EXPERT WORKSHOP SERIES

Part 2: Line Differential Protection - Interfaces

Unrestricted | © Siemens 2024 | SI EA

Agenda

1 Protection Interfaces and Communication converters

2 Advanced vs. Classic Protection Interface

3 Advanced Protection Interface DIGSI 5 Demo

• Redundant communication
• Multiplexed operation
• 4 end ring topology

4 Line Differential Protection over IP

5 Line Diff. over IP DIGSI 5 Demo

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Protection Interfaces

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Protection Interfaces
SIPROTEC 5 Communication Options

• Direct fiber optic (FO) connections

• 2 km (multi-mode) … 100 km (single-mode)

• Extended distance using FO repeater

• up to 170 km (cascaded up to 3x 170 km)

• Pilot wire communication converter (SHDSL)

• up to 20 km (2-wire Cu, twisted pair)

• Multiplexer connections for WAN

• Interfaces: IEEE C37.94 (opt.), E1 (el.), X.21, …
• Legacy: SDH technology (end of lifetime)
• Today: MPLS over DWDM networks

• Direct IP-based / Ethernet connection USART-AE-2FO module

(2x ST, 820 nm)

USART-Ax-2LDFO module
ETH-BD-2FO module
(2x LC, SFP)
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Protection Interfaces
Fiber Optics (FO) – Basics

• Multi-mode FO (820 nm, 62.5 µm or 50 µm core)

• Access to multiplexers
• Short direct FO applications

• Single-mode FO (1310 nm, 1550 nm, 9 µm core)

• Long distance FO applications

• Confusion: 1300 nm or 1310 nm ?

• Multi-mode FO → LED as source → 1300 nm
• Single-mode FO → Laser as source → 1310 nm
Measured damping of fiber optics
(source: E.F. Schubert, Cambridge Uni. Press)
• Single-mode LC connector polish
• Straight physical contact (“PC” type) → SIP 5
• Angled physical contact (“APC” type) → DWDM

(source: https://community.fs.com/)
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Protection Interfaces
Fiber Optics (FO) – Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

• WDM normal WDM (2 channels)

1310 nm and 1550 nm
• CWDM Coarse WDM (typ. 16 channels)
1270 nm – 1610 nm; 20 nm
• DWDM Dense WDM (typ. 40 channels)
1530 nm – 1565 nm; 0.8 nm (source: smartoptics.com)

• Special FO application using both wavelength

on a single fiber (example SIPROTEC 4)

(source: www.community.fs.com)

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Protection Interfaces
Direct Fiber Optic Connection

• Protection interfaces for different distances, MM/SM

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Protection Interfaces
Communication channel supervision

Channel Supervision of
• Correct device topology during handshake
• Number of telegrams send (Tx) and received (Rx)
• Thresholds for Error Rates per minute / per hour
• Error indications for logs
• Synchronization supervision (DTO measures)
• Jumps and Asymmetry detection

Redundant communication channels

• Selection of channel with higher bandwidth (setting)

Ring topology
• Hot-standby connection between devices #1 and #2
• Automatic changeover from ring to chain in case of failure

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Protection Interfaces
Direct fiber optic connection – Optical budget FAQ

Calculation example:
• Transmitter min. output power 𝑃𝑇,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −5 𝑑𝐵𝑚
• Receiver max. sensitivity 𝑃𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −34 𝑑𝐵𝑚
• Optical power budget 𝑂𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇,𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −5 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 34 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 29 𝑑𝐵 (Note: difference in dB)

Fiber optic Damping

1310 nm single-mode FO with 20 splices and 10 connections: coefficient
𝑑𝐵 Multi-mode 850 nm 2.5 dB/km
• Single-mode FO losses 𝛼 = 0.33 𝑘𝑚 Multi-mode 1300 nm 0.7 dB/km
• Splice losses 20 ⋅ 0.05 𝑑𝐵 = 1 𝑑𝐵 Single-mode 1310 nm 0.33 dB/km
• Connection losses 10 ⋅ 0.15 𝑑𝐵 = 1.5 𝑑𝐵 Single-mode 1550 nm 0.2 dB/km
• Safety margin 3 𝑑𝐵 (recommended)
FO connections typ. losses

𝑂𝑃𝐵−σ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 29 𝑑𝐵−2.5 𝑑𝐵−3 𝑑𝐵

Single-mode splice 0.05 dB
→ max. distance: 𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑑𝐵 = 71 𝑘𝑚 Multi-mode connection 0.2 … 0.5 dB
𝐹𝑂 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠/𝑘𝑚 0.33 𝑘𝑚
Single-mode connection 0.1 … 0.2 dB

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Protection Interfaces
IEEE C37.94 Optical

Standardized protection interface

• Direct connection to multiplexer
• N * 64 kBit/s Interface
• Time slots N = 1, 2 or 8

→ Consider channel asymmetry of 0,3 ms … 0,6 ms

for this type of communication

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Protection Interfaces
IEEE C37.94 Optical

End-to-end network communication delay depends on:

• Used Bitrate (N * 64 kBit/s) of protection communication (Time slots N = 1, 2 or 8)
• Communication path between relays
• Residence time of all communication nodes (e.g., SDH multiplexers, MPLS routers)
• Propagation delay of all communication links (e.g., optical fibers)
• Speed of the communication links (e.g. 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s)

In case of Circuit emulation (e.g., with SAToP, CESoPSN) over MPLS:

• At the ingress MPLS router: Packet payload size (number of C37.94 timeslots per MPLS packet,
usually configurable)
• At the egress MPLS router: De-jitter buffer size (usually configurable)

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Communication Converters

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Protection Interfaces and Communication Converters
Direct fiber optic connection using repeaters

Fiber optic repeater SIP 5 7XV5461 7XV5461 SIP 5

• 7XV5461-0Bx00 (x: order options)
FO-Repeater FO-Repeater
• max. distance: 24 km / 60 km / 100 km / 170 km
• Multiplexing port 1 and 2 into port 3 MM FO SM FO MM FO

• Transparent data transmission (no framing) up to 1,5 km up to 170 km up to 1,5 km

• Up to 2 Mbit/s (FM0 / Manchester coding)

very long FO distance application:

SIP 5 7XV5461 7XV5461 7XV5461 7XV5461 SIP 5

FO-Repeater FO-Repeater FO-Repeater FO-Repeater

MM FO SM FO MM FO SM FO MM FO

up to 1,5 km up to 170 km power supply up to 170 km up to 1,5 km

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Protection Interfaces and Communication Converters
Communication converter for X.21/G.703.1

Communication converter – CC-XG

• 7XV5662-0AA00
• Synchronous and asynchronous
• Interface X.21
• (64, 128, 256 or 512) kBit/s
• Interface G.703.1
• 64 kBit/s

• ST, 820 nm, HDLC interface for SIP 4 / SIP 5

• Selection of data interchange via pushbutton
• Life contact

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Protection Interfaces and Communication Converters
Communication converter for E1/T1

Communication converter – CC-2M

• 7XV5662-0AD00
• Synchronous: 512 kBit/s
• Asynchronous: up to 115.2 kBaud
• Multiplexing 2x FO into E1/T1
• E1/T1: BNC or 5 pin

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Protection Interfaces and Communication Converters
Communication converter for Pilot wire

Communication converter – copper (CC-CO)

• 7XV5662-0AC02
• Pilot wire SHDSL communication
• Up to 12 km (20 km in cascaded operation)
• 5 kV isolation voltage
• 128 kBit/s … 2048 kBit/s,
• Configuration via few jumpers

• SIPROTEC 4 with FO5 module

• 7SD52, 7SD610, 7SA52 and 7SA6

• SIPROTEC 5 with USART-AD-1FO or USART-AE-2FO

• 7SD8, 7SA8, 7SL8, 7UT8, 7SX8

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Protection Interfaces and Communication Converters
Pilot wire communication

• Electrical, long distance, data transmission using ISDN (older: 7XV5662-0AC00) or SHDSL technology
• Pair of communication cables → telephone line, “pilot wire“
• Max. distance approx. 12 km
• Risk of high voltage induction due to parallel laid power lines, earth fault
• Monitoring of pilot wire is needed → Line Diff. block in case to failures

• Accessories
• Isolation transformers
• 7XR9513, 7XR9516 20 kV
• 7XR9514, 7XR9515 5 kV
• C53207-A406-D195-1 6 kV 7XR9513 7XR9516
• Communication converter Copper (FO 820 nm pilot wire)
• 5 kV isolation voltage

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Combination of SIPROTEC 4 and SIPROTEC 5 Devices in the Same Topology

requirement requirement requirement

Customer
• Compatibility of Line Differential devices USART-AD1FO

/
Direct connection for distances up to 2.5 km
FO5

• Retrofit applications
USART-AE2FO

Distances of more than 100 km

Customer
• CT error settings slightly higher: USART-AD1FO

/
Repeater on both sides needed (scalable)

FO5

USART-AE2FO

Customer
All Medias between communication converters 7XV5662,
USART-AD1FO
e.g. Pilot wire, G703, X21
/ FO5

USART-AE2FO

Existing configuration (old)

REMOVE
Distances up to 100 km

FO17 /18 /19 FO17 /18 /19

• For long distance FO applications Customer

requirement
additional optical repeater required New configuration

• LD FO modules in SIP 5 use different

Distances up up
to 100 km

requirement
ADD Distances to 60 km
Customer USART-AD1FO One repeater on SIPROTEC 5 side needed

framing than FO 17/18/19 /

USART-AE2FO
FO17 /18 /19
FO17-18

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Advanced versus Classic
Protection Interface

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Advanced vs. Classic Protection Interface
New Workflow in DIGSI 5 since Firmware V08.60

Classic Protection Interface Advanced Protection Interface

New function group (FG) in the object oriented

→ All settings are made in the properties tab structure
of the communication module → Settings are made within the FG Prot. Com.

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Advanced Protection Interface

• Configuration of the advanced protection interface is available for:

• ETH-BD module (Diff. over IP)
• USART modules

• Both workflows can be used within the same device for different PI modules
• Compatibility of differential protection communication between devices with new and old workflow
• New workflow supports remote device running an older firmware < V08.60

• SIPROTEC 4 compatibility fully supported

• Multi-ended line protection

• Pricing is based on Function points (FP) instead of the “significant feature” (SF)
• Function point manager supports the conversion/downgrade of SF → equivalent FP

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Advanced Protection Interface
Benefits

• More flexibility in the functional scope of a device

• Diff over IP possible
• Multiplexed operation of PI possible
• Phase rotation possible (special applications)
• Up to three FG “Line” with line differential protection 87L each

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Advanced Protection Interface
Multiplexed operation for special applications (1)

Application example: Hybrid lines (mixed OHL and cable sections)

• Cable transition stations (CTS)

Protection of parallel HV cables

Source: TSO Amprion

87L 87L

CTS
KÜS cable CTS
KÜS
A B
OHL OHL
2x 2600 A
4000 A 4000 A

87L 87L
21 21
87L 87L

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Advanced Protection Interface
Multiplexed operation for special applications (2)

Multiplexed operation of single Protection interface (PI)

• 2 MBit/s bandwidth required (2x 512 kBit/s; e.g. direct FO)

CTS
KÜS CTS
KÜS
A B

87L 87L
21 21
87L 87L
PI PI

87L 87L

7SD8, 7SL8 7SD8, 7SL8

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Advanced Protection Interface
Multiplexed operation for special applications (3)

Redundant multiplexed operation of two Protection interfaces (PI)

CTS
KÜS CTS
KÜS
A B

87L 87L
21
87L
PI PI 87L
21
1 1

PI PI
87L 87L
2 2

7SD8, 7SL8 7SD8, 7SL8

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Advanced Protection Interface
Decision Matrix
USART-Module
USART-Module ETH-BD-Module

Number of devices should be extendable ? Yes

Special applications required for the PI ?

(i.e. Multiplexed operation or Phase rotation) Yes

More than one FG Line required ? Yes

Classic PI possible Advanced PI required

Advanced PI possible

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Advanced Protection Interface
DIGSI 5 Demo

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2 End Protection: Redundant Communication

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2 End Protection: Redundant Communication

FG Line FG Protection Communication Communication Module

Protection interface 1 Channel 1

87 Line diff. prot

Protection interface 2 Channel 2

Device combination – 2 devices

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Parallel Lines: Multiplexer Operation, Redundant Communication

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Parallel Lines: Multiplexer Operation, Redundant Communication

FG Protection communication 1
FG Line Communication module 1
Protection interface 1, 2
87 Line diff. prot Channel 1
Device combination – 2 devices

FG Protection communication 2 Communication module 2

FG Line
Protection interface 1, 2 Channel 1
87 Line diff. prot
Device combination – 2 devices

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4 End Protection: Ring Topology

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4 End Protection: Ring Topology

FG Line FG Protection Communication Communication Module

Protection interface 1 Channel 1

87 Line diff. prot

Protection interface 2 Channel 2

Device combination – 4 devices

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Line Differential Protection
over IP/Ethernet

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Legacy technology:
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Data Flow

DEMUX
MUX
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Data is transmitted
periodically and
deterministically

• A constant amount of bandwidth is assigned to each device

→ Each device can transmit a pre-defined amount of data at a specific point in time
→ Technology for telephone networks running at 64 kBit/s (8 Bit x 8 kHz sampling)

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Todays technology:
Packet Switched Network (PSN)

Data Flow

1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1
Bandwidth-efficient
transmission
Switch Switch

• Transmits data in the form of packets → Each participating device can send packets at any time
• If several packets arrive at a network device at the same time, these packets are stored in a memory
and are processed according to the “first come – first served” FIFO principle

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Transition from TDM networks (SDH/SONET) to packet based networks
Line Differential over MPLS with Channel Emulation

• MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

• IP/MPLS
• MPLS-TP

• E1/T1 circuit emulation modes for packet-switched networks → “pseudowire”

• RFC 4553: Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet (SAToP)
• Bitwise transport of TDM signal → “transparent” mode
• Circuit Emulation Service over Packet-Switched Network (CESoPSN)
• Decode TDM signal as N x 64 kBit/s → transport

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Protection Interfaces
MPLS Communication Network

Line differential protection communication via MPLS network

• Pseudowire (co-routed bidirectional label switched routers)

SIPROTEC
Line Differential Protection
Relay SIPROTEC
LSR
Line Differential Protection
s
LER LSP Relay
Run Error SIPROTEC
BB1

52

LER
52

52
BB2
s
Run Error SIPROTEC
BB1

52

52

LSR BB2
52

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switch Router
LSP: Label Switch Path

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SIPROTEC 5 Protection Relay Communication
New IP-Based Communication

• Line differential protection communication uses a Siemens-proprietary application layer protocol

• Hop-by-hop communication in ring or chain topology

Serial Communication Modules (USART) New: IP-Based

Ring Chain

IP-Network

Protection Interface Application IP/Ethernet

Communication medium
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Line Differential over IP Networks

• Hardware requirements: SIPROTEC 5 modular device, with a ETH-BD-2FO module

• Software requirements: Firmware ≥ V08.60

• New communication protocol on the ETH-BD-2FO module

• Protocol according to UDP/IPv4 standard
• Suitable for MPLS-TP, MPLS-TE, WAN, Ethernet…

• Supports IEEE 1588 PTP running on the same module IP-Network

• External synchronization needed ! ETH-BD-2FO

(IEEE 1588, PTP or 1PPS)

• Direct connection to communication networks

(via routers or switches) without expensive line-cards or similar

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Advanced Protection Interface Application
Mixed 3 device chain with SIPROTEC 4 device

IP-Network

Physical
Logical
PI1 PI2 PI1 Index=2
Index=1 (serial) (IP) (IP)
PI1 ID=102
ID=101 Comp.=SIP4
Index=3 PI2
ID=103 (IP)
Comp.=SIP4

Communication medium
IP/Ethernet

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Advanced Protection Communication
SIPROTEC 5 – Platform (V8.60)

Differential-/Protection communication via IP-based Networks:

• Mixed topologies possible:
• Classical serial protection communication paths
• IP-Communication paths

IP-Network

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Line Diff. over IP
DIGSI 5 Demo

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2 End Protection
Diff over IP

FG Line FG Protection Communication Communication Module

Protection interface 1 Channel 1

87 Line diff. prot

External Synchronization

Device combination – 2 devices

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Line Differential Protection webinar series

Links to all webinars of the series

• Part 1: Line Differential Protection - Basics

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/line-differential-protection-part/b1f36e4f86751bac5b5b

• Part 2: Line Differential Protection - Interfaces

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/line-differential-protection-part-1/5101ce29a70e0f2f0c95

• Part 3: Line Differential Protection - Configuration and Testing

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/line-differential-protection-part-2/a155d5a3afa6d0d61295

• Part 4: Line Differential Protection - Compatibility of SIPROTEC 4 and SIPROTEC 5

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/line-differential-protection-part-3/a582c41832151fbce672

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Contact/Disclaimer
Published by Siemens 2024
Smart Infrastructure
Electrification & Automation
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For the U.S. published by

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© Siemens 2024
Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this
document/video only contains general descriptions and/or performance
features which may not always specifically reflect those described,
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