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1.
4 PILLARS OF IMO
SOLAS – STCW – MARPOL – MLC

SAFETY AWARENESS
1. Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),
Is International Convention which Manage the safety of ship operation and safety all crew while
working at the sea.
SOLAS 1974 which establishes the least safety measures in the construction, equipment and
operation merchant ship.
The chapter SOLAS are 14:
Chapter I - General Provisions
Chapter II-1- Construction - Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations
Chapter II-2- Fire prevention, fire detection and fire extinction
Chapter III - Lifesaving appliances and arrangements
Chapter IV - Radio communications
Chapter V - Safety of Navigation
Chapter VI- Carriage of Cargoes
Chapter VII- Carriage of dangerous goods
Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships
Chapter IX- Management for the Safe Operation of Ships
Chapter X- Safety measures for high-speed craft
Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance maritime safety
Chapter XI-2 - Special measures to enhance maritime safety
Chapter XII- Additional security measures for bulk carriers
Chapter XIII- Verification of compliance
Chapter XIV- Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters.

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- Safety: is condition of being protected from danger, risk, injury, accident, and etc.
- Safety first: is where safety being priority while working

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FIRE PROTECTION (SOLAS Chap-II,2)
RING OF FIRE
Fire is chemical reaction made from heat, air, fuel/materials. And there are 3 ways how
to extinguish the fire (smoothing, isolation, and separate)
Classification of fire by NFPA:
- Class A Solids (Wood, Paper, and some furniture thing) extinguish by water
- Class B Liquids (Oil, Oil diesel, Gasoline) extinguish by dry powder
- Class C Gaseous objects (LPG, Methane, Propane) extinguish by foam
- Class D Metal objects (Aluminum. Magnesium, Zinc) extinguish by foam, dry powder
- Class E Electrical (Dynamo, Electric motor, Electrical panel) extinguish by CO2
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
The equipment for preventing and extinguish are:
- Fireman outfits - Breathing apparatus
- Fire pump, fire hydrant, axe - Smoke detector
- Hose & nozzles - Heat detector
- Fire portable extinguishers - International shore connection

LIFE SAVING APPLIANCE (SOLAS Chap-III)

The equipment to saving life all the crew at the ship when there is emergency situation:
 Life Raft
 Life Boat
 Life Buoy
 Life Jacket
 Immersion suit, Thermal protective aids
 Line throwing appliances
 Pyrotechnics (rocket parachute flares, hand flares, buoyant smoke signal)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

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Is equipment which will protect the user from danger, risk and any accidents while working,
the equipment are:
- Head protection : Safety helmet, bump caps, hair protection.
- Hearing protection : Earmuffs, earplugs.
- Face and eye protection : Goggles and spectacles, facial shields.
- Respiratory protective equipment : Dust masks, respirators, breathing apparatus.
- Hand and foot protection : Gloves, safety boots, and shoes
- Body protection : Safety suits, safety belts, harnesses, aprons, HVC
*High Visibility Clothing
- Protection against drowning : Lifejackets, buoyancy aids and lifebuoys
- Protection against hypothermia : Immersion suits and anti-exposure suit.

RADIO COMMUNICATION (SOLAS Chap-IV)

GMDSS
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is communication protocols used to
increase safety and make it easier to rescue distressed vessel with emergency signal.
- VHF
- SSAS
- NBDV
- Inmarsat C
- NAVTEX
- EPIRB
- SART 9 GHz
GMDSS function: Ship to Ship - Ship to Shore - Shore to Ship – SAR Coordinating locating
signal – General Radio Communication – Bridge to Bridge Communication.

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SAFETY OF NAVIGATION (SOLAS Chap V)
NAVIGATION ELECTRIC
Navigation devices on vessel are:
 COMPASS
Used for determine direction to bearing object nearby vessel to find position from time to
the time.
Gyro Compass = Used for finding the right geographical direction with magnetic
statics.
Magnetic Compass = it's used for determine direction of a magnetic pointer, with
magnetic fields.
 RADAR = Radio Detection and Ranging, it's used to determine the distance of the
ship from shore, other ship, or any floating object at sea.
Radar: Radio Detection and Ranging
(X band is high frequency) 9 - 12 GHz
(S band is low frequency) 3 - 6 GHz
Parallel Index is two straight lines at radar on vessel used to safety sail at sea.
 ARPA = Automatic Radar Playing Aid, displays the position of a ship and other
vessel nearby, and getting CPA and TCPA
CPA = Closing Point Approach is the closest distance our vessel with other vessel
when there is vessel near us.
*0deg course, predicted can be collision
TCPA = Time Closing Point Approach is time that we need for other vessel to give
action avoid to collision.
*time to action for preventing collision
 ECDIS = Electronic Chart Display Information System, is a development in the
navigational chart to electronic system used in naval vessels and ships.
 GPS = Global Positioning System to find out our coordinate (longitude and latitude).
 AIS = Automatic Identification System is to find out information of vessel such as
draft, course, speed from other ship that near our vessel.
 Echosounder = for measures depth of the water under the keel.

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MANAGEMENT FOR THE SAFE OPERATION OF SHIPS (SOLAS Chap-IX)
ISM
-ISM code is the short form of international safety management code for safe operation ships
and for pollution prevention, majority of accidents and injuries are caused by human error
and poor management.
ISM function:
- To make ships as safe place for working
- To ensure safety at sea an prevent damage environment
ADDITIONAL SECURITY MEASURES FOR BULK CARRIER (SOLAS Chap-XII)
ISPS
-ISPS code is the short form international ship and port facility security code to detect security
threats and implement security measures, to establish roles and responsibilities concerning
maritime security for governments, local administrations ship and port industries at national and
international level.
Level 1: LEVEL NORMAL (Normal situation)
Level 2: LEVEL HIGHTENED (There is heightened risk of a security incident)
Level 3: LEVEL EXCEPTIONAL (A security incident is probable)

2. Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW)

Is international Convention which Manage the certificate of crew on vessel.
STCW Manila 2010 is mean to ensure that STCW standards stay relevant, that way seafarers can
continue to develop and maintain their professional skills.
Basic Certificated: BST, MFA, AFF, SAT, SDSD, BLGT, BOCT, etc.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
3. Marine Pollution (MARPOL) 1973-78
MARPOL is international Convention which Manage to preventing pollution at sea.
There are 8 annex:
1. Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (entered into force 2
October 1983) 15ppm
2. Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in
Bulk (entered into force 2 October 1983)
3. Annex III Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in
Packaged Form (entered into force 1 July 1992)
4. Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (entered into force 27
September 2003) 13miles can thrown
5. Annex V Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (entered into force 31
December 1988) 25miles
6. Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered into force 19 May 2005)
7. Annex VII Prevention of Pollution by ballast water
8. Annex VIII Prevention of Pollution by paint

SOPEP (MARPOL Annex 1)

SOPEP (Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan) is plan for prevention pollution by oil
SOPEP: Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (sand, oil sorbent, bucket, brush, shovel,
boots)
The SOPEP equipment:
1. . Oil spill dispersants 7. Shovel
2. Sawdust 8. Brooms & brushes
3. Rags 9. Buckets
4. Absorbent pads 10. Drums
5. Oil kit bags 11. Rubber suits / boots / gloves
6. Scoops 12. Wilden pump with Hoses

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TANKER SHIP
Is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk Major types of tank ship include the oil tanker,
chemical tanker, and the liquefied gas carrier.
The equipment fire safety (fireman outfits and breathing apparatus 250bar/30mnt)
The equipment fire fighter (portable fire extinguisher: there are co2, foam, dry chemical powder)
The vessel will drill for fire fighter at least every once a month.

4. Maritime Labor Convention (MLC),

Is international Convention which Manage to ensure the rights and prosperity all the crew at the
ship.
Geneva 2006, established to ensure that the rights and needs of the seamen are be protected, and
they are get what is rightfully without being exploited.
Five elements of MLC

1. Age

2. Accommodation

3. Working hour

4. Retirement

5. Compliance

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Collision Regulations (COLLREG),
Is International Convention which Manage the rules for preventing collisions ships at sea.
About collision regulations 1972 there are 38 rules (most important) below:
Part A, General
1. Applications
2. Responsibility
3. General Definition
Part B, Steering and Sailing
B i any conditions of visibility
4. Applications
5. Look out
6. Safe speed:
7. Risk of collision
8. Action to avoid collision
9. Narrow channels
10. Traffic separation schemes
B ii in sight one of another
11. Applications
12. Sailing vessels
13. Overtaking
14. Head on situation
15. Crossing situation
16. Action by the give-way vessel
17. Action by stand-on vessel
18. Responsibilities between vessels
B iii Restricted visibility
19. Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility: every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed, and
do look out.

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Part C, Lights & Shapes
20. Application
21. Definitions
22. Visibility of lights
23. Power-driven vessels
24. Towing and pushing
25. Sailing vessels underway
26. Fishing Vessels
27. Not under command
28. Constrained by draught
29. Pilot vessels
30. Anchored and aground
31. Seaplanes
Part D, Sound & light signals
32. Definitions
33. Equipment for sound
34. Manoeuvring and warning
35. Restricted visibility
36. Signal to attract attention
37. Distress signals
Part E Exemptions
38. Exemptions

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LIGHT & SHAPES (COLLREG Rules Part C)
Yellow flashing (360deg) (Rules No.22)
Masthead forward (225deg)
Sidelights (112,5deg)
Stern light (135deg)

Light of Power-driven vessels (Rules No.23)

More than 50m
- A light forward
- A masthead higher then forward
- A sidelights
- A stern light
Less than 50m
- Without masthead
Less than 12m
- Masthead light and sidelights

Not Under command (Rules No.27 Part Constrained by draught (Rules No.28)
A) Day: 1 shapes (cylinder) where can be seen.
Day: 2 shapes (two similar balls) where it Night: 3 lights (red-red-red vertical)
can be seen.
Night: 2 lights (Two Red light Vertical)
Grounding (Rules No.30)
Day: 3 shapes (Three Similar Balls) where
Restricted her ability to manoeuver can be seen.
(Rules No.27 Part B)
Night: 3 lights (White light near stern,
Day: 3 shapes (Ball-Diamond-Ball) where Two Red light vertical).
can be seen.
Night: 3 lights (Red-White-Red vertical)

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 A SHORT BLAST

TWO SHORT BLAST

THREE SHORT BLAST

FIVE SHORT BLAST

A SHORT & TWO LONG BLAST

TWO SHORT & TWO LONG BLAST

A SHORT LONG SHORT LONG BLAST

A LONG BLAST

TWO LONG BLAST

TWO SHORT A LONG BLAST

*Emergency alarm signal is continuous ring by whistle and bell

*Code abandon ship is 7 short blast by 1 long blast

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 Number of distance
THREE SHORT A LONG BLAST
1 Nm = 1852 m
1 Latitude = 1852 m
1 Degree = 60 nm
1 Latitude = 60 nm
1 Nm = 60 minute
1 Nm = 10 cable
1 Cable = 0.1 nm = 608 feet
1 Feet = 30.48 cm
1 Shackle = 27.5 m = 15 fathoms = 92 feet
1 fathoms = 1.83 m
1 degree = 60 minute/60 nm
Example:
What 3 degree? . . . Nm
3 x 60 = 180 Nm

Anchored watch
Find the circle
N Anchor seal + Length of vessel

Calculated Trim

Draught forward + Aft Draught / 2

Calculated Draught

Mid Draught = aft draught + fore draught / 2

Aft draught = (2 x mid draught) – fore draught

Fore draught = (2 x mid daught) – aft draught

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CONSTRUCTION & STABILITY

Is condition when vessel on floating at sea

G: point center gravity of vessel
B: point center floating of vessel
M: Point Metacenter/center of vessel
There are 3 conditions:
- Stability Positive, when point M is higher than point G (vessel can back to stable condition
after slanting)
- Stability Neutral, when point M and G is closely or equal (vessel is hard to back stable)
- Stability Negative, when point G is Higher than M (vessel can't be back to stable and can
be slant)

- Static stability it’s used for silent vessel and vessel sailing with calm sea
- Dynamic stability it’s used for sailing vessel with wild sea
The factors are,
Internal: loads and ballast
External: waves, wind and another

GT, Gross Tonnage is volume room below deck + volume room above deck.
DWT, Deadweight Tonnage is maximum amount of weight allowed limits.
Air Draft: is the distance from the waterline to highest point on a vessel.
Deep Draft: is the distance from the waterline to the Under Keel Clearance (UKC).
Length of Overall (LOA): is the maximum length of vessel parallel to the water line.

HOGGING, load concentrated in the fore and aft of the vessel

SAGGING, load concentrated in the middle center of the vessel

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GMT
Greenwich Mean Time is the yearly average (or ‘mean’) of the time each day when the Sun
crosses the Prime Meridian at the Royal Observatory Greenwich.
UTC used for determine the time difference between the world and local time.
Universal Time Coordinated, is mean basic time international

LATITUDE
Latitude is a vertical lines can defined an imaginary lines to determine position of the earths
with equator line, specified by degrees it can be counted starting from 0deg to 90deg north
pole, 0deg to -90deg south pole.
- Equator itself, 0deg latitude straight line in the certain point and the equatorial plane.
LONGITUDE
Longitude is a horizontal lines, display position with prime meridian (PM) defined as an
angle pointing west or east from the Greenwich, specified by degrees it can be counted
maximum as 180deg east from 0deg prime meridian, and -180deg west from 0deg prime
meridian.
- Meridian itself, 0deg longitude.

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CLOUDS CLASSIFICATION
Low
Stratus : 0 - 2.000 m (Nimbostratus, Stratocumulus, Stratus)
Middle
Alto : 2.000 - 7.000 m (Altocumulus, Altostratus)
High
Cirrus : 5.000 - 13.000 m (Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus)
More High : 13.000 m (Cumulus, Cumulonimbus)

GREAT CIRCLE is the practice navigating a vessel, it track is the shortest distance between
two points in the surface of a sphere

CELESTIAL NAVIGATION is the art and science about sailing the vessel use sky objects like
sun, moon, stars, planet, for carrying vessel from one place to another place.

MEDICAL FIRST AID is about a first aid to help a person that got accident with medic. First
step we have to check there is breathe or not to patient.

MAN OVERBOARD is when a crew get fall from the ship, we have to yelling (Man Overboard
3x) and throw the lifebuoy

MOORING arrangement
1. Head line (tross): hold back head of vessel to retreat
2. Forward breast line (breast): hold back head of vessel to out
3. Forward spring line (spring): hold back head of vessel to forward
4. Aft spring line (spring): hold back astern of vessel to retreat
5. Aft breast line (breast): hold back astern of vessel to out
6. Stern line (tross): hold back astern of vessel to forward

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SINGLE LETTERS
Is information message with flags

Alpha - Diver below keep clear November - No Negative

Bravo - Dangerous cargo Oscar - Man Overboard
Charlie - Yes affirmative Papa - About to sail
Delta - Keep clear Quebec - My vessel is healthy and
Echo - I'm altering my course to starboard Romeo - The way is off my ship
Foxtrot - I'm disabled Sierra - My engines are going astern
Golf - I'm required a pilot Tango - Keep clear of me
Hotel - I have pilot on board Uniform - You are standing into danger
India - I'm altering my course to port Victor - I require assistance
Juliet - On fire keep clear Whiskey - I require medical assistance
Kilo - I desire to communicate X-ray - Stop your intention
Lima - You should stop instantly Yankee - I'm dragging anchor
Mike - I'm stopped Zulu - I require a tug

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 International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities
(IALA)
Lateral Buoy: each mark indicates the edge of the safe water channel in terms of portside or
starboard side, these direction are relative to the direction of buoyage.
Region A: (PORT) (LEFT) (RED)
Region B: (STARBOARD) (RIGHT) (GREEN)
Cardinal Buoy: each mark indicates of the dangerous navigations at sea, and not allowed to
sailing there.

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PPE: Personal Protective Equipment] MSC: Maritime Safety Committee

LSA: Life Saving Appliances BST: Basic Safety Training

FFA: Fire Fighting Advance MFA: Medical First Aid

FFE: Fire Fighting Equipment AFF: Advance Fire Fighting

OHN: One Hour Notice OOW: Officer of the Watch

COW: Crude Oil Washing CLC: Civil Liability Convention

DSC: Digital Selective Calling TOVALOP: Tanker Owner Voluntary Agreement

Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution
ETA: Estimated Time Arrival
SME: Start Main Engine
ETD: Estimated Time Departure
UMC: Under Master Command
GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System POB: Pilot on Board

MMSI: Maritime Mobile Service Identity CSO: Company Security Officer

SAR: Search and Rescue NLS: Noxious Liquid Substance

IMO: International Maritime Organization GPS: Global Positioning System

LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas OCI: Oil Company International

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas ISM: International Safety Management

LOP: Line of Position VTS: Vessel Traffic Services

VHF: Very High Frequency AP: Auto Pilot

VLF: Very Low Frequency NFU: Non Follow Up

UHF: Ultra High Frequency NAVTEX: Navigational Telex

SATCOM: Satellite Communication EPIRB: Emergency Position Indicating Radio

Beacon
SATNAV: Satellite Navigation
SART: Search and Rescue Transponder
EP: Estimated Position
SSO: Ship Security Officer
MARPOL: Marine Pollution
PFSO: Port Facilities Security Officer
IALA: International Association Lighthouse
Authorities SOG: Speed over Ground

STCW: Standard Training Certification and STW: Speed True Water

Watchkeeping
RPM: Rotations per Minute
SOLAS: Safety of Life at Sea
RAI: Rudder Angle Indicator
BNWAS: Bridge Navigational Watch and Alarm
System ROT: Rate of Turn

SSAS: Ships Security Alert System COG: Course over Ground

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GH: Gyro Heading

MH: Magnetic Heading

MB: Magnetic Bearing

GB: Gyro Bearing

CB: Compass Bearing

GHA: Greenwich Hour Angle

LHA: Local Hour Angle

GMT: Greenwich Mean Time

UTC: Universal Time Coordinated

BOSV: Begin of Sea Voyage

EOSV: End of Sea Voyage

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