CHAPTER – 01

FLUID MECHANICS
INDEX PAGE NO.
1. Density of a Liquid 02
2. Relative Density (RD) 02
3. Pressure in a Fluid 03
4. Torricelli Experiment (Barometer) 10
5. Manometer 11
6. Free body diagram of a liquid 11
7. Pressure Difference in Accelerating Fluids 11
8. Free Surface of a Liquid Accelerated in Horizontal Direction 13
9. Archimedes 'Principle 16
10. Law of Floatation 17
11. Flow of Fluids 24
12. Principle of Continuity 25
13. Energy of a flowing fluid 26
14. Bernoulli's Equation 26
15. Applications Based on Bernoulli's Equation 28
16. Range (R) 30
EXERCISE – 1 38-43
EXERCISE – 2 44-56
EXERCISE – 3 57-71
ANSWER KEY 72-74
FLUID MECHANICS [2]

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest and in motion. A fluid is a
substance that deforms continuously under the application of shear (tangential) stress
no matter how small the shear stress may be:
Thus, fluid comprise the liquid and gas (or vapour) phases of the physical forms in
which matter exists.
We may alternatively define a fluid as a substance that cannot sustain a shear stress
when at rest.

1. Density of a Liquid
Density () of any substance is defined as the mass per unit volume or
mass m
= =
volume V

2. Relative Density (RD)

In case of a liquid, sometimes an another term relative density (RD) is defined. It is the
ratio of density of the substance to the density of water at 4°C. Hence,
Density of substance
RD =
Density of water at 4C
RD is a pure ratio. So, it has no units. It is also sometimes referred as specific gravity.
Density of water at 4°C in CGS is 1g/cm3. Therefore, numerically the RD and density of
substance
(in CGS) are equal. In SI units the density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m 3.

Example 1. Relative density of an oil is 0.8. Find the absolute density of oil in CGS and SI
units.
Solution : Density of oil (in CGS) = (RD)g/cm3 = 0.8 g/cm3 = 800 kg/m3
FLUID MECHANICS [3]

3. Pressure in a Fluid
dA
When a fluid (either liquid or gas) is at rest, it exerts a
force perpendicular to any surface in contact with it, dF dF
such as a container wall or a body immersed in the
fluid.
While the fluid as a whole is at rest, the molecules that
makes up the fluid are in motion, the force exerted by
the fluid is due to molecules colliding with their
surrounding.
If we think of an imaginary surface within the fluid, the fluid on the two sides of the
surface exerts equal and opposite forces on the surface, otherwise the surface would
accelerate and the fluid would not remain at rest.
Consider a small surface of area dA centered on a point on the fluid, the normal force
exerted by the fluid on each side is dF⊥. The pressure P is defined at that point as the
normal force per unit area, i.e.,
dF⊥
P=
dA
If the pressure is the same at all points of a finite plane surface with area A, then
F
P= ⊥
A
where F⊥ is the normal force on one side of the surface. The SI unit of pressure is
pascal
where 1 pascal = 1Pa = 1.0 N/m2
One unit used principally in meterology is the Bar which is equal to 105 Pa
1 Bar = 105 Pa
Note : Fluid pressure acts perpendicular to any surface in the fluid no matter how that
surface is oriented. Hence, pressure has no intrinsic direction of its own, its a scalar.
By contrast, force is a vector with a definite direction.
Atmospheric Pressure (P0)
It is pressure of the earth's atmosphere. This changes with weather and elevation.
Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level (an average value) is 1.013 × 10 5 Pa
Absolute pressure and Gauge Pressure
The excess pressure above atmospheric pressure is usually called gauge pressure
and the total pressure is called absolute pressure. Thus,
Gauge pressure = absolute pressure – atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure is always greater than or equal to zero. While gauge pressure can
be negative also.
Variation in pressure with depth
FLUID MECHANICS [4]

If the weight of the fluid can be neglected, the pressure in a fluid is the same
throughout its volume. But often the fluid's weight is not negligible and under such
condition pressure increases with increasing depth below the surface.
Let us now derive a general relation between the pressure P at any point in a fluid at
rest and the elevation y of that point. We will assume that the density  and the
acceleration due to gravity g are the same throughout the fluid. If the fluid is in
equilibrium, every volume element is in equilibrium.
Consider a thin element of fluid with height dy. The bottom and top surfaces each have
area A, and they are at elevations y and y + dy above some reference level where y =
0. The weight of the fluid element is
(P+dP)A

dW = (volume) (density) (g) = (A dy) () (g)

or dW = gAdy
What are the other forces in y-direction on this fluid element ? Call the pressure at the
bottom surface P, the total y component of upward force is PA. The pressure at the top
surface is P + dP and the total y-component of downward force on the top surface is (P
+ dP)A. The fluid element is in equilibrium, so the total y component of force including
the weight and the forces at the bottom and top surfaces must be zero.
 Fy = 0
dP
 PA – (P + dP)A – gA dy = 0 or = – g
dy
This equation shows that when y increases, P decreases, i.e., as we move upward in
the fluid pressure decreases.
If P1 and P2 be the pressures at elevations y1 and y2 and if  and g are constant, then
integration Equation (i), we get
or P2 – P1 = – g (y2 – y1) ...........(ii)
FLUID MECHANICS [5]

It's often convenient to express Equation (ii) in terms of the depth below the surface of
a fluid. Take point 1 at depth h below the surface of fluid and let P represents pressure
at this point. Take point 2 at the surface of the fluid, where the pressure is P 0 (subscript
for zero depth). The depth of point 1 below the surface is,
h = y2 – y1
and equation (ii) becomes
P0 – P = – g (y2 – y1) = – gh
 P = P0 + gh
..........(iii)
Thus pressure increases linearly with depth, if  and g are uniform. A graph between P
and h is shown below.

Further, the pressure is the same at any two points at the same level in the fluid. The
shape of the container does not matter.

Example 2. The manometer shown below is used to measure the difference in water level
between the two tanks. Calculate this difference for the conditions indicated.

Solution : Pa + h1 g – 401g + 40g = Pa + h2 g

h2 g – h1 g = 40 g – 40 1g
as 1 = 0.9
(h2 – h1) g = 40g – 36g
h2 – h1 = 4 cm

Example 3. In a given U-tube (open at one-end) find out relation between P and Pa.
Given d2 = 2 × 13.6 gm/cm3 d1 = 13.6 gm/cm3
FLUID MECHANICS [6]

y=25 cm d2 P

x=26cm

d1
Solution : Pressure in a liquid at same level is same i.e. at A – Pa

A–,
Pa + d2 yg + xd1g = P y d2 P
In C.G.S. x
Pa + 13.6 × 2 × 25 × g + 13.6 × 26 × g = P A A

Pa + 13.6 × g [50 + 26] = P

d1
2Pa = P [Pa = 13.6 × g × 76]
Example 4. Find out pressure at points A and B. Also find angle ‘’.

Solution : Pressure at A – PA = Patm – 1 gl sin 

Pressure at B PB = Patm + 2 gh
But PB is also equal to PB = PA + 3 gl sin 
Hence - Patm + 2 gh = PA + 3 gl sin 
Patm + 2 gh = Patm – 1 gl sin  + 3 gl sin 
2h
sin  = .
(3 − 1 )

Example 5. Water and liquid is filled up behind a square wall of side . Find out
FLUID MECHANICS [7]

(a) Pressures at A, B and C (b) Forces in part AB and BC

Solution : (a) As there is no liquid above ‘A’,

So pressure at A, PA = 0
Pressure at B, PB = gh1
Pressure at C, PC = gh1 + 2gh2
(b) Force at A = 0 Take a strip of width ‘dx’
at a depth ‘x’ in part AB.
Pressure is equal to gx.
Force on strip = pressure × area
dF = gx dx
Total force upto B
gx h12
h1

F=  gx dx =
0
2
=

1000  10  10  5  5
2
= 1.25 × 106 N
In part BC for force take a elementary
strip of width dx in portion BC.
Pressure is equal to
= gh1 + 2g(x – h1)
Force on elementary strip = pressure ×
area
dF = [gh1 + 2g(x – h1)]  dx
Total force on part BC
  x2 
F= h1 [gh1 + 2g(x − h1 )] dx = 

gh1 x + 2g  − h1x  
2  h1

 2
− h12 
= gh1h2  + 2g  − h1 + h12 
 2 

2g
= gh1h2 + [2 + h12 – 2h1] = gh1h2 +g ( – h1)2
2

= gh2 [h1 + h2] = gh22 = 1000 × 10 × 5 × 10 × 10 = 5 × 106 N

FLUID MECHANICS [8]

Pascal's Law
It states that "pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to
every portion of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel".
A well known application of Pascal's law is the hydraulic lift used to support or lift
heavy objects. It is schematically illustrated in figure.

A piston with small cross section area A1 exerts a force F1 on the surface of a liquid
F
such as oil. The applied pressure P = 1 is transmitted through the connection pipe to
A1
a larger piston of area A2. The applied pressure is the same in both cylinders, so
F F A
P = 1 = 2 or F2 = 2 .F1
A1 A 2 A1
Now, since A2 > A1, therefore, F2 > F1. Thus hydraulic lift is a force multiplying device
with a multiplication factor equal to the ratio of the areas of the two pistons. Dentist's
chairs, car lifts and jacks, elevators and hydraulic brakes all are based on this principle.

Example 6. Figure shows a hydraulic press with the larger piston of diameter 35 cm at a
height of 1.5 m relative to the smaller piston of diameter 10 cm. The mass on
the smaller piston is 20 kg. What is the force exerted on the load by the larger
piston ? The density of oil in the press is 750 kg/ m3. (Take g = 9.8m/s2)

20  9.8
Solution : Pressure on the smaller piston = N / m2
  (5  10 −2 )2
FLUID MECHANICS [9]

F
Pressure on the larger piston = N / m2
  (17.5  10 −2 )2
The difference between the two pressures = hg
where h = 1.5 m and  = 750 kg/m3
20  9.8 F
Thus, – = 1.5 ×750 × 9.8 = 11025  F = 1.3 × 103 N
  (5  10 −2 )2   (17.5  10 −2 )2
Note : atmospheric pressure is common to both pistons and has been ignored.
Example 7. The area of cross-section of the two arms of a hydraulic press are 1 cm 2 and
10 cm2 respectively (figure). A force of 50 N is applied on the water in the
thicker arm. What force should be applied on the water in the thinner arm so
that the water may remain in equilibrium?

Solution : In equilibrium, the pressures at the two surfaces should be equal as they lie in
the same horizontal level. If the atmospheric pressure is P and a force F is
50N
applied to maintain the equilibrium, the pressures are P0 + and P0 +
10cm 2
F
respectively.
1 cm 2
This givens F = 5 N.
Important points in Pressure
1. At same point on a fluid pressure is same in all direction. In the figure,
P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

2. Forces acting on a fluid in equilibrium have to be perpendicular to its surface. Because

it cannot sustain the shear stress.

3. In the same liquid pressure will be same at all points at the same level. For example,
in the figure:
FLUID MECHANICS [10]

P1  P2
P3 = P4 and P5 = P6
Further P3 = P4
1
 P0 + 1 gh1 = P0 + 2 gh2 or 1h1 = 2 h2 or h 

4. Torricelli Experiment (Barometer) :
It is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure .In principle any liquid can be
used to fill the barometer, but mercury is the substance of choice because its great
density makes possible an instrument of reasonable size.

P1 = P2
Here, P1 = atmospheric pressure (P0)
and P2 = 0 + gh = gh
P0 = gh
Here  = density of mercury

Thus, the mercury barometer reads the atmosheric pressure (P0) directly from the
height of the mercury column.
FLUID MECHANICS [11]

For example if the height of mercury in a barometer is 760 mm. then atmospheric
pressure will be ,
P0 = gh = (13.6 × 103)(9.8)(0.760) = 1.01×105 N/m2
5. Manometer :
It is a device used to measure the pressure of a gas inside a container. The U-
shaped tube often contains mercury
P1 = P2
Here P1 = pressure of the gas in the container (P)
and P2 = atmospheric pressure (P0) + gh
P = P0 + hg
This can also be written as
P – P0 = gauge pressure = gh

Here,  is the density of the liquid used in U - tube.

Thus by measuring h we can find absolute (or gauge) pressure in the vessel.
6. Free body diagram of a liquid :
The free body diagram of the liquid(showing the vertical forces only) is shown in fig (b)
For the equilibrium of liquid .

Net downward force = net upward force

 P0A + W = (P0+ gh)A or W = ghA
7. Pressure Difference in Accelerating Fluids
Consider a liquid kept at rest in a beaker as shown in figure (a). In this case we know
that pressure do not change in horizontal direction (x-direction), it decreases
upwards along y-direction So, we can write the equations,
dP dP
= 0 and = g
dx dy
FLUID MECHANICS [12]

But, suppose the beaker is accelerated and it has components of acceleration ax and
ay in x and
y-directions respectively, then the pressure decreases along both x and y directions.
The above equation in that case reduces to
dP dP
= −a x and = −(g + a y )
dx dy
These equations can be derived as under. Consider a beaker filled with some liquid of
density  accelerating upwards with an acceleration ay along positive y-direction, Let
us draw the free body diagram of a small element of fluid of area A and length dy as
shown in figure . Equation of motion for this element is,
PA – W – (P + dP) A = (mass)(ay) or –W – (dP) A = (A dy)(ay)
FLUID MECHANICS [13]

dP
or –(Ag dy) – (dP) A = (A dy)(ay) or = −(g + a y )
dy
Similarly, if the beaker moves along positive x-direction with acceleration ax, the
equation of motion for the fluid element shown in figure is
dP
PA – (P + dP) A = (mass) (ax) or – (dP) A = (A dx) ax or = −a x
dx

8. Free Surface of a Liquid Accelerated in Horizontal Direction

Consider a liquid placed in a beaker which is accelerating horizontally with an acceleration
‘a’. Let A and B be two points in the liquid at a separation x in the same horizontal line. As
we have seen in this case
dP
dp = a dx or = −a
dx
Integrating this with proper limits, we get PA – PB =
ax
Furter PA = P0 +gh1
and PB = P0 + gh2
substituting in Eq. (iii) we get
g (h1 – h2) = ax
h1 − h2 a
= = tan 
x g
a
tan  =
g

Alternate Method
FLUID MECHANICS [14]

Consider a fluid particle of mass m at point P on the

surface of liquid. From the accelerating frame of
reference, two forces are acting on it,
(i) pseudo force(ma) (ii) Weight (mg)
As we said earlier also, net force in equilibrium should be
perpendicular to the surface.
ma a
 tan  = or tan  =
mg g
Example 8. An open rectangular tank 1.5 m wide 2m deep and 2m long is half filled with
water. It is accelerated horizontally at 3.27 m/sec 2 in the direction of its length.
Determine the depth of water at each end of tank. [g = 9.81 m/sec 2]
a 1
Solution : tan  = =
g 3
Depth at corner ‘A’
= 1 – 1.5 tan = 0.5 m
Ans.
Depth at corner ‘B’
= 1 + 1.5 tan  = 1.5 m
Ans.

CPP-1
1. The surface of water in a water tank on the top of a house is 4 m above the tap level.
Find the pressure of water at the tap when the tap is closed. Is it necessary to specify
that the tap is closed? Take g = 10 m/s2.
2. The height of mercury surface in the two arms of the manometer
shown in the figure are 2 cm and 8 cm. Atmospheric pressure = 1.01  gas
10 N/m2. Find (a) the pressure of the gas in the cylinder and (b) the
pressure of mercury at the bottom of the U tube.

3. The area of cross-section of the wider tube shown in the figure is 900
cm2. If the boy standing on the piston weighs 45 kg, find the difference
in the levels of water in the two tubes.

4. A glass full of water has a bottom of area 20 cm 2, top of area 20

cm2, height 20 cm and volume half a litre. (a) Find the force
exerted by the water on the bottom. (b) Considering the 20 cm
equilibrium of the water, find the resultant force exerted by the
sides of the glass on the water. Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 
105 N/m2. Density of water = 1000 kg/m2 and g = 10 m/s2. Take 20 cm2
all numbers to be exact.

5. Suppose the glass of the previous problem is covered by a jar and the air inside the jar
is completely pumped out. (a) What will be the answers to the problem? (b) Show that
the answers do not change if a glass of different shape is used provided the height, the
bottom area and the volume are unchanged.
FLUID MECHANICS [15]

6. Water is filled in a rectangular tank of size 3 m  2 m  1 m. (a) Find the total force
exerted by the water on the bottom surface of the tank. (b) Consider a vertical side of
area 2 m  1 m. Take a horizontal strip of width x metre in this side, situated at a
depth of x metre from the surface of water. Find the force by the water on this strip. (c)
Find the torque of the force calculated in part (b) about the bottom edge of this side. (d)
Find the total force by the water on this side. (e) Find the total torque by the water on
the side about the bottom edge. Neglect the atmospheric pressure and take g = 10
m/s2.

7. A U-tube having uniform cross-section but unequal arm A

lengths l1 and l2 (< l1) has same liquid of density 1 filled B
in it upto a height h as shown in figure. Another liquid of
density 2 = (1/2) is poured in arm A. Both liquids are l1
immiscible. What length of the second liquid should be 1 l2
poured in A so that first overtone of A is in unison with h
fundamental tone of B. (Take l1 = 5 m, l2 = 1 m and h =
0.5 m)

8. A closed tube in the form of an equilateral A

triangle of side l contains equal volumes of
x
three liquids, which do not mix and is placed
vertically with its lower side horizontal. Find D
F
the value of x in the figure if the densities of
liquids are in arithmetic progression. x

B E x C
9. A U-tube containing a liquid is accelerated horizontally with a constant acceleration 0.
If the separation between the vertical limbs is , find the difference in the heights of the
liquid in the two arms.

10. An open rectangular tank 5 m × 4 m

× 3 m high containing water upto a
height of 2 m is accelerated a0
Rear
horizontally along the longer side.
3m
(a) Determine the maximum water 2m
acceleration that can be given
without spilling the water.
5m
(b) Calculate the percentage of
water spilt over, if this
acceleration is increased by
20%

(c) If initially, the tank is closed at

the top and is accelerated
horizontally by 9 m/s2, find the
FLUID MECHANICS [16]

gauge pressure at the bottom

of the front wall of the tank.
(Take g = 10 m/s2).

11. A manometer shown in the figure contains a liquid of


density . Find the difference in the levels when the
manometer rotates with a constant angular velocity 
about one of its vertical limbs.

a
12. A cylindrical vessel of radius r with water in it is rotated about its vertical axis with a
constant angular velocity . (a) Show that the shape of the free surface of the liquid is
parabolic. (b) What will be the pressure at a point situated at the bottom situated at a
r
distance from the axis if the pressure at the centre of bottom is P0?
2

9. Archimedes 'Principle
If a heavy object is immersed in water, it seems to weigh less than when it is in air.
This is because the water exerts an upward force called buoyant force. It is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the body A body wholly or partially submerged
in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
This result known as Archimedes 'principle.
Thus, the magnitude of buoyant force (F) is given by, F = ViLg
Here, Vi = immersed volume of solid
L = density of liquid
and g = acceleration due to gravity
Proof
Consider an arbitrarily shaped body of volume V placed in a container filled with a fluid
of density L. The body is shown completely immersed, but complete immersion is not
essential to the proof. To begin with, imagine the situation before the body was
immersed. The region now occupied by the body was filled with fluid, whose weight
was VLg. Because the fluid as a whole was in hydrostatic equilibrium, the net upwards
force (due to difference in pressure at different depths) on the fluid in region was equal
to the weight of the fluid occupying that region.

Now, consider what happens when the body has displaced the fluid. The pressure at
every point on the surface of the body is unchanged from the value at the same
location when the body was every point on. This is because the pressure at any point
depends only on the depth of that point the surface. Hence, the net force exerted by
the surrounding fluid on the body is exactly the same as that exerted on the region
FLUID MECHANICS [17]

before the body was present. But we now latter to be VLg, the weight of the displaced
fluid Hence, this must also be the buoyant force exerted of the body. Archimedes'
principle is thus proved.

10. Law of Floatation

Consider an object of volume V and density s floating in a liquid of density L. Let Vi
be the object immersed in the liquid.
For equilibrium of object,
Weight = Upthrust
 Vsg = ViLg
Vi s
 =
V L
This is the fraction of volume immersed in liquid.
V
Percentage of volume immersed in liquid = i ×100 =
V
s
×100
L
Three possibilities may now arise.
(i) If s < L, only fraction of body will be immersed in the liquid. This fraction will be
given by the above equation.
(ii) If s = L, the whole of the rigid body will be immersed in the liquid. Hence the body
remains floating in the liquid wherever it is left.
(iii) If s > L, the body will sink.
Apparent Weight of a Body inside a Liquid
If a body is completely immersed in a liquid its effective weight gets decreased. The
decrease in its weight is equal to the upthrust on the body. Hence,
Wapp = Wactual – Upthrust
or Wapp = Vsg – VLg
Here, V = total volume of the body
s = density of body
and L = density of liquid
Thus, Wapp = Vg(s – L)
,, If the liquid in which body is immersed, is water, then
Weight in air
= Relative density of body (R.D)
Decrease in weight
This can be shown as under :
Weight in air Weight in air V s g 
= = = s = RD
Decrease in weight Upthrust V w g  w
FLUID MECHANICS [18]

Buoyant Force in Accelerating Fluids

Suppose a body is dipped inside a liquid of density L placed in an elevator moving
with an acceleration a .The buoyant force F in this case becomes,
F = VLgeff
Here , geff = | g – a |
For example, if the lift is moving upwards with an acceleration a, value of geff is g + a
and if it is moving downwards with acceleration a, the g eff is g – a In a freely falling lift
geff is zero (as a = g ) and hence, net buoyant force is zero. This is why, in a freely
falled with some liquid, the air bubbles do not rise up (which otherwise move up due to
buoyant force).

Example 9. Density of ice is 900kg/m3. A piece of ice is floating in water of density 1000
kg/m3. Find the fraction of volume of the piece of ice out side the water.
Solution : Let V be the total volume and Vi the volume of ice piece immersed in water.
For equilibrium of ice piece,
weight = upthrust
 Vig = Viwg
Here i = density of ice = 900kg/m3
and w= density of water = 1000kg/m3
Substituting in above equation,
Vi 900
= = 0.9
V 1000
i.e, the fraction of volume outside the water,
f = 1– 0.9 = 0.1
Example 10. A piece of ice is floating in a glass vessel filled with water. How the level of
water in the vessel change when the ice melts ?
Solution : Let m be the mass of ice piece floating in water.
In equilibrium, weight of ice piece = upthrust
mg = Viwg
m
or Vi =
w
Here , Vi is the volume of ice piece immersed in water
When the ice melt, let V be the volume of water formed by m mass of ice.
Then,
m
Vi =
w
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) we see that
Vi = V
Hence, the level will not change.
FLUID MECHANICS [19]

Example 11. A piece of ice having a stone frozen in it floats in a glass vessel filled with
water. How will the level of water in the vessel change when the ice melts ?
Solution : Let, m1 = mass of ice ,
m2 = mass of stone
s = density of stone
and w = density of water
In equilibrium, when the piece of ice floats in water , weight of (ice + stone ) =
upthrust
m1 m2
(m1 + m2)g = Vi wg  Vi = +
w w
Here, Vi = Volume of ice immersed
when the ice melts m1 mass of ice converts into water and stone of mass m 2 is
completely submerged .
Volume of water formed by m1 mass of ice,
m
V1 = 1
w
Volume of stone (which is also equal to the volume of water displaced)
m
V2 = 2
s
Since, s > w Therefore, V1 + V2 < Vi
or, the level of water will decrease .

Example 12. An ornament weighing 50 g in air weighs only 46 g is water. Assuming that
some copper is mixed with gold to prepare the ornament. Find the amount of
copper in it. Specific gravity of gold is 20 and that of copper is 10.
Solution : Let m be the mass of the copper in ornament . Then mass of gold in it is (50 –
m).
m  mass 
Volume of copper V1 =  volume = 
10  density 
50 − m
and volume of gold V2 =
20
when immersed in water (w = 1g/cm3)
Decrease in weight = upthrust
 (50 – 46 )g = (V1 +V2)wg
m 50 − m
or 4 = + or 80 = 2m + 50 – m
10 20
 m = 30g
Example 13. The tension in a string holding a solid block below the surface of a liquid (of
density greater then that of solid) as shown in figure is T 0 when the system is
at rest. What will be the tension in the string if the system has an upward
acceleration a ?
FLUID MECHANICS [20]

Solution : Let m be the mass of block. Initially for the

equilibrium of block,
F = T0 + mg
Here, F is the upthrust on the block .

Where the lift is accelerated upwards, geff

becomes g + a instead of g.
 g+a
Hence, F' = F  
 g 
From Newton's second law, F' – T – mg = ma
Solving Eqs. (i) , (ii) and (iii),we get
 a
T = T0  1 + 
 g

Example 14. A metal piece of mass 10 g is suspended by a vertical spring. The spring
elongates 10 cm over its natural length to keep the piece in equilibrium. A
beaker containing water is now placed below the piece so as to immerse the
piece completely in water. Find the elongation of the spring. Density of metal =
9000 kg/m3. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Solution : Let the spring constant be k. When the piece is hanging in air, the equilibrium
condition gives
k (10 cm) = (0.01 kg) (10 m/s2)
or k (10 cm) = 0.1 N. .....(i)
The volume of the metal piece
0.01kg 1
= 3
= × 10–5 m3.
9000kg / m 9
This is also the volume of water displaced when the piece is immersed in
water. The force of buoyancy
1
= weight of the liquid displaced = × 10–5 m3 × (1000 kg/m3) × (10 m/s2) =
9
0.011 N.
If the elongation of the spring is x when the piece is immersed in water, the
equilibrium condition of the piece gives,
kx = 0.1 N – 0.011 N = 0.089 N. .....(ii)
FLUID MECHANICS [21]

0.089
By (i) and (ii), x= cm = 0.0089 cm.
10

Example 15. A cubical block of plastic of edge 3 cm floats in water. The lower surface of the
cube just touches the free end of a vertical spring fixed at the bottom of the
pot. Find the maximum weight that can be put on the block without wetting it.
Density of plastic = 800 kg/m3 and spring constant of the spring = 100 N/m.
Take g = 10 m/s2.

Solution : The specific gravity of the block = 0.8. Hence the height inside water = 3 cm ×
0.8 = 2.4 cm. The height outside water = 3 cm – 2.4 = 0.6 cm. Suppose the
maximum weight that can be put without wetting it is W. The block in this case
is completely immersed in the water. The volume of the displaced water
= volume of the block = 27 × 10–6 m3.
Hence, the force of buoyancy
= (27 × 10–6 m3) × 1(1000 kg/m3) × (10 m/s2) = 0.27 N.
The spring is compressed by 0.6 cm and hence the upward force exerted by
the spring
= 100 N/m × 0.6 cm = 0.6 N.
The force of buoyancy and the spring force taken together balance the weight
of the block plus the weight W put on the block. The weight of the block is
W = (27 × 10–6 m) × (800 kg/m3) × (10 m/s2) = 0.22 N.
Thus, W = 0.27 N + 0.6 N – 0.22 N = 0.65 N.

Example 16. A wooden plank of length 2 m and uniform cross-section is hinged at one end
to the bottom of a tank as shown in figure. The tank is filled with water up to a
height of  m. The specific gravity of the plank is 0.5. Find the angle  that the
plank makes with the vertical in the equilibrium position. (Exclude the case  =
0)

Solution : The forces acting on the plank are shown in the figure. The height of water
level is 
FLUID MECHANICS [22]

. The length of the plank is 2. The weight of the plank acts through the centre
B of the plank. We have OB = . The buoyant force F acts through the point A
which is the middle point of the dipped part OC of the plank.
OC
We have OA = = .
2 2cos 
Let the mass per unit length of the plank be .
Its weight mg = 2g.
 
The mass of the part OC of the plank =   .
 cos  
1 2 
The mass of water displaced = = .
0.5 cos  cos 
2 g
The buoyant force F is, therefore, F = .
cos 
Now, for equilibrium, the torque of mg about O should balance the torque of F
about O.
So, mg (OB) sin = F(OA) sin
 2     1 1
 2cos   or, cos  = 2
or, (2) =  2 or, cos = , or,

 cos     2
 = 45°.

Example 17. A cylindrical block of wood of mass m, radius r & density  is floating in water
with its axis vertical. It is depressed a little and then released. If the motion of
the block is simple harmonic. Find its frequency.

Solution : Suppose a height h of the block is dipped in the water in equilibrium position. If
r be the radius of the cylindrical block, the volume of the water displaced =
r2h. For floating in equilibrium,
r2 hg = W ..............(i)
where  is the density of water and W the weight of the block.
Now suppose during the vertical motion, the block is further dipped through a
distance x at some instant. The volume of the displaced water is  r2 (h + x).
The forces acting on the block are, the weight W vertically downward and the
buoyancy  r2(h + x) g vertically upward.
Net force on the block at displacement x from the equilibrium position is
F = W – r2 (h + x)g = W – r2 hg – r2xg
Using (i) F = – r2 gx = – kx,
where k = r2 g.
Thus, the block executes SHM with frequency.
1 k 1 r 2g
v= = .
2 m 2 m
FLUID MECHANICS [23]

Example 18. A large block of ice cuboid of height ‘’ and density ice = 0.9 w, has a large
vertical hole along its axis. This block is floating in a lake. Find out the length of
the rope required to raise a bucket of water through the hole.
Solution : Let area of ice-cuboid excluding hole = A
weight of ice block = weight of liquid displaced

A ice  g = A w ( – h) g
9 9  
=–h  h=– =
10 10  10 

CPP-2
1. An ornament weighing 36 g in air, weighs only 34 g in water. Assuming that some
copper is mixed with gold to prepare the ornament, find the amount of copper in it.
Specific gravity of gold is 19.3 and that of copper is 8.9.

2. Refer to the previous problem. Suppose, the goldsmith argues that he has not mixed
copper or any other material with gold, rather some cavities might have been left inside
the ornament. Calculate the volume of the cavities left that will allow the weights given
in that problem.

3. A metal piece of mass 160 g lies in

equilibrium inside a glass of water in
the figure. The piece touches the
bottom of the glass at a small number
points. If the density of the metal is
8000 kg/m3, find the normal force
exerted by the bottom of the glass on
the metal piece.

4. A cubical block of ice floating in water has to support a metal piece weighting 0.5 kg.
What can be the minimum edge of the block so that it does not sink in water? Specific
gravity of ice = 0.9.

5. A cube of ice floats partly in water and partly in K. oil in the figure.
Find the ratio of the volume of ice immersed in water to that in K.oil. K.oil
Specific gravity of K.oil is 0.8 and that of ice is 0.9. water
FLUID MECHANICS [24]

6. A cubical metal block of edge 12 cm floats in mercury with one fifth of the height inside
the mercury. Water is poured till the surface of the block is just immersed in it. Find the
height of the water column to be poured. Specific gravity of mercury 13.6.

7. A hollow spherical body of inner and outer radii 6 cm and 8 cm respectively floats half
submerged in water. Find the density of the material of the sphere.

8. Find the ratio of the weights, as measured by a spring balance, of a 1 kg block of iron
and a 1 kg block of wood. Density of iron = 7800 kg/m 3, density of wood = 800 kg/m3
and density of air = 1.293 kg/m3.

9. A rod of length 6 m has a mass of 12 kg. If it is hinged at one end at a distance of 3 m

below a water surface,
(i) what weight should be attached to the other end so that 5 m of the rod be
submerged?
(ii) find the magnitude and direction of the final force exerted on the rod exerted
by the hinge. Specific gravity of the material of the rod is 0.5.
10. A solid sphere of mass m = 2 kg and specific gravity
s = 0.5 is held stationary relative to a tank filled with
water as shown in figure. The tank is accelerating
vertically upward with acceleration a = 2 ms–2.
(a) Calculate tension in the thread connected
between the sphere and the bottom of the tank.
(b) If the thread snaps, calculate acceleration of
sphere with respect to the tank.
(density of water is  = 1000 kg m–3) (g = 10 m/s2)

11. Flow of Fluids

Steady Flow
If the velocity of fluid particles at any point does not vary with time, the flow is said to
be steady. Steady flow is also called streamlined or laminar flow .The velocity points
may be different. Hence in the figure,

v1 = constant, v2 = constant, v3 = constant

FLUID MECHANICS [25]

but v1  v2  v3

12. Principle of Continuity

It states that, when an incompressible and non-viscous liquid flows in a stream lined
motion through a tube of non- uniform cross section ,then the product of the area of
cross section and the velocity of flow is same at every point in the tube .

Thus, A1 v1 = A2 v2
1
or Av = constant or v
A
This is basically the law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.

Proof
Let us consider two cross sections P and Q of area A1 and A2 of a tube through which a
fluid is flowing. Let v1 and v2 be the speeds at these two cross sections. Then being an
incompressible fluid, mass of fluid going through P in a time interval t = mass of fluid
passing through Q in the same interval of time t
 A1v1 t = A2v2 t or A1 vi = A2v2

Therefore, the velocity of the liquid is smaller in the wider

part of the tube and larger in the narrower parts.
or v2 > v1 as A2 < A1
dV
Note : The product Av is the volume flow rate , the rate at which volume crosses a
dt
dV
section of the tube. Hence = volume flow rate = Av
dt
The mass flow rate is the mass flow per unit time through a cross section. This is equal
dV
to density () times the volume flow rate .
dt
we can generalize the continuity equation for the case in which the fluid is not
incompressible . If 1 and 2 are the densities at sections1 and 2 then,
1 A 1 v1= 2 A2 v2
so, this is the continuity equation for a compressible fluid
FLUID MECHANICS [26]

13. Energy of a flowing fluid

There are following three types of energies in a flowing fluid.
(i) Pressure energy
if P is the pressure on the area A of a fluid, and the liquid moves through a
distance due to this pressure, then pressure energy of liquid = work done
= force ×displacement
= PAI
The volume of the liquid is AI.
PAI
 Pressure energy per unit volume of liquid = =P
AI
(ii) Kinetic energy
If a liquid of mass m and volume V is flowing with velocity v, then the kinetic
1
energy is mv2
2
1 m 2 1
 kinetic energy per unit volume of liquid = v = v2
2  v  2
Here,  is the density of liquid.
(iii) Potential energy
If a liquid of mass m is at a height h from the reference line (h = 0), then its
potential energy is mgh.
m
 Potential energy per unit volume of the liquid =   gh = gh
v

14. Bernoulli's Equation

The Bernoulli's equation is "Sum of total energy per unit volume (pressure +
kinetic + potential) is constant for an Ideal fluid".
1
P+ v2 + gh = constant (J/m3)
2
Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, flow speed and height for flow of an ideal
(incompressible and nonviscous) fluid .The pressure of a fluid depends on height as
the static situation, and it also depends on the speed of flow.
To derive Bernoulli's equation, we apply the work- energy theorem to the fluid in a
section of the fluid element Consider the element of fluid that at some initial time lies
between two cross sections a and b. The speeds at the lower and upper ends are v 1 and
v2 In a small time interval, the fluid that is initially at a moves to aa' distance aa' = ds1 = v1
dt and the fluid that is initially at b moves to b' distance
bb' = ds2 = v2dt, The cross- section areas at the two ends are A1 and A2 as shown. The
fluid is incompressible hence, by the continuity equation, the volume of fluid dV
passing through and cross- section during time dt is the same.
That is, dv = A1 ds1 = A2 ds2
FLUID MECHANICS [27]

Work done on the Fluid Element

Let us calculate the work done on this element during interval dt. The pressure at the
two ends are
P1 and P2, the force on the cross section at a is P1 A1 and the force at b is P2 A2. The
net work done dW on the element by the surrounding fluid during this displacement is,
dW = P1A1 ds1– P2A2 ds2 = (P1–P2 )dV

Change in Potential Energy

At the beginning of dt the potential energy for the mass between a and a' is dmgh 1 =
 (dV)gh1 v12 . At the end of dt the potential energy for the mass between b and b' is
(dm)gh2 = (dv)gh2 .The net change in potential energy dU during dt is ,
dU =  (dV) g (h2 – h1)
Change in Kinetic Energy
At the beginning of dt the fluid between a and a' has volume A1ds1, mass A1 ds1 and
kinetic energy
1 1
(A1 ds1 ) v12 . At the end of dt the fluid between b and b' has kinetic energy (A2
2 2
ds2) v22 . The net change in kinetic energy dK during time dt is.
1
dK =  (dV)( v 22 − v12 )
2
Combining Eqs. (i),(ii) and (iii) in the energy equation,
dW = dK + dU
We obtain,
1
(P1 – P2) dV = dV ( v 22 − v12 )+  (h2 – h1 )
2
1
or P1 – P2 = ( v 22 − v12 ) + g (h2 – h1)
2
This is Bernoulli's equation. It states that the work done on a unit Volume of fluid by the
surrounding fluid is equal to the sum of the changes in kinetic and potential energies
per unit volume that occur during the flow. We can also express Eq. (iv) in a more
convenient form as.
1 1
P1 + gh1 +  v12 = P2 + gh2 +  v22
2 2
FLUID MECHANICS [28]

The subscripts 1and 2 refer to any two points along the flow tube, so we can also write
 + gh + v2 = constant
Note: When the fluid is not moving (v1 = 0 = v2) Bernoulli' s equation reduces to ,
P1 + gh1= 2 + gh2
 P1 – P2 = g(h2 – h1)
This is the pressure relation we derived for a fluid at rest.

Example 19. Calculate the rate of flow of glycerine of density 1.25 × 103 kg/m3 through the
conical section of a pipe, if the radii of its ends are 0.1m and 0.04 m and the
pressure drop across its length is 10 N/m.
Solution : From continuity equation,
A1 v1 = A2 v2
v 1 A 2 r22  r2   0.04 
2
4
or = = 2 = =  =
v 2 A1 r1  r1   0.1  25
From Bernoulli's equation ,
1 1
P1 +  v12 = P2 +  v22
2 2
2(P1 − P2 )
or v22 – v 12 =

2  10
or v22 – v 12 = = 1.6 × 10-2 m 2 /s
1.25  103
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
v2  0 .128 m/s
 Rate of volume flow through the tube
( )
Q = A2v2 = r22 v2 =  (0.04)2 (0.128) = 6.43 × 10-4 m3/s

15. Applications Based on Bernoulli's Equation

(a) Venturimeter
Figure shows a venturimeter used to measure flow speed in a pipe of non- uniform
cross-section. We apply Bernoulli's equation to the wide (point 1) and narrow (point 2)
parts of the pipe, with h1 = h2
1 1
P1 +  v12 = P2 +  v22
2 2
From the continuity equation v2 =
A1v1
A2

Substituting and rearranging, we get

FLUID MECHANICS [29]

1  A2 
P1 – P2 =  v12  12 − 1
2  A2 

The pressure difference is also equal to pgh, where h is the difference in liquid
level in the two tubes. Substituting in Eq. (i) we get

2gh
v1 = 2
 A1 
  −1
 A2 
The discharge or volume flow rate can be obtained as,

dV 2gh
= A1 v1= A1 2
dt  A1 
  −1
 A2 
(b) Speed of Efflux
Suppose, the surface of a liquid in a tank is at a height h from the orifice O on its
sides, through which the liquid issues out with velocity v. The speed of the liquid
coming called the speed of efflux. If the dimensions of the tank be sufficiently
large, the velocity of the liquid at its surface may be taken to be zero and since the
pressure there as well as at the orifice O is the same viz atmospheric it plays no
part in the flow of the liquid, which thus occurs purely in consequence of the
hydrostatic pressure of the liquid itself. So that, considering a tube of flow, starting
at the liquid surface and ending at the orifice, as shown in figure .Applying
Bernoulli's equation we have
FLUID MECHANICS [30]

Total energy per unit volume of the liquid at the surface

= KE + PE + pressure energy = 0 + gh + P0
and total energy per unit volume at the orifice
1 2
= KE + PE + pressure = v + 0 + P0
2
Since total energy of the liquid must remain constant in steady flow, in accordance with
Bernoulli's equation we have
1 2
gh + P0 = v + P0 or v = 2gh
2
Evangellista Torricelli showed that this velocity is the same as the liquid will attain in
falling freely through the height (h) from the surface to the orifice. This is known as
Torricelli's theorem and may be stated as. "The velocity of efflux of a liquid issuing out
of an orifice is the same as it would attain if allowed to fall freely through the vertical
height between the liquid surface and orifice.

16. Range (R)

Let us find the range R on the ground.

1 2 2(H − h)
Considering the vertical motion of the liquid, (H – h ) = gt or t =
2 g

 2(H − h) 
Now, considering the horizontal motion, R = vt R= 2gh   or R =
 g
 

2 h(H − h)

From the expression of R, following conclusions can be drawn,

(i) Rh = RH-h
as Rh = 2 h(H − h) and RH-h =

2 h(H − h)

H
This can be maximum at h = and Rmax =
2
H.
Proof : R2 = 4 (Hh –h2)
FLUID MECHANICS [31]

dR2
For R to be maximum, =0
dh
H
or H – 2h = 0 or h =
2
H
That is, R is maximum at h = and Rmax=
2
H H
2 H−  = H
2  2
Time taken to empty a tank
We are here interested in finding the time required to empty a tank if a hole is made at the
bottom of the tank.
Consider a tank filled with a liquid of density  upto a height H. A small hole of area of
cross section a is made at the bottom of the tank. The area of cross-section of the tank
is A.
Let at some instant of time the level of liquid in the tank is y. Velocity of efflux at this
instant of time would be

v= 2gy

 dV 
Now, at this instant volume of liquid coming out of the hole per second is  1  .
 dt 

 dV 
Volume of liquid coming down in the tank per second is  2 .
 dt 
dV1 dV2
To calculate time taken to empty a tank =
dt dt

 dy   dy 
 av = A  −   a 2gy = A  − 
 dt   dt 
t A 0
or 
0
dt = –
a 2g
 H
y −1/ 2 dy

2A

H
t= [ y]
0
a 2g

A 2H
 t=
a g
FLUID MECHANICS [32]

Example 20. Water flows in a horizontal tube as shown in figure. The pressure of water
changes by
600 N/m2 between x and y where the areas of cross-section are 3cm2 and
1.5cm2 respectively. Find the rate of flow of water through the tube.

Solution : Let the velocity at x = vx and that at y = vy.

vy 3cm2
By the equation of continuity, = = 2.
vx 1.5cm2
By Bernoulli’s equation,
1 1
Px +  vx2 = Py + vy2
2 2
1 1 3
or, Px – Py = (2vy)2 – vy2 = vy2
2 2 2
N 3  kg 
or, 600 2
=  1000 3  vx2
m 2  m 

or, vx = 0.4m2 / s2 = 0.63 m/s.

The rate of flow = (3 cm2) (0.63 m/s) = 189 cm3/s.

Example 21. A cylindrical container of cross-section area, A is filled up with water upto
height ‘h’. Water may exit through a tap of cross section area ‘a’ in the bottom
of container. Find out

(a) Velocity of water just after opening of tap.

FLUID MECHANICS [33]

(b) The area of cross-section of water stream coming out of tape at depth h 0
below tap in terms of ‘a’ just after opening of tap.
1/ 2
a
(c) Time in which container becomes empty. (Given :   = 0.02 , h = 20
A
cm, h0 = 20 cm )
Solution : (a) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1)
and (2) -
1 1
Pa + gh + v12 = Pa + v22
2 2
Through continuity equation :
av 1 1
Av1 = av2, v1 = 2 gh + v12 = v22
a 2 2
2gh
on solving - v2 = = 2m/sec. ....(1)
a2
1− 2
A
(b) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (2) and (3)
1 1
v22 + gh0 = v32
2 2
Through continuity equation –
av
av2 = a’ v3  v3 = 2
a'
2
1 1  av 
 v22 + gh0 =   2 
2 2  a' 
2
1 1 a
× 2 × 2 + gh0 = ×2×2
2 2  a' 
2 2
a 9.8  .20 a
 a'  = 1 +    = 1.98
  2  a' 
a
 a’ =
1.98
(c) From (1) at any height ‘h’ of liquid level in container, the velocity through tap,
2gh
v= = 20h
0.98
we know, volume of liquid coming out of tap = decrease in volume of liquid in
container.
For any small time interval ‘dt’
av2dt = – A · dx
FLUID MECHANICS [34]

t 0
A dx
a 20x dt = – A dx   dt = –
0
a 
h 20x
A 2 x 
0 A
t=  t= 2 h
a 20  h a 20
A h 2A 0.20 2A
= ×2× = = × 0.1
a 20 a 20 a
1/ 2
a A 1
Given   = 0.02 or = = 2500
 
A a 0.0004
Thus t = 2 × 2500 × 0.1 = 500 second.
Example 22. A tank is filled with a liquid upto a height H .A small hole is made at the bottom
of this tank Let t1 be the time taken to empty first half of the tank and t 2 is the
t
time taken to empty rest half of the tank then find 1 .
t2
Solution : Substituting the proper limits in Eq. (i), derived in the theory, we have
t1 A H/ 2

0
dt = –
a 2g

H
y −1/ 2 dy

 H
or t1 =
a 2g
2A
[ y]
H
H/ 2 or t1 =
2A
 H−
a 2g 
 or t1 =
2 
A
a
H
g
( )
2 −1

t2 A 0
Similarly 
0
dt = –
a 2g

H/ 2
y −1/ 2 = dy

A H
or t2 =
a g
We get
t1 t1
= 2 −1 or = 0.414
t2 t2
Note : From here we see that t1 < t2 This is because initially the pressure is
high and the liquid comes out with
CPP-3
1. Water flows through a horizontal tube of variable cross-section in the A
B
2
figure. The area of cross section A and B are 4 mm and 2 mm 2

respectively. If 1 cc of water enters per second through A, find (a) the

speed of water at A, (b) the speed of water at B and (c) the pressure
difference PA − PB.
FLUID MECHANICS [35]

2, Suppose the tube in the previous problems is kept vertical with A upward but the other
conditions remain the same. The separation between the cross-section at A and B is
15/16 cm. Repeat parts (a), (b) and (c) of the previous problem. Take g = 10 m/s 2.

3. Suppose the tube in the previous problem is kept vertical with B upward. Water enters
through B at the rate of 1 cm2/s. Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) . Note that the speed
decreases as the water falls down.

4. Water follows through a tube shown in the figure. The areas of A

cross-section at A and B are 1 cm2 and 0.5 cm2 respectively.
B
The height difference between A and B is 5 cm. If the speed of
water at A is 10 cm/s find (a) the speed at B and (b) the
difference in pressure at A and B.

5. Water flows through a horizontal tube as shown in the

figure. If the difference of heights of water column in
the vertical tubes is 2 cm, and the areas of cross-
section at A and B are 4 cm2 and 2 cm2 respectively,
A B
find the rate of flow of water across any section.

6. Water flows through the tube shown in the figure. The

areas of cross-section of the wide and the narrow portions
of the tube are 5 cm2 and 2 cm2 respectively. The rate of
flow of water through the tube is 500 cm2/s.Find the
difference of mercury levels in the U-tubes

7. Water takes out from an open tank through a hole of area 2 mm 2 in the bottom.
Suppose water is filled up to a height of 80 cm and the area of cross-section of the
tank is 0.4 m2. The pressure at the open surface and at the hole are equal to the
atmospheric pressured. Neglect the small velocity of the water near the open surface
in the tank. (a) Find the initial speed of water coming out of the hole. (b) Find the speed
of water coming out when half of water has leaked out. (c) Find the volume of water
leaked out during a time interval dt after the height remained is h. Thus find the
decrease in height dh in terms of h and dt. (d) From the result of part (c) find the time
required for half of the water to leak out.

8. Water level is maintained in a cylindrical vessel upto a fixed height

H. The vessel is kept on a horizontal plane. At what height above
the bottom should a hole be made in the vessel so that the water
stream coming out of the hole strikes the horizontal plane at the h

greatest distance from the vessel in the figure.

x
FLUID MECHANICS [36]

9. A cylindrical tank having cross sectional area A = 5.0 m 2 is filled

with two liquids of density 1 = 900 kg m–3 and
2 = 600 kg m–3 to height h = 60 cm each as shown in figure. A
small hole having area a = 5 cm2 is made in right vertical wall at a h 2
height y = 20 cm from the bottom. Calculate:
h 1
(a) velocity of efflux F

(b) horizontal force F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if it

is placed on a smooth horizontal plane.
(c) minimum and maximum values of F to keep the cylinder in
static equilibrium, if coefficient of friction between the cylinder and
the plane is  = 0.001.
(g = 10 m/s2)

10. What work should be done in order to

squeeze all water from a horizontally
s
located cylinder as shown in the figure
during the time ‘t’, by means of a constant
force acting on the piston? Volume of
B
water in the cylinder is V, cross-sectional
area of the orifice is ‘s’ and L
friction/viscosity are negligibly small
consider  as density of liquid.

11. A bent tube is lowered into a stream of

water as shown in figure. The velocity of h
stream V is 2 m/s. The closed upper end
of the tube is at a height h0 = 10 cm from
h0
the surface of water in the stream and has
an orifice. To what height h will the water
h
jet from the orifice spurt? (g = 9.8 m/s2) v
FLUID MECHANICS [37]

12. A rectangular tank of height 10 m y

filled with water, is placed near the
bottom of a plane inclined at an
angle 30° with horizontal. At height
h from bottom a small hole is
made (as shown in figure) such
that the stream coming out from
hole, strikes the inclined plane
normally. Calculate h. 10 m h

30°

13. A tank with a small circular hole contains oil

on top of water. It is immersed in a large tank Air initial
of the same oil. Water flows through the hole. level
What is the velocity of this flow initially? When Oil 5m
the flow stops, what would be the position of Oil
the oil-water interface in the tank?. The ratio Water
of the cross-sectional area of tank to that of
10 m
hole is 50, determine the time at which the
flow stops, Density of oil = 800 kg/m3