3 potato cube Moderate bubbling
G 1cm3 mashed potato Vigorous bubbling same
intensity as in tube E

(a) Compare & account for the rate of bubbling between

(i)Tube A and tube B. (2 marks)

(ii)Tube A and C (2 marks)

(iii)Tube D and tube E (2 marks)

(iv)Tube F and G (1 mark)

(b) Write the equation for the reaction that produces the bubbling. (1 mark)
7. The quantity of urine passed per day was established in five mammals A, B, C, D, and E of
the same species in the natural habitats. The results are as shown in the following diagram;
(a) Which of the above mammals is likely to be excreting urine very high in ammonia? Explain
(2mks)

(b) Which of the five mammals was likely to be living in a desert? Explain (2mks)

(c) State two structural differences expected in the nephron of mammals A and D. (2mks)

(d) Name two physiological mechanisms used in mammal D to regulate its salt and water
balance in the body. (2mks)

8. The diagram below illustrates circulation in certain organs of the mammalian body.

a) Identify the blood vessels represented by A, B and C. (3mks)

A…………………………………………….
B…………………………………………….
C…………………………………………….
b) Explain why blood from the small intestines goes to the liver before it goes to any other
organ of the body. (2mks)

c) Compare the blood in vessels B and C. (1mk)

d) Outline how a glucose molecule in vessel A finally reaches the heart. (2mks)
9. Explain the role of the following organs during vigorous physical exercises.
a) Skin. (4marks)

b) Kidneys (4marks)

10. a) state ways in which plants carry out excretion. (2marks)

c) state the role of the following plant excretory waste.

Colchine
Papain

11. The graph below shows the relationship between body temperatures and external
temperatures in a human being and a snake. Study it and answer questions that follow.
 a) What happens to the temperature of each organism as the external temperature
increases.(2 marks)

Human
Snake
b) Humans are described as homoithermic. State the advantage of this condition. (2marks)

The body temperatures of two animals A and B varied as below with environmental
Temperature

a) Which of the animals is; i) Endothermic ……………………………………….. (1mk)

ii) Ectothermic ……………………………...………… (1mk)
b) With a reason, state which of the animals is likely to be widely distributed (2mks