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nce

THREE-
MOMENTEQUATI
ON

Modul
e4of7modul
es

Theor
yofSt
ruct
uresI
I

AndrewM.Layag
Emai
laddr
ess:andrewml
ayag@gmail.
com
CP#:09192139809and09199953314

Engi
neer
ingDepar
tment

SecondSemest
er,
Academi
cYear2021-
2022
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Inthi
s module,we di scuss another usef
ultoolof f orce methods to analyze
i
ndetermi
nate st
ruct
ures,which is,the Three-MomentEquat i
on met hod.Three-
moment
equati
onmethodisusedonlyforindet
erminatebeams,especi
all
y,conti
nuousbeams.Ittreats
themomentsatsupportsoft
hebeam ast heunknowns.

Thi
smodulei sint
endedf ortwoweeks.Al lexerci
sesandact i
vi
ti
esherei
nobserv
e
sensi
ti
vit
ytogenderandcult
uralbackground.Readanddot heact
ivi
ti
esatyourowncomfor
t.
Forot
herconcer
ns,cont
actyourteacherduri
ngclassscheduleonl
y.

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES

Att
heendoft
hemodul
e,y
oushoul
dbeabl
eto:
1.for
mulatetheThree-
MomentEquat i
onsofacontinuousbeam;
2.computethemoment sateachsupportofaconti
nuousbeam;
3.cal
cul
atethereacti
onsatthesupport
sofindet
erminatebeams;
and
4.gai
nski l
landappr eci
ati
oninanalyzingcont
inuousbeamsusi ngt
heThr
ee-
Moment
Equat
ion.

LET’
SENGAGE
I
twouldbebettert
obeknowl edgeabl
eandski l
l
edt oappl ymanymethodsofanal
yzinga
str
uctur
e.Theadv antageisthaty ouhav ethechoi cet o usewhi chissui
tableand more
conveni
entmethodtosolvetheproblem.Understandi
ngt hethree-
momentequationmethodis
veryhel
pful
instudy
ingthedi
splacementmet hodsofstructur
alanaly
sis.

LET’
STALKABOUTI
T

 TheThr
ee-MomentEquat
ion

Thethr ee-
momentequat i
onr epresentsthecompat ibi
l
itycondit
iont hattheslopeof
theelasti
ccur vebecont inuousatt hei nt
eri
orsuppor toft hecont inuousbeam.The
equati
on ex presses t he r
elati
on bet ween the bending moment s att hree successi
ve
support
sofacont inuousbeam, subjectedtovari
ousloading,wit
horwi thoutsettl
ementsat
support
s.Takenot et hatifallsupportmoment sareknown,t hereacti
onsatt hesupports
canbedet er minedbyst aticequili
brium.Theequat i
oni sderivedusi ngt hemethodof
consi
stentdef ormationwher ethesuppor tmoment saretreatedasther edundantmoment s
andthatallsupportsunder goneset t
lements.
Thepr ocessmaybei l
lustr
atedbysolv
ingthesuppor
tmomentsoft hecont
inuous
beam subj
ectedtogener
all
oadingQiandsuppor
tsett
lement
sasshown.Consi
deronlytwo
adj
acentspansABandBC.Removingtheredundantmoment
s,t
hebeam wi
l
lhav
eint
ernal
hi
ngeateverysuppor
tsandt
hepr
imarybeam isobtai
ned.
QL QR
MA MB MC
A B C
∆C
∆A ∆B
hA hC

LAB LBC

(
a) Cont
inuous

1
 QL QR

B θ1
A C

θ1l θ1r

xA xC

AAB ABC

(
b)Pr
imar
yBeam Subj
ect
ed t
o Ext
ernalLoads wi
th M-

A B C
∆C
∆A ∆B
hA hC
θ2

(
c) Pr
imar
y Beam Subj
ect
ed t
o Suppor
t

MA MB
θ3 MC

A θ3l B θ3r C

MB
MA MC

(
d)Pr
imar
y Beam Subj
ect
ed t
o RedundantMoment
s wi
th M-

2
Wor
kingEquat
ionf
rom Condi
ti
onsofGeomet
ry

Taket
hesum oft
hechangesi
nsl
opebet
weent
angent
sjustt
othel
eftandr
ightofB.
θ1-
θ2+θ3=0

wher
e

θ1=θ1l+θ1r

h h
θ2= A + C
LAB LBC

θ3=θ3l+θ3r

byMoment
-Ar
eamet
hod,

t
θ1l= A/B =
LAB EI AB
[ ]
1 AABxA
LAB
and
t
θ1r= C/B =
LBA EI [ ]
1 ABC xC
BC
LBC

t
θ3l= A/B =
LAB EI AB
[6
+
3 ]
1 MALAB MBLAB

t
θ3r= C/B =
LBC EI BC
[6
+
3 ]
1 MCLBC MBLBC

Sol
vi
ngt
hewor
kingequat
ionwi
tht
hev
aluesof θi r
esul
tst
othet
hree-
moment
equat
ion.

Gener
alFor
m ofThr
ee-
MomentEquat
ion

MA() LAB
IAB
(
L L
AB BC
) () L
IBC
6A x 6A x 6EhA 6EhC
+2MB AB+ BC + MC BC + AB A + BC C =
I I I L
AB AB
I L
BC BC
LAB
+
LBC

wher
e

6AABxA 6A x
and BC C =f
act
orsoft
hree-
momentequat
ion
LAB LBC

3
 hA and hC =di
ff
erencesi
nel
evat
ionr
elat
ivet
oinnersuppor
t,posi
ti
vewhen
measur
edabovethei
nnersuppor
tB.
AAB= ar
eaofM-
diagr
am duetoappl
iedl
oadsonspanAB,t
reat
ingspanAB
asasimpl
ebeam.
ABC = ar
eaofM-di
agr
am duet
oappl
i
edl
oadsonspanBC,t
reat
ingspanBC
asasi
mpl
ebeam.

xA orxl=di
stancemeasur
edf
rom At
ocent
roi
dofAAB,
lmeansl
eftsuppor
t.

xB or xr= di
stancemeasur
edf
rom Ct
ocent
roi
dofABC,r meansr
ight
suppor
t.

Whent
her
eisnosuppor
tset
tl
ementandEIi
sconst
ant
,theequat
ionbecomes:

6AABxA 6ABCxC
MALAB +2MB(
LAB+LBC)+MC LBC + + =0
LAB LBC

Not
e: Thesubscri
ptsaregener
ic.I
tmustconf
ir
m wi
tht
henot
ati
onsusedf
orev
ery
t
hreesuccessi
vesuppor
ts.

 Pr
ocedur
eforAnal
ysi
s

1.Forev erysetoft hreesuccessi

vesupport
s,computethef act
orsofthr
ee-
moment
equati
ont henwrit
ethethr
ee-momentequati
on.Usetheactualmoment
satsimpl
eend
supportsoftheconti
nuousbeam, suchasmomentloadsandmomentforanover
hang.
Forarollerorhi
ngedendsupport,
themomentiszer
o.

2.Solvethesy
stem oft
hree-
momentequat
ionst
o det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofunknown
bendi
ngmoments.

3.Comput
etheshearatendsofeachspan.Thi
sisdonewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngst
eps:

a.Dr
awt
heFBDshowi
ngt
heext
ernal
loadsandsuppor
tmoment
s.

b.Appl
ytheequat
ionsofequi
l
ibr
ium t
ocal
cul
atet
heshearf
orcesatt
heendsoft
he
span.

4.Det
ermi
net
hesuppor
treact
ionsbyconsi
der
ingt
heequi
l
ibr
ium ofsuppor
tjoi
nts.

5.I
frequi
red,
drawt
heshearandbendi
ngmomentdi
agr
ams.

 Fact
orsf
orThr
ee-
MomentEquat
ion:CommonLoadi
ngs

Theusef
ulnessoft
het
hree-
momentequat
iondependsont
heaccur
acyandeasewi
th
6Axl 6Axr
whi
cht
heexpr
essi
ons and ar
edet
ermi
ned.Not
icet
hatt
heseex
pressi
ons
L L
aretherot
ati
onsatt
heendsofasi
mpl
ebeam mul
ti
pli
edby6.I
tsv
aluei
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
he
fol
lowingst
eps:
a.Treatthespanasasi
mpl
ebeam subj
ect
edt
oex
ter
nall
oadst
hencomput
ethe
react
ions.

4
 b.Drawthemomentdi
agr
am,
ormomentdi
agr
am bypar
ts.Momentdi
agr
am bypar
tsi
s
easi
ertowor
kon.

c.Comput
ethemomentofar eaoft hemomentdiagr
am abouttheleftorri
ghtend
whi
chev
eri
sneeded,
A(xl)orA(xr)
.Fort
woadj A(
acentspans, xl)i
sneededfort
helef
t
spanandA(
xr)f
ort
her
ightspan.

6
d.Mul
ti
plet
hemomentofar
easby .
L

Consi
derasimplebeam acteduponbyauni f
ormlyvar
yingl
oadasshown.I
tis
desi
redtodeter
minet
hefact
orsforthr
ee-
momentequat
ion.

Rl Rr

a.Suppor
tReact
ions:

wL
Rl=
6

wL
Rr=
3

b.MomentDi
agr
am byPar
tsr
efer
redf
rom r
ightend:
2L L
3 3
wL2
6
n=1

n=3
wL2
-
6
4L L
5 5

5
 c.Thr
ee-
MomentFact
ors:

L
=
L 2
([ ( )( ) ( )( )]
6Axl 6 1 wL2 2L 1 wL2 4L
L) -(
6 3 4
L)
6 5
=
8wL3
60

L
=
L 2
([ ( )() ( )()]
6Axr 6 1 wL2 L 1 wL2 L
L) -(
6 3 4
L)
6 5
=
7wL3
60

Tabl
e4.
1 Val
uesofThr
ee-
MomentEquat
ionFact
ors
6Axl 6Axr
Ty
peofLoadi
ng
L L

P
L L 3PL2 3PL2
2 2 8 8

P
Pa 2 2 Pb 2 2
a b (
L-a) ( b)
L-
L L
L

w
ωL3 ωL3
4 4
L

w
8ωL3 7ωL3
60 60
L

 SAMPLEPROBLEM SOLVI
NG

Exampl
e4.
1

Deter
minethereact
ionsfort
hecont
inuousbeam shownbel
owusi
ngt
heThr
ee-
Moment
Equati
on.EIi
sconstant
.

6
 225kN

ω=30kN/
m

A B C D

3m 3m 9m 3m

(
a)I
ndet
ermi
nat
eBeam

Sol
uti
on

TheThree-MomentEquat i
onswer ederiv
edt osat
isf
yt hecompatibi
li
tycondi
ti
onof
sl
opecont i
nuit
yatt hei nteri
orsupportsofcont i
nuousbeam.Howev er,t
heseequati
ons
canbeusedt osatisfythecompat i
bil
i
tyconditi
onofzeroslopeatt hefi
xedendofbeams.
Thiscanbeachi ev
edbyt r
eatingthebendingmomentatt hefixedsupportasoneofthe
unknownsorr edundantmoment sandbyr epl
acingthefi
x edsupportwithanimaginar
y
i
nteri
orrol
lersupportwi thanadj oini
ngendspanofzer olengthsimplysupportedatit
s
outerend,
asill
ustratedi ntheexampl ebel
ow.

225kN

ω=30kN/
m
O A
B C D

0 3m 3m 9m 3m

(
b)Equi
val
entBeam

Si
ncesupportAofthebeam i
nFig.(
a)isfi
xed,werepl
acedi
twit
hani maginar
y
i
nter
iorrol
l
ersupportwi
thanadj
oini
ngendspanofzer
olengt
hasshowninFi
g.(b)
.
Theunknownsorr
edundantmoment
sar
ethebendi
ngmoment
sMA andMB at
suppor
tsAandB,
respect
ivel
y.

Thr
ee-MomentEquat
ions:

Since EIi
s const
antand no suppor
tset
tl
ement
,the gener
alThr
ee-
Moment
Equat
ionis

6AABxA 6ABCxC
MALAB +2MB(
LAB+LBC)+MC LBC + + =0
LAB LBC

wher
e

7
 6Axl 6Axr ωL3
= = -
--
-foruni
for
mlydi
str
ibut
edl
oad
L L 4

6Axl 6Axr 3PL2

= = -
--
-forconcent
rat
edl
oadatmi
spsan
L L 8

Foradj
acentspansOAandAB(
orj
ointA)
,

3PL2
MoLOB +2MA(
LOA+LAB)+MBLAB +0+ =0
8

2
3(
225)
(6)
0(
0)+2MA(
0+6)+MB(
6)+ =0
8

2MA +MB=-
506.
25⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯eqn.(
a)

Foradj
acentspansABandBC(
orj
ointB)
,

3PL2 ωL3
MALAB +2MB(
LAB+LBC)+MC LBC + + =0
8 4

2 3
3(
225)
(6) 30(
9)
6)+2MB(
MA( 6+9)+MC (
9)+ + =0
8 4

wher
e

30(
3)2
MC + =-
135kN.
m
2

2 3
3(
225)
(6) 30(
9)
6)+MB(
MA( 30)
-135(
9)+ + =0
8 4

1215⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯eqn.(
MA +5MB=- b)

Bendi
ngMoment
satsuppor
ts:

Sol
vi
ngeqn’
s(a)&(
b),

MA = -
146.
25kN.
m

MB = -
213.
75kN.
m

s
FBD’andSpanEndShear
s:

225kN
146.
25kN.
m 213.
75kN.
m 135kN.
m
30kN/
m 30kN/
m
A B B C D

101.
25kN 75kN 143.
123. 75kN 126.
25kN 90kN 8
 C

React
ions:

RA =101.
25kN

RB=123.
75+143.
75=267.
5kN

RD =90kN

POSTASSESSMENT/PLATENO.04

Plat
eswi
l
lser
veasy
ourpostassessment
.Al
lpl
atesmustbesubmi
tt
edi
nhar
d
copi
es.

Pr
obl
em 4.
1 (
50pt
s)

A4m l ongsi
mplebeam issubj
ectedtoloadingsasshown.Det
ermi
net
het
hree-
moment
6Axl 6Axr
equat
ionfact
orsfort
hisbeam; and .
L L

50kN

40kN/
m

A B

2m 1m

4m

9
 Pr
obl
em 4.
2 (
50pt
s)

Deter
minethereact
ionsanddr
aw t
heshearandmomentdiagr
amsoft hecont
inuous
beam shownbel
ow.UsetheThr
ee-
MomentEquat
ionmet
hod.EIi
sconst
ant.

50kN
80kN/
m
20kN
40kN/
m
B
A D
C

1m 3m 2m 1m

4m

Scor
ingSy
stem f
orPl
ates

Point
s Cr
it
eria
50 - compl et eness
- organiz ation
- consist ency
- correct nessofanswer
- cleanliness
40 -f ouroft heelementsli
stedfor50ptsar
eevi
dent
30 -t hreeoft heelementsli
stedfor50pt
sareevi
dent
20 -t wooft heel ement
slist
edf or50pt
sareevi
dent
10 - onlyoneoft heel
ementsl i
stedf
or50pt
sareevident
0 - noat tempt

Submi
ssi
onofOut
put
s: Onorbef
oremi
dter
m ex
ami
nat
ion.

Submi
tout
put
sper
sonal
l
yorbymai
l
.

REFERENCES

Pant
,M.K.( .Fundament
2017) alsofst
ruct
uralanal
ysi
s.NewDel
hi:
S.K.Kat
ari
aSons.

1
Kassi
mal
i
,Asl
am.( .Under
2011) standi
ngst
ruct
uralanal
ysi
s.Si
ngapor
e:CengageLear
ningAsi
a.
Yuai
-YuHsi
eh.( .El
1982) ement
aryt
heor
yofst
ruct
ures.NewJer
sey
:Pr
ent
ice-
Hal
l
.
Wang.( .St
1962) ati
cal
l
yindet
ermi
nat
est
ruct
ures.NewYor
k:McGr
aw-
Hil
l
.