Whole numbers
Whole numbers are the collection of counting numbers
including zero
0, 1, 2, 3... And so on. Set of whole numbers is
denoted by w
Facts
Every natural number has a predecessor and a
successor except 1. it has only successor 2
The smallest whole number is 0 and the
smallest natural number is 1
Every whole number has a predecessor and a
successor except 0. it has only successor 1.
Numbers are endless.
Guess the number
A natural number that has no
predecessor.
The number added to find the
successor.
A natural number that has
successor but no predecessor.
The smallest natural number.
Number line
The distance between any two numbers is always
1.
Steps to draw a number line
Draw a straight line.
Mark a point 0 at the extreme left.
Mark a few more points on the right side of point 0
at equal distance.
Label these markings as 1, 2, 3 and so on.
Mark an arrow at the end of the line which means
that the line can be extended endless in that
direction.
Calculate the distance between two given
points using a number line
1. Find out the distance between 1 to 2
2. Find out the distance between 3 and 6
3. Find out the distance between 4 and 5
4. Find out the distance between 1 and 3
Answers
1
3
1
2
PROPERTIES OF WHOLE
NUMBERS
Properties of Whole Numbers
Four basic operarions- Addition, Subration,
Multiplication and Division can be performed on
whole numbers.
These properties help us to understand the numbers
better and make calculations very simple.
The five main properties are.
a. Closure
b. Commutative
c. Associative
d. Identity
e. Distributive
Closure Property under addition:
Addition Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a + b is also a whole
number.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 3 and 4
Add 3 and 4
3+4=7
The result 7 is also a whole number.
The sum of two whole numbers is a whole numbers.
Thus, whole numbers are closed under addition.
Closure Property under subtraction:
Subtraction Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a - b is also a whole number only if a
> b or a = b
Take the whole numbers 3, 4, 5, 0 . Subtract one from the other.
4–3= 1
3 – 4 = -1 ( Not a whole number )
5–0=5
0 – 5 = -5 ( Not a whole number )
The difference of any two whole numbers is not necessarily a whole number.
Thus whole numbers are not closed under subtraction.
Closure Property under multiplication:
Multiplication Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then
a × b = c is also a whole number.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 3 and 4
Multiply 3 and 4
3 × 4 = 12
The result 12 is also a whole number.
The product of any two whole numbers is
also a whole numbers.
Thus, whole numbers are closed under
multiplication.
Closure Property under division:
Division Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a ÷ b = c may or may not be a whole number
Take the whole numbers 4,2, 6,0,5. Divide one from the other.
4÷2= 2
6 ÷ 4 = ( Not a whole number )
0÷5=0
The division any two whole numbers is not necessarily a whole number.
Thus whole numbers are not closed under division.
Facts:
Whole numbers are closed under addition and multiplication.
Commutative property under addition:
Addition Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a + b = b + a.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 3 and 4
3+4=7
4+3=7
The order in which the whole numbers are added does not alter
the answer.
The property of addition of whole numbers is called the
commutative property of addition.
Thus, whole numbers are commutative under addition.
Commutative property under
subtraction:
Subtraction Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a - b ≠ b - a.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 3 and 4
3 - 4 = -1
4-3=1
Whole numbers cannot be subtracted in any order.
Thus, whole numbers are not commutative under
subtraction.
Commutative property under
multiplication:
Multiplication Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a x b = b x a.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 3 and 4
3 x 4 = 12
4 x 3 = 12
Even if the order of the numbers is changed, the product
remains unaffected.
Hence, whole numbers are commutative under
multiplication.
Observe How many chocolates are
arranged in different ways in a box
Commutative property under division:
Division Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then a ÷ b ≠ b ÷ a.
Eg: Take any two whole numbers 6 and 3
6÷3=2
3 ÷ 6 = 1/2
When two whole numbers are divided, the quotient may not necessarily
be a whole number.
Thus, whole numbers are not commutative under division.
Facts:
Whole numbers are commutative under addition and multiplication.
Associative property from addition:
Addition Property:
If a ,b and c are whole
numbers, then (a + b) + c =
a +( b + c).
This property of addition of
whole numbers is called the
associative property of
addition.
Associative property under subtraction:
Subtraction Property:
If a ,b and c are whole numbers, then (a - b) - c ≠ a -( b - c).
Thus, subtraction is not associative for whole numbers.
Associative property under
multiplication:
Multiplication Property:
If a ,b and c are whole numbers,
then (a x b) x c = a x ( b x c).
This property is called the
associative property of
multiplication.
Hence, whole numbers are
associative under multiplication.
Associative property under division:
Division Property:
If a and b are two whole numbers, then (a ÷ b) ÷ c ≠ a ÷ (b ÷
c).
Thus whole numbers are not associative under division.
Identity
Additive identity:
If a is a whole numbers, then a + 0 = 0 + a = a
Eg: 3 + 0 =3
We call 0 is the identity with respect to addition.
Multiplicative identity:
If a is a whole number, then a x 1 = 1 x a = a
Eg: 4 x 1 = 4
We call 1 is the multiplicative identity for whole numbers.
Observe
Add using associative property.
347 +128 + 153
37 +28 + 63
Group the numbers such that the grouped
numbers has zero at ones place. As 347 + 153 = 500, we can
As 37 + 63 = 100, we can group group
=( 37+63) +28 =( 347 +153) +128
=100+28 =500+128
=128 =628
Solve the following
Add by suitable arrangement:
1. 545, 287, 255
2. 1764, 466, 236, 434
Answers
Using Suitable arrangement, find the
product of the following.
4 , 6, 25, 3
4 x 6 x 25 x 3
=100 x 18 We group 4 and 5 together since their product
contains two zeros. It is easy to multiply 100 and
= 1800 18.
Solve
Find the product:
1. 4 , 888, 25
2. 250, 2900, 4
3. 125, 40, 4, 25
Answers
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
WHOLE NUMBERS
Distributive property of Multiplication over
Addition:
If a, b and c are three whole numbers, then a x ( b + c) = a x b + a x
c
E.g.: 3 x ( 2 + 4 ) = 3 x 2 + 3 x 4
L.H.S:
3 x (2 + 4) = 3 x (6)
= 18
R.H.S:
3 X 2 + 3 X 4 = 6 + 12
= 18
This property is known as distributive property of multiplication over
addition.
EXAMPLE
Rohan purchased a box of chocolates. He arranged them in rows
and columns.
He created 6 He created 6
rows with 5 rows with 4
chocolate in chocolate in
each row. each row.
Total number of chocolates:
Answer:
Total number of chocolate can be found as follows.
6 rows x 5 squares + 6 rows x 4 squares
Method 1: Method 2:
6x5+ 6x4 6x5+ 6x4
= 6 x ( 5 + 4) = 30 + 24
=6x9 = 54 Chocolates
= 54 Chocolates
Word problem:
A loading tempo can carry 782 boxes of biscuits weighing 10kg each,
whereas a van can carry 672 boxes each of 10 kg. Find the total weight
that can be carried by both the vehicles.
Solution:
Total weight that can be carried by both the vehicles
= Weight carried by van + Weight carried by tempo
= ( 672 x 10 ) kg + ( 782 x 10 ) kg
= ( 672 + 782 ) x 10 kg ( Distributive property of multiplication over
addition)
= 1454 x 10 kg
= 14540 kg.
Distributive property of Multiplication over
Subtraction:
If a, b and c are three whole numbers, then a x ( b - c) = a x b - a x c
E.g.: 5 x ( 7 - 3 ) = 5 x 7 - 5 x 3
L.H.S:
5 x (7 - 3) = 5 x (4)
= 20
R.H.S:
5 X 7 - 5 X 3 = 35 - 15
= 20
This property is known as distributive property of multiplication over subtraction.
Solve using Distributive property:
a) 25 x 99
= 25 x (100 – 1) b) 22 x 765 + 78 x
= 25 x 100 – 25 x 1 765
= 2500 – 25 = 765 ( 22 + 78 )
=2475 = 765 ( 100 )
= 76500
Solve:
1) 85 x 105
2) 1064 x 158 – 1064 x 58
Answers:
1) 85 x 105
= 85 x (100 + 5) 2) 1064 x 158 - 1064
= 85 x 100 + 85 x 5 x 58
= 8500 + 425 = 1064 ( 158 - 58 )
= 8925 = 1064 ( 100 )
= 106400
PATTERNS IN
WHOLE NUMBERS
Patterns:
Mathematics is all about numbers.
It involves the study of different patterns.
There are different types of patterns, such
as number patterns , image patterns, logic
patterns, word patterns etc.
Even numbers pattern : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, …
Odd numbers pattern : 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
17, 19, …
Types of Patterns:
▪ Repeating – If the number pattern changes in the
same value each time, then the pattern is called a
repeating pattern. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……
▪ Growing – If the numbers are present in the
increasing form, then the pattern is known as a
growing pattern.
Example 34, 40, 46, 52, …..
▪Shrinking – In the shirking pattern, the numbers
are in decreasing form.
Example: 42, 40, 38, 36 …..
Square Numbers:
When a number is multiplied by itself, the product is
called a ‘Square Number’.
Pattern:
• 2x2=4
3x3=9
4 x 4 = 16
5 x 5 = 25
6 x 6 = 36
Pattern in triangular numbers:
1+ 2 =3
1+ 2+3 =6
1+ 2+3+4 =10
1+ 2+3+4+5 =15
Pattern in Rectangular numbers:
4+2=6
6+2 =8
8 + 2 = 10
10 + 2 = 12
Even numbers
from 6 can be
represented in
a rectangular
pattern
Facts:
The number 1 is not a rectangular as it is just a dot.
Every whole number can be arranged as a line.
The number 2 is not rectangular as 2 points makes a
line segment.
The number 4 is not rectangular because it is square
number.
Odd numbers like 3,5,7,9,11…. Are not rectangular
numbers because they cannot be arranged in
rectangular form.
Observe the pattern:
Example:
1. 1x8+1=9
12 x 8 + 2 = 98
123 x 8 + 3 = 987
1234 x 8 + 4= 9876
2. 9 x 3= 27
90 x 3 = 270
900 x 3 = 2700
Observe the above pattern and Write the next two
steps.
Answers
1. 12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654
2. 9000 x 3 = 27000
90000 x 3 = 270000
Shortcuts:
Examples:
a) 227 + 9 =227+10-1 a) 25 x 99=25x(100-1)
=25x100 - 25x1
= 237-1
= 2500 – 25
= 236 =2475
b) 654 – 9=654–10+1 b) 25x999=25x(1000-1)
= 644 +1 =25x1000-25x1
= 645 =25000-25
=24975
Solve:
a) 152 + 99
b) 356 – 99
c) 25 x 9
d) 65 x 99
Answers:
a) 152+99=152+100-1 c) 25 x 9=25x(10-1)
= 252 + 1 =25x10 - 25x1
= 250 – 25
= 253
=225
b) 356–99 =356–100+1 d) 65x99=65x(100-1)
= 256+1 =65x100-65x1
= 257 =6500-65
=6435
Answers:
1. a) 1111111x1111111= 1234567654321
b) 11111111x11111111
2. 36
3. Q = 8, 14, 20, 26, 32, 38
4. 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28
5.
