IT 205 : Digital Technology

Instructor: Dr. Osei

Module 2: The Web

1
Lesson Objectives
• Discuss the evolution of the Internet
• Briefly describe various broadband Internet
connections
• Describe the purpose of an IP address and
its relationship to a domain name
• Explain the role of the web in daily life
• Describe features of browsers and identify
the components of a web address
• Describe websites and webpages
• Use e-commerce

2
Lesson Objectives
• Explain how information literacy applies to
web searches and research
• Conduct online research
• Describe ways to compose effective
search text
• Explain benefits and risks of using online
social networks
• Describe uses of various types of websites
• Explain how the web uses graphics,
animation, audio, video, and virtual reality
• Explain how email, email lists, Internet
messaging, chat rooms, online
discussions, VoIP, and FTP work
• Identify the rules of netiquette 3
 The Internet (1 of 3)

The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that

connects millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals

People around the world use the internet in daily activities, such as accessing information, exchanging messages, and conversing with
others from their computers and mobile devices.

4 2-4
 The Internet (2 of 3)

The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had

two main goals:
• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and
work together
• Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a
disaster

5
The Internet (3 of 3)

6 2-6
 Connecting to the Internet (1 of 10)

With wired connections, a computer or device

physically attaches via a cable or wire to a
communications device
Computers without a communications device can use a
wireless modem or other communications device that
enables wireless connectivity

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 Connecting to the Internet (2 of 10)

Using a modem is one way to connect computers and mobile devices to the Internet.

8 2-8
 Connecting to the Internet (3 of 10)

Wired
• Cable Internet service
• DSL (digital subscriber line)
• Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
Wireless
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
• Mobile broadband
• Fixed wireless
• Satellite Internet Service

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 Connecting to the Internet (4 of 10)

A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet

connections to mobile computers and devices

You can create a mobile hot spot using a communications device or by tethering a smartphone.

10 2-10
 Connecting to the Internet (5 of 10)

An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that

provides individuals and organizations access to the
Internet free or for a fee
Bandwidth is a measure of the capability of a network to
send and receive data
• Megabyte (MB)
• Gigabyte (GB)

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 Connecting to the Internet (6 of 10)

This figure shows how a home user’s request for eBay’s webpage might travel
the internet using cable Internet service.

12 2-12
 Connecting to the Internet (7 of 10)

An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies

the location of each computer or device connected to the Internet
or any other network
A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP
address of a server
A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP
address

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 Connecting to the Internet (8 of 10)

The IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, along with the domain name for Google's
website.

14 2-14
 Connecting to the Internet (9 of 10)

Popular TLDs (Top Level Domains)

TLD Intended Purpose
.biz Businesses
.com Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies
.edu Educational institutions
.gov Government agencies
.mil Military organizations
.museum Museums and individual museum professionals
.name Individuals
.net Network providers or commercial companies
.org Nonprofit organizations
.pro Licensed professionals
.technology Technology information
.travel Entities whose primary area of activity is in the travel industry

15 2-15
 Connecting to the Internet (10 of 10)

This figure show how a user’s entered domain name (google.com) uses a DNS
server to display a webpage (Google, in this case).

16 2-16
 The World Wide Web (1 of 5)

The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a

worldwide collection of electronic documents
(webpages)
A website is a collection of related webpages and
associated items
A web server is a computer that delivers requested
webpages to your computer or mobile device
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a set of
symbols that developers use to specify the headings,
paragraphs, images, links, and other content elements
that a webpage contains

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 The World Wide Web (2 of 5)

A browser is an application that enables users with an

Internet connection to access and view webpages on a
computer or mobile device
• Internet-capable mobile devices such as smartphones use
a special type of browser, called a mobile browser
A home page is the first page that a website displays
Current browsers typically support tabbed browsing

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 The World Wide Web (3 of 5)

Many websites, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shown
here, provide a mobile version that is designed specifically for display on a
mobile browser.

19 2-19
 The World Wide Web (4 of 5)
A webpage has a unique address, called a web
address or URL

After entering http://www.nps.gov/history/preserve-places.htm in the

address bar and then pressing the ENTER key or clicking the Search, Go,
or similar button in a browser, the U.S. Department of the Interior National
Park Service home page shown here is displayed.

20 2-20
 The World Wide Web (5 of 5)
A web app is an application stored on a web server that you
access through a browser
• Web apps usually store users’ data and information on their hosts’
servers

Web and mobile apps often work together, enabling you to access
your content from a variety of computers and devices.

21 2-21
 Types of Websites (1 of 8)

A web search engine is software that finds websites,

webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other
information related to a specific topic
A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized
set of categories, such as sports or shopping, and
related subcategories

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 Types of Websites (2 of 8)

Operator Description Examples Explanation

Display search results
art + music art Results have both words, art
Space or + that include specific
music and music, in any order
words.

dog OR
Results have either the word,
puppy
Display search results dog, or the word, Puppy.
OR that include only one Results have the word, dog, or
dog OR
word from a list. the word, puppy, or the word,
puppy OR
canine.
canine

Combine search results

Kalamazoo Results include both words,
that include specific
Michigan Kalamazoo Michigan, and either
() words with those that
(pizza OR the word, pizza, or the word,
include only one word
subs) subs.
from a list.

23 2-23
 Types of Websites (3 of 8)

Operator Description Examples Explanation

Exclude a Results include the word,

automobile-
_ word from automobile, but do not include the
convertible
search results. word, convertible.

Search for an
"19th century Results include the exact phrase,
“” exact phrase in
literature" 19th century literature.
a certain order.

Substitute
Results include any word that
characters in
* writer* begins with the text, writer (e.g.,
place of the
writer, writers, writer's)
asterisk.

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 Types of Websites (4 of 8)

There are several types of websites

• Search engine
• Online social network
• Informational and research
• Media sharing
• Bookmarking
• News, weather, sports, and other mass media

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 Types of Websites (5 of 8)

Educational
Business, governmental, and organizational
Blogs
Wiki and collaboration
Health and fitness
Science

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 Types of Websites (6 of 8)

Entertainment
Banking and finance
Travel and tourism
Mapping
Retail and auctions

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 Types of Websites (7 of 8)

Careers and employment

E-commerce
Portals
Content aggregation
Website creation and management

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 Types of Websites (8 of 8)

Web publishing is the creation and maintenance of

websites

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 Digital Media on the Web (1 of 7)

Multimedia refers to any application that combines text

with media
• Graphics
• Animation
• Audio
• Video
• Virtual Reality

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 Digital Media on the Web (2 of 8)

A graphic is a visual representation of nontext

information
Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and
TIFF

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 Digital Media on the Web (3 of 8)

Many webpages use colorful graphics to convey messages. For example, the
variety of colors, images, shapes, and thumbnails on the San Diego Zoo
webpage visually separate and draw attention to areas of the webpage, making
the webpage more dynamic and enticing.

32 2-32
 Digital Media on the Web (4 of 8)
• An infographic is a visual representation of data
and information, designed to communicate
quickly, simplify complex concepts, or present
patterns or trends

An infographic presents complex concepts at a glance.

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 Digital Media on the Web (6 of 11)

Animation is the appearance of motion created by

displaying a series of still images in sequence

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 Digital Media on the Web (7 of 11)

Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound

• Compressed to reduce file size
You listen to audio on your computer using a
media player

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 Digital Media on the Web (8 of 11)

Windows Media Player is a popular media player, through which you can listen
to music and watch video.

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 Digital Media on the Web (9 of 11)

Video consists of images displayed in motion

Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate
a real or imagined environment that appears as a
three-dimensional (3-D) space

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 Digital Media on the Web (10 of 11)

Users can explore a VR world using a touch screen or their input device. For
example, users can explore the inside of the Gemini 7 space capsule, located
at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., from their
computer or mobile device.

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 Digital Media on the Web (11 of 11)

A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends the

capability of a browser

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 Other Internet Services (1 of 11)

Email is the transmission of messages and files via a

computer network
An email program allows you to create, send, receive,
forward, store, print, and delete email messages

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 Other Internet Services (2 of 11)

This figure shows how an email message may travel from a sender to a
receiver.

41 2-41
 Other Internet Services (3 of 11)
An email list is a group of email addresses used for
mass distribution of a message

When you subscribe to a mailing list, you and all others in the list receive
messages from the website. Shown here is a user who receives newsletters
and alerts from FoxNews .com.

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 Other Internet Services (4 of 11)

Internet messaging services, which often occur in real-time, are

communications services that notify you when one or more of your
established contacts are online and then allows you to exchange
messages or files or join a private chat room with them

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 Other Internet Services (5 of 11)

With Internet messaging services, you and the person(s) with whom you are
conversing are online at the same time. The conversation appears on all parties'
screens at the same time. Shown here is Facebook messenger.

44 2-44
 Other Internet Services (6 of 11)
A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes
place on a computer or mobile device with many other
online users
A chat room is a website or application that permits
users to chat with others who are online at the same
time

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 Other Internet Services (7 of 11)

As you type, others in the same chat room see what you have typed.

46 2-46
 Other Internet Services (8 of 11)
An online discussion is an online area in which users
have written discussions about a particular subject

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 Other Internet Services (9 of 11)

Users in an online discussion read and reply to other user’s messages.

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 Other Internet Services (10 of 11)
VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other
users via their Internet connection

Source: Microsoft

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 Other Internet Services (11 of 11)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits

file uploading and downloading to and from other computers on
the Internet
Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or
download files using FTP

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 Netiquette
Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet
behavior users should follow while on the Internet

Some of the rules of netiquette, with respect to online communications.

Source: Microsoft
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The Role of the Web in Daily Life
• Define web browsing terms
• Explain the purpose of a top-level domain
• Describe Internet standards

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Define Web Browsing Terms (1 of 3)
Web Browsing Terms
• Internet
• Webpage
• Website
• Browser
o Navigate
o Home/Start page
o Hyperlinks

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Define Web Browsing Terms (2 of 3)
Keep Track of Webpages
• Uniform resource locator (URL)
o Protocol (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol, HTTP)
o Server address
o Pathname
o File name
• Web server
o IP address
o Domain name

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Define Web Browsing Terms (3 of 3)
Navigate the Web
• Address bar
• Cache
• Breadcrumbs
• Navigation bar

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Explain the Purpose of a Top-Level Domain
Top-Level Domain (TLD)
Table 2-2: Popular TLDs in the United States
TL D Generally used for
.biz Unrestricted use, but usually identifies business
.com Most commercial sites that sell products and services
.edu Academic and research sites such as schools and universities
.gov U.S.government organizations
.int International treaty organizations
.mil Military organizations
.mobi Sites optimized for mobile devices
.net Network providers, ISPs, and other Internet administrative organizations
.org Organizations such as political or not for profit (any website can have the .org T LD but, traditionally,
only professional and non-profit organization such as churches and humanitarian groups use it)
.pro Licensed professional
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Describe Internet Standards
Internet Standards
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

57
Describe Websites and Webpages
• Identify the types of websites
• Explain the pros and cons of web apps
• Identify the major components of a webpage
• Identify secure and insecure websites

58
Identify Types of Websites
Categories
Banking and Entertainment Portals
finance
Blogs Government or Retail and auctions
organization
Bookmarking Health and fitness Science
Business Information and research Search sites
Careers and Mapping Travel and tourism
employment
Content aggregation Media sharing Website creation
and management
E-commerce News, weather, sports, Web apps and
and other mass media software as a
service (SaaS)
educational Online social networks Wikis and
collaboration
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Explain the Pros and Cons of Web Apps

Pros Cons
Access web apps from any device with a You must be online to use web apps.
browser and Internet connection.
Collaborate with others no matter their Your files are more vulnerable to security
location. and privacy violations.
Store your work on the app’s website so If the web app provider has technical
you can access it anytime and anywhere. problems, you might not be able to access
your work.
Save storage space on your device If the web app provider goes out of
business, you can lose your files.
Access the latest version of the app without Web apps often offer fewer features and
installing updates. may run more slowly than installed apps.

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The Major Components of a Webpage
Five Major Areas
• Header
• Navigation bar
• Body
• Sidebar
• Footer

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Identify Secure and Insecure Websites
Secure Websites
• Use encryption to safeguard
transmitted information
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS)
• Use digital certificates to assure for
authenticity of the website
• Lock icon
• Requires sign-in with
username/password before entering
sensitive information

62
Use E-Commerce
• Explain the role of e-commerce in daily life
• Use e-commerce in business transactions
• Use e-commerce in personal transactions
• Explain how to find e-commerce deals

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Explain the Role of E-Commerce in Daily Life (1 of 2)
Types of e-commerce websites

Type of E- commerce Description Example

Business-to-consumer Involves the sale of goods Shopping websites
(B2C) and services to the general
public
Consumer-to-consumer Occurs when one consumer Online auctions
(C2C) sells directly to another
Business-to-business Consists of business Market research websites
(B2B) providing goods and
services to other business

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Explain the Role of E-Commerce in Daily Life (2 of 2)
Pros and cons of e-commerce for consumers
• Pros
o Variety
o Convenience
o Budget
• Cons
o Security
o Fraud
o Indirect experience

65
Use E-Commerce in Business Transactions
B2B E-Commerce
• Transferring goods, services, or information between businesses
• Pricing can vary based upon the level of service provided, negotiated terms,
and other factors
• A team of people often review and make a purchasing decision

66
Use E-Commerce in Personal Transactions
B2C/E-Retail
• Electronic storefront
• Tracks your selected items using cookies
• Make secure e-commerce payments
o 3D Secure
o Transport Layer Security (TLS)
o Online payment services

67
Explain How to Find E-Commerce Deals
Find Online Deals
• Comparison shopping sites
• Using digital deals
o Gift certificates
o Gift cards
o Coupons

68
Apply Information Literacy to Web Searches
• Define information literacy
• Explain how search engines work
• Use search tools and strategies
• Refine web searches

69
Define Information Literacy
Information Literacy
• How one finds, evaluates, uses, and communicates online information
• Allows one to:
o Navigate many sources of information, including the Internet, online libraries, and
popular media sites.
o Select the right tool for finding the information you need.
o Recognize that not all information is created equal.
o Evaluate whether information is misleading, biased, or out of date.
o Manage information to become a knowledgeable decision maker.

70
Explain How Search Engines Work
General Search Engine
• Compiles a database of information about webpages
• Uses software programs called spiders or crawlers to build an index of
terms and their locations
• When one enters a query, the search engine refers to its index and lists
pages based on how closely they answer the query
• Ranking depends on how often and where a search term appears on the
webpage, how long the webpage has been published, and the number of
other webpages that link to it

71
Use Search Tools and Strategies (1 of 2)
Search Tools
• Find online information based on criteria you specify or selections you make
• Search engines
• Search boxes on webpages
• Web directory or subject directory
• Specialized search tools concentrate on specific resources

72
Use Search Tools and Strategies (2 of 2)
Use a Search Strategy
• State what kind of information you are
seeking, as specifically as possible
• Phrase the search term as a question
• Identify the keywords or phrases that
could answer the question
• Select an appropriate search tool
• Perform the search, and refine the web
search to narrow or broaden the results
o Use a word stem to help broaden results

73
Refine Web Searches (1 of 3)
Learning from the Search Engine
Results Page (SERP)
• Subject filters
• Time filters
• Questions other users often ask
about the same subject
• Search terms related to the original
term
• Knowledge graph pulled from online
sources

74
Refine Web Searches (2 of 3)
Search Engine Practices
• Lists the most relevant results, or hits, on the first page.
• Results labeled as an “Ad” or “Sponsored link” are from advertisers
• Each type of filter offers related features
• Google displays a “People also search for” list below a link you visited

75
Refine Web Searches (3 of 3)
Boolean Operators
Common search operators

Operator Means Example

“” (quotation Find webpages with the exact “augmented reality” in business
marks) words in the same order
| (vertical bar) OR augmented | virtual
- (hyphen) NOT augmented reality – virtual
* Wildcard (placeholder for any augmented* reality
number of characters)
#..# Find webpages within a range augmented reality 2017..2022
of numbers

76
Conduct Online Research
• Use specialty search engines
• Evaluate online information
• Gather content from online sources
• Apply information literacy standards

77
Use Specialty Search Engines
Specialty Search Engines
• Let one search information sources that general search engines do not
always access
Search tool What it does
Wolfram Alpha Answers factual questions directly, without listing webpages that might
contain the answer
RhythmOne Finds videos or other multimedia; uses speech recognition to match the
audio part of a video with your search term
Ask a Librarian Connects you to librarians at the Library of Congress and other libraries;
allows you to engage in an online chat or submit your question in an
online form
TinEye Does a reverse search for submitted images, rather than keywords, to
locate the original image and match it with other indexed images
78
Evaluate Online Information
The CARS Checklist
• Credibility: identify the author and check credentials
• Accuracy: verify facts and claims, check for bias
• Reasonableness: examine whether the claims are fair and sensible
• Support: look for reputable sources and authorities

79
Gather Content from Online Sources
Follow Ethical Guidelines
• Copying photos might violate intellectual property rights
• A copyright gives authors and artists the legal right to
sell, publish, or distribute an original work
• Some online resources are protected by digital rights
management (DRM), which limit access to propriety
rights
• Some material is in the public domain and can be used
without permission
• The fair use doctrine allows one to use a sentence or
paragraph of text without permission with citation to the
original source
• Creative Commons (CC): a nonprofit organization that
helps content creators keep copyright to their materials
while allowing others to use, copy, or distribute their work

80
Apply Information Literacy Standards
Citing Sources
• A citation is a formal reference to a source
• Each type of information source uses a different citation style
• Failure to cite sources, even if some of the words are changed or
paraphrased, is plagiarism

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