The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction are :

1. The Ordinary Portland cement.

2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement which is preferred when high early strength
concrete is desired.
3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement used on concrete
structures designed to resist chemical attack.
4. The Low Heat Portland Cement used for massive' sections designed to reduce the
heat of hydration.
5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete.
6. The High Alumina Cement.(Aluminous Cement/ cement fundu)
> predominant alumina oxide content of at least 32% by weight. The alumina Example:
lime is within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%. What is the meter length equivalent of 7 inch?
4 in= 0.10 m
The main component of cement: 3 in= 0.075 m
1.6 to 65% Lime Answer= 0.175 m
18 to 25% Silica What is the meter length equivalent of 21 inch?
3 to 8% Alumina 5 in = 0.125 m
3 to 5% Iron Oxide 1 in= 0.025
2 to 5% Magnesia Answer= (0.125)(4)+0.025= 0.525 m
1 to 5% Sulfur Trioxide
Coarse Aggregates = natural gravel with particles retained on a 5 mm sieve. Concrete Proportion:
Fine Aggregates = natural sand with particles passing on a 5mm sieve. Table 1-2

PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

1. Workability 2. Strength 3. Durability 4. Economy
Designed Mixture. Contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion
Prescribed Mixture. Designing engineer specify the mixture proportion
Equivalent values from English to metric.
1. Meter to feet = divide the length by 0.30 CONCRETE SLAB
2. Feet to meter =multiply the length by 0.30 Step 1: Volume= Thickness x Width x Length
3. Inch to meter: Step 2: Refer to the concrete proportion (V x mix)
1 in 2.5 cm or 0.025 m ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD
2 in 5 cm or 0.05 m Table 1-3
3 in 7.5 cm or 0.075 m
4 in 10 cm or 0.10 m
5 in 12.5 cm or 0.125 m
Step 1: Area= Width x Length
Step 2: Refer to the concrete proportion (A x mix)

SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN

> By volume Method:
Step 1: V= Area x Thickness
Step 2: Refer to the concrete proportion (V x mix)

> By Linear Method:

Step 1: Determine the length of the column (no of column x L)
Step 2: Refer to the concrete proportion (L(#) x mix)

POST AND FOOTING

> By Volume method
Step 1: V= sectional area x height x No. of post
Step 2: Add all the volumes for the total volume
Step 3: Total volume x mix (1-2)

> By area and linear meter method combined

Step 1: Find the total length
Step 2: L x mix (1-4)
Step 3: Find the area
Step 4: A x mix (1-3)
Step 5: Add the result of step 2 and 4

RECTANGULAR COLUMN
> Linear Method
> Volume Method > By Linear Meter Method
Step 1: Determine the total length (L= # of columns x h)
PLASTERING Step 2: L x mix (1-5)
Step 1: Find the total surface area of the columns (Perimeter)
Step 2: Solve for the surface area of the columns (P x h x number of posts) MASONRY
Step 3: Find the volume of the plaster at certain thickness ( A x thickness) CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Step 4: V x mix (1-2) Load bearing blocks = thickness ranges 15 to 20 cm and are used to carry load aside
from its own weight
RECTANGULAR BEAM AND GIRDER Non-bearing blocks = intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like
> By volume method carrying its own weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10 cm
Step 1: Find the volume of the beam (pcs x volume)
Step 2: Solve for the volume of the girder (pcs x volume) > By fundamental method
Step 3: Total volume of beam and girder (pcs x volume) Step 1: divide the height of the fence by the height of one block
Step 4: V x mix (1-2) Step 2: divide the length of the fence by the length of one block
Step 3: multiply the result of step 1 by step 2
> By linear method
Step 1: Find the total length of the beam (pcs x length) > By the Area Method
Step 2: L x mix (1-4) Step 1: Area of the fence
Step 3: Find the total length of the girder (pcs x length) Step 2: Multiply Area and pieces
Step 4: L x mix (1-4)
Step 5: add the results of step 2 and 4 > By fundamental method
Step 1: Find the perimeter of the fence
CIRCULAR COLUMN Step 2: divide this perimeter by the length of one block
> By volume method Step 3: divide the height of the wall by the height of one block
Step 1: Solve for the area ( pi x r2 or 0.7854 x d2) Step 4: multiply 2 and 3
Step 2: Find the volume of one column ( A x height)
Step 3: Solve for the volume of 5 columns ( v x number of columns) > By the Area method
Step 1: Find the area of the wall
Step 2: Multiply the area with the number of blocks

> Finding the CHB

Step 1: Find the perimeter
Step 2: Find the space length occupied by the posts
Step 3: Subtract step 1 and 2 results
Step 4: Multiply the height of fence to get the net area (h x answer from step 3)
Step 5: Multiply the net area and 12.5

> Concrete Posts and its footing

Step 1: Find the volume of one concrete footing slab (thickness x width x length)
Step 2: Find the volume of footings
Step 3: Find the volume of concrete posts
Step 4: Add result of step 2 and 3
Step 5: Total volume x mix (1-2)

Step 4: V x mix (1-2) > By direct counting

Step 1: Find the CHB at are A Step 3: Step 2 x mix (2-30
Step 2: Height of wall A divided by height of one block
Step 3: Multiply step 1 and 2
Step 4: Find the CHB at are B
Step 5: Height of wall B divided by height of one block
Step 6: Multiply step 4 and 5
Step 7: Find the CHB at are C
Step 8: Height of wall C divided by height of one block
Step 9: Multiply step 7 and 8
Step 10: add all the answers
CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
> By the Area Method >By volume method
Step 1: Find the area of a, b, c Step 1: Find the two sides area of the wall
Step 2: multiply the result to 12.50 Step 2: V x thickness of plaster
Step 3: V x mix (2-1)
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
> By volume method >By area method
Step 1: volume = thickness x width of chb x length Step 1: Find the area of the wall (two sides) (A x 2)
Step 2: volume x number of layers Step 2: A x mix (2-4)
Step 3: volume per block x core
Step 4: Find the total volume of hollow core for the 150 CHB
Step 5: total volume; add the results of step 2 and step 4

Step 6: Total volume x mix (2-1 )

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK FOOTING
> By area method
Step 1: Find the area of the wall

Step 2: Area x mix (2-2)

> By hundred block method

Step 1: Find the number of concrete hollow blocks (A x 12.5)
Step 2: Convert to unit of 100 > By volume method
Step 1: Find the volume of the wall footing. Length minus the space occupied by the Step 1: Itemized the blocks according to its category and indicate the number of
posts to get the net length pieces
Step 2: V x mix (1-2) Step 2: Step 1 x mix (2-6)
>By Linear Meter Method Step 3: Summary of the materials
Step 1: Solve for the net length of the CHB wall
Step 2: L x mix (2-5)

OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS

Hook length = L + h ( for hook)
Hook length = L + n ( for bend)
METAL REINFORCEMENT

> By area method

Step 1: A= L x h
Step 2: A x mix vertical (3-5)
Step 3:A x mix horizontal (3-5)
Step 4: Add results of 2 and 3
Step 5: Convert this value to the commercial length of steel bar (divide the value to the
length)

> By the Unit Block Method

Step 1: Area of the wall
Step 2: Determine the number of hollow blocks (A x mix) (2-2)
Step 3: CHB x mix vertical (3-5)
Step 4: CHB x mix horizontal (3-5)
Step 5: Add result of 3 and 4
Step 6: convert this length to the commercial size (answer / commercial)

TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT

Step 1: Area
Step 2: A x mix (3-6)