GAMMA FUNCTIONS

AND
BETA 215

fa-m|-0-a
7
BETA AND GAMMA
7.1. Beta Function FUNCTIONS =B(n, m) = R.H.S.

The first Eulerian integral|-x)" dt where m>0, n>0 is called a Beta E. (PTU.2017, 01% B (m, n) =B (n,
m)

denoted by ß(m, n).

(0
PropertyIl:
Prove that B(m, n) = | dx m, n>0.
0 (l+x)m tn
The quantities m, n are positive but not necessarily integers.
Example:
Proof.
A(m,=
n) -x) de; m, n>0
is a Beta Function and is denoted by B(4, 6).

7 (1+)1-10 dt dy = d
(i) | ( - x) d is a Betafunction and is denoted by
Put (0+)2 (1+)
)

I 4 Now x(1 +) =I’ x+xFI =|-tx=t(1-x) > ( = -

(i) x(1-)d is aBeta function and is denoted by
0
When x=0, =0
| 2
(iv) | 5 (1-x) 2dx is a Beta function and is denoted by When x=1,/> oo
)

2
B(m, n) =
(v) -x)2 d is a Beta function and is denoted by

(vi) - )d is not a Betafunction as dt

(1+r" (1+1y= (+)
4
>0 and n-|= -2 n=- 0
7.2. Properties of Beta Function (1+/)"-tn-1+2 dt =
Property I: Symmetry of Beta Function
Prove that ß (m, n)-Bn, m)
B(m, n) - (1+r)Mtn
dx
Proof. L.H.S. B(m, n) (P.T.U. 2017)
[Since variable of integration can be changed in definite integration)

0
-ry"dt, m>0, n>0 But B
(m, n) -B (n, m)
214
 SPECTRUM GAMMA FUNCTIONS
216
ENGINEERING MA 217

TH EMNT
ANVD
BETA
IV:Prove
that B(m, n) =ß(m, n+ 1) + B(m +1,n)
Property 1.n)
.. B(m, n) d
RH.S. =B (m, n + 1) +B(m +
Proof.

From (1) and (2), we get,

0 1
m-1
d
B(m, n) = (1+r)Wtn

1
Property IIl :Prove that B(m, n) = dxi m, n>0
(l+r)m+n
0
Proof. We have
- B(m, n) =L.H.S.
de+
B(m, n) = (1+r)"+n (1+r)9tn L.H.S. = R.H.S.

B (m, n) =B (m, nt 1) +B (m +1, n)

= I, +h
Prove that
B(m,n +)_B(m+1, n)
Property V:
where I Jtx 1 1

1
Put .:. dr = dt Proof.
0

Now x=| > =1and x ’ 0 ’|’ 0 1

m-1+1
0 m-1+1
1
dt
,m-1 (1+/) Wtn [integrating by parts]
n
= (0-0)+
m
dt
o(l+) +n
B (m, n + 1) ="B(m+ 1, n)
m
d
(l+r)"+n .2 B(m, n+1) B(m +1, n)
m
(Since variable of integration can be changed in definite integration
From (1 ) and (2), we get, Property VI: Prove that B
(m, n+1) B(m,n) B(m +1, n)
1 m+n m

B(m, n) = dx + dr = d Proof. We have

(1+r)M+n (l+r) +n L(1+x)+n
0 (1+x)M+n
B(m,n+1l) B (m+1, n)
=k(say)
dx; m, n >0 .2)
B(m, n + )=nk,B (m + 1, n) = mk
218
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATIIEMNTK GAMMAFUNCTIONS
AND
BETA 219
nkt mk= (m + n) k (m-1) (m-2).....2.1
Also B(m, n) =ß(m, n +1) +B(m + 1, n) = B(m,n)
n(n+1)(n+2)....m+n-3)(m+n-2) B(1, m+n-1)
k =
B(m, n) [(m-1) (m -2) ....2.1]
m+n
1
2.3...(n-1)] (n-1)(-2)..2.11
From (1) and (3), we get,
B(m,n+1) B(m,n) B(m+1,n)
[n(n+1)(n+2)..m+n-3)(m+n-2))
m+n m

m-I|n-! m, n >0 and m, nEZ |m-1 |n-1

Property VIl: Prove that B(m, n) = m+n-1 (m, n) =
B m+n-2
(3)

Proof. (1-xM +tn-l

B(m. n) = 1-x)" d ; m, n> 0 dx =
| (m+n-)(-1) Jo =-0 m+n-1 m+n-|

(1-x)9-1+1 m-1| n-1

d B (m, n) =
(n-1+1) (-)o 0
(n-1+I) (-I) [Integraing by pana . from (3), m+n-2
(m+n-1)
|m-l|n-1 where m, n are + ve integers.
B(m, n) =
- [0-0] + n
-)" dt m+n-1

m-1
B
(m-2+ 1, n+1) 2m-1
Property VIII: Prove that B(m, n) =2 sin
m-1
B(m, n) B(m-1, n+ 1)

Changing mto (m-1) and nto (n + I) on both sides of(1), we get Proof: B(m, n) = (1-)" dt ; m, n>0
m-2
B(m-1, n+) = B
(m-2, n+2) Put x=sin 0, .: d° = 2 sin cos de
n+1
from (1), we get Nowx =0 >=0 and x=1

B
(m, n) = B(m-2, n+2)

Changing mto (m -2) and n to (n + 2) in (1), we get

.. B(m, n) =(sin )m (1-sin e)().2sin @
cos 9d8
m-3
B
(m-2, n+ 2) -= B(m-3, n+3)
n+2

from (2), we get =22(sin² e" (cos o). sin 8cos 8de =2 (sin )2m-2l (cos 8)-e
m-1|Lm-2 m-3
B(m, n) B (m - 3, n + 3)
n n+| n+2

and so on. B(m, n) = 2 sin 2m-1e cos2n-! de

 SPECTRUM E VD GAMMA FUNCTIONS
ENGINEERING
MATHE\LATIC
220 221

L.H.S. = (1+)"+n
7.3. Prove thatsn P@
cos @d - (1+x)"
=B (m, n) - B(m, n)
= 0
=R.H.S.
Proof. Let 1- sin ecose# (sin e)2 (cose)
Example2.Evaluate

I=(sine)(-sn e)
Sol. Let
Put sin . .2sin cos =d
Put =1, 3x d=dt ’ xd dt
2sin eos 2sin @y1-sin
Maw=0 ’I=0 and x=1 =1

When =0. =0
jra-na-n°a
1 I|2-1|4-1 3
When= I -sl+1, 3+I)- (2, 4) =3 6-1 3 5x4x3 60

Example 3. Show that 60

,4-1
Sol. Let

-B (4, 3) B(m, n) =

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES |4-1 |3-I32(Gx2x)x(2xI)

|4+3-1 6 6x5x4x3x2x1 60

Example 1. Show that

Example 4. Prove that : --

- l n-1 Sol. Let =

Sot. (i) L.HS. dr

-P(m. n) B
(m, n) =2B(n, n) Put x=| ’ 5r d = dt
-R.H.S.
 GAMMA
FUNCTIONS
SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEYMMATKS AND 223
222
NOw r = - 1
BETA /=0 and
d
x dr
-S-9-/2 d 2t-1 +1
JI-1
[21-!4
= B(1 + 1, 3 + 1) =B(2, 4)= |2-1 |4-1
|2+4 -1
lx| 3
5x4x 3 20

Example 5. Prove that dx =

1
a" m B (m,
n),where a, b. m, n are all positive. EXERCISE 7(a)
hy +n
functions
Express the integrals as Beta
m-1 1.
Sol. Let d
de (i)
() (iii)

Put bx= az .. d dz

Now r=0 ’ z=0 and x ’ 0 (i) (v)

0

m-1
a
dz (vii)
tn b
0 (a+az) m (a)m+n b (1+z) m+n
gM-1-m-n+1 m-1 1
B(m, n) = B (m, n) 2. Prove 10
hm-1+1 (1+-) m+n 0

Example 6. Prove that x+1 dx =

1
r+2)6 20 3. Show that du =

*+1
Sol. Let

4. Show that by substituting

Put
x+2 (9)3
where a is constant suitably selected.
x+l= tx+2t ’ (1-)x=2 t- 1
21-1
dr=
(1-).(2)-(21-1)(-)
(1-12)
dy =
1

(1-n?
dt
5. Prove
224 SPECTRUM ENGINEEERING MATHEMNTIS GAMMA) FUNCTIONS
AND
BETA
Recurrence Formulae for
6
Show thata-x)-! dx= a"tn- B(m, n) If n>lis
any real number, then
Gamma Function 225

(a) then T(n)= (n-)T (n-1)

1f n>lis any integer,
7. If n >0, n>0, b> a,show that la-aym-l (b-x"= dx=(b-amtn-l R
(6) have
We
T(n)=n-1
Proof.(a)
a

r(n)
8. Show m-1-xy" dx = B(m, n). 0
(a+bx)' (a+b)" a"
0

9. Show
(1+x)24
de= 0
-[
: Lt xn-e= Lt
-form
10. Express [8-) Sddx in terms of a Beta function.
= It n-1)(n-2).2-1
ANSWERS
f: of L' Hosptal's Rule repeated (n-I)
1. () (i) (ii)
) (i) l6 = 0 times)

(v) (vi) (vii)98

63) 10. - (n -1)
0
e*a

6.4. GammaFunction T(n) =(n- 1) T (n- 1)

(b) We have
r(n) = (n 1) T(n-1)
The second Eulerian integrale&, n>0is called aGamma function and is denotei h . (1)
Replacing n by n- 1, we get,
The quantity n is positive but not necessarily integer. r (n- 1)= (n-2) T (n- 2)
(P.T.U. 2016
Examples: from (1), we get,
r(n) = (7-1) (7-2) T(n-2)
(1) xe dx is a Gamma function and is denoted by T(4). Proceeding in this way, we get,
T(n) =(n-l) (n - 2) ...2-1 T()) )
2

(ii) x5d is aGamma function and is denoted by T

0 0

(iii) 2edr isa Gamma function and is denoted by I H =-(0-1) =1

from (2), we get,

is not a Gamma function as n- 1=-2 ’ n=-10 T(n) = (n - I) (n -2) ... 2-1
T(n) =|n-1
226 SPECTRUMIENGINEERING MATHEMATs GAMMAFUNCTIONS
D
AND 227
BETA de =t dz
7.6. Properties of Gamma Function Putx =1z,
2=0
Property I:I()= 1 Nowx
=0

0
’
x
Proof :Now T)- [ede- e a and

rn) =

-
-e-- ue - -(0-1) =1 Multiplyingbothsides
by e'm-1 we get,
JO

Property II:I(n+)) =nT(n).

Proof. We have

T(n + l)=

Integratingboth sides w.r.t. t between thelimitss 0to , we get,

=nT (n)

T(n+ 1) =nI (n)

Property IIl:T(n+ 1)=n
Proof. We have I (n +1) =nI (n)
(PTU.Dec. 2i,
Replacingnby (n - ), we get
T(n) (n - 1)T (n)-1
from (1), we get
Put (z + l) =y z+1
T(n+ 1) -n (n - 1) T(n-1)
Now =0 ’y=0
n(n- ) (n - 2) r(n - 2) [::T (n- l) =(n -2) T(n -2
and
from (1), we get,
nn - 1) (n -2)...2.1 T(0) m+n
n(n- 1) (n - 2)...2. 1
2+1
(

7.7. Relation between Beta and Gam ma Function

T(m)i(n) where m>0, n>0. (z+1jm-n
Prove that ß (m, n) (P.T.U. 2011)
T(m +n)
Proof. We have
T(m) I(n) r(m n) o I(m) I(n) Im n)

T(n) F(m) I(n)

T(m) I(n)-I(m n)ß(m, n) Bim, n) T(m +n)
 GAMMA FUNCTIONS
228 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATIHEMNTIES 1
VD 229

Cor 1. Prove that

sinP,rcos x dk , p>-1, q>-1.
Faluate
58.F
Proof : We have B(m, n) = T(m) T(n)
T(m +n) 2
(sinPx cos xdr = sin
Put m=, "
Proof. Let | =
Pxcos9x(sin xcos x) dr
p-! 4-1
f(oin',r) 2 (cos x) 2 (sin xcos x) d.
T()

p-l
2
(sin' ) 2(-sinr' )? (2 sin x cos x) d
Put sinr=| 2 sin x cos x dx = dt
When x=0, =0

When x=

9-1
0
2
2 (1-) 2 d=

Put x= sin , .. d =2sin cos do

r p+l9+1)
2 2
When x=0, 0 =0

When
2 sinxcos xdr =
2
from (1), we get,

7.9. Duplication Formula

-2 sin cos 0 d = 2 sin cos d
6sin 1 -sin sin cos r(2m)
Show that T(m)r m*2-l
Proof. We have

B(m, =
m) - m - at
r Put x= sin 0,
0

dr =2 sin 0 cos de
 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS GAMMA FUNCTIONS
230 G
AND
BETA 231
When =0 2m -1+1
2m-l
sin 2m- cos z d = 2
When x =1, 2
2m-1+1 0+1)
2 2

d9
B (m, m) = [(sin o-la-sinoyn-2sin cos 0 r(m)T(m)
2m-1
1
m+1
r(m)
r(2m) r(2m) 2n-1 Tm 1
2
Í(sin ey- (cos² e)m-2 sin cos @de r(m)
r(2m) r| m+

= 2 lsin 2m-2 cos 2m-2 e. sin cos dO = 2 sin 2m-1 e cos2m-, r(m)

2sin cos 2m-1 sin 2Í \2m-1 TLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

2
I(n)
Example 1. Show that d

B (m, m) = sin 2m-l 20 de

Sol. We have T(n) =

Put 20 = z ie 9= de = dz
1 e=y
Put x=
When =0. z=0
e(-1) d = dy ’ edx =- y
When 9=, z=1
Whenx =0, y= e=]
2 Whenx ’ 0, y =0
B(m, m) 2im-l
0

r(m) T (m)
r(2m)
2m-Tsin 2m-zde

2 a

2m-1 sin2m-zde f(2a-x)= f) Example 2. Show that

2
 232 SPECTRUM
ENGINEERING| GAMMA FUNCTIONS 233

MATHEMATICS
AND
BETA

Sol. Let I

Put x' =1, .. 2x dx d dt ’ de =

2x

Now X= 0. =0 and

2 e di
ror)
-r()-4r()-} 9)
Example 3. Show that e dr=6 LxP-3x2xI)x(2x2x2x2)
2 7x5x3x1 7×5x3x|
2x2x2x2
Sol. Let |=x e dx =
(0 16
r(4) =|4-| =|3 = (3) (2) (1) =6 sin de = 35

5
2 2
Example 4. Evaluate sinx cos2 d
)
Example 6. Evaluate |(sin x)3 (cos x) 2dr
5
Sol. Let
[sin xcos2 de
Sol. Let (sin x)³ (cos x) 2d
5

5
ror() ) 8
2
2

21
3+1
ar(1) 2.!4
) 77

21
2
3
+1
-+
-+1
2
21

2 2

Example 5. Use B (m, n) - 2 (sin2m-o cos2n-!od0 to show thatsin e de = 16 Example 7. Prove that where n +|>0.
0
35

Sol. Put =4, n Hence evaluate

-0
234 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING. p GAMMA,FUNCTIONS

Sol. Let I MATHEMN 235

2 2
2
Put ax -1, .i. 2a'x dr =dt (cos1)? (sin 1) 2d 2
d d
dx = ’ d=
2a'x 242 2ay? -.2
2

When r =), (=0

When x ’ 0, 1’ 0
4 r() 1)
dt T() =1
Now (2)
2ay! (
a'
20f duplicationformula, we have,

T(m) r(2m)
2m-1
24n+1 2g+1
0
Put m 4
1
where n+|>0
24"+1 2
22
Now
[Putting n=0 in ( 3)
2 2

a From (1), (2), (3), we get

1 2rn2
Example 8. Show that 4 1 4
4

Example 9. Show that

y' dy =
Sol. Let dv
22
Sol. Let I=
Put =tan t, .:. 2v h= sec t dt > dy =
sec dt sec2 t dt
’ dy =
2y
2tan
Now 1=0+ |=0 and v 0 ’
Put y'= tan t y= (tan: )2 jy =2 (tan t) 2see' tdt
Now y =0 ’ |=0 and y’0 ’
2
sec-1 Jcost dt
1+ tan 2/tan t sen?,,
/sin t tan (
(an ) 2
1
Vtan d
0l+tan2, ,
 GAMMAFUNCTIONS
236 SPECTRUM ENGINEERINGMATIIEMATK
M
r(2 n) 237
1 2n-1
? (sin () 2n-1 (n) 22n-1 n-1
- 1 (sin )² (cos n) 2 d
(cos/) 2
r(2n-)(2n-2)(2n-3)(2n-4)(21-5) (2n-6).6-5-43-2.
n-1
2 2
2 22n-1
Jr13.5 ...2n-3) (2n -1)
2 n-1 2-4-6...2 n-4) (2n-2))
4 r()
22 +1+1
-1 JI 13.5.... 2n- 3)(2n -1)
2
2
2
2 n-23.n-2) (n -1))
|n-1
Jz 1-35...2n-3) (2n-I)] |n-1
2" |n-1
: r() = l and
242
2
Example 10. Show that (+tx*)dx=
5005
0 (1+x)
x+,9
Sol. Let I= d =
(1+x)5 (+x)l5 (l+x}15 that
Example12. Show
0

+ dx

Sol. Let |=tan 9de =| d - sin 9)2 (cos) ' de

-B(5, 10) +B(10,5) =B(5, 10) +B (5, 10) [::B(m, n) -Pu,n 0
Jcos 0

= 2B (5, 10) =2 T(5) T(10) =2

r(S) r(10) =2
49 +1
T(5+10) T(15) 14 -i 2
2
2(4x3x 2x1) |9 48 1
2
sin P Bcos 9d0 -
(14)(3) (12) (11) (10)| 9 (14) (13)(1I2) (11) (10) p+l q+l
2
1 2
(7) (13) (1 I) (5) (143) (35) 5005

Example 1. Show 2"r n+=1.3.5..2n-) Wr

Sol. By Duplication formula property, we have, T()
Vz
22r-(2n)
 0GAMMAFUNCTIONS
SPECTRUM
238
ENGINEERING I 239

By Duplication formula, T(m) 22m7(2m) MATIENMNTK 8.Evaluate

()
de
(ui)
0
Putting m we have = /2
4
22 2 2
(i) () (P.TU. 2013)
from (1), -(2n)
I :
9. Evaluate
3

(0

EXERCISE 7(b) (v)

dx
(P.T.U. 2015)
0 x4
1. If B(m, n) T(m) T(n) then what is value of
T (m + n)

10. (a) Evaluate

2. (a) Show that I() =k"ek* dx
0

(6) Show that I(n) = e A U'sing Beta and Gamma functions, evaluate - dt, where nis apositive integer.

(P.T.U. 2017)

3. Show that T(n)-2ed m+1

0 11. Show d=
m+1 n
4 Show that nla) n
where m, n, a are positive constants
0
2

(i
-00
12. Show that
32
by using Beta, Gamma function.
5. Evaluate
0

T(6) 13. Show

(i) (ii) (ii) (iv)
2T(3) 2

14. (a) Show

6. Show r d-45
8
0
)
(b) Show that dy =I(p) ,where p>0, q> 0.
7. Show() |re 3
qP
(0 4log3 0
 SPECTRUM ANDGAMMAFUNCTIONS
240
ENGINEERING M
15. Show
0 Vsin x
MATIHEMATK Under
certain restrictions on the

-(a?tby').2m- ,21-1 dx dy
values of a, b, m
and n,
T(m)T (n)
prove that
241

16. Show 4.Show

that
B(m +2,n-2) m(m +1)
2(p+l) B(m,n)
)
(n-1)(n-2)
2
(m, m)
17. Show dx =
Provethat ß 24m-1
15

18. Show
T() T(n) 26. Provethat Nar(2n+I)
2 nT(n+I)
-d=
(a+r)m+n a" (1+a)" T(m+n)
0
Showthat the sum of the series m
(m+1)
n+1
m
n+2
m(m +1)m +2)) 1
19. Using the result -dx = Show that r(m) r(|- m) 2 n+3
3 n4
sin mI sin mT T(n+)T(| - m)
is r(n-m +2)
where -|<n<|.
3

20. Evaluate the following integral

V3x-?
-d .
ANSWERS
5. (i) 30 3 16
1. I (i) (iüi) (iv)
315
21. ExDress(1-x) dr in terms of Gamma function where P, 4, n>0and hence eval.
0
8. (0) (1) (in) (iv)
60 ()
396

64/2
9. () 37
128
(i)
I5
(iii)
280
(iv)

22 Prove thate dr =r() where a, n are positive. Deduce that

r2n+1) -
8 2
10. (2) 15 (b)
2 n+3
20. 7 21. ()
396 ()
440
2
(i) |ea cos br d =r(n) cos n
0

(i [esin bx de = T(n)-sin n
0

where =+b' and =tan! -