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BASIC PORTUGUESE

Basic Portuguese: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible

reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume.

Twenty units cover the core material which students can expect to encounter
in their first year of learning Portuguese. Grammar points are followed by
examples and exercises which allow students to reinforce and consolidate
their learning.

Clearly presented and user-friendly, Basic Portuguese provides readers with

a thorough grounding in the fundamentals of Portuguese grammar.

Cristina Sousa holds a PhD in literary translation. She is a translator, proofreader

and copywriter and she has lectured in Portuguese at various universities in
the UK.
Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are:
Basic Arabic
Basic Cantonese
Intermediate Cantonese
Basic Chinese
Intermediate Chinese
Basic German
Intermediate German
Basic Irish
Intermediate Irish
Basic Italian
Basic Japanese
Intermediate Japanese
Basic Korean
Intermediate Korean
Basic Persian
Basic Polish
Intermediate Polish
Basic Russian
Intermediate Russian
Basic Spanish
Intermediate Spanish
Basic Welsh
Intermediate Welsh
Basic Yiddish
BASIC PORTUGUESE:
A GRAMMAR AND
WORKbOOK

Cristina Sousa

Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Cristina Sousa
The right of Cristina Sousa to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Sousa, Maria Cristina Marques dos Santos, author.
Basic Portuguese : a grammar and workbook / Cristina Sousa.
pages cm. – (Grammar workbooks)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-63319-2 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-415-63320-8 (paperback) –
ISBN 978-1-315-74575-6 (ebook) 1. Portuguese language–Textbooks for foreign speakers–
English. 2. Portuguese language–Grammar. 3. Portuguese language–Grammar–Problems,
exercises, etc. I. Title.
PC5075.E5S66 2015
469′.82421–dc23
2014018222

ISBN: 978-0-415-63319-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-63320-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-74575-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
CONTENTS

Acknowledgements vi
Introduction vii
Pronunciation viii
Stress xi

1 Nouns 1
2 Articles 9
3 Numbers, times and dates 16
4 Subject pronouns and present tense of regular verbs 25
5 Present tense of irregular verbs 35
6 Interrogatives 44
7 Negatives 50
8 Ser and estar 57
9 Demonstratives 66
10 Adjectives and adverbs 73
11 Comparatives and superlatives 84
12 Direct object and direct object pronouns 91
13 Indirect object pronouns and their contraction with
direct object pronouns 103
14 Reflexive pronouns and verbs 111
15 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 118
16 The present perfect tense 124
17 The preterite tense 131
18 The imperfect tense 138
19 The preterite tense vs. the imperfect tense 144
20 The past perfect and the pluperfect tenses 150

Key to exercises 157

Bibliography 175
Glossary of grammatical terms 176 v
Index 178
 ACKNOwLEDGEMENTS

This grammar workbook is dedicated to the memory of David Ryland, one of

my favourite students and whose interest in Portuguese grammar was a great
inspiration.
I would like to express my gratitude to the team at Routledge and I would
like to thank Janet Lloyd for her invaluable help in the initial stages of this
endeavour.

vi
INTRODUCTION

This grammar workbook is aimed at English native speakers who have no

previous knowledge of the Portuguese language, or who have a very basic level
and would like to improve their ability and to practise key grammar functions.
The grammatical notions included are presented in a clear and accessible way.
All grammatical explanations are kept to a minimum and include exceptions to
the rule only when these are frequently applied, which can often be the case in
Portuguese. This course aims to provide learners with a solid basic knowledge
of essential Portuguese grammar functions which can then be consolidated by
further reading and by further study of accessible reference materials, such as
Portuguese: An Essential Grammar by A. Hutchinson and J. Lloyd, also published
by Routledge.
No audio material has been produced to accompany this book, but guides to
pronunciation and stress are provided at the beginning of the book. This should
provide beginners with clear guidance to the essential sounds, in order to help
reproduce them successfully. This pronunciation guide is an initial working tool
and does not claim to replace real contact with Portuguese speakers.
All vocabulary used is contemporary and every effort has been made to
provide as wide a variety of vocabulary as possible. It is essentially European
Portuguese in order to avoid potential confusion given that certain grammar
rules are applied differently in Brazilian Portuguese, and an attempt to cover
both variants would make it less accessible for beginners. Learners who work
with this book should be able to communicate successfully with Brazilian speak-
ers, in the same way that Portuguese people are able to communicate fully with
Brazilians, and vice versa. Key differentiations between these two forms of
Portuguese are provided in Hutchinson and Lloyd’s Portuguese: An Essential
Grammar, referred to above, and also in other dedicated reference materials by
the same publisher.
This workbook should be particularly useful to independent adult learners,
but can also provide a useful exercise tool for other learners.

vii
 PRONUNCIATION

In order to guide you with Portuguese pronunciation a list of roughly equivalent

sounds in English is provided below. With some sounds it will be difficult to
find the exact pronunciation using English words and sounds, but the list should
provide you with a useful basis for further development.

a open sapato as in lad

closed sapato as in about
unstressed boca as in announce
e open cheque as in cheque
closed cabelo as in fill
unstressed cheque bake
e (= and) eel
i fita feet
o open loja lozenge
closed poço torso
unstressed poço zoo (approximate)
u luta loot

Note: vowels with acute accents produce an open vowel (á, é); vowels with
circumflex accents produce a closed vowel (ê, ô)

nasals
ã lã lamb
am amplo ample
an planta plankton
em empréstimo empower
en entre entertain
om compras competition
viii on contar contrary
nasals Pronunciation

im sim scene
in tinta tinder
um tumba tomb
un nunca tomb
c + a, o, u casa case
+ e, i cedo lace
ç laço lace
ch champô shampoo
g + a, o, u gás gash
+ e, i gelo measure
+ ue guerra gain (u is silent)
+ ui guitarra gain (u is silent)
h hora (not pronounced)
j já measure
lh milhão million
nh vinho onion
q quadro quack
+ ui máquina Kee (u is silent)
r parar (rolling r)
compras (rolling r)
initial, after n, l rabo robber
tenro
palrar
rr carro (as initial r)
s initial samba samba
between vowels casa kasbah
meus amigos
end, before c, f, p, t vespa sugar
mosca
fósforos
meus pais
restaurante
before b, d, g, m, n, r Lisboa measure
hás-de
rasgar
mesmo
cisne
Israel
as mãos ix
Pronunciation nasals
x xerife sheriff
México mesh
peixe fish
excelente geisha
ex + vowel exame easy
z initial, between vowels zebra zebra
dizer dessert
end luz louche

diphthongs
ai pai pie
au mau power
ei lei lay
eu teu phew (approximate)
iu partiu Europe
oi foi ‘oy!’
ou sou though
ui fui Louisiana
ãe mãe main (approximate)
ão pão pound (more nasal)
-am amam mound (more nasal)
-em sem saint (approximate)
-en(s) parabéns chain (approximate)
õe põe boing (approximate)

Note: the letters ‘k’, ‘w’ and ‘y’ are not used in Portuguese and they do not
normally feature in the Portuguese alphabet. They are, however, recognised in
foreign words and names and are named kappa, duplo v and i grego.

x
STRESS

In Portuguese words, if there is no graphic accent, the stress is usually on the

penultimate syllable, or on the last syllable for words ending in -r, -l, -z, or -u.

do-cu-men-to document
ves-ti-do dress
pro-fes-sor teacher
ti-rar to take
co-mer eat
pa-pel paper
a-zul blue
ra-paz boy
fe-liz happy
per-u turkey

When the stress falls on another syllable, a graphic accent has to be applied.

pró-xi-mo next
cha-mi-né chimney
ir-mã sister

There are four graphic accents in Portuguese:

´ acute accent: opens the vowel água

^ circumflex accent: closes vowel pêlo
~ tilde: nasalizes the vowel irmã
` grave accent: used on contracted preposition àquilo
with article

xi
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
UNIT 1
Nouns

Gender of nouns

In Portuguese, all nouns have a gender, either masculine or feminine. When you
learn a new noun, you should memorise its gender at the same time:

masculine nouns: o carro the car

o mar the sea
feminine singular: a casa the house
a hora the hour

General rules can provide some guidance and so they have been summarised
below. The most common exceptions are also provided. You will need to learn
these, so it’s a good idea to note the examples as you go along.
Several nouns can be learnt as pairs – masculine and feminine – as they are
used to denote male and female beings:
o homem a mulher man woman
o rapaz a rapariga boy girl
o cidadão a cidadã (male) citizen (female) citizen
o cão a cadela dog bitch
o gato a gata (male) cat (female) cat
o galo a galinha cockerel chicken
o pai a mãe father mother
o filho a filha son daughter
o irmão a irmã brother sister
o tio a tia uncle aunt
o sobrinho a sobrinha nephew niece
o primo a prima (male) cousin (female) cousin
o avô a avó grandfather grandmother
o neto a neta grandson granddaughter
o marido a esposa husband wife
o sogro a sogra father-in-law mother-in-law
o genro a nora son-in-law daughter-in-law
o cunhado a cunhada brother-in-law sister-in-law 1
1 Many other nouns with a masculine and a feminine form change to the feminine
Nouns by adding -a, for example:

o professor a professora teacher

o cantor a cantora singer
o português a portuguesa the Portuguese

Some nouns can be masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of the

person to whom they refer:

o presidente (male) president

a presidente (female) president
o contabilista (male) accountant
a contabilista (female) accountant
o turista (male) tourist
a turista (female) tourist
o guia (male) guide
a guia (female) guide
o jovem (male) youngster
a jovem (female) youngster

There are also nouns that have a fixed gender, irrespective of whether they refer
to male or female:

a criança (male or female) child

a vítima (male or female) victim

In general, the ending of the noun will indicate its gender, as illustrated below.

1 Most nouns ending in -o and -l are masculine:

o jogo game o hotel hotel

o copo glass, tumbler o anel ring
o bolo cake o papel paper
o preço price o automóvel automobile
o coelho rabbit o sol sun

2 Most nouns ending in -a, -de, -gem, -ice, -ie, -ção and -zão are feminine:

a mesa table a coragem courage

a cama bed a viagem journey, voyage
a cadeira chair a velhice old age
a tarde afternoon a superfície surface
a caridade charity a condição condition
a verdade truth a lição lesson
a juventude youth a operação operation
2 a virtude virtue a razão reason
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bracelets are made of them. It is one of the most beautiful trees in
the country when in flower, in which state it remains for some time.
The Artecum, or Araticu, of which there are various kinds, is
similar to the ambuzo in size, in the entwining of its branches, and in
having an ash-coloured rind. The leaves, which it casts off annually,
are almost round, and of a beautiful green, and varnished on both
sides. Its flower is like a fig, of a yellow colour, which opens in three
equal portions, as if they were parted with a knife, are thick, of a
reddish hue, and in the form of a shell; below each portion there is a
smaller shell, not so thick, and externally white, inclosing a button in
the shape of a pine, which becomes a fruit of the size and form of
the largest pear; the pulp is white or yellow, soft and full of pips; few
are good, but they are generally eaten.
The Barriguda, (Big-bellied,) so called in consequence of its
trunk being thicker at the middle than at the ground, and otherwise
denominated Arvore da lan, (Wool-Tree,) has the rind covered with
round thorns, the leaves are almost elliptical, and from three to four
inches in length. The flower begins with the figure of a little round fig,
smooth, without an eye, having a short and thick pedicle; this fig has
the length and form of an acorn, being always of a green colour, it
opens at the extremity in three parts, from whence issues a bud
similar to that of cotton, round, and two inches long, which unfolds in
five petals three inches in length. It has five capillaments surrounded
with a pistil, which is delicate and terminates in a little red ball, the
whole six attached to a receptacle at the bottom of a cup, where a
fruit is formed with some resemblance to a cucumber, which, when it
opens, is full of fine white wool, which the wind blows away if not
immediately taken; it cannot be spun, but it is used for stuffing beds.
There are three sorts of Brazil Wood;—Brazil Mirim, which is
the best; Brazil Assu, or Rozado, so called from its trunk being
higher, more upright, of less girth, and the dye which is extracted
from it of less consistency and more rosy, hence arises its second
name. The Brazileto differs little from the Assu in size, in the form of
its trunk and tuft, and affords little dye. The Brazil Mirim has a larger
trunk, the rind greener and finer, the thorns smaller and thicker, the
leaf smaller, and the wood more of a purple hue. The bark of the
whole is smooth and the thorns begin at the shoot and extend to the
point of the branches. The flower of the Mirim is white and very
small; the wood, immediately on being cut, if put to the tongue, is
sensibly bitter, which, on becoming dry, it loses, turning to an
agreeable sweetness. These trees grow on rocks as well as in
plains. The wood is heavy and excellent for building; put into water it
will remain sound, it is said, eternally; put into the fire it breaks in
pieces, but does not produce any smoke. It is said, that the most
proper periods for cutting this timber for its dye is at the time of the
new moon in winter, and when in the fourth quarter in summer. A
portion of vitriol and lime, or ashes thrown into the decoction of the
Brazil wood forms a black dye.
Cacauzeira, or Cocoa-Tree, which generally does not exceed
the size of a small tree, almost always has many trunks, and extends
its branches horizontally and incliningly; the leaves resemble those
of the largest chestnut; its fruit, which grows only upon the trunks
and thickest branches, is a large oblong capsule, in the shape of a
mellon, with a very hard rind, which encloses forty to fifty almonds in
a white, viscous, and sweet substance. Of these almonds chocolate
is made.
Cafeeiro, or Coffee-Tree, transplanted from Arabia, and
prospering admirably in the strong and fresh soils of this country, is a
branchy shrub, with the leaves opposite, which are smooth, pointed
at both extremities, and larger than those of the laurel; the flower is
white, entire, and tubulous on the lower part, and cleft into five lancet
points on the upper, with the same number of capillaments attached
to the angle of the divisions, and a pistil to the receptacle. The fruit is
a berry, somewhat resembling a cherry, attached to a thick and short
pedicle. It is exceedingly fruitful, and grows to the greatest size when
planted under the shade of large trees; but the fruit of those trees
exposed to the sun is of the best quality.
Cajaty is a shrub with a very thick rind, black, and furrowed with
the first bark, the leaf differs little from the laurel, and affords a yellow
fruit the size of the sloe, having an agreeable taste and perfume,
with seed like the orange, and attached to the extremity of the
branch by a long and delicate pedicle.
 Cajazeira, or Cajaza-Tree, is high, with a round tuft and small
leaf, its fruit is like the acorn, yellow, insipid, and with a large stone.
The Cajueira, or Cajue-nut Tree, which grows in sandy soils, is
a small tree with a crooked trunk, a round tuft, with the branches
raised horizontally and inclined; the first rind affords a sort of black
dye; the wood a yellow one; the leaves are almost round; the flower
in bunches; its singular fruit is of the size and figure of a long round
pepper, with a fine smooth skin, tinged with red or yellow, and
sometimes with both, with a white spongy substance, half sweet,
without stone or seed; the taste is not agreeable, although many
persons are partial to this fruit; it has at the extremity a nut of an ash-
colour, containing a white and oily substance, and not unlike the
chestnut when roasted. Excellent sweetmeats are made of the fruit,
and also a lemonade and even wine of its juice.
Calumby, or Calumbo-Tree, is small, with little tuft, having
exceedingly small leaves, which close when the sun sets and open
in the morning. There are male and female, both armed with thorns
like the bramble; the male has a very small flower, resembling a
paint-brush, and its wood is green, hard, compact, and very heavy,
being only serviceable for joiners’ work, as scarcely one is found,
even amongst the most slender, without being hollow. The female
has a flower resembling the chestnut-tree, and its timber, although
solid, is not so heavy, and is waved with green and white. The fruit of
both are flat berries.
Candea (Lamp) is a crooked shrub, with a large stock, the leaf is
generally white on the under side; the wood, when dried, affords a
good light without smoke, and saving much oil to the poor of the
certams, who put a fire-brand of it into the wall, where it lasts for a
long time, giving a flame like a flambeau; hence comes its
denomination. When put into the ground it keeps many years.
Caneleira, Canela or Cinnamon Tree, was transplanted from
Asia, and was cultivated with some care at the commencement of
the colonization, but was afterwards destroyed, by royal order, that it
might not interfere with the oriental trade; this error was soon
discovered. At present the increase of those which spring from roots
is preferred; the quality of the soil in which it should be planted
depends upon the vegetable. The best Asiatic cinnamon-trees grow
in dry soils.
Colla is a tree introduced from Africa, of medium size, with
leaves rather long, pointed, and shining on both sides; the flower is
white and in bunches. It fructifies in a pod.
Cutezeira, or Cuteza-Tree, is small, with horizontal branches,
and the leaves rather long, smooth, wide, rounded at the point, and
pointed at the base; it affords a large oval fruit with a hard shell, of
which, when parted, is made cuyas, or cups.
Gamelleira, or Gamella-Tree, is of considerable girth, having a
round and thick leaf; it extends roots from the branches to the
ground; its shade is sought after.
Geremma is a small thorny tree with very small leaves, which
daily close from the influence of the sun; the flower resembles that of
the chestnut; of its wood charcoal is made for forges.
Goyabeira, or Goyaba-Tree, is a shrub with a smooth rind, the
leaf almost round, the fruit, like a pear, is yellow and odoriferous, the
pulp is rubicund, with a great quantity of small and round seed in the
centre. A preserve much esteemed is made of it.
Guabirabeira, or Guabiraba-Tree, is one of the largest fruit-trees
in the country; its leaf is a little less than that of the peach, and
almost of the same shape; the flower is white; the fruit has the size
and form of a pear, and is eaten in the same way as sorvas or
service-berries.
Herva de Cobra (Serpent-Herb) is a small plant resembling a
little the fern in its foliage, the flower is small and yellow, with five
petals, and its fruit is a very little berry. The name arises from its
virtue in curing the bite of a snake by placing the leaves pounded
upon the wound and giving the patient the juice to drink.
The Jabuticabeira, or Jabuticaba-Tree, is small and slender,
with smooth bark; the leaves, which are varnished on both sides, but
not of the same green, vary in form upon the same branch. It flowers
upon the trunk only, beginning at the ground, and extending to the
branches, that are thick; the fruit is generally of the size and colour of
a cherry, and of a good flavour; a strong liquor is distilled from it.
The Jambeira, or Jamba-Tree, whose size is proportioned to the
quality of the ground upon which it grows, has a pointed leaf, with
dark green on the upper side, and clear green on the under; the
flower has four small petals in the form of a shell, with numerous
long and upright capillaments, and a pointed pistil still longer; its fruit
resembles an apricot, has a fine flavour, and smells like a rose.
The Jaqueira, or Jaca-Tree, transplanted from Asia, and
prospering only in the tropics, is a large tree, with a round tuft, a thick
trunk, large leaves rounded at the extremity and pointed at the base,
varnished on both sides, the upper one of dark green. Its fruit, which
only grows upon the trunk and main branches, is very large, (some
forty pounds weight,) of an oblong form; the skin is green, rough-
grained, and thick; the white pulp is fibrous, and impregnated with
viscous milk; but it has another pulp, sown promiscuously with a sort
of almond, less fibrous, without milk, and sweet, and which is the
part eaten.
Jatuba, which has not this name in all the provinces, fructifies in
husks like the tamarind-tree.
Jenipapeiro, or Jenipapo-Tree, is of good height with the trunk
erect, the tuft round and of medium size; the leaf is similar to that of
the chestnut, very thick, and of a dark green; it is never without fruit,
which is the size of an apple, the skin tenuous, a little harsh, and of
an ash colour, the pulp is white, and the interior full of seed. They
remain from one year to the next upon the branches, which wholly
shed their foliage, and only change when the tree puts forth its new
leaves, and when already the new fruit, for the following year, is of
good growth. Its wood is preferred for the shafts of the sege, or
cabriolet.
Jiquitiba is a tree of considerable girth and affords a nut.
The Joazeiro, or Joaza-Tree, which grows in sandy soils, is of
the size of a middling olive-tree; its tuft is round and thick; the leaves,
which it scarcely sheds, are round and carefully protected; its wood
is white, and its ashes are a good substitute for soap. The flower is
in small and round bunches; the fruit is of the size of a cherry,
oblong, yellow, disagreeable to the touch, and with a stone (full of
smaller ones) which is difficult to divest of the pulp when the fruit is
not half dried. It is aliment for some quadrupeds, and for the jacu and
other birds, although few are well flavoured.
Mangabeira, or Mangaba-Tree, is of medium size, with small
pointed leaves, and a flower like the jasmine; the fruit is round and of
various sizes upon the same branch, with a yellow and greenish rind;
the pulp white, extremely soft, with various seeds covered with
down; the wood, the leaves, the flowers, and the fruit, when parted,
distil a clammy and white milk.
The Mangue is a small tree, with a smooth rind, thick and
varnished leaves. It prospers only upon the sea-coast or the margins
of salt rivers.
The Mangueira, or Mangua-Tree, transplanted from Asia, and
prospering only in the torrid zone, is a bulky tree, with a leafy tuft,
having a long leaf a little narrow and pointed. The fruit is the size of
an apple and a little flat, the skin similar to a greengage, green or
yellow, and tinged sometimes with red; when divested of the skin,
which has a turpentine taste, the pulp is juicy and delicious, although
unpleasantly full of fibres attached to the stone.
Mozes is a tree of medium height, slender, with little tuft,
remarkable for its foliage, which does not differ from the fern; its
flower is white, and its ashes are good for the lixivium of soap.
Mucory is a large tree of excellent timber; its fruit is of the size of
a sloe, yellow, and odoriferous, of very fine flavour, and has a large
stone.
Muricy is a shrub, with large thick and harsh leaves, rounded at
the end and pointed at the base; the flowers are in bunches,
beginning with yellow and turning to a carnation colour; the fruit is
very small, with little flavour. There is another called muricy-bravo,
(or wild,) differing in the flower, which is white, and in the leaves,
which are much less elliptical and varnished on both sides.
 Oyty is a middling tree, of good timber, with fruit well flavoured,
and of the colour and form of a pear, with a large stone, which, when
ground or scraped, and used as a beverage or as a clyster, is an
efficacious remedy against diarrhæas.
The Palm-tree of Dates, which is so abundant in Asia and
Africa, are introduced only, and very partially, in the province of Rio
de Janeiro.
Amongst the multiplied species of Palm-trees that denominated
Tucum or Tycum is particularly remarkable; its trunk is thorny,
slender, and of proportionable size; its leaves differ a little from the
common resemblance observed amongst all the other palm-trees;
from its fibres a flax is made that is a little harsh, but as lustrous as
silk, without any appearance of the coarsest description of flax, and
which, from its strength, is generally consumed in making fishing-
tackle. It is well adapted for making a certain sort of lace.
Pindahiba is a handsome tree, and of proportionable size
according to the quality of the soil in which it grows; its wood is light;
its leaves are lancet, one inch in width, and from three to four in
length; it fructifies in very small bunches, and its berries are
sometimes used as peppers.
Piquiha, is a medium-sized tree, affording fruit like the quince,
with a thick and hard rind, and full of a gray liquor, very sweet and
cooling, with some seed like those of an apple.
Pitangueira, or Pitanga-Tree, which reaches the size of a plum-
tree when planted in good ground, but generally not exceeding the
size of a middling shrub in the woods; its leaf resembles that of the
myrtle; the flower is white and small, with a great number of
capillaments; the fruit is the size of an unripe cherry, of a scarlet or
purple colour, and rather sour. An agreeable spirit is distilled from it.
Quinaquina, the Jesuit or Peruvian Bark, was discovered about
three centuries ago in Peru, and met with only a few years since
near the heads of the river Cuiaba; it is a high tree, nine inches in
diameter; the leaves are round at the base and pointed at the end,
glossy and of a beautiful green above, and striped with a brilliant
dark green in the half near the base. The flowers, which are in
bunches at the extremity of the branches, are shaped like a funnel,
with the edge parted into five lancet forms, and shorter than the tube,
hairy, green in the middle, bounded with white, and fringed at the
borders. The pistil is white, and surrounded with five capillaments,
within the tube of the flower. When the flower falls the cup swells at
the middle, and takes the shape of an olive, changing into a fruit,
whose numerous seed, which are long, thick, of a green colour, and
flat at the edge, are enclosed in two lodgements, divided by a double
membrane. Thus a tree so useful to mankind is propagated
abundantly.
Amongst the Resin-Trees are the Angico, which produce the
gum-copal; those that produce mastick, benzoin, and storax;
amongst those that distil balsam are the cabureigba, better known by
the name of Balsam of the Holy Spirit, the cupahybu, or capivi, and
the cumaru.
Amongst the medicinal plants is noted sarsaparilla, ipecacuhana,
jalap, butua, purging cassia, quassia, aristoloquia, or hart-wort,
cahinana, Jesuit’s bark of the country, ginger, capeba, commonly
called herb of St. Luzia, from its great virtue on application to
diseases of the eyes. It is said that a surgeon of Rio de Janeiro, in
the year 1784, by only using the juice of this plant, in the course of
three months, restored the eye of a soldier to its former state, which
had been injured by the point of a bayonet. Marvellous cures are
related of this vegetable, which is said to regenerate the sight;
experiments have been made by perforating the eye of a cock with
sharp instruments, and on applying the juice or even the milk of this
herb it is asserted that the eye has been cured in a few hours, and
the sight restored. The curucu, whose juice, when drunk with water,
is an efficacious stiptic for a bleeding at the mouth. There is also
betony, ground-ivy, but very different from that of Europe, with a leaf
resembling the rosemary, and a small white flower in a species of
artichoke; the herva ferro (iron herb); the herbs mercury, eurucucu,
and mallows; orelha d’onça, (ear of the ounce,) generally two feet in
height, the leaf like a heart, flat, and hairy on both sides, of a pearl
colour, and as flexible when dried as when green; the plant called
hervachumbo; and many others.
Sapucaya is a high tree of good timber, with a leaf similar to that
of the peach; the bark, softened, produces a tow for caulking
vessels. Its produces a very large spherical nut, full of long almonds.
For their extraction nature has formed an orifice at the extremity four
inches in diameter, covered with a lid of the same size, which has
over it an outer rind similar to that of the whole nut, and of which it is
necessary to strip it in order to find the entrance. The monkeys, by
instinct, shake off this species of cocoa-nut when ripe, and with a
stone, or hard piece of wood displace the lid and eat the almonds.
St. Caetano is a delicate plant, resembling that of a water-
melon; its fruit is a species of small cucumber and thorny; it opens in
three portions when ripe, exhibiting some small seed similar to those
of the pomegranite. It is the sustenance of birds, who, carrying its
seed, propagate it in all parts. This plant is applied to various
domestic purposes, and augments the properties of soap in its
ordinary use; on this account it was transplanted from the coast of
Guinea, where it is called Nheziken, and being planted near a chapel
of St. Caetano, took the name of that saint.
Tababuya is a tree remarkable for the lightness of its wood, of
which scarcely any thing is made besides corks and floats for
fishing-nets; it resists all instruments except such as are used for
cork¬cutting.
Taruman is a shrub with lancet leaves of unequal size; the tea of
these leaves have a diluent effect upon stones in the bladder.
Theu is a delicate sipo or plant of long and flexible shoots,
scarcely exceeding the thickness of a hen’s quil, but of extraordinary
growth, always winding round other larger plants and trees. I have
seen them so firmly entwined round orange-trees that the prosperity
and fructification of the tree was impeded by them; its leaf is
exceedingly small, resembling that of the broom; the root is nearly
two yards in length, having a strong smell, and operating as an
emetic, and is an approved remedy against the venom of snakes.
 A great diversity of piratical trees or plants are observed in the
Brazil, fixed to the bark or body of others, and nourished alone by
their substance. In some parts there are divers species of climbers
which rise to the top of the highest trees, sometimes
unaccompanied, at other times twisted spirally with another of the
same, or of a different species. Occasionally these prodigiously long
cords have four, six, or more legs, or shoots.
Tinguy is a small tree with the branches and leaves alternate;
the latter are small and lancet. The bark and leaves well pounded,
and put into lakes, &c. cause the fish to die, from becoming soon
intoxicated with it.
The Urucu does not in general exceed the size of a large shrub;
the leaves are in the form of a heart, and the flowers in bunches with
fine petals a little purpled, a pistil, and a great number of
capillaments; the fruit is a capsule, a little flat and pointed, of the size
of a large chestnut, and of a green colour, composed of two valves
or folds, covered with fine soft thorns, and lined with a membrane
that encircles a large quantity of small seed, having over them a
green substance which, when diluted in water, affords a precious
dye. The Indians are not ignorant of this, and use it to paint their
bodies.
Vinhatico is a high and straight tree of yellow wood, and
fructifies in pods with beans.
There are a variety of edible roots:—potatoes of various kinds;
mandioca, of which is made the usual bread of the country; its plant,
of which there are various sorts, is a shrub of one or more stems; the
root, after being scraped and reduced to flour, is pressed until
exhausted of its abundant juice, which is generally poisonous, and is
ultimately toasted in a large earthern or copper vessel over a furnace
till it becomes dry; this vegetable prospers well only in substantial
soils: it is planted in little mounds of earth, by putting into each half
the stock of the plant, which is a span in length. The aypim is a
species of mandioca, whose root is boiled or roasted. The mendubim
is a plant of little growth, with leaves similar to the French bean,
producing beans at the root with a gray skin, which encloses from
one to three small seed. The potatoe do ar, a creeping plant, without
a flower preceding it, produces a fruit of irregular form, without stone
or seed, is covered with a thin and green skin, and has the taste of
the potatoe.
Besides the fruits mentioned there are many others, amongst
which are the pine, or atta, the size of a quince, with a white, soft,
and savoury pulp; the conde, which is of the size of the preceding,
with the pulp equally soft, but not so white; the mammao is larger,
with a smooth and yellow skin, and the pulp of the same colour; the
pitomba; the mocuge; of the banana, whose length exceeds many
times its diameter, there are three sorts, the whole having a thick
skin, and clustered upon one stalk; the plant which produces them is
of considerable growth, without either branches or wood in the trunk;
the leaves are very long, slender, and smooth, with proportionable
width, and the back fibres very thick; the trunk is formed of the
leaves firmly woven together, being two or three yards in height,
round, erect, and inflexible, the leaves branching out from it at the
top. The pine-apple, resembling a pine, with various leaves in the
eye, is of delicious flavour and aromatic scent; the plant from whose
centre it issues is very similar to the aloe. The muracuja is of the size
of an orange, oblong and regular, with a thick and hard skin, green
on the outside and white within; it is full of gross and rather sour
liquid, containing seeds similar to those of the melon.
The sugar-cane, mandioca, tobacco, and the matte-plant, are all
indigenous, and now cultivated to a great extent with considerable
advantage, furnishing many lucrative branches of commerce.
The indigo-plant and opuncia are met with almost in all parts; the
first, which only prospers in strong soils, is yet cultivated but in few
provinces. There are a diversity of peppers; that of Malabar, which
only thrives in substantial and fresh soils, has been cultivated only
within a few years.
The plant commonly called malicia de mulker (woman’s malice) is
a creeping and thorny twig, with very small foliage, whose little
leaves obtain their opposite one’s, when they immediately adhere,
so that the twig is encircled, and remains in this state for a
considerable time.

THE END.
 DIRECTIONS FOR THE BINDER.
1. Don John VI. and his Attendants to front Page
the
Title
2. Map of the Brazil to front 1
3. View of the Western Side of the Bay of Rio 9
4. Custom-House Negroes 10
5. Convent of St. Antonio 52
6. Convent of St. Theresa, Part of the Aqueduct, and a Sege 53
7. Convent of Ajuda 54
8. Pillars and Scenery near the Source of the Aqueduct 56
9. House at the Bottom of the Orange-Valley 57
10. A Miner, from the Province of Minas Geraes 61
11. Bella Fonta, the Shacara of J. E. Wright, Esq. 62
12. Palace of St. Christovao 63
13. A free Negress, and other Market-Women 71
14. Nightman, Water-Carrier, Washerwoman 74
15. The Casa of a Padre, in Campinha 85
16. The Rio Exchange, Trapiche, Grass-Waggon, and Gallows 96
17. A Captain of Militia, in the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 116
18. A Paulista and a Brazilian Mendicant 176
19. A Map of the Comarca of Sabara 277
20. An Officer of Cavalry, in Minas Geraes, and a Hermit 283
21. Botocudo Indians about to cross a River 299
22. A Brazilian Sedan-Chair, and a Person begging for the
Church 336
23. A Brazilian Sesta, or Afternoon Nap 346
24. A Jangada, or Catamaran, near Pernambuco 357
25. A Mattuto returning from Pernambuco 385
26. Style of Houses at Poço de Penella 388
27. Negroes impelling a Canoe with the Vara, and Scenery at
Ponta de Cho 389
28. The House of the Senhor d’ Engenho de Torre, near
Pernambuco 391
29. The Sugar Engenho de Torre, and a Plan of its Interior 392
30. The Site and Remains of Fribourg-House, formerly the
Residence of Prince Maurice, of Nassau 393

MARCHANT,
Printer,
Ingram-Court, Fenchurch-Street.
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] Eight successive days after a festival.
[2] “The said small vessels found a reef with a port within, very
fine and very secure, with a very large entrance, and they put
themselves within it.” Also, “and all the ships entered and
anchored in five and six fathoms, which anchorage within is so
grand, so beautiful, and so secure, that there could lie within it
more than two hundred ships and men of war.”
[3] “We showed them a grey parrot, which the captain had
brought with him; they took it immediately into their hands. We
showed them a sheep, they took no notice of it. We showed them
a fowl; they were afraid of it, and would not put their hands upon
it.”
[4] “I kiss the hands of your Royal Highness from this secure
port of your island of Vera Cruz. To-day, Friday, first day of May,
1500. P. V. de Caminha.”
[5] “L’altro giorno che fu alli dua di Maggio del derto anno 1500
l’armata fece vela pel camino per andare alla volta del capo di
Buona Speraza. Li quali comincioro no a piangere, et gli huomini
di quella terra, gli confortavano, et mostravano havere di loro
pieta.”—Ramuzio.
[6] “We arrived at the Cape of Good Hope at Easter-tide, and
there met with good weather. We continued the voyage, and
arrived at Besengue, near Cape Verd, where we met with three
caravels, which the King of Portugal had sent to discover the new
land, which we had found in going to Calcutta.”—From the
relation of the voyage of Cabral in Ramuzio.
[7] “The relations of A. Vespuccius contain the recital of two
voyages, which he made upon the same coast (the Brazil), in the
name of Emanuel, King of Portugal; but the dates are false, and it
is in that which the imposture consists; for it is proved by all the
cotemporary testimonies, that at the time which he names he was
employed upon other expeditions.”—Hist. Gen. des Voyages,
tom. 14. liv. 6. c. 9. Paris, 1757.
[8] This is a corroboration of Vincente Yanez Pinson’s voyage,
as the character of the Indians near those two same places where
he landed are described to be similar.
[9] “The King, Don Manuel, extremely attached to Vespuccius,
gave him the command of six ships, with which he sailed on the
10th of May, 1503, and passed along the coast of Africa and
Brazil, with the intention of discovering a western passage to the
Molucca Islands, (afterwards discovered.) “After entering the Bay
of All Saints, he navigated as far as the Abrolhos and the river
Curababa. As he had provisions only for twenty months, he took
the resolution of returning to Portugal, where he arrived on the
18th of June, 1504.”—Murery Dicc. Grand. Paris, 1699.
[10] “Ordered immediately to be prepared another armament
of caravels, which he delivered to C. Jacques, a fidalgo of his
house, and with the title of Captain Mor, ordered him to continue
in this undertaking of discovery. The armament sailed, and
pursuing the voyage, arrived upon the coast, sounding bays and
rivers, erecting pillars with the Portuguese arms upon them. He
entered a bay to which he gave the name of All Saints, and after
all necessary diligence he returned to Portugal.”—Cunha.
[11] “In the same year, 1503, Gonsallo Coelho was sent to the
land of St. Cruz, with six ships, with which he left Lisbon on the
10th day of the month of June. In consequence of not having
much knowledge of the land, four were lost, and the other two
brought to the kingdom merchandise of the land, which then were
no others than red wood, which was called Brazil, and parrots.”—
Goes.
[12] An overlooker of negroes.
[13] To kiss his hand.
[14] No one had suffered the penalty of death for a long period
before July 22, 1819, when a wretched criminal was hanged. He
had stabbed five or six men, and it was said his punishment
would have been commuted for transportation to Africa, had he
not imbrued his hands in the blood of a pregnant female, whom
he stabbed mortally.
[15] These parishes in the Brazil are considerable districts of
country, and take their names generally from the chief or mother
church.
[16] Mr. Langsdorff has recently (since his return to Europe)
presented to the National Institute of Paris the head of a
Botocudo Indian, who had been in his service for some years. He
sent this Indian to St. Helena to collect insects, which commission
he executed satisfactorily, and died soon after his return to the
Brazil.
The Botocudos are really the Aymores of the province of Porto
Seguro, and received their present name from the Portuguese, in
consequence of their custom of perforating the ears and lips, and
introducing pieces of wood as ornaments, which they imagine
render them more genteel and comely.
[17] This denomination originated in Portugal, where the judge
was prohibited from having any jurisdiction within his native town.
Hence it is applied to judges in the Brazil, universally, without the
capital.
[18] The Torres are two great and contiguous rocks, upon the
coast, in 29° 40′ south latitude.
[19] Sumacas are from ten to nearly two hundred tons burden.
[20] Bandeira is a name given in the Brazil to an indeterminate
number of persons, who provide themselves with arms,
ammunition, and every thing requisite for their subsistence, with
the project of entering the territories of the Indians, for the
purpose of discovering mines, exploring the country, or chastising
the savages; the individuals who compose those companies, call
themselves bandeirantes, and their chiefs, certanistas.
[21] Pantanos signifies marshy, and is the name given to the
swampy islands at the mouth of the Tocoary, which are
submerged at the floods.
[22] “By the treaty of limits, liberty was given to these Indians
to remain in the country or to pass to the other side of the
Guapore, which latter they did by the persuasions of the Spanish
curates. The mission of St. Roza, which consisted of four hundred
Indians, and removed in 1754, was near a waterfall, where D.
Antonio Rolin ordered a fort to be constructed. That of St. Miguel,
which was in a plain near the river, and had six hundred Indians,
was removed in 1753; and that of St. Simao, which comprised
more than two thousand inhabitants, and was removed in 1752,
existed near a river a little below the situation of the Pedras.”
Extract from the History of the Journeys of the Lieutenant-General
of Matto Grosso. M.S.
[23] Passo is a picture or image representing some of our
Saviour’s sufferings.
 [24] The interior districts of provinces are so called.
[25] A bowl into which diamonds are put when found, from
whence they are taken, weighed, and registered daily.
[26] He acquired the appellation of Caramuru, which signifies
“a man of fire,” on the occasion of his first discharging a musket in
the presence of the astonished Indians.
[27] “Where there was a Portuguese, who said he had lived
twenty-five years amongst the Indians,” proving Correa’s
shipwreck to be in 1510.
[28] The province is designated, as well as the city, by the
Portuguese word for bay, from the great importance justly
attached to its fine bay.
[29] “Sepulchre of Donna Catharine Alvarez, Lady of this
Captaincy of Bahia, which she, and her husband, James Alvarez
Correa, a native of Vianna, gave to the Kings of Portugal, and
erected and gave this chapel to the patriarch St. Bento. The year
1582.”
[30]

The Don of the land is arrived,

The one hundred and fifty are ended.

[31]

The Don of the land is on the main,

The one hundred and fifty remain.

[32] The precarious nature of the tobacco trade is evidenced

by a shipment made of this article from Bahia to London, where
on its arrival it was unsaleable; the agent, therefore, reshipped it
for Gibraltar, drawing for the freight and charges he had paid. On
its arrival in Gibraltar, it was there equally unsaleable; and, after
being deposited some time in a warehouse, it was discovered to
be rotten, and condemned by government to be thrown into the
sea; after which the agent there had to draw also for the freight
and charges that he had paid, in which was included the expense
of throwing the tobacco into the sea. The shippers, no doubt,
considered the termination of this speculation as unpalatable as
the element to which it was finally consigned.
 [33] One thousand reas, or a milrea, is now worth about five
shillings, and varies according to the exchange.
[34] “Oh! what a beautiful situation for founding a town.”
Hence its name of Ollinda.
[35] Some writers have stated that this Duarthe Coelho
Pereyra served as a military man in India; but Duarthe Coelho, of
whose military exploits there Barros and Farria both speak, had
not the surname of Pereyra. He died by the hands of the Moors of
the island of Sumatra, after having suffered shipwreck at the
mouth of the river Calapa, in 1527.
[36] The Dutch armament, commanded by Admiral Hervey
Zonk, consisting of sixty-four vessels, of various sizes, and eight
thousand men, landed, on the 15th of February, 1630, on the
beach of Pau Amarello, three leagues north of Ollinda, by the
direction of Judea Antonio Dias, who had resided many years in
the country and acquired a large fortune, with which he
established himself at Amsterdam. In 1654 the Dutch evacuated
the captaincy.
[37] A capibara, the animal from which this river takes its
name, is now in Exeter Change.
[38] Ollinda, although the head of a comarca, being commonly
considered, with Recife, to constitute the city of Pernambuco,
they will be described together.
[39] A Brazilian term for the Indian.
[40]
Erected
under
the Illustrious Government
of the
President and Council
in the year 1652.
[41] Some of these people are also called certanejos,
inhabitants of the certams, or interior.
[42] I have been informed, since my return to England, that a
clergyman had arrived at Pernambuco.
[43] Great River of the North; as there is Rio Grande do Sul,
(Great River of the South,) and which must occasion some little
confusion, both being called Rio Grande: it would be better to
 designate this St. Roque, the cape being even a more
conspicuous object than the river.
[44] The Spaniards, from whom the French took this portion of
territory, always recognized the river Oayapoek and the Vincent
Pinson as the same river; and near its mouth a marble stone was
erected, by order of Charles V. to serve as a limit between his
conquests and those of the Portuguese.
[45]

Conserva o tardo impulso por tal modo,

Que em poucos passos mette um dia todo.
Cant. vii. p. 57.

[46] Inhabiting the calingas.

[47] Inhabiting the campos, or plains.
[48] Correiçao is a term applied to a judge going out to travel
through the district of his jurisdiction.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected

silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have

been retained as in the original.
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