INTRODUCING A NOVEL SUBCLASS OF HARMONIC

FUNCTIONS WITH CLOSE-TO-CONVEX PROPERTIES

SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

arXiv:2502.04019v2 [math.CV] 7 Feb 2025

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce a new subclass of close-to-convex har-

monic functions. We present a sufficient coefficient condition for a function
to be a member of this class. Furthermore, we establish a distortion theorem.
These results lay the groundwork for extending the findings to function classes
involving higher-order derivatives.

1. Introduction
In the realm of harmonic functions, every function f belonging to the class SH0
can be expressed as f = u + v, where

∞
X ∞
X
(1.1) u(z) = z + um z m , v(z) = vm z m
m=2 m=2

with both functions being analytic in the open unit disk E = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}.
Provided that |u′ (z)| > |v′ (z)| in E, f is locally univalent and sense-preserving in E.
It’s noteworthy that when v(z) is identically zero, SH0 contracts to class S.
The subclasses of S that map E onto starlike and close-to-convex domains, re-
spectively, are denoted by S ∗ and K. Similarly, SH0,∗ and KH0 represent sub-
classes of SH0 that map E onto their respective domains. (For further details, refer
to [1, 3])
In 2005, Gao and Zhou [4] introduced the class

z 2 u′ (z)
   
Ks = u ∈ S : Re > 0 for z ∈ E .
−ϕ(z)ϕ(−z)
In 2011, Şeker [5] introduced the class
  k ′  
z u (z)
K(k, γ) = u ∈ S : Re > γ, 0 ≤ γ < 1 and z ∈ E
ϕk (z)
where k ∈ Z+ , ϕ(z) is an analytic function of the form
∞  
X k−1
ϕ(z) = z + cm z m ∈ S ∗ ,
m=2
k

Date: Manuscript received: August 21, 2024; accepted: January 18, 2025.
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 30C45, 30C50.
Key words and phrases. Close-to-convex functions, Harmonic functions, Starlike functions,
Distortion.
1
2 SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

and ϕk (z), which was previously introduced by Wang et al. [24], is defined as
k−1
Y
(1.2) ϕk (z) = µ−v ϕ(µv z), where µk = 1
v=0

with µ = e2πi/k .
The classes Ks and K(k, γ), introduced by Gao and Zhou [4] and Şeker [5],
respectively, focus solely on analytic functions and are independent of the variable
z. This restriction prevents the study of properties of harmonic functions that
depend on the variable z. This leads us to define a new function class that includes
the co-analytic part of harmonic functions.
Observe that if k = 2 in the class K(k, γ), the class K(γ) studied by Kowalczyk
et al. [2] is obtained. For k = 2 and γ = 0, the class Ks studied by Gao and
Zhou [4] is obtained. It is clear that the class K(k, γ) encompasses both classes.
The class KH0 (k, γ), which we will define shortly, covers the class K(k, γ) since it
is defined using harmonic conjugates of analytic functions belonging to the classes
K(k, γ). Therefore, the class KH0 (k, γ) is a generalization of the K(k, γ), Ks , and
K(γ) classes.
This generalization allows for a broader investigation of geometric properties,
such as distortion bounds and close-to-convexity, for harmonic functions that de-
pend on z.

Definition 1.1. The class KH0 (k, γ) is defined as the collection of functions f =
u + v ∈ SH0 that adhere to the following inequality:
 k ′
z k v′ (z)

z u (z)
(1.3) Re −γ > ,
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)

where 0 ≤ γ < 1 and ϕk (z) is given by (1.2).

Specifically, when v(z) ≡ 0, the class KH0 (k, γ) reduces to the class K(k, γ).
Also, by setting v(z) ≡ 0, k = 2 and γ = 0, we obtain KH0 (2, 0) = Ks . The in-
clusion of the co-analytic term v(z) extends these classes, providing a more general
framework that accommodates both analytic and co-analytic components. Addi-
tionally, when ϕ(z) = z, and by appropriately selecting the parameters, the class
KH0 (k, γ) can be reduced to several well-known subclasses of harmonic functions,
as outlined below.
i KH0 (k, 0) = PH0 [6].
ii KH0 (k, γ) = PH0 (γ) [7, 8].
ii KH0 (k, 0) = WH0 (0) ([9]).
iv KH0 (k, γ) = WH0 (0, γ) ([10]).
v KH0 (k, γ) = AH0 (1, 0, γ) ([11]).
vi KH0 (k, 0) = RH0 (0, 0) ([12]).
For further details on harmonic function classes defined by differential inequality,
see [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
In this work, we investigate the distortion theorems and coefficient bounds for
functions in the class KH0 (k, γ) and demonstrate that functions within this class
exhibit close-to-convex behavior.
INTRODUCING A NOVEL SUBCLASS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS WITH CLOSE-TO-CONVEX PROPERTIES
3

2. Examples of Functions in the Class KH0 (k, γ)

Example 2.1. Let f = u + v = z + 1−γ m z
m
and ϕ(z) = z. For 0 ≤ γ < 1 and
|z| < 1, we have
 k ′
z k v′ (z)

z u (z) m−1
Re − γ = 1 − γ > (1 − γ) |z| = .
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)
Hence, f ∈ KH0 (k, γ).
The following examples can be given for the special case of the parameters in
Example 2.1.
Example 2.2. Let f = z + 20099 2
z , γ = 1001
and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 100
33
).
The unit disk is mapped to a starlike region by the function f . The depiction in
Figure 1 showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by
99 2
f(z) = z + 200 z .

99 2
Figure 1. Under the map f = z + 200 z , the image of the unit disk.

Example 2.3. Let f = z + 10 z , γ = 54 , and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 54 ). The

1 2

unit disk is mapped to a convex region by the function f . The depiction in Figure 2
1 2
showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by f = z + 10 z .
4 SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

1 2
Figure 2. Under the map f = z + 10 z , the image of the unit disk.

Example 2.4. Let f = z + 10033 3

z , γ = 1001
and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 100
33
).
The unit disk is mapped to a starlike region by the function f . The depiction in
Figure 3 showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by
33 3
f = z + 100 z .

33 3
Figure 3. Under the map f = z + 100 z , the image of the unit disk.

Example 2.5. Let f = z + 15 z , γ = 45 and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 54 ). The

1 3

unit disk is mapped to a convex region by the function f . The depiction in Figure 4
1 3
showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by f = z + 15 z .
INTRODUCING A NOVEL SUBCLASS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS WITH CLOSE-TO-CONVEX PROPERTIES
5

1 3
Figure 4. Under the map f = z + 15 z , the image of the unit disk.

Example 2.6. Let f = z + 50099 5

z , γ = 1001
and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 500
99
).
The unit disk is mapped to a starlike region by the function f . The depiction in
Figure 5 showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by
99 5
f = z + 500 z .

99 5
Figure 5. Under the map f = z + 500 z , the image of the unit disk.

Example 2.7. Let f = z + 25 z , γ = 45 and ϕ(z) = z. Then f ∈ KH0 (k, 54 ). The

1 5

unit disk is mapped to a convex region by the function f . The depiction in Figure 6
1 5
showcases the image of the set E under the transformation defined by f = z + 25 z .

3. Geometric Properties of the class KH0 (k, γ)

First, we give a result that establishes a sufficient condition for f ∈ SH0 to be
close-to-convex, which comes from Clunie and Sheil-Small [1].
6 SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

1 5
Figure 6. Under the map f = z + 25 z , the image of the unit disk.

Lemma 3.1. Let u and v be analytic functions in E, such that |v′ (0)| < |u′ (0)|,
and for each ε (|ε| = 1), Fε = u + εv is close-to-convex. Then, f = u + v is
close-to-convex in E.
The result we will present now establishes a connection between the KH0 (k, γ)
harmonic function class and the K(k, γ) analytic function class.
Theorem 3.2. f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ) if and only if Fε = u + εv ∈ K(k, γ) for each
ε (|ε| = 1).
Proof. Assume f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ). For each ε (|ε| = 1), we have
 k ′ 
z Fε (z)
Re
ϕk (z)
 k ′   k ′ 
z u (z) z v (z)
= Re + εRe
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)
 k ′ 
z u (z) z k v′ (z)
> Re − > γ (z ∈ E) .
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)
Hence, Fε ∈ K(k, γ) for each ε (|ε| = 1).
Conversely, suppose Fε = u + εv ∈ K(k, γ). Then,
 k ′ 
z k v′ (z)
 
z u (z)
Re > Re −ε + γ (z ∈ E) .
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)
Choosing an appropriate ε (|ε| = 1) yields
 k ′
z k v′ (z)

z u (z)
Re −γ > (z ∈ E) ,
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)
and thus f ∈ KH0 (k, γ). □
We will now demonstrate that harmonic functions belonging to the class KH0 (k, γ)
map the open unit disk onto a close-to-convex region. To this end, we first state
the following lemma and subsequently establish that functions in the class K(k, γ)
are close-to-convex within the open unit disk.
INTRODUCING A NOVEL SUBCLASS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS WITH CLOSE-TO-CONVEX PROPERTIES
7

P∞
∈ S∗ k−1
m


Lemma 3.3. [24] Let ϕ(z) = z + m=2 cm z k for k ≥ 1. Then,
∞
ϕk (z) X
(3.1) Φk (z) = =z+ Cm z m ∈ S ∗
z k−1 m=2
where ϕk (z) is given by (1.2).
Theorem 3.4. If F is a function in the class K(k, γ), then F is close-to-convex of
order γ in the region E.
Proof. Let F ∈ K(k, γ). We have
 k ′   ′ 
z F (z) zF (z)
Re = Re > γ,
ϕk (z) Φk (z)
where Φk (z) is given by (3.1). Therefore, the function F is close-to-convex of order
γ since Φk (z) ∈ S ∗ . □
Theorem 3.5. Every function in the class KH0 (k, γ) is close-to-convex within the
region E.
Proof. Let f = u + v belong to class KH0 (k, γ). Then by Theorem 3.2 the function
Fε = u + εv belongs to class K(k, γ) and by Theorem 3.4 also close to convex in E.
Therefore, by Lemma 3.1, f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ) is also close to convex in E. □
In the following result, we derive a coefficient bound for functions belonging to
the class KH0 (k, γ).
Theorem 3.6. Let f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ). For m ≥ 2, the following inequalities
hold:
|um | + |vm | ≤ γ + m(1 − γ).
For the function f(z) = z + [γ + m(1 − γ)]z m , every outcome is sharp and every
equality is holds.
Proof. Suppose that f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ). Fε = u + εv ∈ K(k, γ) for ε (|ε| = 1),
according to Theorem 3.2. With respect to every ε (|ε| = 1), we possess
 k ′ 
zFε ′ (z) z (u′ (z) + εv′ (z))
   
z Fε (z)
Re = Re = Re > γ.
ϕk (z) Φk (z) Φk (z)
∞
pm z m
P
for z ∈ E. On the other hand, there is an analytic function P(z) = 1 +
m=1
in E whose real part is positive, satisfying
z (u′ (z) + εv′ (z))
(3.2) = γ + (1 − γ) P(z).
Φk (z)
or
(3.3) z (u′ (z) + εv′ (z)) = [γ + (1 − γ) P(z)] Φk (z).
Upon comparing the coefficients in (3.3), it can be observed that
(3.4) m(um + εvm ) = Cm + (1 − γ)pm−1 + (1 − γ)p1 Cm−1 + · · · + (1 − γ)pm−2 C2 .
Since Φk (z) is starlike, we have |Cm | ≤ m, and since Re{P(z)} > 0, we have
|pm | ≤ 2 for m ≥ 1. Hence, by equation 3.4, we have
(3.5) m |um + εvm | ≤ m [γ + m(1 − γ)] .
8 SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

Since ε (|ε| = 1) is arbitrary, it follows that the proof is concluded. The function
f(z) = z+ [γ + m(1 − γ)]z m , demonstrates the sharpness of inequality. □

Now, we provide the necessary coefficient condition for a harmonic function to

belong to the class KH0 (k, γ).
Theorem 3.7. Let f = u + v ∈ SH0 with the series expansions given by (1.1). If
the following inequality holds:
∞
X ∞
X
(3.6) 2m (|um | + |vm |) + (|1 − 2γ| + 1) |Cm | ≤ 2(1 − γ),
m=2 m=2

then f ∈ KH0 (k, γ).

Proof. Consider u and v as functions with series expansions given by (1.1). Let
Fε = u + εv for each ε (|ε| = 1). Define the functions ϕk (z) and Φk (z) as given by
(1.2) and (3.1), respectively. Then we can express A as

ϕk (z) (1 − 2γ)ϕk (z)

A = zFε′ − − zFε′ +
z k−1 z k−1
= |z(u + εv) − Φk (z)| − |z(u + εv)′ + (1 − 2γ)Φk (z)|
′

X∞ ∞
X
= m(um + εvm )z m − Cm z m
m=2 m=2
∞
X ∞
X
− (2 − 2γ)z + m(um + εvm )z m + (1 − 2γ) Cm z m
m=2 m=2
∞
X ∞
X
m m
≤ m |um + εvm | |z| + |Cm | |z|
m=2 m=2
∞ ∞
!
X m
X m
− (2 − 2γ) |z| − m |um + εvm | |z| − |1 − 2γ| |Cm | |z|
m=2 m=2
∞ ∞
( )
X X
< −2(1 − γ) + 2m |um + εvm | + (|1 − 2γ| + 1) |Cm | |z|
m=2 m=2

Since ε (|ε| = 1) is arbitrary, and from the inequality (3.6), we obtain that A < 0.
This implies that Fε = u + εv belongs to the class K(k, γ), and consequently,
according to Theorem 2, it shows that f = u + v belongs to the class KH0 (k, γ). □

The result we present now provides the distortion bounds for functions in the
class KH0 (k, γ).
Theorem 3.8. Assuming f = u + v ∈ KH0 (k, γ), the following inequalities hold for
all z:
∞
X ∞
X
m m
|z| + (−1)m−1 [m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| ≤ |f(z)| ≤ |z| + [m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| .
m=2 m=2
∞
[m(1 − γ) + γ]z m .
P
These are sharp inequality for the function f(z) = z +
m=2
INTRODUCING A NOVEL SUBCLASS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS WITH CLOSE-TO-CONVEX PROPERTIES
9

Proof. Let f = u+v ∈ KH0 (k, γ). Then using Theorem 3.2, Fε = u+εv ∈ K(k, γ) for
each ε (|ε| = 1). Additionally, from Theorem 3.6 in [5], we obtain
1 − (1 − 2γ) |z| 1 + (1 − 2γ) |z|
(3.7) 3
≤ |Fε′ (z)| ≤
(1 + |z|) (1 − |z|)3
Since
|Fε′ (z)| = |u′ (z) + εv′ (z)|
X∞
m−1
≤ 1+ m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |z|
m=2

and
|Fε′ (z)| = |u′ (z) + εv′ (z)|
X∞
m−1
≥ 1+ (−1)m−1 m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| ,
m=2

in particular, we get
∞
X m−1
|u′ (z)| + |v′ (z)| ≤ 1 + m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |z|
m=2

and
∞
X m−1
|u′ (z)| − |v′ (z)| ≥ 1 + (−1)m−1 m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| .
m=2
Assume Γ is the radial segment extending from 0 to z, so
Z Z
∂f ∂f
|f(z)| = dz + dz̄ ≤ (|u′ (z)| + |v′ (z)|) |dz|
∂z ∂z̄
Γ Γ

Z|z| ∞
X
!
m−1
≤ 1+ m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |ρ| dρ
0 m=2
∞
X m
= |z| + [m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| ,
m=2

and
Z
|f(z)| ≥ (|u′ (z)| − |v′ (z)|) |dz|
Γ

Z|z| ∞
X
!
m−1 m−1
≥ 1+ (−1) m[m(1 − γ) + γ] |ρ| dρ
0 m=2
∞
X m
= |z| + (−1)m−1 [m(1 − γ) + γ] |z| .
m=2

Theorem 3.9. The class KH0 (k, γ) is closed under convex combinations.
10 SERKAN ÇAKMAK1 AND SIBEL YALÇIN2

p
Proof. Suppose fα = uα + vα ∈ KH0 (k, γ) for α = 1, 2, ..., p and
P
sα = 1 (0 ≤
α=1
sα ≤ 1). The convex combination of functions fα (α = 1, 2, ..., p) can be expressed
as:
p
X
f(z) = sα fα (z) = u(z) + v(z),
α=1
where
p
X p
X
u(z) = sα uα (z) and v(z) = sα vα (z).
α=1 α=1
Both u and v are analytic within the open unit disk E, satisfying initial conditions
u(0) = v(0) = u′ (0) − 1 = v′ (0) = 0 and
 k ′ " p # X p
z u (z)
 X  z k u′ (z) z k v′α (z) z k v′ (z)
α
Re −γ = Re sα −γ > sα =
ϕk (z) α=1
ϕk (z) α=1
ϕk (z) ϕk (z)

showing that f ∈ KH0 (k, γ). □

4. Conclusions
In this paper, we introduced a new class of harmonic functions denoted by
KH0 (k, γ). We established a relationship between KH0 (k, γ) and K(k, γ). We
demonstrated that KH0 (k, γ) is close-to-convex. For functions in the KH0 (k, γ)
class, we derived coefficient bounds and distortion theorems. Finally, we proved
that KH0 (k, γ) is closed under convolution.

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1 Istanbul Gelisim University, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sci-

ences, Department of Management Information Systems, Istanbul, Türkiye.

Email address: [email protected]
2 Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathemat-

ics, Görükle, Bursa, Türkiye.

Email address: [email protected]