ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

RISK ASSESSMENT
7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk analysis (RA) deals with the identification and quantification of risks of the airport equipment/ facilities
and airport personnel and nearby human being who may get exposed to accidents resulting from the hazards
at the airport.

Risk analysis and risk assessment provides details on Risk Assessment techniques used to determine risk
posed to people who work inside or live near hazardous facilities, and to aid in preparing effective emergency
response plans by delineating a Disaster Management Plan (DMP).

Hence, RA is an invaluable method for making informed risk based process safety and environmental impact
planning decisions, as well as being fundamental to any decisions while siting a facility.

Risk Assessment may be carried out to serve the following objectives:

 Identification of safety areas
 Identification of hazard sources
 To find out values of magnitude and severity of consequences for each hazard.
 Suggest risk mitigation measures based on engineering judgement, reliability and risk analysis
approaches as appropriate to each hazard.
 Disaster Management Plan.
7.1.1 Purpose of Risk Assessment

Although the purpose of risk assessment includes the prevention of occupational risks, and this should
always be goal, it will not always be achievable in practice. Where elimination of risks is not possible, the risks
should be reduced and the residual risk controlled. At a later stage, as part of a review programme, such
residual risk will be reassessed and the possibility of elimination of the risk, perhaps in the light of new
knowledge, can be reconsidered.
The purpose of this risk assessment is to evaluate the adequacy of the airport and aircraft security. This risk
assessment provides a structured qualitative assessment of the operational environment. It addresses
sensitivity, threats, vulnerabilities, risks and safeguards. The assessment recommends cost-effective
safeguards to mitigate threats and associated exploitable vulnerabilities. Conceptual Framework of risk
assessment is shown in Figure 7.1.

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Figure 7.1: Conceptual Framework of Risk Assessment

7.1.2 Hazard Identification
Hazard Analysis involves the identification and quantification of various probable hazards (unsafe conditions)
that may occur at the proposed Jewar International Airport. On the other hand, risk analysis deals with the
identification and quantification of risks, the equipment/facilities and personnel exposed, due to accidents
resulting from the hazards present at the proposed Airport. Hazard occurrence at the proposed airport may
result in on-site implications, like:

 Fire and/or explosion at the storage of ATF and filling of ATF in aircraft;
 Leakage of flammable materials, like, ATF and diesel for DG sets followed by fire;
 Bomb threat at terminal building, cargo terminal and aircraft;
 Natural calamities like, earthquake, cyclone, flood etc.
Other incidents, which can also result in a disaster at the proposed airport, are:

 Sabotage;
 Crashing of aircrafts i.e. while landing or take-off.

7.1.2.1 Hazard during Construction Phase

The main risks associated with the construction hazards of theairport project are mainly electrical and
mechanical failures or lack of safety precautions. During the construction phase, the responsibility of
maintaining safety is jointly on the project developer and the deployed contractors. The risks and hazards
associated with various construction activities and their control measures/ mitigation measures or safe
working practices are listed in Table 7.1.
Table 7-4: Risk & Hazard Associated and Control Measures
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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Risks & Hazards Associated with Construction Control Measures

Manual Handling
Exercise/warm up
Strains and sprains
Get help when needed
Incorrect lifting
Control loads
Too heavy loads
Rest breaks/ no exhaustion
Twisting
No rapid movement/ twisting/ bending/ repetitive movement
Bending
Good housekeeping
Repetitive movement
Falls - Slips - Trips
Falls on same level
Good Housekeeping
Falls to surfaces below
Tidy workplace
Poor house-keeping
Guardrails, handholds, harnesses, hole cover, hoarding, no
Slippery surfaces
slippery floors/ trip hazards
Uneven surfaces
Clear/ safe access to work areas & egress from work areas
Poor access to work areas
Dust/ water controlled environment as much as possible
Unloading materials
Wind
Falling objects
Combustible/ flammable materials properly stored/ used
Fire
Good housekeeping
Flammable liquids/gases like LPG, diesel storage area
Fire extinguishers made available & fire hydrant network with
and combustible building materials
reserve Fire water (as per NFPA Code)
Poor housekeeping
Emergency preparedness plan in case of fire or collapse of
Grinding sparks
structure.
Open flames, absence of fire hydrant network.
Regular mock drills
Absence of Personal Protective Equipment
Lack of adequate footwear Head/face - footwear - hearing/ eye - skin – respiratory
Head protection protection provided
Hearing/eye protection Training for use of PPEs
Respiratory protection Proper maintenance of PPEs
Gloves, goggles
Electricity
All electrical equipment in good condition and earthed
Electrocution
No temporary repairs
Overhead/underground services
No exposed wires & good insulation
Any leads damaged or poorly insulated
No overloading
Temporary repairs
Use of protective devices
No testing and tagging
Testing and tagging
Circuits overloaded
No overhead/ underground services
Non-use of protective devices.
Scaffolding
All scaffolds correctly braced and stabilized
Poor foundation
3:1 height to base ratio
Lack of ladder access
Firm foundation, plumb and level
Insufficient planking
Ladder access provided and used
Lack of guardrails and toe boards
Proper platform
Insufficient ties or other means
Planks secured
All scaffolds incorrectly braced or stabilized to prevent
Guardrails and toe boards
overturning.
Ladders Secured against movement or footed
Carrying loads Ladders in good condition and regularly inspected for faults
Not secured against dislodgement Extend 1m above platform and placed at 4:1 angle
Defective ladders Out of access ways, vehicle movements
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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Risks & Hazards Associated with Construction Control Measures

Not sufficient length No carrying loads while climbing
Wrong positions 3 points of contact
Incorrectly placed (angles, in access ways, vehicle Use for access only, not working platforms
movements
Knowledge of Soil stability
No water accumulation and pumping facilities
Excavations Material 600mm from edge
Trench collapse Clear of suspended loads
Undetected underground services Hard hats/PPE
Falls Ladders
Hazardous atmosphere Atmospheric testing
Traffic controls
Emergency Plan.
Noise
Levels below 85 decibels
Unknown noise levels
Proper protections.
Known noise levels over 85 decibels
Falling Material Materials to be secured
Fall during carrying / lifting materials kept away from edge
Dislodged tools and materials from overhead work toe boards
areas. Use of hard hats
Cranes & Lifts
Periodic testing by competent authority
Display of carrying capacity i.e. loads (No. Of person),
Correctly slung/secured loads, lifting equipment good
incorrectly slung, defective lifting equipment,
condition
unsecured loads, craning in close proximity to building
Use of proper hand signals
Falls
Falls while unloading controlled
Falling materials.
Visitors Presence at site
Falls Sufficient hoarding
Struck by dropped materials Fencing and barricades
Road accidents Safe pedestrian access past site traffic management for
Insufficient hoarding or fencing - pedestrian access loading and delivery
past site Construction separated from occupied areas of projects.
Mechanical plant movement on and off site

7.1.2.2 Hazard during Operation Phase

Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters are often sudden and intense and results in considerable destruction, injuries and death
disrupting normal life as well as the process of development. Disasters due to natural calamity could be as
follows:

 Earthquake
 Flood
 Storms/ Cloud burst/lightning/extreme weather conditions

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Aircraft Accident Related Disasters

Aircraft accident occurs near and within the airport during landing/take-off/taxing due to malfunctioning of
some mechanism like undercarriage, failure of hydraulic power supply, non-functioning of one or more
engines, malfunctioning of landing gear, sudden fire in aircraft while enrooting, unforeseen circumstances in
which pilot loses control over aircraft and improper signalling by air traffic control tower (ATC). Disasters due
to emergencies could be as follows:

 Aircraft accident at airport;

 Aircraft accident off airport; and
 Hazardous material emergency, hydrocarbon spills followed by fire
Terror Attack, Plane Hijack, Sabotage
The threat of bombing vital installations by enemy action or sabotage cannot be ruled out near and within the
airport. Since airports are vital facilities prone to terror attack/ sabotage or plane hijacking, the threat to an
airport could be from ground as well as from the air. Disasters due to external factors are on account of
unlawful seizure, sabotage and bomb threat.
7.1.3 Fuel Tank Risk Analysis
Installation and operation of an Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) storage tanks facility is proposed at Jewar
Airport. The airport fuel shall be received from nearest vendor and nearby areas on a daily basis by tankers.
Fuel farms are an efficient way to provide storage and dispensing of aviation fuels to multiple users at an
airport. The fuel farm is the heart of an airport fuel delivery system. A fuel farm, however, is part of a larger
fuel storage and distribution system that moves fuel from off-airport suppliers through storage tanks and into
aircraft.
Accidental leakage may take place from tanks if a hole is formed or it ruptures. The rate of release of fuel
from tank will depend on the size of hole. After leakage, it may form a pool or the tank may explode.
There may be various cases:
1. Toxic release from pool
2. Inflammable vapour formation causing vapour to burn.
3. Inflammable vapour formation causing vapour to explode.
4. Pool is under fire
5. No pool but the tank explodes causing fireball
6. These are explained as follows:
SUMMARY OF HAZARDS
Leaking Tank, Chemical is not burning & forms an Toxic Area of Vapour Cloud
evaporating puddle Flammable Area of Vapour Cloud
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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Blast: Vapour Cloud Explosion

Leaking Tank, Chemical is burning & forms a pool fire. Thermal radiation
BLEVE, tank explodes & Chemical burns in a fireball. Thermal radiation
In the present case, a prediction has been done assuming most unfavourable meteorological condition like
low wind speed of 1 m/s and stable atmospheric condition F.
Assuming a hole of 10 centimetres at a height of 1m from bottom of tank, the following calculations have
been done:
CASE A: CHEMICAL IS NOT BURNING & FORMS AN EVAPORATING PUDDLE
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical: Aviation Fuel
Nearest Chemical Name: N-OCTANE CAS Number: 111-65-9
Molecular Weight: 114.23 g/mol PAC-1: 230 ppm
PAC-2: 385 ppm PAC-3: 5000 ppm
IDLH: 1000 ppm LEL: 9600 ppm
UEL: 65000 ppm Ambient Boiling Point: 125.6° C
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.027atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 27,103 ppm or 2.71%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Circular Opening Diameter: 10 centimetres
Opening is 1 meters from tank bottom Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning)
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 64.4
kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 2,268 kilograms The puddle spread to a diameter of 82 meters.
Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle
PART I: TOXIC AREA OF VAPOR CLOUD
THREAT ZONE
Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : 53 meters --- (5000 ppm = PAC-3)
Orange: 257 meters --- (385 ppm = PAC-2) Yellow: 340 meters --- (230 ppm = PAC-1)

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

PART II: FLAMMABLE AREA OF VAPOR CLOUD

Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 49 meters – (5760 ppm =60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Yellow: 155 meters --- (960 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for
short distances.

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

PART III: BLAST AREA OF VAPOUR CLOUD

Model Run: Overpressure (blast force) from vapour cloud explosion
Red: LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings)
Orange: 32 meters – (3.5 psi = serious injury likely)
Yellow: 49 meters --- (1.0 = shatter glass)

CASE B: LEAKING TANK, CHEMICAL IS BURING AND FORMS A POOL FIRE

THERMAL RADIATION FROM POOL FIRE

Red : 20 meters --- (10.0 kW/(m2) = potentially lethal Orange: 30 meters --- (5.0 kW/(m2) = 2nd degree burns
within 60 sec) within 60 sec)

Yellow: 49 meters --- (2.0 kW/(m2) = pain within 60 sec)

SOURCE STRENGTH
Leak from hole vertical cylindrical tank Circular Opening Diameter: 10 centimetres
Opening is 1 meters from tank bottom Flammable chemical is burning as it escaping from tank

Burn Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 342 kilograms/min
Total Amount Burned: 20,325 kilograms The puddle spread to a diameter of 9.2 meters.

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

CASE C: BLEVE, TANK EXPLODES & CHEMICAL BURNS IN A FIREBALL

THREAT ZONE
Threat Modelled: Thermal radiation from fireball Red: 371 meters --- (10.0 kW/(m2) = potentially lethal
within 60 sec)
Orange: 524 meters --- (5.0 kW/(m2) = 2nd degree Yellow: 817meters --- (2.0 kW/(m2) = pain within 60 sec)
burns within 60 sec)
SOURCE STRENGTH

Leak from hole vertical cylindrical tank Circular Opening Diameter: 10 centimetres
Opening is 1 meters from tank bottom BLEVE of Flammable liquid in vertical cylindrical tank

Fireball Diameter: 172 meters Burn Duration: 11 Seconds

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREENFIELD ‘JEWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’ PHASE I & II, GAUTAMBUDHH NAGAR
DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

SUMMARY FOR ALOHA RESULTS

Affected Distance (m)
Situation
Red Orange Yellow

Toxic Area of Vapour Cloud 53 257 340

Leaking Tank, Chemical
is not burning &forms an Flammable Area of Vapour Cloud 49 - 155
evaporating puddle
Blast: Vapour Cloud Explosion - 32 49
Leaking Tank, Chemical
Thermal radiation
is burning & forms a pool 20 30 49
fire.
BLEVE, tank explodes &
Chemical burns in a Thermal radiation 371 524 817
fireball.
Interpretation: It has been interpreted that the worst case scenario will be explosion of tank and the
chemical will burn in a fireball (BLEVE). The maximum distance till where the effect of accident can be
seen, will be up to a distance of 817 m.

Therefore it requires immediate evacuation of population up to 817m and provide immediate medical facilities
for injured persons as mentioned in Disaster Management Plan.

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