ae Uni Sensor: = (physical quantity to electrical avanti). Sensor or -dansclucer:~ Sensor or -Hanscducet is’ defined es @device which provices g useful or usable Outpt in vesporse +0 a Specified mMeasuran Jd Were, the output t6 electrical cumtity and the -measuromd 4s a Tal QuUorttey , Property or condition which ts meaxucd. Theee sensors ac divided hhy six ateqories om. the boasts of energies generated ey recieved . These ace > mechonica | > regnetic > FHhermnal = roe > electrical > chemical . Physical and chemical —Yemsaction Principles along orth some elaborations : Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner 4 - Tae Taewerion | Stee | — { ~"Sactenans Seaauteacs phaser mee cece [_nserson225 S wesene " ps eon corpo Ba ea Beene gaye 129 poss ui pA = Corey a ete _ ounrai ores aE —e ee eon} ears| st \ Ree Loayyone t422tae doube optubau| opoubont - Ce = syguboes ouvay7> | peryde oprubeus nue ; | sierrall yoeye2 ote . : eensarrd Lea | azuesnany ek seqard | S22"0P Bere oni |. pooseor3 | eusei2 eon | penayuies ere? ne li fm 1 BasDPS ISI) OUT ote? hyruice ie o22!d Sere | prado ousoue - ee o an | [. ; —— 473432 22\Jop sobuay> ns F ; rae 1h pu ontoncuy ovat S17; 7 anap rape * DayenyaoA Exyjoos DuSTO 7 | ae G2GFP | Nymepstson O% 2s (q2ehk? 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The, degree a cltseness* c medsurement Compacied $y the tue Value ‘(oo) desiveel” yobaa'" TY denotes: the extends > which we apprach the actual value qf ounntity » ; Accanaay fs specified by caw Ay ag QE UPL x 100 iia Eon they ab : F where xp is tue value, Ym iS measwatel Yale aulels | meawed 1p Hams} unit Accuracy Cod be exprened tr fos q Init sole olp Scanned with CamScannerEfe = A= IM x105 Ko @D Preceston ah fs te measite of wrepeatabiltly , describes how Jost a meauide Value or quantity és seprodusable land luo how ct 68 choose ty the hue value + Gi) Resolttion $— nt fe dedtneel ag lhe gmallest incacnenled Chenge tn. input that would produce. a oletectable change in the oulpub- © Ninioum’ dekactable signal [mbsJ {- Abise is q Sensor Occuks rhecawe g Many seasons tolernol Sources are flucluctions due +o externally generated mechanical L.elechomanebic iofluences. yy the f)p doesrot crtaen ary poise be minimum gignel Level thet produces a detactable olf from the Sensor 8 delamined by roxse chevacksishics (v) Tbseshold : tinesbold value 8 deptnedt aa a “the Zen veins Condition a the measured the small if p change | bbl eae a atelackable olp is called tbreshl- 3) sensitivity — ‘tp is the yatio of the therenmerbah outpu: to the BS foe mental inpih? 8 = me Scanned with CamScanner(39 Non Lineastthy peviatisn from fhe Linearity - rt ts depved fn Kerns 0) Supeapasition potrcple exprented as a pertenage o} Jul) scale oupat ok giveo tnput Values : | @ derivation Jom best ft Shlaght line dbtatnee by Degrttsyon analysis TIP (trange) © deviation pom a Shratght leve Joining dhe end Porob gq) th sade- 0" wrote eo ers? ole Joo i) }| Non lingarity is distystion whi'ch ts deprned ye ceutedlen pom ao expected of P a} “he Sensor Pam Scanned with CamScanner(vii) Hyskvesis :— TL is the difjecote fn dhe olp while of the sensoy pera giver inpuh + when x yeahs dns | value fy upscale and down Sole. dérechony . y i? wer Shi, in mi &) Ta Dynamic s— the chasiacltrishts which ‘changes with time (22) voy wht -Hrne dynamic. chanaclerithis ane tine dependent cl chantacknsties “These involves. dekrmiuton 2) Poker function, equenty response % also skp response and ‘en evaluation oj Hroe deptndent oubp ub ' ® Eedilily t4 Is hese by ypc omy ( Speed 9 pons § f- tt is delermined by lag | delay) Scanned with CamScannera \ Dgramric:~ The characteristics which changes cotth ee 45 me ekpencent ciatholeretics. These involves dctermimnedyor : Of transfer function frequency, Sponse and alse Step response and then Valuation of ay me depencla+ output Aedility 24 4s clefermines by dynamiceror: SPeec ef response: ik is determined by laghchil Characterisation; - characteriscthton of sensors con be done Am many ways depencting, upon the type of Sensoc: Thac iare: electrical, mechanical, OPtital, thermal, chen tel; erologrcal. Electra characterisation: — dt consists, of evaluation of, electrical Parmmetes |ike. arpedente) velt¥age and Carrent Breakdown ye lteges and’ ficlils- . featccge curren + Noise cross stale and So oni-: Scanned with CamScannerfor a metal insulated Ssemriconcuctor struc fures, the breakdoon of arculting film 16 Studies by the Syetem of Hhree afferent Hares oF breakclowons parent includ bt Deiclectere erergih bucayouk He" are. performed DNA pocter for pactitelar Mest, algo ciffeent and pactcular jnidependen + pare cate he tree cates shabed ae iluikated Beth Figure arbre Elecho mechanita| Sensors:— Mechtintdal: Seneors'. of= these eohisty gems arichahtast! dean. os: Hp and ocetpee® Tig! be 8 quantity such as on tectrice! , magnetic, Optical thermal are Soon + dr such a case proton, displacements Speeds velocity, force saccelerceton, Horque ores Other buch quarts Sharla oe mmecsered IN mechanicat sensors * mrany such Sensors electomechanices! Garpting 16 Involved 1M such PHimary C$ejcctve ts to Convech The input from ento eh electical output ferm for Convinience. Of Processing and disay. 1 " ARS respect, the mechanice| | Sensors atcYalso ttnet as electro m : Or magroctettyiedt sensors « ia ——— Scanned with CamScannerSTON AAO a ow Resistance Potiecthonmeter:~ ind Resistance potentiometer % a Sind variable resiclance -ransducer pe Teckey HOWE Loind polemtiomeler i . P SB a elre coond PotemHometer Uohich is “Sat as a sensor the major ccvamtoge of mic ype 16 US largest output Mh the wiper Inte 2 different Possible postion - Touch only one wire touching 2 turns. ‘ volume Ivoltag & , ' 2 ~— =e 1 PS i) ) Pp ( H ‘ , ; Bea t i | B es Tesistarce coil . e& &) 1S Jockey contact center ie.) Sing] ewite contact couble wire contact + is Athe corresporsting Contact (eve | - dhe resokeion & an tmportant aspect ¥ HIS tnichad i ceperes upon -the Cross section 7 ce I J te tw | ining tn case, af Vollage SuPrly oe A, wave i Potentiometer “the vollage resoteton Scanned with CamScanner- ae Poets — Shain Gauge :— [© SOerss on basic principle ef change in lee. tance of a mefallic caire in fesponge te pas MAIN produced iq it | a oie | a AL, il | : || Rexie SSHANce Strea gauge ae af Hoo peg | Unbaincect Shain gauge + i Bounces strain Qauge . JPrbeunced Stain gauce:— i se ines” | i | 1 || [] \ Rate gauge \ aE \ | | \ i Ove bt, | le. mete Bourded strain ge . y wire grid ] iN <— insulin | Ca | | On e—speammen - bo I bey [Resistance Strain Gauge CHM be divided Wea. | Cecfegories Un beunckes SHrain gouge, boundet Pa gouga. | an bounded SHEN gouge consists ob rice ob cate «| SHefcFet IN Mealtipte folds bemoee nh a faire insauted Pins obich are ~Rixed to Scanned with CamScannerMovable member of a becy whose strain ib to be Measuted when relefve motion is applied betoe, EN 00 Members the wire gets Srained OS welt with ¢ corresponciing change in ig Fesistance Value tint mse Hips 1G more dittmont in 18 Sim PS fore consists of wire ab resisfamce a grid tor Material Atranged! In -formm of larg age length @ resistance value: bounce! Jo she dest Specimen Be grid is layer beteoce the gauge CoB an insulator Meerial and Specimen PMO RA tO ie ren Pag) : by steer, 3 1 En + ala sk 4 ap Rode? Gas ee by Rrobbing tee dew Neary or feb BR Nad dala Rm lar +O MY TH Poisson's voto ‘pias + BA ss 3s ©: d, 2TH Deyactionsh GoMEBAION OL Gavel AL. ge ot re 8 cock Sead ala p (AL sh) By ' AR. eCia weal ¢. 7 The. change in resistance wort +0 opplica SHess i «whe Able | eee @ auagelates eds Ale |) cahich) gives! ‘ean © By etimincting si Scanned with CamScannerTe diameter & aca are related +4 SO @: By poisson eetio as @h@] ¥-I7©: | Ae Aw | | 2 = Gops+ fle | ve al? ayy, aye PE gpemzo resieive Gefficieet. A= (pyre — & clesticite | Semicorctucter Stain Gauge! — into oO closers Tt can be divicted | Bounced Biflesad Semiconductor * Te semicorcuctor stain gouges have baker Vege foctor they Of much Useful to the FSdlare Hee In so for as Unearity ond lem, : se Feredure csability ate: concerned + Fe Senstivity of Strain gouge depends amrerg Other —things on Fhe ‘crystal material such es silicon of gefmanium doping levets tupe of doping moserial Arct Soon . Because the bard Gers both IH intrinsic anc CxMesic Semiconductes ave affected By Hemrcetule Varietton 1 Semiconductor 9acqjes Ore mote pronéd do empercdule veciadign. A= Catt pe Re gauge fuctor of strain gauge © given abyve The’ Strain sensihiuvty of Seri conciuctor Guge is high AO lege vatue is due 40 large value AH ye The sxe 4 shape of Swain gouge wv CGug tty OP OFFanE (EEE _exomptes of shaper ac cae Scanned with CamScanner— oe * aerate y Veads fiobon © &) ao ca Prove fa a ce) The Senstivity of the Strom geuge deucas conn Hemperctute and same as trcteasing dhe SOPING cone” deer cases the Sensthvuity the Graph Shoes demperatue vs Gauge Factor Curves for VET NG decrcose Cf de ging of Semiconcuictey geuges y Vaqht Opie - F as ia} - Hear S9PiOG » > te, “PP Trsuctue Sensears? aise The PPrductive senses o Hansctuce cg loons 1, tach Principle thet the, Auarkty Such ag moter tobe, '9 stems of Vataor in are The Vantectten, Ch Inctuclares can ke | measures BL AE bridge ctreuils OF Gon te meets, ite i Prosece Votage re wu ts magnetaritey Scanned with CamScanner7 a eae Cupled 40 another ceil Carrying -flur or ve Has, a | » oie lina | SI Pence TTT Frelucive Senos, mo simple # Mast, Popular pc, ob a a BkPloement Sensor IO Which vortedtion af, Weuctorce as gg function of displacement VK oachicves wy vartation in slF inductence OF Mutual jnduclorce |] TA generat, see Inductence of inductor S Qiven by cae where W No-of coils So reluctomce of coil | The reluctance of coil 1s gites ee, ae s-4A_ Ke therefore, sel tnduclame 1~ ope aE ee Mo Permeability vfcorc . A> Bea OF moeqnche ctresit through eehich b Hee Passing, Aa Werth ef megnetic circuit. Me ke uy 4, a Wreetucd, Incuctarce + ~ cou couPling, coe FRc OE + | Mudual Incuctance beteoees Hoo colle ip Aiken > Ceo. | le. a Op Scanned with CamScannerwrolle vewiclle, . ete van } | secontor4 pec. coh w ) pee gccore A « ‘i Sec. Thee are different types of dechniques A charge NO reluctance Gf magnetic path shown PB cay 1D change ith trectual inductance: betliocen eo Cols Shocen in -Bqce) : | ADckarge of Hestual inductance betccee B coil & & Slove in figles -rrans former achon sheer in Pog td) . Capacitive sensorsi— | Mong inaustial voriables ‘like displacement, Presstce, level, moisture, thickness elC-- can be i| Meesued or transduced Into an electicat st 7 ~ YW or Vasiedton esing Capacthve sersors . | or-trangiucers « eas Panciple: = | e- 6 <3 4 \ lecga teen | (2 (ae Saat & = 7 . ea The copercitare is a-function of cuca bekseey 00 parallel Plates, the AWiance between *Od Plates ana Ane ‘dietechic medium) between ithe plate. | Scanned with CamSeannerThere are 3 facts by hich copadtane | GN be change Change In capacitance by change in ~the 4 In capactlance by chonge In Cress are. “A Charge IN 4he capactance by change in dicta, Congant oe We capactive sensers botect on ativan, betueen aie plates on aie > de ad fia SS Rate Cy> Eo& a a. nae aida cohen lace betrocen -kco plates Incieates he Capacifer PSE decteases «The Nom linearity there. CaS . . S eet Pceace, In ditarce. En: € SEMSer based on charge in Arca Heo Pete} plate-2. the ie Capacitive transducer Sensol Usorkt on, Principle of 2 gp = 2 By Applying any of ilp Paramecie! like fone, Prasule, acteletction +0 Plefe can ec TOvable, cohich feats #0 change TH area of Pinte by | Which Capacitance changes . Se Scanned with CamScannercapacitive sensors boxset on chorge io Biclecttic merleviaty: 4 eapactor can be filled by a electic Meera . = ms ferlal . its capacthance charges “4 M9] in dieclectic matertal Aen tee oa Sicie Slectostatic Hansdlucer;— >i ve —foce of velocity v similar te the capacitive type transducer: tean be developed with bilateral characterighics, where HM ts uted with De polarisation: such a transckier ts (eferrect as ¢lecwo static || 4ranscucer » Pp capacitor is formed with a flexible Biaphragm echich can be moved Onc 49 Zppliachon af free and a Fixed plane cri There 18 a bias votege we, wher 2 SaSierm Oct eS atransducet, ye gaps’ blo the Plates changes as by applied force Cov) pressule « Force} eress Sensors 879 Guortx resonates! clectals. PAINE iN \ Bemy hrerrkings: erect cohen a givess 8S applied te a Vibe I ‘Scanned with CamScannerQuarix beans shrough ts mourtingsthe bean, “Ss Noe has o fundamental moss of feSono! trequence, as ENS Cy) to 28 Frequency #s given, by SCY) Op JA SASHess absence Of Stresg iy fo S3 Quarts density, = 4OUNG Modulers + Kir Ss constant, j 1 Beam lerstn 6 thickness Tee pram is Qereraw To rede ap of quarts. ee ee ene Ze minim igi, “he ™MOuMing ™misaligment ras can effec te ic {Brecting Fequercy, more . . beam design « The ox ie MiOrCcHon.s in oe —. ba Roches. : ote neppocd dh Scanned with CamScanner