BACTERIAL DISEASE

 ANTHRAX :
 Synonym : Spleenic fever, Milzbrand, Charbon, Tarka and Rag-picker's disease and Knacker's
disease in human.
 Acute infectious septicaemic disease of herbivores animals caused by Bacillus anthracis.
 Susceptible host : Sheep > Goat > Cattle > Horse or Pig > Human.
→ Algerian sheep and dog are resistant.
 Bacillus anthracis produces 3 types of non - toxic protein toxins (Extracellular in nature)
and Poly – D – Glutamate acid capsule (Fibrinolytic property).
1. Factor I : Denotes oedema toxin and Dependent of Adenylate cyclase.
2. Factor II : Denots Protecting antigen, Binding domin (BD) anthra toxin and Responsible
for death.
3. Factor III : Denots lethal factor.
 It is Soil borne infection and Enzootic in India.
 Outbreaks of anthrax in a definite season of year in definite pocket known as Anthrax year.
 In pigs, anthrax usually appears in localised form affecting the lymph nodes of the throat region
known as Pharyngeal form of anthrax.
 Clinical Findings : Incubation period ranges from 1 to 14 days.
→ Acute form is predominantly noticed in cattle.
→ Sudden death which is characteristic in nature in sheep.
→ Oozing of blood (Dark terry colour) from all the natural orifices.
→ Formation of malignant carbuncle (Cutaneous anthrax) human.
 Macroscopic lesion : Rigor mortis is present.
→ Splenomegaly or Black berry jam spleen except in equine.
→ Failure of blood clot and Dark colour blood due to lack of oxygen.
 Diagnosis : The anthrax affected carcass do not open.
1. Microscopic examination : Positive blood films (Thick films) stained with Polychrome
methylene blue will show the presence of large square ended blue rods chain with pink
capsular and this known as McFaydean reaction.
2. Cultural examination : "Medusa-head appearance" / "Curled-hair appearance" /
"Bamboo-rod like appearance" / "Spiked appearance" / "Judge-wig appearance" on
nutrient agar and Inverted fur tree like apperance on gelatine slab medium.
3. Mouse inoculation test : Guinea pig also used for examination.
4. Ascoli’s test : This is thermoprecipatation test employed for detection of anthrax in hide
tissue.
5. String of pearls test : This test is based on the principle of impairment of cell wall
development of penicillin.
 Anthrax is zoonotic disease and anthrax spore produce cutaneous abscess known as “ Hide
porter’s disease” and pneumonia known as “Wool sorter’s disease” or “Pulmonary anthrax”.
 Vaccine : In 1880 Louis Pasteur done immunization of livestock against anthrax.
→ Sterne vaccine : This is a an Aviurlent spore vaccine.
→ Spore vaccine used in India and give immunity for 9 to 12 months.
 Death in peracute causes and due to terminal anoxia and fatal septicaemia.
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  Anthrax used as Biological Weapon (Chronology).
 HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA :
 Synonym : Stockyards disease, Pasteurellosis, Shipping fever, Barbone disease.
 Acute septicaemic disease and caused by Pasteurella multocida type 1.
 Susceptible host : 6 months to 2 years age of cattle and buffalo are most susceptible.
→ Dog, guinea pig and rats are resistant.
 Organism have been typed as Robert type I to IV based on mice protection test and Carter type
A to E relating to capsular antigen.
1. Carter type A : Shipping fever, Enzootic pneumonia, Snuffles in rabbits and Fowl Cholera.
2. Carter type B and E : Epizootic haemorrhagic septicaemia.
3. Carter type D : Atropic rhinitis in pig.
 The disease is enzootic in India.
 Pasteurella Haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida common in Shipping fever.
 The Pasteurella organism remain in bronchiole and alveoli, but cannot in lungs.
 Predisposing factor : Malnutrition, Long transportation, Rainy season and Climatic changes.
 Clinical Findings : Incubation period is 2 to 5 days.
→ Auscultation reveals moist and vesicular rales.
→ Localization of oedema in the subcutaneous pocket of the head, neck, brisket region.
→ In pig, Pasteurellosis usually secondary to enzootic pneumonia virus.
 Macroscopic lesion : Lungs are congested and Marbling like.
→ Fibrinous bronchopneumonia.
→ Haemorrhagic tracheitis seen in rabbit.
 Diagnosis : Bipolar staining.
1. Cultural examination : Non haemolytic dew drop like colonies on blood agar.
2. Animal inoculation : Rabbit is the most susceptible laboratory animals.
 Death due to hypoxia and toxaemia.
 BRUCELLOSIS :
 Synonym : Mediterranean fever, Contagious abortion, Infectious abortion, Enzootic abortion,
Gastric fever, Bruce septicaemia, Malta fever, Bang's disease, Undulant fever in ruminant.
 Etiology : Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. ovis and B. canis.
 Nine biotypes in bovine brucellosis and According to Meyer Brucella abortus type II is the
precursor for all biotypes.
 Brucella organism are aerobic but may require added CO2 for growth, but Brucella suis and
Brucella canis do not require CO 2 for growth.
 In horse, the organisms is present in bursa causing bursal enlargement associated with
Actinomyces bovis resulting to Fistulous withers or Poll evil.
 Placenta is the ideal site for replication of the organism.
 Brucella abortus is a facultative intra cellular bacteria.
 High affinity with Erythritol (Responsible for triggering of multiplication) in placenta, gravid
uterus and foetus.
 Clinical Findings : Abortion in last trimester of pregnancy.
→ Retention of placenta.
→ Cattle develop swelling over joints known as Bursitis or Hygroma.
→ Orchitis and Epididymitis in bull (Spreader of disease).
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  Macroscopic lesion : Tiny white yellowish nodules in foetal membranes.
 Diagnosis : Guinea pig for animal inoculation.
1. Tests for the detection of antibodies :
A. Standard plate agglutination test (SPAT) for qualitative diagnosis
B. Standard tube agglutination test (STAT) for quantitative diagnosis.
C. Serum agglutination test : Most commonly used traditional standard test.
D. Blood agglutation test : 1 : 40 titre is positive.
E. Rose Bengal plate test : This is simple and rapid test by which early infection can be
detected. This test can be used for the Screening of herd.
F. Rivanol and Mercaptoethanol test : This test used to differentiate vaccinated and
infected animals.
G. Milk ring test (MRT) : This test also known as ABRT (Abortus bang ring test).
→ Card or Plate or Agglutination test.
→ Cream layer is deeply red or blue in positive case.
H. Milk and whey agglutination test :
I. Microscopic agglutination test : This test used to differentiate of brucellosis and
yersiniosis.
J. Brucellin test : It is intra dermal test of brucellosis.
K. Coomb’s test
L. PD – ADMAS has developed milk based ELISA kit for use to screening to disease.
 Vaccine : Strain 19 vaccine : Live-attenuated vaccine strain.
→ RB51 vaccine : Newer live-attenuated vaccine strain.
→ "Calf hood vaccination": Vaccination should be done during calf hood (4 to 8 months for S19
and 4 to 12 months for RB51)
→ Vaccination of calves with strain at an age of 3-6 months of high level of immunity for brucella.
 TUBERCULOSIS :
 Synonym : Chronic wasting disease, Pearly disease, Consumption, Pthisis and Scrofula, Pott’s.
 Etiology : Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
→ Tuberculosis in dog : Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.
→ Human tuberculosis : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
→ Tuberculosis in horse : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium
avium, but Mycobacterium avium is main causes.
→ Mycobacterium avium in wild fowl and pigs.
→ M. murinum of fish strain causes granulomas on the extremities as a group of papules
that ulcerate and scab over, is described as "swimming pool granuloma or fish tank
granuloma".
 Susceptible host : Goats are resistant to tuberculosis.
 Incidence : Prevalent in exotic breeds than indigenous breed.
 Younger age group of animals are less susceptible and Younger age group human population
are more susceptible to tuberculosis.
 Predisposing factor : Malnutrition (Vitamin A and C deficiency).
 Transmission : Inhalation is most common route to transmission.
 Various form of tuberculosis :

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 1. Intestinal tuberculosis : The sputum may be coughed up and swallowed into the GI tract.
2. Generalized tuberculosis : Foci of infection in organs.
3. Milliary tuberculosis : Multiple lesions in pleura and peritoneum.
4. Cutaneous form of tuberculosis : Skin lesions may produce caseous material.
 Lipids or lipid complex of the cell wall of bacilli help in the formation of “Rope like cords”. The
cord factor is leukotoxic in nature and prevents migration of leukocytes.
 L – arginine dependent cytotoxic pathway of macrophages against intracellular organisms.
 Development of Cell mediated / Type 4 hypersensitivity to the tubercle bacilli.
 The giant cells contain numerous nuclei. which are arranged as a horse shoe at the periphery of the
cytoplasm. This is known as Langhans type giant cells.
 Clinical Findings : Gradual emaciation.
→ Tuberculous mastitis is the best example of chronic organ tuberculosis.
 Macroscopic lesion : The tuburcles found in all organs except skeletal muscles and resultant of
tuburcles are caseation and calcification.
 Caseation seen in cattle, sheep and goat, but not in horse and carnivores.
 Genelized lymphadenitis in horse (Large growth on mediastinal and bronchiole lymph node).
 In pig pharyngeal lymph node most commonly affected.
 Nodules of tubercle present in lung containing cheesy mass.
 Diagnosis : Organism occur in “Bundle of faggots” or Grapes like.
1. A characteristic feature of mycobacteria is their acid fast staining characters which is due to
waxy substance Mycolic acid present in the bacterial wall.
2. Ziehal Neelson method : Special staining for tuberculosis.
3. Cultural examination : Dorset’s egg medium, Lowenstein – Jensen medium, Stone brink
medium used.
4. Tuberculin test : Important method of diagnosis of T.B.
5. Thermal test : Done in 1890 by Robert Koch.
6. Intradermal tuberculin test : two types
A. Single intradermal test : 0.5 ml tuberculin to be injected in neck. This test is not specific.
B. Double intradermal test : Also called Stormont test.
 This is a modification of intradermal test.
 This test recommended by John and Khader in 1983.
 DOTS process : Directly Observed Treatment Short course.
 Vaccination : Bacillus Calmette Gurein (B.C.G.). This vaccine is prepared using virulent or
avirulent human type bacilli.
 World Tuberculosis Day, falling on 24th March each year.
 JOHN'S DISEASE :
 Chronic infectious fatal gastrointestinal disease caused by Mycobacterium para tuberculosis
(Johnei).
 Synonym : Para tuberculosis, Chronic specific enteritis of cattle and Chronic bacillary dysentery.
 Symplasma stage seen in JD.
 Caseation is never seen in cattle through it may be noticed in sheep and goat.
 Clinical Findings : Incubation period 4 months to 15 years.
→ Cardinal sign : Shooting diarrohea.

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 → In sheep and goat diarrohea is absent.
 Macroscopic lesion : Terminal parts of ileum is most common site of lesion.
→ Corrugation / Rugae / Thickening in caecum and colon lesion (expect sheep, goat ).
→ No evidence of nodules like tuberculosis.
→ Velvety apperance of intestinal mucosa.
 Diagnosis :
1. Intradermal Johnin test : Dose of Johnin is 0.1 to 0.2 ml.
2. Intravenous Johnin test : Dose of Johnin is 2 to 4 ml.
3. Modified Herrold’s egg medium used for cultural examination.
4. Rectal biopsy : Most commonly used diagnostic procedures.
 The mycobacterium spp. resembles with Human Crohn’s Disease.
 LISTERIOSIS :
 Synonyms : Circling disease, Meningo-encephalitis and Silage poisoning.
Etiology : Listeria monocytogens.
 Predisposing factor : Infected feed, soil and silage.
 Clinical Findings : Encephalitis form most common in all animals.
→ Acute septicaemia common in calves, horse, pig and dog.
 Macroscopic lesion : Micro abscess in brain in visceral form.
 Diagnosis : Anton's eye test
 LEPTOSPIROSIS :
 Synonym : Weil's disease, Stuttgart disease, Infectious jaundice, Rice field worker’s disease,
Swine handler’s disease, Sugarcane worker’s disease, Fort Bragg fever, Seven-day fever and
Canine typhus.
 Etiology : Following organism in various species.
→ Cattle : L. pomona, L. Canicola.
→ Horse : L. Pomona, L. Canicola and L. icterohaemorrhagae.
→ Dog : L. icterohaemorrhagae, L. Canicola and L. Pomona.
→ Canicola fever caused by L. canicola.
→ Dairy worker fever caused by L. hardjo.
 Transmission : Urine of affected animals.
 Rat act as reservoir host.
 The haemotoxin causes break down of R.B.C. and intravascular haemolysis, anaemia,
haemoglobinuria, jaundice and haemoglobinaemia.
 The endotoxin damage central nervous system and leading to encephalitis.
 Clinical Findings : Yellow clotted milk followed by agalactiae persisting for a few days to two
weeks. This is known as “Cold mastitis”.
→ Abortion and still birth occur in 5 to 9 months of gestation and occur in chronic form.
→ Ulceration of the buccal mucosa and tonsil involvements causes foul breath (Halitosis) in dog.
→ Renal failure main causes of death.
 Clinical pathology : Haemolytic anaemia and Leucopoenia.
 Diagnosis : Silver impregnation staining.
1. Cultural examination : Motile in liquid media with flexing motion so special Stuart’s and
Fletchers medium require.

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 2. Culture and identification in EMJH (Ellinghauson McCullough Johnson and Harris)
medium. On semisolid or liquid medium the growth of Leptospira is described as Dinger's
ring.
3. Levaditti’s and Warthin starry stain : Black in colour in silver or Giemsa stain.
4. Dark field microscopy in blood.
5. Microscopic agglutination test : ‘Gold standard test’ as per OIE. Positive titre is 1 : 100.
 SALMONELLOSIS :
 Synonym : Paratyphoid
 Etiology : Salmonella Dublin and typhimurium in cattle.
→ Salmonella typhi and paratyphi in man.
→ Salmonella choleraesuis in pigs.
→ Salmonella abortus equi in horse.
→ Salmonella abortiovis in sheep and goat.
 Clinical Findings : Two form.
1. Enteric form : Most commonly in adult.
2. Septicaemic form : Most commonly in young animals.
 Macroscopic lesion : Typhoid nodules in liver.
→ "Turkey egg apperance" - Petechiae on kidneys.
→ "Button ulcer" in intestine.
 COLIBACILLOSIS :
 Synonyms : Calf scour, White diarrhoea and Septicaemia of calves.
 Important disease of new born animals and caused by Escherichia coli.
 E. coli is responsible to three types of effect :
1. Enterotoxic effect : No invasion.
2. Enterotoxaemic effect : Toxin released.
3. Septicaemic effect : Extra intestinal localization of toxin.
 Nataro and Kaper classified pathogenic E. coli into Five virotypes of Escherichia coli.
1. Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC)
2. Enter invasive E.coli (EIEC)
3. Entero Haemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
4. Enteroparhogenic E.coli (EPEC)
5. Eeroaggregative E.coli (EaggEC)
 Virulent strains and found in pigs and in calves.
 Enterotoxin produced by E.coli are two types.
1. LT toxin (Heat-labile toxin )
2. ST toxin (Heat-stable toxin)
 Toxin produced bacteria is called "Oedema disease toxin" ( Shiga like toxin ).
 Clinical Findings : Chalk white colour watery diarrhoea.
 Diagnosis : Raphinose fermentation test
1. Sereny test : This test can be detect entero invasive E. coli and non - invasive E.coli.
2. Congo red dye agar test : This test can be detect entero invasive E. coli and non - invasive
E.coli in poultry.
3. Mannose binding test, Zinc sulphate test and Raphinose fermentation test.
 ACTINOMYCOSIS :
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  Synonyms : Lumpy jaw.
 It is a chronic infectious disease, primarily of cattle and secondarily to pig, horse and man
caused by Actinomyces bovis.
 Susceptible host : It is sporadic disease of cattle of 4 years of age.
→ Pigs do suffer from visceral actinomycosis.
→ Horse and dog suffer from chronic actinomycosis.
 Macroscopic lesion : Suppurative osteomyelitis of mandible.
 Yellow pus form abscess are referred as "Sulphar granules".
 ACTINOBACILLOSIS :
 Synonym : Wound tongue, Timber tongue and Big head.
 It is sporadic infectious disease of cattle and sheep caused by Actniobacillus lignieresi.
 Susceptible host : 2 to 5 years of age are more susceptible.
 Diagnosis : Crusted granules show rosettes of radiating club like body under microscope.
1. “Straus reaction” : Intra peritoneal inoculation in guinea pig show painful orchitis and death.
 DERMATOPHILOSIS :
 Synonyms : Cutaneous streptothricosis, Senekobo disease of cattle, and Cutaneous
actinomycosis.
 Superficial skin infection of animals and man characterized by exudation and matting of hairs
and wools and formation of crusts and scab.
 Etiology : D. congolensis causes Mycotic dermatitis, D. pedis causes Strawberry foot rot and D.
dermatonomus causes lumpy wool disease in sheep.
 The organisms produce motile spore known as Zoo spore.
 Clinical Findings : Mosaic pattern apperance lesion on neck, back of udder.
→ Itching is absent in Horse.
→ A proliferative dermatitis known as “Strawberry foot rot” in sheep.
→ Tumour like growth on the mouth known as Oral dermatophilosis in dog.
 SWINE ERYSIPELAS :
 Etiology : Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa).
 There is 22 serotype , of which serotype 1 and 2 are commonly isolated from clinical
erysipelas.
 Predisposing factor : Aflatoxin, Horny headed worm and Swine fever.
 Pathogenic erysipelas has been found to produce an enzyme Neuminadase.
 Amyloidosis may occur in pigs with chronic erysipelas (Polyarthritis).
 Clinical Findings : Diamond skin lesion (Rhomboid urticarial) seen in acute form of disease.
→ Arthritis seen in chronic form of disease.
→ Chronic form is two types.
1. A Joint or Arthritic form
2. A Systemic form or Endocarditis form : Vegetative endocarditis in valve of heart.
 Diagnosis : Filamentous form have beaded apperance with gram stain.
 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS :
 Synonyms : Vibriosis and Epizootic abortion.
 It is contagious venereal disease of cattle and caused by Campylobacter foetus.
 The organism is Comma shaped.

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  Campylobacter jejuni is the causative agent for diarrohea in man and animals.
 Transmission : In sheep Ingestion is most common route of infection.
 Clinical Findings : Abortion occur in 4 to 7 months of gestation.
 Macroscopic lesion : Gastric oedema in embryo calf and Focal necrotic hepatitis in lamb.
 Diagnosis : Vaginal mucus agglutination test and Mating test.
 GLANDERS :
 Synonyms : Farcy and Malleus.
 It is highly contagious malady of solipeds animals usually chronic in nature and caused by
Pseudomonas mallei ( Actinobacillus / Burkholderia mallei ).
 Susceptible host : Horse, Mule and Donkey.
→ Cattle and pigs are absolutely resistant.
 Clinical Findings : Two form
1. Pulmonary form : Nasal discharge from one or both nostrils. The discharge is grey in colour
and catarrhal in nature.
2. Cutaneous form : Skin infection of lower limbs and abdomen called Farcy.
 Macroscopic lesion : Punched out ulcers in lungs
→ Thick tortuous cords of lymph vessels : Farcy cords
→ Nodule formation in the lymph vessels : Farcy buds
 Diagnosis : “Strauss” reaction in male guinea pig.
1. Allergic Mallein test : Mallein prepared by growing organism in glycerine broth.
A. Subcutaneous or Thermal test
B. Ophthalmic test
C. Intrapalpebral or Intradermopalpebral (IDP) test : Routine used test.
 Glanders is a notifiable disease under the Glander and Farcy act 1899.
 STRANGLES :
 Synonyms : Equine distemper and infectious adenitis.
 Etiology : Streptococcus equi.
 Susceptible host : 6 months to 36 months old young horse.
 Clinical Findings : Abscess formation on mediastinal, bronchial and mesenteric lymph node.
 Macroscopic lesion : Empyema of the guttural pouch.
 Purpura haemorrhagica : Sequale of strangles.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRANGLES AND GLANDERS :

Strangles Glanders
 It is an acute nature of disease.  It is a chronic nature of disease.
 Nodules, Ulcers or “Stellate” are formed on
 Nasal mucosa shows inflammatory changes.
nasal mucosa.
 Lung lesions are not tuburcles like.  Lung lesions are tuburcles like.
 No ulcer or nodules are formed on the skin.  Ulcerative nodules on skin.
 Gram positive cocci.  Gram negative pleomorphic cocci.

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 GLASSER’S DISEASE :
 Synonyms : Infectious or Fibrinous polyarthritis and Porcine polyserositis.
 Etiology : Haemophilus suis or Haemophilus para suis.
 Normal resident : Oropharynx.
 ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS :
 Synonyms : Ulcerative cellulitis and Caseous Lymphadenitis.
 Etiology : Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
 Susceptible host : Primary disease of Horse and secondary to cattle.
 Clinical Findings : Formation of skin ulcers and involvement of lymph vessels of lower limbs.
 FOOT ROT :
 Synonyms : Infectious pododermatitis and Foul in the foot.
 It is an infectious disease of animals characterized by inflammation, necrosis and ulceration of the
Interdigital space, coronary bands and posterior limbs.
 Etiology : Spherophorus necrophorus (Fusiformis necrophorus).
 Lameness is cardinal sign of disease.
 INFECTIOUS KERATO CONJUCTIVITIS :
 Synonyms : Pink eye, Blight, Infectious ophthalmia, Infectious keratitis and keratitis solaris.
 Etiology : Moraxella bovis.
 Susceptible host : Young claves are more susceptible.
 Diagnosis : Metachromatic granules are noted in ageing culture.
 STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS :
 Staphylococci produce a variety of toxins include Strptolysin, Leukocidin, Coagulase,
Fibrinolysin, Hyaluronidase, Haemolysins (Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta).
 Staphylococcal aureus prevents phagocytosis by means of protein A on its surface.
 Disease causes Staphylococcus :
1. Botryomycosis : Chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Gangrenous mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Exudative epidermitis of swine : Also called Greasy pig disease.
 It is an acute progressive superficial skin affection of piglets is caused by Staphylococcus
hyicus and characterized by Seborrohoeic dermatitis.
4. Impetigo : It is a superficial skin infection of pups and kitten is caused by Staphylococcus
aureus and characterized by small vesicles and small pustules.
5. Tick pyaemia : Generalized staphylococcus aureus infection of young lambs and transmitted
by Ixodes ricinus.
6. Pyoderma, Toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS),
Porcine necrotizing staphylococcal endometritis and Furunculosis caused by
Staphylococcus aureus.
 JOINT ILL :
 Synonyms : Poly arthritis, Navel ill, Septicaemia of foals Omphilitis, Omphelophlebitis and
Urachitis.
 It is infectious disease of new born farm animals and caused by Actinobacillus equi.
 CLOSTRIDIUM SPP. :
 BLACK QUARTER : Caused by Clostridium chauvoei.

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 → Synonyms : Black leg, Quarter ill, Symptomatic anthrax, Emphysematous anthrax, Felon,
and Raush brand.
→ It is a soil born infection and mostly occur in rainy season.
→ False black quarter may be caused by Clostridium septicum and Clostridium novyi.
→ The spores are very much resistant to environmental stress.
→ Susceptible host : Cattle (6 months to 24 months) > Sheep.
→ Clinical Findings : Development of focal gangrenous and emphysematous myositis. This gives
rise to crepitation on heavy muscles like gluteal muscles.
→ Macroscopic lesion : Gas bubbles and Rancid or Butyric or Sweetish odour from muscles.
 Black colour muscle due to iron sulphide (FeS).
 Metallic sheen in fresh cut muscle.
 BOTULISM :
→ Etiology : Clostridium botulinum (Soil saprophyte).
→ C. botulinum responsible for Serious food intoxication.
→ Common inhabitat : Alimentary tract of herbivores.
→ Pigs are relatively resistant to botulinum.
→ Clostridium botulinum divided 7 groups.
A. Clostridium botulinum A : Limber neck in poultry
B. Clostridium botulinum B : Lamsiekte
C. Clostridium botulinum C : Forage poisoning in horse and cattle.
D. Clostridium botulinum D : Fish and fish products
→ Toxin of clostridium botulinum :
 C – Alpha : Produce neurotoxin C1 toxin.
 C – Beta : Produce C2 toxin.
→ Wound botulinum resulting from type B toxin occurs in humans and foals and is known as
“Shaker foal syndrome”.
→ Filtrates of suspected feed was given to mice leads to paralysis and death "Wasp waist
apperance"
→ Predisposing factor : Phosphorus deficiency.
→ Motor paralysis in dog due to ingestion of garbage toxin.
 TETANUS : Also known as Lock jaw or Trismus.
→ It is non-contagious, non-febrile, infectious disease of mammals caused by clostridium
tetani.
→ Clostridium tetani produces three types of toxins :
 Tetanospasmin (Neurotoxin), Tetanolysin (Haemolysin) and Fibrinolysin.
→ Susceptible host : Horse > Mule > Man > Sheep, Goat, Pigs > Cattle.
→ Transmission : ROP, Prolapse, Castration by open method, Shearing, Docking, Deep wound
and Vaccination may be help in disease process.
→ Spastic paralysis is due to distribution of toxin in blood stream and Flaccid paralysis is
due to local invasion of the nerves.
→ Toxins may attached with a substance known as “Protagon” in the nerve tissues.
→ Clinical Findings : Duration of disease is 5 to 10 days.
→ “Saw horse stance” or Wooden horse apperance.

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 → Prolapse of third eyelid.
→ Tetanus group clostridium not produce Septicaemia its produce only Toxaemia.
→ Tetanus antitoxin dose : 1,000 to 5,000 IU / Kg single S / C and 1,000 locally.
→ 1,500 IU in cattle and 500 IU in sheep (I / M) for passive immunity.
→ Death due to Asphyxia.
 ENTEROTOXAEMIA :
→ Primarily an infectious disease of ruminants and commonly found in GI tract.
→ Five type of Clostridium perfrigens (C. welchii) :
A. Clostridium perfrigens type A : Enterotoxaemia in camel, Gas gangrene in humans,
Yellow lamb disease, Colitis X in horse, Enterotoxic jaundice in sheep and cattle.
B. Clostridium perfrigens type B : Lamb dysentery or Pine in lambs.
C. Clostridium perfrigens type C : Struck in adult sheep.
D. Clostridium perfrigens type D : Puply kidney disease (Over eating disease).
→ Important killer disease of goat in india.
→ Hyperglycaemia and glycosuria observed.
E. Clostridium perfrigens type E : Enterotoxaemia in calves and lambs.
→ Clostridium perfrigens secrets 12 toxins, the most important of which is alpha toxin.
→ Alpha toxin : Produced by all type and important in gas gangrene
→ Beta toxin : Produced by type B and C.
→ Epsilon toxin : Produced by type B and D.
→ Iota toxin : Produced by type E.
 MALIGNANAT OEDEMA : Also known as Gas gangrene.
→ An acute wound infection caused by clostridium septicum.
 BRAXY / BRAD SPOT : It is a disease of weaner lambs (4 to 5 months old and yearlings) caused
by clostridium septicum.
→ Haemorrhagic Abomasitis.
 BOVINE BACILLARY HAEMOGLOBINURIA : It is an infectious fatal disease of cattle and sheep
characterized by high temperature, rapid haemolysis of erythrocytes and icterus.
→ Synonyms : Red water disease and Infectious ictero haemoglobinuria.
→ Etiology : Clostridium haemolyticum (Clostridium novyi type B).
 BLACK DISEASE : Also known as Infectious necrotic hepatitis.
→ Acute fatal infection of sheep caused by clostridium novyi (C. oedematiens).
→ Liver fluke and Cysticercus tenuiculis may help disease process.
 DIAGNOSIS :
1. Microscopic examination : Spore shape of clostridium species.
→ Clostridium tetani : Drum stick appearance
→ Clostridium botulinum : Tennis racquets
→ Clostridium septicum : Snow shoe shaped
→ Clostridium chauvoei : Large cigar / lemon shaped
2. Stromy clot reaction : Clostridium perfrigens inoculated in litmus milk medium show
Stromy clot reaction.
3. The Nagler reaction : Plate neutralization test, identifies the alpha toxin of C. perfringens,
which has lecithinase activity on egg yolk agar.
 NOCARDIOSIS :
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  Synonyms : Bovine farcy, Tropical actinomycosis and Mycotic lymphangitis.
 Introduction : It is a sporadic sub-acute to chronic suppurative granulomatous disease of animals
and man disease of animals caused by Nocardia asteroids / farcinicus and characterized by
pneumonia, mastitis, Lymphangitis and Lymphadenitis.
 Clinical Findings : Both localized and systemic lesion seen in canine nocardiosis.
 MASTITIS :
 Definition : Inflammation of udder is known as Mastitis.
 Etiology : Different types of mastitis and their causative agent.
→ Summer mastitis : Arcanobacterium pyogens or Corynebacterium pyogens.
→ Environmental mastitis : Streptococcus spp.
→ Black mastitis / Coliform mastitis : Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus aerogens, E.coli.
→ Gangrenous mastitis : Staphylococcus aureus.
→ Mycoplasmal mastitis : Mycoplasma bovis, M. agalactiae.
→ Pseudomonal mastitis : Pseudomonas pyocyaneus.
→ Fungal mastitis : A.fumigatus, A. nidulus and Candida spp.
→ Viral mastitis : Vesicular stomatitis and Infectious rhinotracheitis.
 Susceptible host : Exotic, cross breed and high yielding cows more prone to mastitis than the
Indian zebu cows and lo4w yielders.
 Clinical Findings : The glands become reduced in size and turn hard in consistency which is
termed as “Shrunken quarter”.
 Diagnosis : Test for milk abnormalities.
1. Strip cup test
2. Bromo thymol blue test : The reaction of the milk can be tested by this method.
→ Interpretation : Normal pH of milk is 6.4 to 6.8 convert 7.4 (Alkaline) pH and card colour
in positive is green.
3. Bromo cresol purple test : This test based on pH of milk.
4. Chloride test : Normal chloride content of milk is 0.08 to 0.14 %.
→ Interpretation : A yellow colour denots more than 0.14 % chloride content present in
milk and brownish red colour is less than 0.14 %.
5. Hotis test : This test detects Streptococcus agalactiae and indicator Bromo cresol purple
turn yellow.
6. California mastitis test (CMT) : This test is based on increased leucocyte count and
increased alkalinity of the milk sample.
→ Positive milk sample show greenish blue and precipitate of gel formed.
→ Normal milk contain < /ml and Abnormal milk is > /ml.
7. White side test : This test depends on the increased leukocyte content of milk.
8. Sodium lauryl sulphate test : The principle of this test is based on releasing of somatic cell
releasing cellular protein (DNA).
9. Electrical conductivity test : Normal electrical conductivity of milk is 5.41 MS/cm in cross
bred cow and 3.91 MS/cm in buffalo.
 Milk should not be used for human consumption for at least 72 hours after last infusion.
 YERSINIOSIS : Infectious disease of animals caused by Yersinia enterocoilitica or Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis and characterized by abortion in cattle, necrotic hepatitis and arteritis. This is

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 often confused with brucella induced abortions in cattle as Yersinia serologically cross reacts with
brucella.
VIRAL DISEASE
 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) :
 Synonym : Aphthous fever, Aftosa , Enzootic apthiae.
 Introduction : FMD is acute highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed species caused
by Aphthovirus and characterized by fever and vesicles and/or ulcer in the mouth and on the
muzzle, teats, and feet.
→ Smallest known virus of animal origin.
→ Picorna virus is filterable virus determined by Loffler and Frosch.
 Serotypes : O (Most common in India) , A, C, Asia - 1 in India, SAT - 1, SAT - 2, SAT – 3 in Africa.
 Susceptible host : Horses are resistant.
→ Cattle serve as indicator (Carrier), Sheep as maintenance and Pigs as amplifier host.
 Clinical Findings : Vesicular stomatitis.
 Transmission : Disease occur in winter season.
 Macroscopic lesion : Grey or yellow foci or streaks in the myocardium of young one, which is
defined as “Tiger heart”.
→ Myocardial necrosis in young one.
 Microscopic lesion : Early stages balloon degeneration of cells in middle of stratum spinosum.
 Sequel : Panting.
 Vaccine : Frenkel method is preferred method for vaccine production.
 RINDERPEST :
 Synonym : Cattle plague and Bovine typhus.
 Introduction : Rinderpest is an acute or subacute highly contagious disease of even toed
ungulates (Artiodactyl) caused by Morbillivirus.
→ Virus has got antigenic similarity with measles and canine distemper, PPR and mumps.
→ Only one serotype.
→ In 2011 OIE : First animal pathogen eradicated form world.
→ Last reported june 1995 in India.
 Susceptible host : Young cattle are more susceptible.
 Rinderpest virus has got affinity to lymphoid tissues and destroy lymphocytes (Leukopenia).
 Clinical Findings : Mucosal stage show cardinal sign of disease.
→ "Shooting diarrhoea" with foetid odour
 Macroscopic lesion : "Zebra marking" in mucosa of rectum.
→ Raised greyish white pin head punctate necrosis of epithelium.
 Microscopic lesion : Syncytia, intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion
bodies in infected epithelial cells.
 The global rinderpest eradication program (GREP) started in 2010.
 PESTE DES PETITIS RUMINANTS (PPR) :
 Synonym : Goat plague, Erosive stomatitis, Enteritis of goats, Kata, Pneumoenteritis complex,
Stomatitis pneumo enteritis syndrome and Pseudo rinderpest.

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  Introduction : PPR is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats caused by
Morbillivirus and characterized by fever, oculo-nasal discharges, stomatitis, diarrhoea and
pneumonia with foul offensive breath.
 Susceptible host : Goat > Sheep.
 Macroscopic lesion and microscopic lesion same as Rinderpest.
 Arasur strain of virus (AR – 87) used as vaccine production in southern india.
 BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHOEA :
 Synonym : BVD and Mucosal disease
 Introduction : BVD /MD is a viral disease of young cattle (6–24 month old) with Inapparent
or subclinical infection to acute and severe enteric disease to the highly fatal mucosal disease
complex caused by Pestivirus characterized by profuse enteritis in association with typical
mucosal lesions.
→ Two Biotypes : NCP(Noncytopathic / wild and CP(Cytopathic / mutant).
→ NCP and CP virus act as synergistically.
 BVD and NCP : Immunocompetence Nonpregnant cattle resulting diarrhoea.
 MD and NCP : Immunocompetence Pregnant animals resulting abortion.
 Persistently infected calves : Mucosal disease (CP virus).
 Microscopic lesion : Hyaline degeneration / Fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels.
→ Destruction of payer’s patches.
→ Lymph cytolysis and Lymphoid depletion.
 MALIGNANAT CATARRHAL FEVER :
 Synonym : Snotsiekte, Gangrenous coryza, Malignant head catarrh ,Catarrhal fever, Epitheliosis.
 Etiology : Gammaherpesviridae (Bovine herpes virus 3)
 Cattle is considered as dead end host.
 Microscopic lesion : Necrotizing arteritis in CNS.
→ Proliferation of lymphoblast’s in T cell dependent area of lymph node.
 BLUE TONGUE :
 Synonym : Catarrhal fever of sheep, Sore muzzle, Sore mouth, Epizootic catarrh, Muzzle disease ,
Pseudo FMD and Stiff lamb disease.
 REO virus : Respiratory enteric orphan virus.
 Introduction : Bluetongue is an insect-borne, non-contagious, viral disease primarily of sheep (1
year age) caused by Orbivirus.
→ 26 serotypes of virus (OIE 2014).
→ The virus has got both abortogenic and teratogenic characteristic.
 Transmission : Biting midges / gnats the genus of Culicoides (C.pallidipenis and C. variipenis).
 Clinical Findings : Odema and cyanosis of tongue
 Macroscopic lesion : Coronet Haemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery.
 Microscopic lesion : Micro vascular thrombosis associated with erosions.
 Epizootic hemorrhagic disease caused by Orbivirus and produced same as BT.
 VESICULAR STOMATITIS :
 Synonyms : Sore mouth of cattle.
 Introduction : Vesicular stomatitis is a contagious viral disease of animals caused by Rhabdovirus
and characterized by the presence of vesicles in oral cavity, necrosis and intercellular oedema.
 Susceptible host : Sheep is resistant.
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  Transmission : Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) and Phlebotomus sand fly.
 Clinical Findings : Lesion on tongue of horse and snout or feet of pig.
→ Lameness is a prominent sign of in pigs.
→ Monophasic temperature in adult cattle and Diphasic temperature in calf.
 EPHEMERAL FEVER :
 Synonyms : Three day sickness, Dragon boat disease, Stiff sickness and Bovine epizootic
fever.
 Introduction : Ephemeral fever is a arthropod viral disease of animals caused by
Rhabdovirus and characterized by oedematous lymph nodes, hydropericardium,
hydrothorax, pulmonary emphysema and tendovaginitis.
 Susceptible host : 6 months to 2 years age of cattle more susceptible.
 Incubation period : 2 to 4 days.
 Transmission : Ceratopogonidae family and culex or cullicoides mosquitoes.
 INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS :
 Synonym : Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, Coital exanthema, Red nose, Necrotic rhinitis and
Infectious balanoposthitis.
 Etiology : Bovine herpes virus 1
 Antigenic relation with equine rhino pneumonitis virus.
 Transmission : Venereal transmission in genital disease.
→ Virus survives up to one year in frozen semen.
 The virus may remain in the trigeminal ganglion of calves.
 Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies present in tracheal submucosal, Nasal turbinates,
and bronchi.
 Vaccine : Ibrivax (Hoechst)
 AUJESZKY’S DISEASE :
 Synonym : Pseudo rabies in dog, Infectious bulbar paralysis, Mad itch in cow and Porcine
herpes virus infection.
 Introduction : Pseudo rabies is a viral disease of animals, mainly of swine caused by herpes
virus and characterized by itching, in coordination, tremors, convulsions, paralysis and
encephalitis.
 Three overlapping syndrome lesions in Central Nervous system ,Respiratory system and
Reproductive system.
 Susceptible host : Pig are natural host and other species serve as dead end hosts with peracute,
fulminant disease.
 Clinical Findings : Non-porcine species show intense pruritus / mad icth and cutaneous trauma.
→ Intense pruritus not seen in pigs.
→ "Dog sitting" posture due to respiratory distress in older pigs.
 Intranuclear inclusion bodies found in neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.
 NEONATAL CALF DIARRHOEA :
 Synonym : Scours
 Etiology : Rotavirus and Secondary E.coli infection.
 High morbidity and mortality in calves.
 Susceptible host : 2 weeks of age calves.
 Clinical Findings : Yellowish and watery faeces.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 15
 POX VIRUS :
 Introduction : Pox is an infectious viral disease of animals characterized by the presence of pock
lesions on hair less parts of the skin.
 Highly Epitheliotropic virus causing cutaneous and systemic disease.
 Family : Poxviridae and Subfamily : Chodropoxvirinae.
 Different pox virus disease of domestic animals :
1. Cow pox : It is contagious eruptive skin disease of cattle caused by Orthopox virus and
characterized by macules and pustules on udder and teats.
2. Pseudo cowpox : Also called Milker’s nodule and Ring sore and caused by parapox virus.
3. Buffalo pox : It is enzootic emerging viral disease of buffalo caused by Orthopox virus.
4. Goat pox : It is malignant disease of goat caused by Capri pox virus.
5. Swine pox : Also called Contagious impetigo and Louse borne dermatitis.
→ Etiology : Sui pox virus.
→ Transmission : Haematopinus suis.
→ Lesion confined in ventral and lateral abdomen, lateral thorax, median fore leg and thigh.
6. Sheep pox : Acute to chronic, contagious, systemic disease caused by Capri pox virus and
characterized by generalized pox lesions throughout the skin (especially sparsely haired
areas) and mucous membrane, persistant fever, lymphadenitis, and pneumonia.
→ Merino breeds and young one are more susceptible.
→ Prickle cell layers of the skin layers proliferate and this I the corium.
→ Malignant form is most common form.
→ Intracytoplasmic acidophilic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells.
→ Cells of around blood vessels and collagen bundles called Sheep pox cells, Cellules
claveleuses and Borrel cells.
7. Horse pox : It is benign form of pox which produces papulo vesicular eruptions on the skin
and mucus membrane and caused by unclassified pox virus.
→ Leg form (Jenner’s horse pox) and Buccal form seen in horse pox.
8. Lumpy skin disease : Caused by Capri pox virus.
→ Nodules develop necrotic centre ,become separated form adjacent skin is called as Sit
fasts.
 SWINE FEVER :
 Synonym : Hog cholera and Swine plague.
 Etiology : Genus Pestivirus and Family Flaviviridae.
 CSFV closely related to bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) and ovine Border disease viruses.
 One antigenic and three number of strains.
 Susceptible host : Pig only
 Macroscopic lesion : "Turkey egg kidney" apperance in renal cortex
→ Splenic infarction
→ Spherical "Button ulcers" lesion in mucosa of caecum and colon.
 VESICULAR EXANTHEMA :
 Vesicular exanthema is a viral disease of swine caused by calcivirus and characterized by fever
and vesicle formation in snout, lips, nostrils, tongue, feet and mammary gland.
 AFRICAN SWINE FEVER :
 Synonyms : Wart hog disease
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  It is highly contagious fatal disease of pigs and caused by Irido virus.
 TRANSMISSIBLE GASTRO ENTERITIS IN PIG :
 Transmissible gastroenteritis is contagious viral disease of young pigs caused by corona virus and
characterized by vomiting, osmotic or profuse diarrhoea, dehydration with high mortality.
 Also known as porcine respiratory coronavirus infection.
 PORCINE ROTA VIRAL ENTERITIS :
 Synonym : White scour, Milk scour, Three week scours.
 Etiology : Rota virus
 Susceptible host : 1 to 4 weeks of age of pig.
 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS :
 Etiology : Flavi virus (Arbo virus of type B)
 Man and chicken are dead end host, Bovines are blocking host and Pigs acts as amplifier
host.
 Transmission : Swamp dwelling birds are natural reservoir of virus.
→ Culex triaeniorhyneus act as primary vector.
 CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA OF SHEEP AND GOAT :
 Synonym : Infectious labial dermatitis, Sore mouth, Scabby mouth, Orf (rough), Contagious
pustular dermatitis, Ecthyma contagiosum and contagious pustular stomatitis.
 Introduction : Highly contagious, Zoonotic disease caused by para pox virus and affects primarily
the lips of young animals.
 Electron microscopy of the virus particles stained with phosphotungstate reveal two
interchangeable forms.
→ Type 1 or Mulberry form which show “Ball of wool” apperance and Type 2 or Clear form
is phosphotungstate permeable.
 Feet and coronet lesions complicated with secondary bacterial infection of Dermatophilus
congolensis and produced "strawberry foot rot".
 MAEDI AND VISNA :
 Synonym : Ovine / Marsh's / Chronic progressive pneumonia, Lymphoid Interstitial
pneumonia and Viral encephalomyelitis of sheep.
 Etiology : Small ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs)
→ Genus : Lentivirus, Subfamily : Orthoretroviridae and Family : Retroviridae
→ New Classification of SRLVs : No immunosuppression
→ Five genotypes A to E
→ Genotype A : ‘classical’ maedi-visna viruses
→ Genotype B : Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis virus
 Maedi : "dyspnea in Iceland / pulmonary.
 Visna : "wasting" in Iceland / neurological sings.
 Susceptible host : Only sheep
 Transmission : Ingestion of infective colostrum’s or milk.
 Pleocytosis : Increased cells within the CNS (lymphocytes up 1,000 mm₃) in Maedi -neurologic
form.
 CAPRINE ARTHRITIS / ENCEPHALITIS :
 Etiology : Same as Maedi Visna.
 Susceptible host : only goat
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 17
  Transmission : First week of via colostrum’s and milk.
 Clinical sign : Neurologic : < 4 months of goat and Asymmetric brown pink swollen area in brain
and spinal cord (malacia).
→ Arthritis / synovitis (big knee) : Adults and Hard white rice grains seen.
→ Mastitis and pneumonia also seen.
 PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS :
 Introduction : Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma or Jaagsiekte denots “driving sickness” is
a contagious viral disease of sheep that results in pulmonary neoplasia (bronchiole
alveolar carcinoma) in some animals.
 Etiology : Genus Betaretrovirus and type D oncovirus (Retrovirus).
 Transmission : Crowding / Confinement increases spread and indective nasal secretion.
 Incubation period : 6 months to 3 years.
 Diagnosis : Wheel barrow test
 OVINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS :
 Synonyms : Louping – ill.
 Etiology : Flavi virus.
 Transmission : Ixodes ricinus.
 Clinical sign : “Bounding gait in sheep.
 BORDER DISEASE OF SHEEP :
 Synonyms : Hairy shaker disease, Hypomyelinosiscongentia and Fuzzy lamb.
 Congenital disease of sheep and goat caused by Pesti virus.
 BOVINE LEUKOSIS :
 Synonyms : Bovine lymphosarcoma, Malignant lymphomas, Bovine leukaemia, Enzootic
bovine leucosis.
 Introduction : It is lymph proliferative disease of cattle where there is extensive proliferation of
leukocyte forming tissues.
 Etiology : Type C oncorna virus of Retroviridae family.
 Transmission : Vertical, horizontal and iatrogenic.
 EQUINE INFLUENZA :
 Synonyms : Equine distemper, Typhoid fever of horse, Pink eye, Catarrhal fever of horse,
Stable pneumonia and Equine flu.
 Introduction : It is an acute febrile highly infectious disease of horse caused by Orthomyxovirus
and characterized by septicaemia, Dry cough, and fever.
 Etiology : Two biotypes namely as A / equi 1 (H7N7) and A / equi 2 (H3N8 : Common in india).
 Susceptible host : Younger horses (2 to 6 months).
 EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA :
 Synonym : Swamp fever, Equine malarial fever, Slow fever, Coggins disease and Mountain fever.
 Introduction : It is a chronic persisting infectious viral disease of equines caused by Lentivirus
(Retroviridae) characterized by emaciation, anaemia, intermittent fever and generalised
lymphoproliferative changes and edema.
→ Virus Infected monocyte (without virus replication).
→ First horse filterable virus.
→ First virus disease which diagnostic test is approved.
 Horse act as Inapparent carriers.
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  Clinical pathology : Anaemia due to intravascular and extravascular haemolysis of RBCs.
→ Prehepatic jaundice / un-Conjucted bilirubin.
→ Sideroleukocytes : Circulating monocytes with phagocytized erythrocytes and
hemosiderin.
→ Normocytic and normochromic anaemia.
 Microscopic lesion : Bull's eye (spleen are large follicles but hypo cellular).
 Diagnosis : Coggins test (Agar gel immunodiffusion test).
 AFRICAN HORSE SICKENESS :
 Synonym : Equine plague
 Introduction : African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious, non - contagious, arthropod - borne,
peracute to subacute, often fatal disease caused by orbi virus and characterized by respiratory
distress, cardiovascular failure and edema of lungs and neck.
→ Nine serotypes.
 Transmission : cullicoides (Culicoides imicola).
 Clinical sign : Following form are seen (total 4).
1. Percute / Pulmonary / DUNKOP : Thin head due to little ,no swelling around head.
2. Subacute / Cardiac / DIKKOP : Thick head in africans due to serve swelling.
→ Supraorbital and palpebral edema.
 EQUINE VIRAL RHINOPNEUMONITIS :
 Equine viral abortion or Equine viral rhino pneumonitis is caused by equine herpes virus 1 and
characterized by death of foetus, abortion(3rd trimester), retained placenta and post parturient
metritis.
 Microscopic lesion : Intra nuclear eosinophilic inclusions in hepatocytes and bronchioles.
 EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS :
 Synonyms : Blind staggers, borna disease and forage poisoning.
 Introduction : Equine encephalomyelitis is an arboviral disease caused by Group A Arbovirus of
alpha virus characterized by circling movements, high fever, paralysis, neuronophagia and
perivascular cuffing.
 Transmission : Culex and Aedes mosquitoes.
 CANINE DISTEMPER :
 Synonym : Carre's disease, Had pad disease and Old dog encephalitis.
 Introduction : Canine Distemper is a highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs, caused by
Morbili virus and characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, catarrhal and purulent exudate in
nasal mucosa, purulent bronchopneumonia, encephalitis, gastroenteritis and vesicular / pustular
dermatitis.
→ Virulence factors : Two protein.
1. Haemagglutinin (H) : Attachment to host cells.
2. Fusion (F) protein : Cell membrane penetration and Syncytia formation.
 Susceptible host : 3 to 6 months of age dogs more affected.
→ Canine distemper : 12 to 16 wks of dog.
→ Old dog encephalitis : 4 years of age.
→ Spaniel and Chow Chow : most susceptible dog breeds.
 Clinical sign : Pulmonary form more prevalent than digestive form.

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 → Vesiculopustular eruptions on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, and on the inner parts of the
thighs of skin. this type of distemper eruptions are known as Distemper exanthema.
→ Chorea indicates Jerky movement of hind limbs and his muscles.
→ Muscular twitching (myoclonus) in face, head, neck and shoulder muscles.
 Macroscopic lesion : Enamel hypoplasia and Chewing gum fit.
 Microscopic lesion : Eosinophilic Intracytoplasmic / intranuclear inclusion acidophilic bodies (
round / ovoid) in glial cells, neurons, ependymal and meningeal cells.
→ Grey matter show demyelination.
→ White matter show perivascular cuffing.
 INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS :
 Synonym : Rubarth's disease and Fox encephalitis.
 Etiology : Mstadenovirus of Adenoviridae family.
 Susceptible host : Primary disease of dog / canine (< 2 year) and Mainly in young dogs.
 Clinical sign : Iridocyclitis and Corneal edema develop Blue eye.
 Macroscopic lesion : “Pain brush” haemorrhage of gastric mucosa.
 Microscopic lesion : Intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatic and kupffer cells.
→ Centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis.
 RABIES :
 Synonym : Lyssa, Hydrophobia, Rage and Mad dog.
 Etiology : Genus Lyssavirus and Family Rhabdoviridae
→ The virus is bullet shaped structures.
→ Two biotypes : Fixed and street virus.

Fixed virus Street virus

 It is used for rabies vaccine preparation.  It occurs in naturally occurring in dogs.
 Incubation period is shorter. (6 to 7 days)  Incubation period is variable. (11 to 47 days)
 It not produces Negri bodies.  Negri bodies in 70 % cases.
 It has got affinity to CNS.  It has got affinity for salivary glands and CNS.
 Absence of virus in saliva.  Presence of virus in saliva.
 It is self-limiting and is not virulent for  It is not self-limiting. It is pathogenic to all
man. warm blooded animals.

 Susceptible host : All wram blooded animals.

→ Cattle and horse considered dead end host.
→ Jackals in India are reservoir vectors.
 Epidemiological types : Two
1. Urban type : Where transmission takes place through dog.
2. Sylvatic type : Where transmission takes place through wild animals.
 Transmission : Vampire bats act as vectors.
 Ability of virus to reach the CNS depends on various factors.

SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 20

 1. Virulence of the strain.
2. Quantity of infectious virus in saliva
3. Susceptibility of the species : Canine family more susceptible.
4. Anatomical distance between bite site and CNS : Bites closer to the head have a shorter
incubation period.
5. Age of animals : Younger age more susceptible.
6. Degree of wound : The presence of Hyaluronidase in the saliva has got disease inducing effect.
 Pathogenesis : Neuronal dysfunction not completely understood.
→ Virus binds to receptors for acetylcholine (Ach).
 Incubation period : Incubation period of virus is 20 to 60 days.
→ 10 days to 6 months in dogs and cats.
→ 25 days to more than 5 months in cattle.
→ Few days to several years in Human. (Most cases become apparent after 1 to 3 months).
 Clinical Findings : Three form.
1. Excitatory phase (Furious form) : Two stage.
A. Stage of melancholy (1 to 3 days) : Change in the behaviour of animals.
B. Stage of excitement (1 to 7 days) : Drooling of saliva due to paralysis of vocal cord,
photophobia.
2. Paralytic phase (Dumb form) : Howl voice due to paralysis of throat muscle, open mouth
condition, hanging of jaw, hydrophobia in human, ascending paralysis.
→ Cattle show Unique ballowing, excessive salivation in furious form.
→ In cat more furious than dog.
→ Cattle, horse, goat show sexual excitement.
 Microscopic lesions : Non suppurative encephalomyelitis with ganglioneuritis, perivascular
cuffing and parotid adenitis.
→ Babe’s (Glial) nodules : Composed of Microglial cells and for histopathological study.
→ A spongiform lesion with vacuolation of gray matter neutrophil, similar to scrapie, was
originally described in foxes and skunks with rare reports in the horse, cow, cat and sheep.
→ Negri bodies : Hallmark of rabies infection in 70 % causes.
 Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies.
 Carnivores : Hippocampal neuron.
 Herbivores : Purkinje neuron of cerebellum.
 Diagnosis : Sample collected in formalin.
1. Seller's / Man's / Williams / Von gieson method stain.
2. FAT : "Gold standard test" recommended by WHO and OIE.
3. Habel's mouse inoculation test : Hoyt and Jungelblut developed.
4. Corneal test or saliva test : This is based on the demonstration of rabies virus antigen in
the corneal epithelium and the saliva of the patient.
→ Only test that can be done prior to death.
→ Schneider observed rabies antigen in corneal impression smear.
 Vaccination : ESSEN regimen.
→ 0th ,3rd, 7th, 14th, 30th and 90th days post bite vaccination (5 doses).
→ 0th, 3rd and 7th days pre bite vaccination (3 doses).

SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 21

 → Zagreb regimen : 0th, 7th and 21st post bite vaccination.
 PARVO VIRUS INFECTION IN DOG :
 Introduction : Highly contagious disease of dog with 100 % morbidity caused by Parvo virus.
→ Parvo means latin word “small”.
→ Smallest known virus (18 to 24 nm.).
→ Antigenically different serotypes :
1. Canine Parvo virus 1 : Minute virus of canine causes myocarditis, respiratory distress
and Inclusion bodies.
2. Canine Parvo virus 2 : Causes Parvo virus enteritis.
→ Virus replicates in the nucleus of dividing cells (late S phase & early G2 phase) and Tropism for
fatal hematopoietic ,lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypts.
 Susceptible host : Less than 6 months unvaccinated / incompletely vaccinated dogs.
→ Doberman and Labrador are most susceptible dog breeds.
 Transmission : Viruses are excreted in large scale in the faeces.
 Clinical Sign : Three forms observed.
1. Generalized form : Pups less than 2 weeks affected found dead but rare.
2. Cardiac form / Myocarditis form : 10 weeks of age pups affected and death due to cardiac
arrhythmias.
3. Enteritis form / Leukopenia : Younger Pups are affected and brownish bloody diarrhoea and
frothy yellow vomination.
 Death due to cardiogenic shock.
 Microscopic lesions : Basophilic intranuclear inclusion in GI epithelium and cardiomyocytes.
 CANINE HERPES VIRUS INFECTION :
 Synonyms : Fade pup syndrome.
 Introduction : It is a highly fatal febrile disease of neonatal puppies caused by Alpha herpes virus
and death usually occurs within 24 to 48 hours of clinical signs.
 Macroscopic lesions : “Speckled apperance” of kidney.
 FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA :
 Synonym : Feline distemper, Cat plague, Feline infectious enteritis, Feline agranulocytosis and
Fading kitten syndrome.
 Etiology : Parvovirus
 Macroscopic lesions : “Rose red” apperance on the serosal and mucosal surface.
→ Rope like thickened intestinal loop on post mortem examination.
 Microscopic lesions : Eosinophilic intranuclear are inclusion bodies in intestinal epithelium.
 Diagnosis : Zenker's / bouin's test.
 FELINE LEUKAEMIA :
 Synonyms : Feline lymphoma and Feline lymphosarcoma.
 Feline leukaemia is an infectious viral disease of cats caused by type C oncorna virus and
characterized by malignant lymphoma, lymphocytosis and immunosuppression.
 FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS :
 Introduction : Slowly progressive fatal disease of cats caused by Corona virus.
 Macroscopic lesion : Up to 1 liter fluid accumulate in abdominal cavity.
→ Excessive accumulation of fluid called as "Wet form".
→ Small accumulation of fluid called as "Dry form".
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 22
 RIFT VALLEY FEVER :
 Synonyms : Infectious Enzootic Hepatitis of Sheep and Cattle.
 Etiology : Genus Phlebovirus and Family Bunyaviridae
 Transmission : Transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes and orthers) and is usually amplified in
ruminant hosts.
 Susceptible host : 2 weeks lambs more susceptible.
 AKABANE DISEASE :
 Viral disease of ruminants that is mainly characterized by fetal damage.
 Synonyms : Congenital Arthrogryposis, Hydranencephaly Syndrome, A–H Syndrome ,
Congenital Bovine Epizootic A-H Syndrome, Acorn Calves, Silly Calves, Curly Lamb Disease ,
Curly Calf Disease and Dummy Calf Disease.
 Etiology : Genus Orthobunyavirus and Family Bunyaviridae.

PRION DISEASE
 Prions : Short form of “ Proteinaceous Infectious Particle ”.
 Smaller than smallest known virus.
 The word prion, coined in 1982 by Stanley B. Prusiner.
 Prion disease :
1. Scrapie (pruritis) / Ovine spongiform encephalopathy (OSE) of sheep and goats : First prion
disease to be recognized and described, around 1732 in the UK.
2. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) : Also known as Mad cow disease.
 Incubation period of prion disease is 2 to 5 years.
 Macroscopic : No gross lesions.
 Microscopic : Single large or several smaller neuronal intracytoplasmic vacuolation (Vacuoles
cause neutrophil spongiosis).
 Diagnosis : Recently eyelid test
 No ante mortem available.
 Immunochemistry : Gold standard test.
FUNGAL DISEASE
 DERMATOPHYTOSIS :
 Synonym : Ring worm and Tinea infection.
 Introduction : Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of the cornified epidermis (Hair,
nail, feathers).
→ The Dermatophytes create a change of the invaded structure and this alteration along with
immunological reactions are clinically known as “Ring worm”.
 Etiology : Dermatophytes are classified into three genera.
1. Microsporum : Microsporum spp. infect the hairs of the skin. The macro conidia are rough
and thick walled.
2. Trichophyton : Trichophyton spp. infect the hairs, skin or nails. The macro conidia are
smooth and thin walled. They may be cigar shaped or quite irregular.
3. Epidermophyton : Epidermophyton spp. infect skin and occasionally nails but do not
invade hairs. The macro conidia are club shaped and thin walled. They may be present
both singly and in cluster.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 23
 Animal Etiology
Cattle T. verrucosum, T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.
Buffalo, Sheep and Goat T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes.
Horse T. equinum, M. gypseum T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes.
Pig M. nanum, T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes.
Dog M. canis, M. gypseum and T. mentagrophytes.
Cat M. canis, M. distortum, M. gypseum and T. mentagrophytes.

 Chandler have recognised 27 pathogenic Dermatophytes spp.

 Dermatophytes are broadly divided into three groups on the basis of their host preference
and natural habitat.
1. Geophilic Dermatophytes : They are soil borne fungus and may remain in the soil as
saprophytes. Ex. M. gypseum, M. cookie, M. nanum and T. terreste.
2. Zoophilic Dermatophytes : They basically live on lower animals. Ex. M. canis, T. verrucosum,
T. equinum and T. mentagrophytes.
3. Anthrophilic Dermatophytes : They are exclusively grow in human beings. Ex. E. floccosum,
M. audouinii, T. rubrum and T. violaceum.
 Susceptible host : Calves are much more susceptible than the adult cow.
 Pathogenesis : There are three types of hair attachment.
1. In Ectothrix type of invasion, arthospores are formed on outside of the hairs. Ex. M. canis
2. In Endothrix type of invasion, arthospores are formed inside the hairs. Ex. T. verrucosum
3. In favic type contain hyphae and only few arthospores.
 Clinical Findings : Heavily crusted lesions like powdery materials are produced by T. verrucosum.
 Diagnosis :
1. Microscopic examination : The clinical materials like skin scrapings, hair, nails etc. (Materials
soaked in few drops of 10 % KOH solution on slide and examined under microscope).
2. Cultural examination : Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA)
3. Special staining : Gomori’s methamine silver technique (GMS), Gridley’s fungus stain
and Periodic Acid Schiff’s technique (PAS).
→ The staning reaction of various fungus has been described by Das.
4. Wood’s Light Method : M. canis, M. audouinii and M. distortum fungus capable to produce
fluorescence - Positive yellow green colour under wood’s light. This florescence is due to
tryptophan metabolite produced by the fungi that had invaded actively growing hairs.
 Dermatophytes is usually a self-limiting disease with spontaneous remission within one to
three months.
 CANDIDIASIS :
 Synonyms : Moniliasis and Thrush
 Introduction : Candidiasis is a fungal disease of animals caused by Candida albicans and
characterized by a variety of manifestations including mastitis, chronic pneumonia, abortion and
oesophagitis.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 24
  Susceptible host : Young animal most common affected.
 Pathogenesis : Candida produces an enzyme known as leucine amino peptidase.
→ Deficiency of vitamin B complex, vitamin A and High glucose diet favours growth of candida
infection.
 Clinical Findings : Three forms seen.
1. Muco-cutaneous form : This form is characterized by formation of whitish creamy plaques of
pseudomembranous exudate on the tongue, gum and buccal mucosa containing yeast cells.
This is known as Thrush.
2. Cutaneous form : Mostly observed in human beings.
3. Systemic form : Mostly in ruminants.
→ Cutaneous and systemic form both seen in pigs.
 Diagnosis : Characteristic feature of C. albicans is the formation of chlamydospores.
→ A specific media has been used to distinguish C. albicans from other Candida. This media
is known as Pagano-Levin media. Agar containing neomycin and colour masker known
as Tritetrazolium chloride.
 SPOROTRICHOSIS :
 Introduction : Sporotrichosis is a chronic contagious suppurative granulomatous (Main
manifestation) disease of skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by Sporotrichum schenckii and
characterized by nodules and ulcers.
→ The organisms are cigar shaped in apperance.
 Clinical Findings : There are three clinical forms viz. cutaneous, lymphatic and systemic form.
→ Cutaneous form : Most common in dog and cat. (Lesion on legs and fet-lock joint)
→ Lymphatic form : Most common in horse, donkey, and mules.
 Differential diagnosis : Epizootic Lymphangitis caused by Histoplasma farciminosum.
 RHINOSPORIDIOSIS :
 Introduction : Rhinosporidiosis is a fungal disease of C/H/D/C/S/M caused by
Rhinosporidium seeberi and characterized by polypoid growth on nasal mucosa and
dyspnoea.
 Microscopic lesion : Presence of white specks consists of sporangia filled with endospores.
 A bullock is having chronic granulomatous tumor in nose, so pink colour soft bleed causes
Rhinosporidium seeberi.
 ZYGOMYCOSIS :
 Synonyms : Phycomycosis and Mucor mycosis.
 Etiology : Absidia, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.
 DEGNALA DISEASE :
 Introduction : Non-infectious disease of animals caused by mycotoxins and characterized by dry
gangrene on extremities such as tip of ear, tail and hooves with sloughing of hooves and lameness.
 Etiology : Fusarium tricinctum (Paddy straw infested with fungus is source of mycotoxin).
 ASPERGILLOSIS :
 Synonym : Mycotic pneumonia
 Introduction : Aspergillosis is a fungal disease of animals characterized by granulomatous
pulmonary lesions, abortion and lobar pneumonia in foetus.
 Etiology : A. fumigatus (Most common), A. flavus, A. niger, A. nidulans and A parasiticus.
→ Dark green Condida of Aspergillus fumigatus.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 25
 → Club like Conidiospores of Aspergillus fumigatus.
→ The aspergilla are ubiquitous in nature.
 Clinical Findings : Cattle remain as asymptomatic.
1. Pulmonary form : Granulomatous pneumonia is the characteristic of pulmonary form.
2. Myocardial form : Fatal condition of man and seen in immunosuppressive medication.
3. Allergic form : This form is encountered in man due to A. fumigatus.
4. Otomycotic form : A. fumigatus grow in cerumen and debris of ear canal.
5. Cellulolytic form : A. fumigatus produces cellulitis of face and corneal region.
6. Cerebral form : A. fumigatus produces lesion in CNS.
7. Abortive form : It is common in mares, ewe and cow.
 Abortion at 3rd months of gestation.
 Aborted foetus may be born with cutaneous aspergillosis.
8. Toxic form : Aspergillus spp. produce potent toxin known as Aflatoxin.
 Macroscopic lesion : Lobar pneumonia in aborted foetus.
→ Tubercle like granulomatous lesion in lungs.
 Diagnosis : Rapidly growing flat white fuzzy colonies will be observed.
→ Old culture of Aspergillus will show greyish smoky apperance.
 COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS :
 Synonym : Coccidiodal granuloma
 Etiology : Cocidioides immitis (Spherical bodies are sporangia)
 Among domestic animals, disseminated disease is most common in dogs.
 Arthoconidia produce by mycelia and released air and causes disease in animals.
 Diagnosis : Coccidiodin test
 HISTOPLASMOSIS :
 Introduction : Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal disease of animals characterized by chronic
pneumonia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, leucopenia and ulcers in intestines.
 Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum (Intracellular, Chlamydocondia and Brown colour)
 Susceptible host : Most common in dogs.
 Macroscopic lesion : Extensive proliferation of reticulo-endothelial cells.
 Diagnosis : Histoplasmin skin test
 CRYPTOCOCCOSIS :
 Synonym : Torulosis
 Introduction : Systemic fungal disease of animals caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
characterized by nervous disorders including encephalitis, meningitis and presence of granuloma
in eyes, sinuses and nasal septum.
 BLASTOMYCOSIS :
 Etiology : Blastomyces dermatitidis
 Susceptible host : Most common in dogs (Pulmonary infection).
 AFLATOXICOSIS :
 Synonyms : Mycotoxicosis
 Large number of disorders in which disease or death is due to the indigestion of fungi or their
toxins produced by fungi or on animal’s feed. Collectively, these disorder are called
“Mycotoxicosis”.

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 First description of aflatoxicosis appeared in 1952 in turkeys as Hepatitis X disease.
 Etiology : Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by the fungi
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
 Susceptible host : Young and males are more susceptible and Horse are relatively resistant.
 Overview of Aflatoxin : At least 18 spp. of closely related toxins known as B1, B2, B2A, B3, D1, G1
(In milk) , G2, Fm, L, LH, M1 (In milk) , M2, M4, P1, Q1, G2A and RoB1.
→ B1 Aflatoxin is the most potent toxin.
→ The most commonly contaminated foods are groundnuts, maize and cottonseed.
→ The division is made based on ultraviolet light reaction.

Toxin Colour reaction

B1 and B2 Blue
G1 and G2 Green
M1 Blue violet
M2 Violet

→ Aflatoxin are not protein in nature, having molecular weight below 500.
→ The cow’s milk may contain Aflatoxin to the level of 0.33/µg/L.
→ In cow’s, the acute oral LD50 of Aflatoxin B1 is 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg of BW.
→ Fumonisins affect the brain in horse.
→ Zearalenone may produce swellings of mammary glands and atrophy of ovaries.
→ B1 and G1 reduces the growth and reproduction of rumen microbes.
 Pathogenesis : Toxins are absorbed from intestinal mucosa and bound to serum albumin.
 Chronic form of aflatoxicosis is most common seen.
 As per guided permissible level for all products except milk is 20 ppb. (Milk – 0.5 ppb)
 Dallis grass poisoning : A fungus claviceps paspali produce disease in cattle.
 Equine leukoencephalomalacia : Also known as Mouldy corn poisoning and Blind staggers.
→ Caused by F. moniliforme.
 Ergot (Sclerotium) : Caused by claviceps purpurea.
→ Two derivatives : Lysergic acid (Ergotamine) and Isolysergic acid (Ergocristine).
→ Chronic poisoning of ergot known as Ergotism.
→ Gangrenous and Spasmodic form are seen in pigs.
 Facial eczema : Caused by Pithomyces chartarum and cattle, sheep are affected.
→ Hepatotoxic photosensitization due to phylloerythrin.
 Lupinosis : Also known as Phomopsis and usually seen in sheep.
→ Caused by mycotoxin phomosin produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformis.
 Ochratoxicosis : Also known as “Mouldy nephrosis” / “Nephropathy of swine”, Citrinin
toxicity and Affect kidney.
→ These produced by Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus ochraceus.
→ Ochratoxin A is the most important toxin in natural poisoning in pigs and poultry.
 Oestrogenic mycotoxicosis : Fungus Fusarium roseum produce mycotoxin Zearalenone, also
known as F2 toxin.
→ Zearalenone affects the reproductive organs in pigs and cattle.

SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 27

  Mouldy corn poisoning caused by Trichothecene (t2 toxin).
 Satratoxin (Stachybotrytoxin), a Trichothecene produced by Stachybotryotoxicosis (Caused
by Stachybotrys alteranans - soot fungus).
 Farmer’s lung in human.
 Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol) : Produced by Fusarium graminearum.
 Malt sprout poisoning : Caused by A. oryzae and A clavatus.
 Aspergillotoxicosis : Caused by A chevalieri and A clavatus and produced hyperkeratosis in
cattle.
MYCOPLSMAL DISEASE
 CONTAGIUOS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA :
 Synonym : CBPP, Lung plague and Lung sickness
 Etiology : Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides (Small colony)
→ Smallest self-replicating organisms.
 Transmission : Recovered cattle acts as carrier. Such cattle are called “Lungers”.
 Clinical Findings : Incubation period is 21 to 180 days.
→ Unusual posture : Neck forward ,Legs far apart ,Elbows turned out
 Less than 6 months calves : Polyarthritis and Pneumonia
 Macroscopic : Lesions often unilateral and restricted to the caudal lung lobes.
→ Marbled apperance to the lung and Sequestra development.
 Diagnosis : Nipple shaped colony in PPLO agar and Dien’s stain.
 CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEMONIA :
 Upper respiratory tract and chest cavity affeted
 Etiology : Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
 Incubation period : 6 to 10 days
 Marbled apperance to the lung and Sequestra development : Absent
RICKETTSIAL DISEASE
 ANAPLASMOSIS :
 Synonym : Gall sickness and Yellow bag fever
 Etiology : Anaplasama marginale, A.centale in cattle and Anaplasama ovis in sheep and goat
→ Within RBCs membrane bound inclusion bodies contain from 4–8 rickettsia.
 Susceptible host : Exotic and crossbred cattle are highly susceptible and subclinical infection in
indigenous cattle.
→ Calves are much more resistant to disease (although not infection) than older cattle.
 Transmission : Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. and ticks.
 Clinical Findings : Acute form is mostly observed in cattle and buffalo and Sub-acute form is seen in
sheep and goat.
→ Incubation period : 1 to 3 months
→ Prehepatic / haemolytic jaundice development.
→ Haemoglobinuria absent in Anaplasmosis (because extra vascular haemolysis).
 Macroscopic lesion : The lesions located in the organs of reticulo endothelial system (spleen).
 Diagnosis : Leucocytosis with Neutrophilia.
 EHRLICHIOSIS :
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 28
 Synonyms Etiology
Canine ehrlichiosis, Canine haemorrhagic
Ehrlichia canis
fever, Lahore disease, Lahore canine fever,
Ovine and Bovine ehrlichiosis, Nairobi
Ehrlichia ovina and E. bovis
bleeding disease, Tick borne fever.
Equine ehrlichiosis, Potomac horse fever
Ehrlichia risticii
Equine Monocytic ehrlichiosis

 The organisms considered as leukocytophilic bacteria and they multiply within the cytoplasmic
vacuoles of circulating monocytes.
 Transmission : Rhiphicephlous sanguinous in dog and Rhicephalus evertsi in sheep.
 Susceptible host : Canine (German shepherd).
 Clinical Findings : Chronic form called as Tropical canine pancytopenia.
 Diagnosis : Giemsa stain.
 Zoonosis importance : The disease in man manifests in three forms.
1. Sennetsu Ehrlichiosis : In japan this form known as glandular fever, infection mono-
nucleosis, and Hyuganestu disease.
2. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis : Caused by E. chaffeensis.
3. Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis : Caused by E. phagocytophilia and E. equi.
 HEART WATER DISEASE :
 Synonym : Cowdriosis and Veld poisoning.
 Etiology : Ehrlichia ruminantium (Formally known as Cowdria ruminatum).
→ Formation of morulae in endothelial cells.
→ Three morphological stages :
1. Elementary bodies : Infective - No replication.
2. Reticulate bodies : Non infective - Replication.
3. Intermediate bodies : Non infective - Replication.
 Susceptible host : Sheep and goat more susceptible host than cattle.
 Transmission : Amblyomma ticks
 Clinical Findings : Incubation period is 2 to 3 weeks.
 Q - FEVER :
 Synonym : Query fever, Coxiellosis, Abattoir fever, Balkan influenza, Balkan grippe, Pneumo
rickettsiosis, Abattoir fever, Burnet’s Rickettsiosis, Australian Q fever, Nine mile fever.
 Introduction : It is zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii.
→ The febrile illness among the abattoir workers in Brisbane, Queensland in Australia (1935)
was first noted by Edward Holbrook Derrick.
→ In 1937, Q-fever and ixodes ricinus tick transmission was discovered by Frank Macfarlane
Burnet and Mavis Freeman.
→ Gorden Davis and Herald Rea Cox found the etiological agent of Q-fever.
 Pathogenesis : The agent has got to distinct cycle.
1. Large cell variant (LCV) : This is the vegetative form remain within the cells.
2. Small cell variant (SCV) : This is extracellular and inactive in nature.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 29
 → SCV and SDC (Small dense cell) are considered as the resistant form of C. burnetii.
→ Phase – I is the feature of virulent organisms.
→ Phase – II is the feature of avirulent organisms.
 Clinical Findings : Most Striking manifestation is abortion.
 Diagnosis : Negative weil felix test.
 Zoonotic Importance : Endocarditis and Chronic fatigue syndrome is one of the most significant
manifestation in man.
 INFECTIOUS CANINE CYCLIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (ICCT) :
 Etiology : Anaplasama platys
 Transmission : Rhiphicephlous sanguinous
 HAEMOBARTONELOSIS :
 Synonyms : Feline infectious anaemia, Epyerythrozonosis
 Etiology : Haemobartonella felis.
→ It is a gram negative epicellular parasite of cat’s erythrocytes.
→ Presently under Mycoplasma. (Mycoplasma haemofelis – large form and Mycoplasma
haemominutum – large form).
APPENDIX
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS : Spread by direct contact between infective and susceptible
animals.
 Glanders : Only contagious disease of horse.
 Bacterial disease : Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis.
 Viral disease : Swine influenza, F.M.D., I.C.H., Parvo virus, Measles, Poliomyelitis, PPR, CSF, ASF,
Prion, Rabies, RP, BVD, IBR, POX, Vesicular exanthema, Contagious ecthyma, Maedi, Pulmonary
adenomatosis, Corona virus.
 Other disease : Mycoplasmal disease, Sporotrichosis.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS :
 Bacterial disease : Anthrax, JD, Listeriosis, Actinomycosis, Actinobacillosis, Swine erysipelas,
Strangles, Glasser’s disease, Ulcerative lymphangitis, Foot rot, Infectious kerato conjunctivitis, B.Q.,
Tetanus, Enterotoxaemia, Bacillary haemoglobinuria, Malignant oedema, Joint ill,
 Viral disease : MCF, BT, Pseudo rabies, Equine influenza, EIA, CD, Feline panleucopenia.
 VECTOR BORNE DISEASE OF ANIMALS :
 Bacterial disease : Lyme disease,
 Viral disease : BT, Ephemeral fever, Louping ill,
 Other disease :
 DRUG OF CHOICE OF FOLLWING DISEASE : Penicillin and OTC is universal drug.

Disease Drug of Choice

Anthrax, Tetanus, Clostridial disease,
Strangles, Swine erysipelas, B.Q. and Penicillin
Staphylococcal mastitis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia Sulphonamides 150 mg/kg BW for 3 day.
Glander Sodium sulphadiazine
Infectious coryza Flumiquine and Sulpha
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE NOTES BY H.M.BAROT Page | 30
 CRD Tiamulin and Tylosin
Wooden tongue, Lumpy jaw Nal2 10 % 1g /12 kg I/V and KI 4 to 8 g
PO.
Leptospira Doxycycline, Penicillin
Coliform mastitis Dextrose saline with steroids and OTC
Summer mastitis OTC
Mycoplasmal mastitis Erythromycin, Tylosin, Tiamulin
Nocardial mastitis Penicillin, Sulphonamide
Pseudomonas mastitis Gentamycin, Amikacin and Polymixin B
Anaerobic mastitis Lincomycin
FMD PP lotion
Tuberculosis Isoniazid and Para amino salicylic acid
(Isonicotinic acid 5 to 10 mg/kg BW) OR
Rifampicin.
CBPP, CCPP Tylosin 10 mg / kg BW

 TARGET ORGAN OF VIRAL DISEASE :

 Rinderpest : Lymphoid tissue and alimentary tract.
 Ephemeral fever, Swine fever, : Reticulo endothelial cells.
 Sheep Pox virus : Prickle layer of skin.
 Equine infectious anaemia : Splanchnic organs.
 Scrapie : Lympho reticular system.
 Canine distemper : Epithelial cells of Respiratory and Alimentary tract.
 Parvo virus : Lymphocyte and Lymphatic system.
 Neurotropic virus : Virus capable of infecting nerve cells. Ex. Rabies virus.
 Pantropic virus : Ex. Hog cholera, Canine distemper and mad itch in cow.
 Epitheliotropic virus : Virus affects on epithelium. Ex. FMD virus.
 Enterotropic virus : Virus affects intestine. Ex. Rinderpest and PPR.
 Viscerotropic virus : Ex. African horse sickness.
 Derma neurotropic virus : Virus which affect dermis of skin. Ex. Pox virus.

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