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Revision notes
Chap 15 Communication Systems (Not in syllabus for CBSE
Board 2020 Exams)
Topic 1
Elements of communication system
Communication is the method of transmitting and receiving
information of data .
There may be two types of communication :
1. Point to point communication:
In this type of communication transmitter and receiver are single
point . example :telephonic communication.
2. Broadcasting communication:
In this type of communication ,there is one transmitter and
many receivers .example :transmission of radio or television .
When input message (any form of signal variation)is combined
with some intelligence input (encoding and compatibility in
machine language ), it becomes information.
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Generalised communication system :
Important terminology and their application in communication
system :
1. Information source :the information source is the generator
of information which we want to communicate ,it may be
audio ,video or data .
2. Electric Transductor : Electric transductor convert physical
variable into electrical signal variable .
3. Signal : information converted in electrical form and
suitable for transmission is called signal.
4. Transmitter : process of the incoming message signal and
making it suitable for transmission through particular
channel.
5. Noise : unwanted signal which interferes with the
information signal and disturbs the information .
6. Channel : It is a medium through which signal from
transmitter propagates to the receiver . for example :
optical fibre , coaxial cables .
7. Receiver : Collects the message from the channel and
extracts signal .
8. Attenuation : Signal loses energy during propagation
through channel .this is called attenuation .
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9. Amplifier : it is the device which increases the strength by
increasing its amplitude.
10. Range :maximum distance between transmitter and
receiver at which signal can be recovered is called the range .
11. Bandwidth : it is frequency range over which an equipment
operates or range of frequencies a signal has .
12. Modulation : mixing of signal with carrier frequency is
known as demodulation.
13. Demodulation :extracting of signal from carrier frequency is
known as demodulation .
14. Repeater : it receives the signal , reconditions it and then
transmits it .
15. Repeater : it receives the signal ,reconditions it and then
retransmits it.
Signal may be classified into two categories :
1. Analog signal :continuous variation of signal with respect to
time is known as analog signal .for example : telephone
signal ,video signal etc ,.
In modern technology we can convert analog signal to digital
signal for communicating and convert back to analog signal at
receiver.
2. Digital signal :Discrete value of signal variation with respect
to time is known as digital signal .for example : computer
etc.
Coding helps in sending digital signal with much more
accuracy .there are several coding techniques .for example
in computer data , we employ suitable combination of
number systems such as binary coded decimal
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(BCD),American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII).
Operational advantage of digital communication systems over analog
communication systems are :
An improved form of sending message securely.
Increased immunity to noise and external interference.
A common format for encoding different kinds of message
signals for the purpose of transmission.
Hence in modern technology ,analog signals are transmitted
through digital communication .in the final stage they are
converted back to analog signals.
Different types of message signals have different range of
frequencies.
1.Audio signal -20Hz to 20KHz
2. Video signal -4.2 MHz
3. TV signal = 6MHz
Large bandwidth is required to accommodate complete
information of wave .
Frequency bands of some important wireless communications:
Service Frequency bands Comments
Standard AM 540 -1600 KHz
broadcast
FM broadcast 88 – 108 MHz
Television 54 -72 MHz VHF(very high
frequencies)
76 -88 MHz TV
174-216 MHz UHF(ultra high
frequency)
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420-890 MHz TV
Cellular mobile radio 896-901MHz Mobile to base
station
840-935 MHz Base station to
mobile
Satellite 5.925-6.425 GHz Uplink
communication
3.7-4.2 GHz Downlink
Propagation of electromagnetic wave:
Earth’s atmosphere plays a vital role in propagation of
electromagnetic wave .there are three ways of communication
through electromagnetic wave.
Ground wave:
1.the radio waves which travel through atmosphere following
the surface of the earth are called ground waves or surface
waves and their propagation is known as ground wave
propagation or surface wave propagation.
2.the ground waves have vertical orientation and travel parallel
to the ground.
3.The ground wave propagation is suitable for low and medium
frequency ,that is from few hundred KHz to 2 MHz only.
4. Its power is less as they operate in low frequency.
5.It can bend round the corners of the object on the earth ,hence
can jump the restriction ( ,low frequency means is more
bending )
6. Attenuation is high for ground wave transmission and
increases with increase in frequency .this is because more
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absorption of ground waves(near earth)takes place at higher
frequency during propagation through atmosphere.
7.length of antenna is directly proportional to the wavelength of
EM wave .hence ,for ground wave large antenna is required.
8.The ground wave propagation is generally used for local band
broadcasting and is commonly known as medium wave.
Sky wave propagation:
1.The sky waves are the radio waves of frequency between few
MHz to 40 MHz
2.these radio waves can propagate in atmosphere and are
reflected back by the ionosphere of earth’s atmosphere .
3. The sky from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna
,through sky they reflect back from ionosphere .hence ,their
propagation is called sky wave propagation.
4.Critical frequency ( ) is that highest frequency of radio waves
,which when sent straight ( that is normally)towards the layer of
ionosphere gets reflected and returns to earth .if the frequency
of radio waves is more than critical frequency it will not reflected
by the ionosphere.
5.The value of C.F is found to be 4 MHz ,5MHz and 6 to 8 MHz for
D(part of stratosphere), (part of mesosphere) and
(thermosphere)layers of ionosphere which are at heights about
110 km ,180 km and 300 to 350 Km respectively from the surface
of earth.
6.Its range is very large as compared to range of ground waves.
Range can be targeted and can be increased by multiple
transmitters.
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Limitaions: 3 MHz to 30MHz is very small band bandwidth of
frequency of present application .higher frequencies penetrate
the ionosphere and can’t be reflected .
Space wave propagation:
It is used for high frequency (>40 MHz).these can penetrate
ionosphere more efficiently.
Due to high frequency ,wavelength is very small and energy is
very high.
Television broadcast ,microwave links and satellite
communication are some examples of communication systems
that use space wave mode of propagation.
Line of sight communication by space wave:
We also use this space wave in ground transmission .it is known
as line of sight transmission.
These are (space wave)high frequency hence they travel nearly
in a line .mobile transmission or microwave links are based upon
this.
Earth’s curvature restrict the range of line of sight transmission
.There is limited space between two antennas .
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If h is the height of transmitting antenna then its signal range is
d=√
The range of communication =√ √
Where R is radius of the earth.
Area covered through one tower=
Population covered=population density area covered
Satellite communication:
The satellite communication is a mode of communication of
signal between a transmitter and receiver through a satellite.
The satellite communication is like a line of sight microwave
communication.
Since ,the satellite communication is through space hence, it is
also part of space communication.
In satellite communication , abeam of modulated microwave
from the transmitter is sent directly towards the communication
satellite ,which receives the coming signal ,amplifies it and
returns it to the earth .transmitting frequency (uplink) and
receiving frequency(downlink)are different to avoid interference
between the uplink and the downlink.
A satellite communication is possible through geostationary
satellites.
A single geostationary satellite cannot cover the whole part of
the earth microwave communication .it is so because the large
part of the earth is out of sight due to curvature of the earth
.one satellite roughly covers one third of earth.
In order to have global transmission ,at least three geostationary
satellites are required ,which are at particular distance from
each other.
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Global positioning system is also based upon satellite
communication.
Revision notes
Topic 2
Modulation
Low frequency signal could not travel large distances because of the
following reasons:
Low frequency means low power , hence it gets attenuated that
is loss of signal strength .
Minimum size of antenna = and low frequency means large
wavelength so size of antenna becomes impractical.
Overlapping of signals should be transmitted at high frequency.
Hence the signal should be transmitted at high frequency.
Combining low frequency message signal with high frequency
carrier wave is modulation.
A high frequency wave has certain features like amplitude
,frequency and phase.
( )
So ,variable parameters are amplitude (a) ,frequency( )and
phase( ).
Depending upon the parameter which we are varying in carrier
wave with our signal ,there are three main types of modulation
techniques.
1. Amplitude modulation
2. Frequency modulation
3. Phase modulation
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Amplitude modulation: the amplitude of the carrier wave changes
according to the intensity of the signal .the amplitude variation of the
carrier wave is at the signal frequency .
If message signal
( )
( )
Are combined together then bandwidth of modulated wave is
( ) to ( )
( ) and ( ) are known as lower and upper
sideband frequency respectively .signal in these side band
frequency
Modulation index: the ration of change of amplitude of modulated
wave to the amplitude of normal carrier wave is called modulation
index( )
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to prevent distortion
We can derive that and
Effect of noise on AM wave:
AM signal is more noisy than FM because in AM message is
transmitted through modulating the amplitude of carrier signal
.a low frequency noise can alter the amplitude of carrier
message .in frequency modulation message is transmitted
through frequency changes and hence amplitude of noise signal
will not effected .
Detection of amplitude modulated wave:
DEMODULATION: demodulation is the process of recovering the
signal frequency from a modulated carrier wave.
The detected signal may not be strong enough to be made use of
and hence is required to be amplified.
Below is the block diagram of typical receiver circuit.
Other communicating modes
Internet
Facsimile (FAX)
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