CC-211L

Object Oriented Programming

Laboratory 04

OOP Primitives and Composition / Aggregation

Version: 1.0.0

Release Date: 02-02-2023

Department of Information Technology

University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
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Contents:
 Learning Objectives
 Required Resources
 General Instructions
 Background and Overview
o Reference to an Object
o Const Keyword
o Composition
o Member Initializer List
 Activities
o Pre-Lab Activity
 Returning reference to private data members
 Task 01
 Task 02
o In-Lab Activity
 Default Memberwise Assignment
 const Objects and Member functions
 Composition
 Task 01
 Task 02
 Task 03
o Post-Lab Activity
 Task 01
 Submissions
 Evaluations Metric
 References and Additional Material
 Lab Time and Activity Simulation Log

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Learning Objectives:
 Returning Reference to private Data Members
 Default Memberwise Assignment
 const Objects
 const Member Functions
 Object Composition and Aggregation

Resources Required:
 Desktop Computer or Laptop
 Microsoft ® Visual Studio 2022

General Instructions:
 In this Lab, you are NOT allowed to discuss your solution with your colleagues, even not
allowed to ask how is s/he doing, this may result in negative marking. You can ONLY discuss
with your Teaching Assistants (TAs) or Lab Instructor.
 Your TAs will be available in the Lab for your help. Alternatively, you can send your queries
via email to one of the followings.

Teachers:
Course Instructor Prof. Dr. Syed Waqar ul Qounain [email protected]
Lab Instructor Azka Saddiqa [email protected]

Saad Rahman [email protected]

Teacher Assistants
Zain Ali Shan [email protected]

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Background and Overview:

Reference to an Object:
A reference to an object in C++ is an alias that allows you to access an object by another name. It is
similar to a pointer, except that you do not need to use the dereference operator (*) to access the object.
A reference is created using the & operator. References are typically used to create a more concise and
efficient way of referring to an object without needing to copy the object itself. Additionally, references
can be used to pass an object into a function without needing to make a copy of the object.
Const Keyword
The const keyword in C++ is used to declare a constant. It is a modifier that indicates that the value of
the variable or object it is applied to cannot be changed. Constants are useful for declaring values that
will not change throughout the program, such as mathematical constants or other unchanging values.
Composition
Composition in C++ is a way to combine objects or classes into a bigger class or object. This type of
relationship is known as a "has-a" relationship, as the composed class "has a" reference to the other
class. Composition is used to model a "part-of" relationship, where one object can contain multiple
smaller objects. This allows for complex behavior with simpler parts. For example, a car class may
contain a steering wheel, an engine, and a transmission as separate objects. All of these objects work
together to make up the car, but can be managed and updated independently. The composition also
allows for greater flexibility and reuse of code, as the objects can be changed and reused in different
contexts.
Member Initializer List:
Member Initializer Lists in C++ are a way to initialize data members of a class. They are used to
initialize member variables to a known state before the body of the constructor is run.

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Activities:
Pre-Lab Activities:
Returning Reference to a private data member:
Returning a reference to a private data member is a way for a class to allow other classes and functions
to access a private variable without making the variable public. This allows the private variable to
remain protected while still providing a way for it to be accessed.
The use of the const keyword is of utmost importance in this regard, as it prevents external code from
modifying private data members by not allowing the reference to be used to change their values. If the
reference return type is declared const, the reference is a nonmodifiable value, meaning it cannot be
used to modify the data. On the other hand, if the reference return type is not declared const, it can lead
to subtle errors.
Example:

Fig. 01 (Returning reference to private data member)

Output:

Fig. 02 (Returning reference to private data member)

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If we use the ‘const’ keyword as a return type, the compiler will prevent any modification of private
data members of a class, thus preserving the concept of encapsulation while still allowing access to
those members. As seen in the code snippet below, the compiler will throw an error on any lines where
we attempt to change the values of private data members.

Fig. 03 (Returning reference to private data member)

Error List:

Fig. 04 (Returning reference to private data member)

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Task 01: Array Updating [Estimated time 30 minutes / 20 marks]

Write a program that will allow the user:

 To create an array of a specified size

 Enter a number and a position within the array, and then update the array accordingly.
 Display updated array on Console.
 The program will utilize a function with a reference return type to update the array with the user's
inputs.
 Do not allocate extra space for another array. You must do this by modifying the input array in-
place.
Sample Output:

Fig. 05 (Pre-Lab Task)

Submit “.cpp” file named “RollNo” on Google Classroom.

Task 02: Forbid Change [10 minutes / 10 marks]

Update the following code so that the user won’t be able to change the dog’s breed once entered.

Fig. 06 (Pre-Lab Task)

Submit “.cpp” file named “RollNo” on Google Classroom.

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In-Lab Activities:
Default Memberwise Assignment:
The assignment operator (=) can be used to assign an object to another object of the same type. By
default, such assignment is performed by Memberwise assignment each data member of the object
on the right of the assignment operator is assigned individually to the same data member in the object
on the left of the assignment operator.
Example:

Fig. 07 (Memberwise Assignment)

Output:

Fig. 08 (Memberwise Assignment)

const Objects and const Member functions:
Some objects need to be modifiable, and some do not. You may use const to specify that an object is
not modifiable and that any attempt to modify the object should result in a compilation error.
const Time noon {12,0,0};

The statement above declares a const object noon of class Time and initializes it to 12 noon. It’s
possible to instantiate const and non-const objects of the same class.
Constant member functions are those functions that are denied permission to change the values of the
data members of their class. To make a member function constant, the keyword “const” is appended
to the function prototype and to the function definition header.
Example:

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Fig. 09 (const Objects & Member functions)

Error List:

Fig. 10 (const Objects & Member functions)

Composition:
In real-life complex objects are often built from smaller and simpler objects. For example, a car is
built using a metal frame, an engine some tires, a transmission system, a steering wheel, and many
other parts. This process of building complex objects from simpler ones is called C++ composition. It
is also known as object composition.
A class can have one or more objects of other classes as members. A class is written in such a way
that the object of another existing class becomes a member of the new class. this relationship between
classes is known as C++ Composition. It is also known as containment, part-whole, or has-a
relationship. In C++ Composition, an object is a part of another object. The object that is a part of
another object is known as a sub-object. When a C++ Composition is destroyed, then all its sub-
objects are destroyed as well. Such as when a car is destroyed, then its motor, frame, and other parts
are also destroyed with it. It is a do or die relationship.
Example:

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Fig. 11 (Composition)
Output:

Fig. 12 (Composition)
Explanation:
In this program, class X has one data member ‘num’ and two member functions ‘set_value()’ and
‘show_sum()’. The set_value() function is used to assign value to ‘num’.
The show_sum() function uses an integer type parameter. It adds the value of parameter with the
value of ‘num’ and displays the result on the Console.
Another class Y is defined after the class X. the class Y has an object of class X that is the C++
Composition relationship between classes X and Y. This class has its own member function
print_result().
In the main() function, an object ‘b’ of class Y is created. The member function set_value() of object
‘a’ that is the sub-object of object ‘b’ is called by using two dot operators. One dot operator is used to
access the member of the object ‘b’ that is object ‘a’, and second is used to access the member
function set_value() of sub-object ‘a’ and ‘num’ is assigned a value 20.
In the same way, the show_sum() member function is called by using two dot operators. The value 50
is also passed as a parameter. The member function print_result of object ‘b’ of class Y is also called
for execution. In the body of this function, the show_sum() function of object ‘a’ of class X is called
for execution by passing value 10.

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Task 01: Composition with two classes [Estimated 30 minutes / 20 marks]

Design a Line class to be implemented using composition with the Point class. The program should
allow users to create Lines using two Points, and output the coordinates of each Point. Create
constructors and getter/setter methods for each class, and write the logic in main () to generate the
Lines and display the coordinates of the two Points.

Fig. 13 (In-Lab Task)

Task 02: Rational Numbers [Estimated 40 minutes / 30 marks]

Create a class Rational for performing arithmetic with fractions. Write a program to test your class.
Use an integer variable to represent the Private data of the class
 The numerator
 The denominator
Provide a constructor that enables an object of this class to be initialized when it is declared. Create
getter/setters for each data member. The getters must be constant. Provide public member functions
that perform each of the following tasks:
 Add two rational numbers
 Subtract two Rational Numbers
 Multiply two Rational Number
 Print Rational Number in reduced form i.e., 2/4 should be displayed as 1/2.

Task 03: Course Composition [Estimated 20 minutes / 10 marks]

Provide the implementation of code given below. Declare an array of 5 objects of type section and set
their values:

 Course number: 100 for all sections

 Credit hours: 3 for all sections
 Section number: give each section a unique number from 1-5

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Fig. 14 (In-Lab Task)

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Post-Lab Activities:
Task 01: Composition with three classes [Estimated 40 minutes / 20 marks]
Write a program that uses composition to define classes, Time, Date and Event, which are used to store
and print the details related to an event. The program should allow the user to enter the details of the
event, such as the hour, day, month, year and name of the event. There should be a function named
printEventData() in the event class. In main(), when this function is called with an argument like the
name of the event or date of the event, all the details entered by the user for that event should be printed
on screen. For example, if the user enters the date 25/12/2020, and there are two objects with this date,
the output should be:
Christmas occurs on 25/12/2020 at 06:00
Quaid’s Birthday occurs on 25/12/2020 at 01:15
And make sure to display when constructors and destructors are called for each class.
Note: Objects are constructed from the inside out (contained classes will be constructed first) and
destructed in the reverse order, from the outside in (container class will be destructed first).
Submit “.cpp” file named your “RollNo” on Google Classroom.

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Submissions:
 For In-Lab Activity:
 Save the files on your PC.
 TA’s will evaluate the tasks offline.
 For Pre-Lab & Post-Lab Activity:
 Submit the .cpp file on Google Classroom and name it to your roll no.

Evaluations Metric:
 All the lab tasks will be evaluated offline by TA’s
 Division of Pre-Lab marks: [30 marks]
 Task 01: Array Updating [20 marks]
 Task 02: Forbid Change [10 marks]
 Division of In-Lab marks: [60 marks]
 Task 01: Composition with two classes [20 marks]
 Task 02: Rational Numbers [30 marks]
 Task 03: Course Composition [10 marks]
 Division of Post-Lab marks: [20 marks]
 Task 01: Composition with three classes [20 marks]

References and Additional Material:

 Return By Reference
https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp-return-reference/

 Const object and data members

https://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/thinking_in_c++/Chapter08_0
24.html

 Composition
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/object-composition-delegation-in-c-with-examples/

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Lab Time Activity Simulation Log:

 Slot – 01 – 00:00 – 00:15: Class Settlement
 Slot – 02 – 00:15 – 00:40: In-Lab Task
 Slot – 03 – 00:40 – 01:20: In-Lab Task
 Slot – 04 – 01:20 – 02:20: In-Lab Task
 Slot – 05 – 02:20 – 02:45: Evaluation of Lab Tasks
 Slot – 06 – 02:45 – 03:00: Discussion on Post-Lab Task

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