CALCULUS MARATHON

DANIEL SITARU
MARIAN URSĂRESCU

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 In July 2016 was founded “Romanian Mathematical Magazine” (RMM)
(www.ssmrmh.ro) as an Interactive Mathematical Journal. Same date was
founded “Romanian Mathematical Magazine”-Online Mathematical Journal
(ISSN-2501-0099) and “Romanian Mathematical Magazine”-Paper Variant (ISSN-
1584-4897). In three years the website of RMM was visited by over 5,000,000
people from all over the world. With over 6000 proposed problems posted, over
10,000 solutions and many math articles and math notes RMM is a big chance
for young mathematicians from whole world to be known as great proposers
and solvers. This book is a small part of RMM-Interactive Journal. Many thanks
to RMM-Team for proposed problems and solutions (few of these appear even
in this book).The authors are grateful to: Henry Ricardo, Nassim Nicholas
Taleb(USA), Nguyen Van Nho, Ngo Minh Ngoc Bao,Hung Nguyen Viet, Khanh
Hung Vu,Tran Hong,Hoang Le Nhat Tung, Duong Viet Thong, Nguyen Thanh
Nho,Quang Minh Tran (Vietnam),Seyran Ibrahimov, Adil Abdullayev, Rovsen
Pirguliyev,Togrul Ehmedov (Azerbaijan),D.M.Bătinețu-Giurgiu,Neculai Stanciu,
Marin Chirciu, Koczinger Eva, Kovacs Bela,Vasile Mircea Popa, Radu Butelca,
Geanina Tudose,Serban George Florin, Mihaly Bencze, Remus Florin Stanca,
Andrew Okukura,Zaharia Burghelea (Romania),Amit Dutta, Soumitra Mandal,
Ravi Prakash, Subhajit Chattopadhyay, Rajeev Rastogi, Soumava Chakraborty,
Sagar Kumar, Srinivasa Raghava, Nirapada Pal, Shivam Sharma, Nishant Kumar,
Saptak Bhattacharya, Nitin Gurbani, Vidyamanohar Sharma Astakala, Kartick
Chandra Betal (India), Jhoaw Carlos (Bolivia),Regragui El Khammal, Abdelhak
Maoukouf, Anas Adlany (Morocco),Kevin Soto Palacios (Peru), Santos Martins
Junior (Belgium), Carlos Suarez (Ecuador),Boris Colakovic, Artan Ajredini
(Serbie),Chris Kyriazis, Michael Sterghiou, Dimitris Kastriotis, George
Apostolopoulos,Lazaros Zachariadis (Greece),Abdallah El Farissi (Algerie),Omran
Kouba, Abdallah Almalih (Syria),Naren Bhandari(Nepal), Shafiqur Rahman,
Arafat Rahman Akib (Bangladesh), Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren(Mongolia),
Ahmed Albaw, Khalef Ruhemi, Nader Al Homsi (Jordan),Francis Fregeau
(Canada),Yubian Bedoya Henao (Columbia),Yen Tung Chung (Taiwan), Abdul
Mukhtar, Ekpo Samuel,Eliezer Okeke, Ibrahim Abdulazeez ,Tobi Joshua
(Nigeria),Igor Soposki (Macedonia),Kays Tomy (Tunisia), Vural Ozap (Turkey),
Max Wong (Hong Kong), Ruanghaw Chaoka, Sanong Huayrerai (Thailand),
Nawar Alasadi (Iraq),Sameer Shihab (Saudi Arabia)

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 CONTENT
CHAPTER 1-EQUATIONS.SYSTEMS-PROBLEMS………………………6
CHAPTER 2-MATRIX.DETERMINANTS-PROBLEMS………………..17
CHAPTER 3-LIMITS.SERIES-PROBLEMS…………………………………23
CHAPTER 4-INTEGRALS-PROBLEMS……………………………………..47
CHAPTER 5-ADVANCED CALCULUS-PROBLEMS……………………77
CHAPTER 6-EQUATIONS.SYSTEMS-SOLUTIONS……………………99
CHAPTER 7-MATRIX.DETERMINANTS-SOLUTIONS……………..139
CHAPTER 8-LIMITS.SERIES-SOLUTIONS………………………………164
CHAPTER 9-INTEGRALS-SOLUTIONS…………………………………..246
CHAPTER 10-ADVANCED CALCULUS-SOLUTIONS……………….338
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….…399

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 CHAPTER 1
EQUATIONS.SYSTEMS-PROBLEMS
1.1 Solve for natural numbers:

1 2 3 10
+ + +⋯+ = 3025
+1 +2 +9
1.2 Find , ∈ ℤ such that:

+6 +5 =6 +2

1.3 Find ( ) ⊂ ℕ such that:

+1 2
= ( + 1) , ∈ℕ
+1

1.4 Solve for natural numbers:

1
1− ≤
√ ! +1+√ +1 12√5

1.5 Find ∈ ℕ such that:

+ +1
=
3 +2 +3 +1

1.6 Solve for natural numbers:

2 ≤ 168
2

1.7 Solve for natural numbers:

1 ⋅ 2! + 2 ⋅ 3! + ⋯ + ( + 1)! − 2
= 108
( + 1)!

6
1.8 Find ∈ ℕ, > 1 such that:

2! (2 − 1) + 3! (3 − 1) + ⋯ + ! ( − 1) − 2
= 40320
−2
1.9 Solve for real numbers:

2 +2 + =9
|3 −4 |= − 6 + 14

1.10 Find ∈ ℕ, ≥ 3 such that:

−1
= 21(2 − 1)
2

1.11 Solve for real numbers:

√ −2 +2 +3⋅ √ − + 1 + 2 ⋅ √4 − 3 = +7

1.12 Solve for real numbers: [ ]⋅ [ ]= −

1.13 Find , , ∈ ℝ∗ such that:

1
+ + + =1
1+ (1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) 8

1.14 Find , , , ∈ ℝ such that:

5 +5 +5 +5 −5 −5 −5 −5 +2 = 0

1.15 Solve for real numbers:

⎧ √3
[ ]+ ( − [ ]) =
2 , [∗] −
⎨ 3
( − [ ]) + [ ]=
⎩ 2

7
1.16 Solve for > 0 the equation:

1 1 1 1
+ + + = +
( ) ( )

1.17 Solve for real numbers:

3 √ − 2√ = √

1.18 Solve for real positive numbers:

⎧ 1 1 1
⎪27 + + + = 8( + + )

⎨ 1
⎪ + + =
⎩

1.19 Solve the equation in ℝ:

√ + 4 − 9 + (2 − 10)√ +1 = | + 1|.

1.20 Solve for real numbers:

[ ] [ ]
| − 1|[ ] + | − 2|[ ] + | − 3|[ ] = + , [∗] - great integer
function

1.21 Solve for real numbers:

27 + 2 = 3
27 + 2 = 3
27 + 2 = 3
1.22 Solve for real numbers:
( + + ) =( + − ) +( + − ) +( + − 3)

1.23 Solve for real numbers:

1 1 1 3
+ + =
1+8 1 + 27 1 + 64 1 + 24

8
1.24 If ∈ℂ, ≥ 2 then:

| | +| | ≥2 ∙| |

1.25 For , ∈ ℂ, satisfy: | + | = | | + | |.

Prove:| − |= {| |; | |} − {| |; | |}

1.26 If , , ∈ ℂ∗ , | | = | | = | | = 1, ( + )( + )( + ) ≠ 0,

( ), ( ), ( ), ∑ = 3 then = =
( )( )

1.27 If ( ), ( ), ( ), , , ∈ ℂ∗ , | | = | | = | | = 1,

∑ = 1 then: = =
| |

1.28 Solve for real numbers:

[ ]⋅( −[ ]) = ( −[ ]) ⋅ [ ], [∗] − great integer

function

1.29 Solve for ∈ (0,2 ): (1 + ) + (1 + 2 ) + ⋯ + (1 + 10 ) = 0

1.30 Find , , ∈ (0, ), + + = such that:

| |+ | |=1+ 2
| |+ | |=1+ 2
| |+ | |=1+ 2

1.31 Solve for real numbers:

+ =
√
+ =8

9
1.32 Solve for real numbers:
⎧ + =1
⎪ 25 16
⎨
⎪ + = +
⎩ 5 4

1.33 Find , , ∈ ℝ such that:

+ + =3
4( ( , , )− ( , , )) ≥ 3 | − |

1.34 Find , , ∈ (0, ∞) such that:

+ + =
1
+ + =
3

1.35 Solve for real numbers:

2 3
⎧ 3 2
⎪ =0
⎪ 2 3
3 2
⎨
⎪ +
⎪ + − =
⎩ 2

1.36 Solve for real numbers:

=6
+ + = 11
+ + =

10
1.37 Solve for real numbers

1+2 = 2√ + 1
: √ √ ( )
+ + =
1.38 Find ∈ ℂ such that:

| − 7 − | = 3√2
| − 1 − 7 | ≤ 3√2

1.39. Solve for real numbers:

2 + 3 = 5
3 + 5 = 2
5 + 2 = 3

1.40 Solve for real numbers:

[ ]+ ∙ ∙ ∙ …∙ =
1 2 3 2017 , [∗] −
[ ]+ ∙ ∙ ∙ …∙ =
1 2 3 2017

1.41 Find , , ≥ 2, ≥ 1 such that:

√ −2+ − 2 + √ − 2 = 3√
+ + = 6+3

1.42 Find all functions : (0, ∞) → ℝ such that:

+ √ + =

1.43 If : [2, ∞) → ℝ, ( ) + = ,∀ ≥ 2 then ∀ , , ≥ 2:

1 1 1
2 ( )+ +2 ( )+ +2 ( )+ ≥3
( − 1)( − 1)( − 1)

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1.44 Find all functions : ℝ → ℝ such that:

+ ≤2 ( )+2 ( )≤2 ( + ), ∀ , ∈ℝ

1.45 Find : ℝ → ℝ such that:

( − ) ( )− ( ) =( + ) ( − )

1.46 Find all continuous functions:

: ℝ → ℝ, ( )− ( )=( + + ) ( − ), ∀ , ∈ℝ

1.47 Find all continuous functions : ℝ → (0, ∞) such that:

( ) (2 ) (4 ) = 2 , ∀ ∈ℝ

1.48 Solve for real numbers:

0< , , <1
⎧ 4
+ + =
⎨1 − 1− 1− (1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
⎩ + + =1

1.49 Solve for real numbers:

1 1 1
+ + = 156 + ( + 1)
( + 1) ( + 1) +1

( ) ( )( )
1.50 , : (0, ∞) → ℝ , ( ) = +

( )
( )= ( + 1)( + 2) − .

Solve the equation: ( ) = ( ).

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1.51 Solve for real numbers:

3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 24
⎧
+ =
⎨ 1
+ =
⎩ + +

1.52 Solve the system of equations:

√ + +√ +1 =4
+ + +3 = 2⋅ √ + +√

1.53 Solve for integers:

( + )= + −6
( + )= + −6
( + )= + −6

1.54 Find , , ∈ (0, ∞) such that:

⎧ − =
⎪
⎨ − =
⎪
⎩2 +3 +5 = 10

1.55 Solve over the set of real numbers the following system of equations
written on base – 42 numeral system:

+ + +⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (97 − 1)

+ + + ⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (97 − 1)

+ + + ⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (97 − 1)

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ….

+ + + ⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (97 − 1)

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1.56. Solve for real numbers:

+ +2 + ( + 2 + 1) = , + +2 + ( + 2 + 1) =

1.57 Prove that:

2
−4 =2
14 7
1.58 Solve for complex numbers:

1 √3 1 √3
+ + + + − + | − 1| − 3| | =
2 2 2 2

1.59 Solve for ℝ:

(2 + 1) + (3 + 2) + (4 + 3) = √27 −

1.60 Find , , ≥ 0 such that:

2 +4 2 +4 2 +4
+ + =3
+2 +3 +2 +3 +2 +3

1.61 Solve for real numbers:

1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯+ =
+1 ( + 2) ( + 1)( + 3) ( + 1) ⋅ … ⋅ ( + 99)( + 101)

1 1
= −
3 ( +1)( + 2 ⋅ … ⋅ ( + 100)( + 101)
)

1.62 Solve for real numbers:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⋅ =0

14
1.63 Solve for real numbers:

+1 +1 +1 … +1
=
+1 +1 +1 +1 … +1 −1

1.64. Solve for real numbers:

+4 2 +2 2 (3 − 4) + 4 2 −3 + 19 = 0

1.65 Find all continuous functions: , , ℎ: ℝ → ℝ such that:

+ ( ) + ℎ( )
= ,∀ , ∈ℝ
2 2
1.66 Solve for real numbers:

2 1− +2 1− = √3
2 1− +2 1− = √3
2 1− +2 1− = √3

1.67 Solve for real numbers:

0< , , <1
⎧ 4
+ + =
⎨1 − 1− 1− (1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
⎩ + + =1

1.68 Solve for real numbers:

+ +2 + ( + 2 + 1) =

+ +2 + ( + 2 + 1) =

1.69 Find all continuous functions : ℝ → ℝ such that:

( )+ ( )+ + = ( + ), ∀ , ∈ℝ

15
1.70 Solve for real positive numbers:

+ + +2
+ + + =3
1+ 1+ 1+ (1 + )(1 + )
=

1.71 Find all real numbers satisfying the following equation:

( + { }) − ( + { }) = 6⌊ ⌋{ } − 1

where ⌊ ⌋ and { } denote the integer part and fractional part of , respectively.

1.72 Solve the following equation in set of real numbers:

8 + 27 + 2 ⋅3 +2 ⋅3 = 125

16
 CHAPTER 2

MATRIX.DETERMINANTS-PROBLEMS
2.1 ∈ (ℝ), ( +3 )= ( + 2 + 2 ) = 0.

Find: = .

2.2 If ∈ (ℝ) then:

( )=0⇔ ∗
+ = and = 1.

2.3 ∈ (ℝ), = = 1.

Solve for real numbers:

( + ) + 10 ( + )+ =4 ( + ) + 16 ( + )

2.4 If ∈ (ℝ) then:

( + 2 + 2 ) ≥ (2 + )

2.5 , ∈ (ℝ), ≠ 0, ≠ 0, ( )= ( )=1

Find: = ( + )

2.6 If , ∈ (ℝ), +7 = , +9 = then:

( )>0

2.7 If , ∈ (ℝ), −2 = , −3 = then:

( )>0

2.8 Find , ∈ (ℝ) such that:

< 0, ( − ) > 0, ( + ) < 0, (2 + ) > 0

2.9 If ∈ (ℂ), ≠ 0, = 0 then:

( ) = 3( )( )

17
2.10 GENERALIZATION FOR A DAN RADU SECLAMAN’S INEQUALITY

If , ∈ (ℝ), ≥ 2, ≥ 1, , ∈ ℕ, + = , =
then: ( + + )≥0

2.11 If , ∈ (ℂ), ( + ) = 1 then:

( ⋅ + ⋅ )= ( )

2.12 If ∈ (ℝ), ∈ (ℝ), ∈ (ℝ),

− = , − = , − = then: | + + | < 28

2.13 If , , , ∈ (ℂ), ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2, ( ) ≠ 0 then:

1 1
( ⋅ ( )+ ⋅ ( )) = +
⋅ ⋅

2.14 If , , > 0, different in pairs, + + = 1 then:

+ 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0
1 + 0 1 + 0 1 + 0
+ + >3
0 1 + 0 1 + 0 1 +
0 0 1 + 0 0 1 + 0 0 1 +

2.15 ∈ (ℝ), ≠ 0, ∈ (−1,1), + = ( + )

Find: | |

2.16 Solve for real numbers:

1 3+ 2+3 2
1 2+ + 2 + 2
=0
1 1+ + + +
1 3+ 2+3 2
(ℤ), ∗ ∗ )∗ ∗ ∗ )∗
2.17 If , , ∈ ≥ 3, ( = ,( = then:

+ + < √10

2.18 If , , ∈ (ℝ), ≥ 2, ∈ ℕ, = , = , = then:

(9 +5 +5 + 12 +6 + 12 )≥0

18
2.19 , ∈ (ℝ), (( ) )= ( ), ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2. Find:

= [( − ) ]

2.20 If ∈ (ℤ) then:

( + ∗) (− + ∗) ( − ∗) ( + ∗)
= + + + + + + −

is divisible with 12.

2.21 ∈ (ℝ), = = 1. Solve for real numbers:

( + ) + 10 ( + )+ =4 ( + ) + 16 ( + )

2.22 If , ∈ (ℂ), ≠ 0, ≠ 0 then:

1
( + )+ + = ( + ) ( )+
( )

2.23 In the following relationship holds:

+
2 +
+ ≥ 8√3 + 3 √4

2.24 If , , ∈ (0, ∞) then:

1+ 1 1 48
1 1+ 1 ≥
1+ + +
1 1 1+
2.25 If , , , , , ∈ (0, ∞) then:

√ √
√ + √ + >0
√ √ + + +

2.26 If ( ) = , , , ∈ (0, ∞) then:

19
 ( + + ) 1 1 1
≤ +
( + + ) 6√ 2 √
0 ⋯ 0 0
0 ⋯ 0 0
⎛ ⎞
0 0 ⋯ 0 0
2.27 =⎜
⎜⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯⎟
⎟∈ (ℝ∗ ), ∈ ℕ∗ , 2 +1 = 2 +1
0 0 0 ⋯
⎝ 0 0 ⋯ 0 ⎠

Prove that: ≥

2.28 If , , , , , > 0 then:

1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
64 0 0 0 ≤( + ) ( + ) ( + ) − − − −
0 0 0
0 0 0

2.29 In the following relationship holds:

0
0
≥ 432
0
0

2.30 If , , ∈ (0, ∞), ≠ ≠ ≠

1
= 1 , = + + +
1
then:

−
≥ 12 ( )
( − )( − )( − )

2.31 If , ∈ (ℝ), = then:

( + +2 )( +2 +3 )( +3 +4 ) ≥0

20
2.32 If , , ≥ 0, + + = 3 then:

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + ≤( − ) ( − ) ( − )
+ + + + + +
2.33 If , , ∈ (ℝ), = = = = = = then:

( +2 +3 +4 +4 +9 + 16 )≥0

2.34 If , , ≥ 0 then:

0 1
0 + + 1 1
+ 0 + 1 ≤ ( + )
8
+ + 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
2.35 If , , ∈ [0,1] then:

1 1 1
1
≤
2
1+ 1+ 1+

2.36 ( , , ), ( , , ), ( , ℎ, ) belongs to : + + = .

Prove that: ≤
ℎ

2.37 In the following relationship holds:

1 0
0 1 1 1 ≤4
1 0
1 0
2.38 If , , ∈ (ℝ), = , = , = , ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2 then:

( −6 + 10 + 16 + 10 −6 )≥0

21
 ⋅ ⋅
2.39 = ⋅ ⋅ , , ∈ℝ
⋅ ⋅

Prove that: | | ≤ 1.

2.40 If , ∈ (ℝ), = , = > 0, ( + ) = 0 then find:

= ( − + )

2.41 Find , ∈ (ℝ) such that:

< 0, ( − ) > 0, ( + ) < 0, (2 + ) > 0

22
 CHAPTER 3

LIMITS.SERIES-PROBLEMS
3.1 Find:

1
=
→ ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

3.2 Find:

∫ √
= , [ ∗] −
→
∫ √

3.3 Find:

=
→

3.4 Calculate:

⎧ +1 +1 +1 ⎫
… …
1 2 +1 1 2
= ( ) −
→ ⎨ ⎬
( + 1)
⎩ ⎭
3.5 If , , ∈ ℕ∗ ,

1
( )=
( + 1)( + 2) ⋅ … ⋅ ( + )

then:

( )+ ( )+ ( ) 1
≥
+ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( !) ⋅ ( !) ⋅ ( !)

23
3.6 Prove that:

1
≤ ( − 1)
→ 1! 2! 3! ⋅ … ⋅ !

3.7 Find:

⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ √ ⎟
→

⎝ ⎠
3.8 If:

1 1
= − ; ∈ ℕ∗
→ (2 − 1) 2 ( 2) ( 2)
+ +⋯+
1! 2! !

Find:

=
→

0 1
3.9 = , = , ∈ ℕ∗ , = → .
1 1

Prove that: <1

3.10 Find:

=
→

24
3.11 Find:

1 1 1
= + +⋯+ ⋅
→ 1+ 2+

3.12 Find:

!
= ∙
→ 5

3.13 Let , ∈ (0, ∞) and ≥ 1, → ( − )=

⋅ ⋅
= → √2! ⋅ √3! … √ !. Find: = → −

3.14 Find:

= 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 1)‼

→

3.15 Find:

1
=
(25 + 5 − 6)( − + 1)

3.16 If , ∈ ℕ, < , ( , )= → ∑
( )( )

then:

!
( , )≥
!

3.17 If:

√ + √ +1
, , > 0, + + = 1, ( , ) =
→ √ + √ +1

then:

25
 ( + 1) ⋅ ( , ) ≤ 2

3.18 Find:

1 1 1
= ( + 1)! − ! 1+ + + ⋯+
→ 1! 2! !

3.19 Find:

1
= ((1 − ) + )
→ !

3.20 If :

(− )
, > 0, | | < 1, | | < 1, ( ) =
→ +1

then:

+
( + ) ≤ ( )+ ( )
+
3.21 Find:

1 1 1
= + +
→

3.22 If:

2 + (2 + 2 + 5) + 2 + 6 −
( , )= , , >0
3 ( + )( + + 1)( + + 2)

Prove that:

26
 1
( , )⋅ ( , )≤
9

3.23 Evaluate:

2√1 + + 2√2 + + ⋯ + 2√ + − ( + 1)
→

3.24 Evaluate:

3.25 If:

( ) = lim − , >0
→

then:

( ) ( ) ( )
+ + > + + +3
+ + +
3.26 Find:

∑ 2
⋅
=
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1)

3.27 Find:

( − + 1)
=
→ 1 + 2 + ⋯+

3.28 If:

> 0, ≥ 1, = , , >0
→

27
 then find:

1
=
→ +

3.29 Find:

( + 2) ( + 3 + 3)
=
→ ( + 1)! ( + 1)! ( + 1)!

3.30 Find:

1
=
→

3.31 Find:

( + 1)( + 2) ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 2)
= 2
→ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 3)

3.32 Find:

1 1
=
→ 3 +1 √ !

3.33 Find:

+ √2 ⋅ + √3 ⋅ … ⋅ +√
=
→ + √2 ⋅ + √3 ⋅ … ⋅ +√

3.34 If , , , , , > 0, + + =1

( )= ! ! ⋯ ! −1
→

then: ( + + )≥ ( )
28
3.35 Find:

1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + ⋯ + (10 − 9)
=
→ 2 −1

3.36 Find:

1
=
→ +3 √ !

3.37 Find:

1
=
→

3.38 Find:

1
= 1+ ! (1 + )
→

3.39 Find:

1⋅ + 3 ⋅ ( − 1) + 5 ⋅ ( − 2) + ⋯ + (2 − 1) ⋅ 1
=
→ ( + 1) −

3.40 Find:

1
= 7 ⋅5
→

3.41 If:

∈ [1, ∞), ≥ 1, → = ∈ ℝ.

Find:
29
 ( )( )⋅…⋅( )
→

3.42 Find:

(2 )‼
=
→ (2 )!

3.43 Find:

13 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 37 ⋅ … ⋅ (12 − 11)
=
→ 7 ⋅ 19 ⋅ 31 ⋅ … ⋅ (12 − 5)

3.44 Find:

= 1−
→ → 2

3.45 Compute:

( + 1)! − √ ! ⋅
→∞

3.46 Compute:
√
+1
−
→∞ (2 + 1)‼ (2 − 1)‼

3.47 Find:

= ( ) − ( + 1) , ( ) = , ∈ ℕ∗
→ (1 + )

3.48 Find:

√ !+
=
→ (2 )!

30
3.49 Find:

9
=
→ 9 + (3 + 5)(3 + 8)

3.50 In , , , – angles. Find:

( )= ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) , ∈ℝ
→
( + ) ( + ) ( + )

3.51 Find:

1 4 9
+2 +3 +⋯+ 1
=
→

3.52 Find:

1
= ∙ (2 + 1 − ) 2 + 1
→ ( + 1) 4

3.53 Find:

1 ⋅ ( − 1) ⋅ ( − 2) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − + 3)
=
→ 2 1 ⋅ 2⋅3 ⋅…⋅

3.54 If , , > 0 find:

=
→

3.55 Find:

√2! ⋅ √3! ⋅ … ⋅ (3 )!
=
→ (3 )!

31
3.56 Find:

∑ ∑
=
→ √ !

3.57 Find:

( )! ( )! ( )!
= → !+ + + ⋯+ , ∈ ℕ∗ , – fixed
! ! !

3.58 If:

( ) , > 0, = + , ∈ ℕ∗ , – fixed

Find:
+ +⋯+
=
→ √

3.59 Find:

1
= + , ∈ ℕ∗
→ 2 + +1

3.60 If:

> 0, = + , > 0, ∈ ℕ∗

Find:

∑,
=
→

3.61 Find:

1
= ( + 1)! −
→ !

32
3.62 If:

1 1 1
=1+ + + ⋯+
√2 √3 √

Find:

1
= √ 1−
→ √ +1

3.63 Compute:

√ ! ( + 1) −
→

3.64 If:

= (4 − +4 ) (1 + ) , ∈ ℕ∗

Find:

=
→ 1+ 2+ 3+⋯+
3.65 If , and are three distinct real values such that

( )
= ( )
= 2 and

( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) = . Then find the value of

√ −
→ √ − +√ −√

33
3.66 Find:

1 ( )
= , , ≥0
→

3.67 If:

1 1 1 1
= 1+ , =1+ + + ⋯+ ,
1! 2! !
1 1 1
=1+ + + ⋯+ − , ∈ ℕ∗
2 3
Find:

2 +3 +5
=
→ 5( + )

3.68 If , ∈ ℕ then:

2
√ +√ √ ≤ ≤ √ +√
→

3.69 If:

⋅ ⋅
= 10, > 0, ∈ ℕ, ≥2
→ ⋅

Find:

=
→

3.70 Find:

1
= ( − ) 2 +1
→ 2 ( + 1) 2 −2

34
3.71 Find:

1 1 1 1 1 1
( − 1) ⋅ + ( − 2) ⋅ + +⋯+ 1⋅ + + ⋯+
= −1 −1 2
→ ( + 1) −

3.72 Find:

= ( + 1) ⋅ (5 + 5) − ⋅ 5
→ +1

3.73

1
( )= ( )− ( ) , ∈ ℕ∗

Find:

= ( )
→

3.74

= + ; ∈ ℕ, ≥1

Find:

( )
→

3.75 Find:

1 1 1 1
= + ( − 1) + ( − 2) + ⋯ + 1
→ 2 3

35
3.76 Find:

= 1+
→

3.77 Find:

1 1
= +
→ +1 +1

3.78 Find:

= !⋅ ( ( + 1) − )
→

3.79 Find:

1 1 2 3
= + ( )
+ ( )
+ ⋯+
→

3.80 Find:

( + )
=
→ 7+ ( + )+( + )

3.81 Find:

(1 + ℎ )− (1 + ℎ )
= , ∈ ℕ, ≥2
→

3.82 Find:

=
→ √ +

36
3.83 Find:

√ √
= 1+ + 1−
→

3.84

( )= 2
→ 2 2

Prove that in acute the following relationship holds:

( )+ ( )+ ( )> ⋅ ⋅ −

3.85

+ +
( , , )= , , , >0
!

Prove that:

( , , ) + ( , , ) + ( , , ) ≥ 3(4 − 1) √

3.86 Find:

2 3 +1
1+ + + ⋯+
= 1! 2! !
( + 1)( + 2)

3.87 If:

, > 0, ≠ , ∈ ℕ, → = → = >0

Find:

37
 −
=
→
1 1
−

3.88 Find:

1
= 2 −
→ ( − )( + ) +1

3.89 Find:

1 1 1
= 1+ + + ⋯+ ( ) −
→ 2 3

3.90 Find:

( )= ( − + 1)( + )!, , ∈ℕ

Find:

= ( ) − ( + 1)!
→

3.91 Find:

+ −1
=
→ → ( + + 1)!

3.92 Find:

1
( )= (3 )
→ 3

If , , ∈ 0, then:
38
 4 ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≤ 3( + + )

3.93 Find:

⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ (2 +3 + 1) ⋅ ( ) ⎟

⎝ ⎠
Find:

= ( − ⋅ )
→

3.94 Find:

| ( )|
=
→

3.95 Find:

+3 +2 1 ( − 1) + 3( − 1) + 2 1 3
= + +⋯+
+3 4 ( − 1) + 3( − 1) 2

3.96 Let:

−1
( )= , ∈ ℕ, ≥1
−1

Find:

( − )− ( )
=
→ ( − 1)

39
3.97 Find:

√10
1+
⎛ ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟
→
√10
1+
⎝ +1 ⎠

3.98 Find:

1 3
= 3 ⋅
3 − −1

3.99 Let:

1 +
Ω( ) = − + 4 , ∈ℝ
2 ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

If ∈ (0,1), > 1 then:

( ) ( )
( ) + ( ) <1+ ( )⋅ ( )

3.100 Let:

= 1, = 3, = +2 , ≥3

Find:

(−1) ( −2 − )
=
→

3.101 Let:

4 1
( )= − ⋅ (3 ) , ∈ 0, , ( )= −
3 3 2 2

Find:

40
 ( ) (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 1)
=
→ → (2 ) (4 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (2 )

3.102 Let:

+1
, , > 0,2 ( + + ) = 3 + 2, ( ) = −
→

Prove that:

1
( )⋅ ( )⋅ ( )≤
27
3.103 Find:

1 3 2
= −
→ 1+3 1+2

3.104 Find:

=
→ √ +

3.105 If:

2 +2 + −1
( )=
(2 + 2 + 2)‼

Find:

= !⋅ ( )
→

3.106 If:

=∫ , = 2,3, … Find the limit

41
 1
→ ( − 2)( + )

3.107 Find:

2
1 1+
=
→ ( − 1) ( + 1)!
=2

3.108 Find:

1 2
= 1+ + +
→

3.109 Find:

⎛ + ⎞
= ⎜ ⋅
→ 2 +3 + 6⎟
⎝ ⎠
3.110 If:

−1 −2 7
= +2 +3 + ⋯ + ( − 6) , ≥7
7 7 7 7
Find:

=
→

3.111

Find:

− √5 − √15 − √25 − ⋯ − √10 − 5

=
→ − √10 − √20 − √30 − ⋯ − √10

42
3.112 Find:

1 3
= 2−
→ 2 3 −1

3.113 Find:

= √7 − √7
→

3.114 If:

1 1 1
= + +⋯+ , ∈ ℕ, ≥1
+1 +2 2
Find:

= ( + 1) ⋅ − ⋅
→

3.115

1 1
= , = , =

Find:

(1 + 2 )
= ( )
→ (1 + 3 )

3.116

Find:

1
= 1− 2+
→ +

43
3.117

Find:

1 + 2 ⋅ √2 + 3 ⋅ √3 + ⋯ + ⋅√
= , , ∈ ℕ, , ≥1
→ (1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2 − 1) )

3.118 Find:

1
= (−1) ⋅
→ 2

3.119 Find:

+ +
Ω = lim
→ +

3.120 Find:

⎛ ( )⋅ (1 − ) ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
→ 2 −2 +1
⎝ ⎠
3.121 If:

1 1 1
> 0, = + +⋯+ , ∈ ℕ∗

Find:

1
= ⋅
→ √

44
3.122
( )
: [−1,1] → ℝ, ( ) = ( ) , − ℎ . Find:

( ) (0)
=
→

3.123 Find:

1 3
= 2−
→ 2 3 −1

3.124 If:

1+ −
> 0, = , ∈ ℕ∗ , ∈ ℕ∗ , ≥2
−

Find:

=
→

3.125 If:

∈ (0,1), = 1− , > 0, = + , , ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2.

Find:

=
→

3.126 Find:

1
= , ∈ ℕ, ≥2
→ ⋅

45
3.127 Find:

+1
=
→ + +1

3.128 Find:

1
= ⋅
→ 2

46
 CHAPTER 4

INTEGRALS-PROBLEMS
4.1 Find:

= + 1+ , ∈ℝ

4.2 If:

+1
, , > 0,2 ( + + ) = 3 + 2, ( ) = −
→

Prove that: ( ) ⋅ ( ) ⋅ ( ) ≤

4.3 Let be:

1
=
→ ( − )( + 1 − )

True or false: −1 < < 1?

4.4 True or false:

If ∈ ℕ∗ then:

√ ( + 3)
= <1
( + 1)√ +

4.5 In the following relationship holds:

−
√ ≤8
2

47
4.6 If:

( + 1)
= = ( + + ) +
11
+ + 11
3

Find: =− ( + + )

4.7 Find:

=
→ (1 + )

4.8 If , , > 0

( )=
+ +√ +

then:

9
( )+ ( )+ ( )≥
2( + + )

4.9 If ∈ 0, find:

=
1+

4.10 If > 0, : ℝ → ℝ continuous , ( ) + (− ) = , ∀ ∈ ℝ then find:

( )
=

48
4.11 Find:

+ +
=
( + )

4.12 Find:

2
=
( − ) 2

4.13 Find:

2
= , ∈ 0,
( − ) 2 4

4.14 Find:

= ( ( ( ))) ,0 < < <

2

4.15 Find:

3 ⋅
= , ∈ 0,
2 ⋅ 3 6

4.16 Compute the following integral:

( (1 − ) − 1)
+2 + (3 + ) +2 +1

4.17 Find:

⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
−
⎝ ⎠

49
4.18 If 1 < ≤ ≤ then:

( + ) ∙ ( + ) ≥ ∙ ( + )∙ ( + )

4.19 If 0 < < and > 0, then compute:

− + ( + 1)( − )+
( + 1) ( ) + ( + 1)( + )+1

4.20 Find:

… …

where { } represents the fractional part of

4.21 If : [1,6] → ℝ, (1) = 3, (6) = 18 is integrable and invertible then:

= [ ( ) + 18 (3 )] = 1935

4.22 For , ∈ ℕ∗ ∧ , ≥ 2. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=

4.23 Calculate:

( ( ( ( ))) + 100)
=
( )( ( ))( ( ( )))

50
4.24 Find:

7
= ,0 < ≤
2

4.25 Find:

( +2 2 +4 4 )
=
−8 8

4.26 Find:

= ( +2 2 +4 4 +8 8 ) , ∈ 0,
2

4.27 Find:

ℎ + ℎ (1 + ℎ )
= , ∈ℝ
(1 + ℎ )

4.28 Find:

( − 2)
=
(1 − )

4.29 Find:

∙ ∙ ∙ ∙…∙
=
1− − 1− − 1−

4.30 Find:

2 +5 +6 + 6 + 12
= , ∈ℝ
( + 2 + 2)√ +2 +2

51
4.31 Find:

ℎ( )
= , ∈ℝ
1+

4.32 Find:

= √ −1

4.33 Find:

√1 + (1 + )+
√1 + ( )+ +1

4.34 Find:

=
( +4 + 12 + 24 + 24 + 72 )

4.35 Find:

ℎ( )
= , ∈ℝ
1+

4.36 Find:

= + +1 , ∈ℝ

4.37 Find:

242( + 2) − ( + 1) − ( + 3)
= , >0
26( + 2) − ( + 1) − ( + 3)

52
4.38 Find:

+
=
→

4.39 Find:

10 − 19 − 36 + 10 − 19 − 36

2 + 35 + 108

4.40 Find:

√1 + 2 ⋅ √1 + 3 − 1
∫
=
→ √1 + 3 ⋅ √1 + 2 − 1
∫

4.41 Find:

2 +3
=
→ ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) +

4.42 Find:

= ( + 1) ⎛ ⎞
→ +
⎝ ⎠
4.43 Find:

1 +
=
→ ( + 1) +

53
4.44 Find:

1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
=
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1)

4.45 If:

( )= (1 + ) , ∈ ℕ∗

Prove that:

( ) ( )
9 1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √ >4 1+

4.46 Let be:

(1 + 2 + ) (1 − 2 + )
( )= , ∈ ℕ, ≥2
(1 − )(1 + 2 + )

Find:

( + 2) − ( + 1)
=
→ ( + 1) − ( )

4.47 Find:

2
∫
= 1+
→ 2
∫
1+

4.48 Let : [ , ] → (0, ∞) be a continuos function.

If = ( ), = ( ) then:

54
 1 ( + )( − )
( ) ≤
( ) 4

4.49 Prove that:

1− ( )
( )
1+ ( )
= −8
(1 + ( )) 1 − ( )

4.50 If [ , ] ⊂ 0, then:

> +1− +1

4.51 If , : [ , ] → (0, ∞) integrable, such that ( ) + ( ) ≤ 8 then:

( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )
≤ 4( − )
( )− ( ) ( )+ ( )

4.52 If : [0,1] → (0, ∞), derivable, continuous,

( )= (1 − ), ∀ ∈ [0,1] then:

( ) ≥ (0) ⋅ (1)

4.53 If ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2, − fixed, : [1, ] → (0, ∞), − integrable, ∈ 1, − 1

= ( ) ,0 ≤ ≤ ( ) ≤ ( ) ≤

then:

55
 ( − 1) + ( ) ≤( + )

4.54 If : [ , ] → (0, ∞), < , continuous,

= ( ), = ( ), ∈ ℕ∗ then:
( ) ( )
1
( − ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( − )
( )

4.55 If ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

then:

( − ) ≤( − )

4.56 If 0 < < < 1 then:

1 1 1 4
1+ 1+ ≥ 1+
−

4.57 If:

1−
, , ∈ (2, ∞), ( ) =
1+ +

then:

2 ( )+2 ( )+2 ( )< + +

56
4.58 Find:

1
(1 + ) < (1 + ) +
12

4.59 Prove that:

1
≤ ≤
8 2

4.60 Find:

√3 + 2
= , ∈ 0,
2

4.61 If , , ∈ (0, ∞) then:

1+ + 1+ ≥ +

4.62 Let : [0,1] → (−1,1) be a continuous function such that

( ) ∉ {−1,1}

Prove that:

∫ ( ) ( )
≤ ( )
1+ ∫ ( ) 1+

4.63 If , ∈ ℝ then:

2( − ) ≤8 √ − ≤( + )( − )

57
4.64 If 0 < < < then:

7 + √ > −
2 2

4.65 Let : ℝ → ℝ be integrable and satisfying

( + (1 − ) ) ≤ ( ) + (1 − ) ( ) where , ∈ ℝ and ∈ (0,1)

Prove that:

1 1
( ) + ( ) ≥2 ( ) ( − + − + )

where , > 0.

4.66 If 0 < < < then:

1
< ⋅
+4 5

4.67 For , , ∈ (0, ∞); < < ; : [0, ] → [0, ]; : [0, ] → [0, ]

continuous, bijectifs and strictly increasing functions prove that:

1 1
( ∘ ) ( ) + ( ∘ ) ( ) ≤

4.68 Find:

1
= + − ,
→ 2

[∗] - great integer function

58
4.69 Find:

√1 + −1
=
→

4.70 If 0 < < 1, : , → ℝ, convexe and increasing function then:

1− 1+ 1+ 1− 1
≤ ( ) ≤ ( )+
2 2 2

4.71 If , , ∈ 0, then:

0≤ ( +2 )+4 ≤

4.72 If , , > 0 then:

∑ ∫
≤ ⋅ ⋅

4.73 Prove that:

1
≤
96

4.74 Let : [ , ] → ℝ be continuously differentiable function and

( ) = 0.

Prove that

59
 ( − )
( ) ≤ { ( ): ∈ [ , ]}
12

4.75 Let , , > 0. Prove that

+ + < + +

4.76 If 0 < < < then:

1
( ( )+ ( )) > −
2

4.77 . 2 ∫ +2 ∫ ≥ ∫

. ≥ +

4.78 If , , ≥ 0

( + + 1)
( )=
( + 1)( + + 1)

then:

( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥ +1+

4.79 Find:

49
√ >
135

60
4.80 , ∈ 0, , <

Prove that exists , ∈ ( , ) such that:

( − )
≤

4.81 0 < < < ; : ℝ → ℝ a continuous function,

( ) ≤ ( ) , ∀ ∈ 0,
2
√

Prove that: + =0
√ √

4.82

1− >
4

4.83 If , , > 0 then:

+ + +
+ + > 6√
2 +1 3 +1 5 +1

4.84 If > 0, : [0, ] → ℝ, ( ) = ( ) = 0,

∈ ([0, ]), ∈ ([0, ]) then:

60 ( ) ≤ ( ) ( )

61
4.85 If , ,…, ∈ (0, ∞), ∈ ℕ∗ then:

<
+1

4.86 If , ∈ ℝ, < , : [ , ] → ℝ, continuous, ( ) > 0 then:

( )

−1
( ) ≤ ( )

4.87 If , , , > 0, + + + =

( + 1)
( )=

then: ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) < (1 + 2)

4.88 If : [0,1] → (0, ∞) is a continuous function such that

∫ ( ) = 1 , then

( ) ( ) ( ) ≤1

4.89 If [0,1] → (0, ∞) continuous; ∫ ( ) = √2 then:

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥2

62
4.90 In all :

≤3
6

4.91 If , , ∈ (0, ∞)

( + 3) +
( )=
→
( + 2) + ( + 1)

then:

1
( )+ ( )+ ( ) <3+2
+2
4.92 If , ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2, ≥ 2 then:

⎛ √ ⎞⎛ √ ⎞≥
+
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 2 2

4.93

√
2
( ) < √3 − 1
1+ 27

4.94 Prove that if ∈ ℝ then:

+ ≤ +

63
4.95 Prove:

1
1+√ <
2

4.96

( , )= + ,
+ +

0< < < <

2
Prove that:

2 2 2 +
( , )+ ( , )+ ( , )≥ √ +
− − − 2

4.97 If , , > 0, + + = then:

2 + (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )<

4.98 If 0 < < then:

2
+ − < < + −
2 2

4.99 If 0 < < then:

∫ 1 1 1 1 1
< + + +
∫ 4

64
4.100 If , , ≥ 0, , ≥2

( )= ( ) ⋅
( )

then: ( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ + +

4.101 If > 0 then:

1
>

4.102

1− 1− 2
+ (1 + ) >
1+ 1+ 12

4.103 If > 1 then:

3 ( − 1)
≤
8

4.104 If 1 < < then:

+ ≥ +

4.105 If 0 < < ;0 < < ; , integrable functions

, : [ , ] → [ , ] then:

( ) ( )
+ <( + )( − )
( ) ( )

65
4.106 If : [ , ] → ℝ, − continuous, − increasing then:
√

√ +√ ( ) ≤√ ( )

4.107 For acute triangle :

If: ( ) = ∫

Prove: ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ≤ 2 3( + 3) − 6
4.108 Let : [1,13] → ℝ be a convexe and integrable function. Prove that

( ) + ( ) ≥ ( )

4.109 If 0 < < then:

5 +1
>
( + 1) 9( − ) +1

4.110 If , , ≥2

1 1
( )=4 1+ 1+
√2 − √

then:
( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ 64
4.111 If ∈ ℝ, : [ , + 2] → ℝ, ∈ ([ , + 2]), 6 ≤ ( ) ≤ 12, then:

1
1 + ( + 1) ≤ ( ) ≤ 2 + ( + 1)
2

66
4.112 If , > 0 then:
√

2 ( + 1) ≤ ( + 1) + ( + 1)

4.113 If , , > 0, = 1,

+ 7 − 25 + 37 + 4
( )=
−3 +5 −3 +4

then:

( )+ ( )+ ( )≥3+5 (1 + )

4.114 If , , > 0, =1

( , )= ( + )( + )

then:
( + ) ( , )+( + ) ( , )+( + ) ( , ) > 6
4.115 Prove that:

( ) ( ) +( ) ( ) >
4

4.116 Prove that:

√ − √ + √ >
4 28

4.117 Prove that:

− <
3

67
4.118 If 1 < ≤ then:

( + ) ( + ) 1
+ ≤ ( + )
+ +

4.119 If 0 < ≤ < 1 then:

√
√ + 100 2
≤ −
100 3

4.120 If , , > 1 then:

1 1 1
2 ( ) ⋅( ) ≤ + +

4.121 For < 0. Prove:

10
11 + ≥9

4.122 Prove that:

( − 1) 1
≤ ≤1
2 −1 −1

4.123 If 0 < ≤ , : [ , ] → ℝ, ( ) > 0, ∀ ∈ [ , ] then:

( ) ≥ ( )

4.124 Find:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
+ + ⋯+
= ,
→

68
 [∗] - great integer function

4.125 If 0 < ≤ , : [ , ] → ℝ, ( ) > 0, ∀ ∈ [ , ] then:

( ) ≥ ( )

4.126 Prove:

2
+ +√ ≥ 1 + √2
3

4.127 Let > > 1 and be a positive integer. Prove that:

√
( )
≤ ( ∈ ℝ).
+ + ⋯+ + +1

4.128 Prove that:

2 +2 > +2 2

4.129 If : [0,1] → ℝ, continuous then:

1+ ( ) > ( )

4.130 If ≤ < then:

125 1 1 125
+ + + + >
24 6

69
4.131 If : [0,1] → [0, ∞), – continuous, then:

( ) + 25 ( ) ≥ 10 ( )

4.132 If 0 < ≤ ≤ + 3 , : [ , ] → (0, ∞), ( ) > 0, ∀ ∈ [ , ] then:

( ) ≤ ( ) + +

4.133 If 0 < ≤ < then:

1 1 4
+ + 1+ ≥ ( + 1) − ( + 1)
4 4 3

4.134 If , , , : ℝ → (0, ∞) continuous functions, ≥ 0 then:

( ) ≥4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) −3 ( ) ( ) ( )

4.135 If , , ∈ ℕ∗ then:

1 ( !)
( (1 − ) ) ≥
3 ( + + 1)!

4.136 If 0 < < < 1 then:

1 2 2( − ) 1
+ < +
2 + − − (1 − )

4.137 Find:
ℎ +2 ℎ
= , ∈ℝ
(1 + ℎ )

70
4. 138 Evaluate:

( )
=
→

4.139 Find:

1+
=
→ 1−

4.140 If 0 < < < 1 then:

2( − ) 1 1
+ <1+
− − (1 − ) √

4.141 If 0 < ≤ then:

1 −
2 ≥
1+

4.142 If , , ∈ 0, then:

15 + 2 15 + 2 15 + 2
+ + ≤( + + ) 2
36 + 1 36 + 1 36 + 1

4.143 If 0 ≤ < then:

1
(1 + − ) < < (1 − + )
−

4.144 If 0 < < then:

+ > ( − 2)(1 + − )

71
4.145 If:

, , ∈ ℕ∗ , ( ) =
→ ( + )

Prove that:
(1 + ) ( ) + (1 + ) ( ) + (1 + ) ( )≥3
4.146 If 0 < ≤ < then:

⋅ ( ) −
≥
1+ ⋅

4.147 For 0 < < . Prove:

√ ≤ ( − )√

4.148

( )= , ∈ 0,
( 6 +6 4 + 15 2 + 10) 2

Prove that:
( ) ( ) ( )[ ( ) + ( ) + ( )] ≤ 2 ( + + )
4.149 Prove that:

≤ √ ( ) ≤
12√2 8

4.150 Prove:

9 16 25 1593
+ + ≥
4 +5 3 +5 3 +4 8 60

72
4.151 For ∈ ℕ∗ ∧ ≥ 2. Prove:

> + .
( + 1)!
4.152 If:

(1 + )
−1 < , , < 1, ( ) =

Prove that:
1
( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥ ( ⋅ )

4.153 If:

( )= (1 + ) , ∈ ℕ∗

Prove that:
( ) ( )
9 1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √ >4 1+

4.154 If < , ∈ ℝ then:

1
(1 + − ) < <( − ) +
−

4.155 If : [0,1] → ℝ, (1) = 3, – continuous, – convexe then:

1
( ) <1+ ( )
3

73
4.156 If:

+1+
, , ≥ , ( )=
4 +2 +1+( )

Prove that:
1+2 ( ) + 1+2 ( ) + 1+2 ( ) ≤ + +

4.157 If:

8 (10 )
0 < , , ≤ 1, ( ) =
( + )( (11 )+ (9 ))

Prove that:
1 1 1
( )+ ( )+ ( ) 6+ + + ≥ 27
( ) ( ) ( )
4.158 If:
If , , ℎ: [0,1] → (0, ∞), , , ℎ - continuous then:

∫ ( )⋅ ( )⋅ ( )
27 ≤ ( ) + ( ) + ℎ( )

4.159
Prove without softs:

( ⋅ ) ( ⋅ ) < ( ⋅ )

74
4.160
If 0 < ≤ < then:

+
≤
+

4.161 If : [ , ] → (0, ∞), ≤ 5 < 7 ≤ , continuous then:

∫ ( )
<( − )
∫ ( )

4.162
If , , > 0, + + = 2 then:

8
( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ , ( )=
25 → ( + )

4.163

( )=∫ , ∈ ℕ, ≥1

Find:

3
= 2⋅ − ⋅ + ( )
→ 2

4.164
(1 + )
+ − −1

4.165 If : ℝ → (0, ∞), continuos then:

( )+ ( )+ ( )
≥ ( )
( )+ ( )+ ( )

75
4.166 Find:
⋅
= , >0
(3 + )
4.167 Find:

(2 + 1) − −1
+( − + 2) + − − +1

4.168 Find:

(1 + )−
; ∈ℝ
(1 + ) (1 + )

4.169 Prove that:

√cos √2 − 1 152
≤ −1 + +
24 4

4.170 Prove that:

1≤ ≤
√1 − + − 2

76
 CHAPTER 5
ADVANCED CALCULUS-PROBLEMS
5.1 If 0 < ≤ then:

1 1 1 1+
+ + ≤ 3( − )
1+ 1+ 1+√ 1+

5.2 Find:

1−
=
8−4 + (1 − )

5.3 : ℝ → [ , ], <

Find:

( − + 1) ( )
=
→ (1 + 2 + ⋯ + )

5.4. Find:

1 2
=
16 (2 + 1)

5.5. Find:

+2
=
+1

77
5.6 Find:

2
+ + + +
= 3 3
3 3

5.7 Find:

+ + −( + + )
Ω=
+ + −( + + )

5.8 Prove that:

( )= , ( )>0

5.9 Find:

( + − ( + ) )( + −( + ) )
=
(( + ) − − )

5.10 Calculate:

( ) ( + )−( + ) + + + ( + )( +2− − )−2

=
( − + 1)( − + 1)

5.11 Let be a positive integer. Evaluate:

( − 1) − ( ) +1
( − 1)

78
5.12 Evaluate

1 3 5 2 4 6
1+ 1+ 1 + (1 + ⋯ ) − 1+ 1+ 1 + (1 + ⋯ )
2 2 4 6 3 5 7

5.13 Find:

⋅
1 1
= 1+ +

5.14 Find:

=
→ 1
+
4

5.15 Find:

= (1 − )
→

5.16 Find:

=
−1

5.17 Find:

Ω= ( ( + ))

79
5.18 Let ≥ 1 be positive integer then prove that:

1 ( + 1) − 1
= +
2( + 1) +
2

Where {. } denotes the fractional part function and – zeta function

5.19

( + + 1)

5.20 Evaluate:

1
( )‼ )(1
, ∈ℕ
(1 + + )

5.21 Prove that:

(1 − ) ( , )
=
( + ) ( + )

5.22 For any complex number & ( )>−

−
= + −
( ) 1+

Where – Harmonic Number.

80
5.23 Evaluate:

+ (1 − )

5.24 If

1 2
( ) +
= 5 5
1−

Then prove that: 25( − ) + 2 = 0 where ( ) is Poly – Gamma function.

5.25 Find:

1
=
(1 + )(3 − )

5.26 Find:

= 3 ℎ
3

5.27 If:

( )= ( ) ( + )

then show that

( ) 1 (3) 5 5 (2)
= + − − − + −
1+ 9 6 9 16 27 432 36

81
 where is Catalan’s constant.

5.28 Find:

= , >0
( − )( − )

5.29 Find:

1 3
= ⋅
4 +5 +2

5.30 Find:

1
= − −
→ 2

5.31 Find:

1
=
−

5.32 Find:

2 2
= ( + 1) −
→ 1+ 1+

82
5.33

1 1
( )= + ℎ , >0
2 2

Find:

=
→ → ( ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( )

5.34 Find:

⋅
=
+ +1

5.35 Let’s define the function ( ) for any complex number , ( )>0

( )= ( ) ( + )

then we have the following,

− 16 (2) + 4
( ) =
72

5.36 Find:

−2
=
+ (1 + )
4

83
5.37

If 0 ≤ ≤ ,0 ≤ ≤ , >0

= + −2 + ,

= + −2 +

then + ≤( + )

5.38

If 0 ≤ ≤ 3, 0 ≤ ≤ 4, >0

= + −6 +9

= + − 8 + 16

then: + >5

5.39 Prove that:

( + 34 − 10 − 6 + 2) ≥1

5.40 If:

(1 − ) (1 − )
=

84
 Prove that: > (3)

5.41 Prove that:

16
1< ( + ) <
5

( + ) ≤ ( + (1 − ) ) , <

5.42 If , , , ∈ ℝ, < , > 1, + = then:

( − ) ≤ ≤ ( − )( − )

5.43 For ∈ (0,1], ∀ ∈ [1, ]

Prove:

1 1
⋅ ≤ … … ≤ ⋅
2

5.44 If , , , ∈ ℝ, < , > 1, + = then:

+2 + ∫ ∫ ( + ) + +
< <
4 ( − ) ( + ) 3

5.45 If 0 < < then:

1 13
<
− + 25

85
5.46 If:

( , ) ( , )

( )= +2 + +2 , >0
( , ) ( , )

then:

( ) ( ) ( )
+ + ≥ 2√3

5.47 If ∈ ℕ∗ then:

… 1+ + … 1− ≤2

5.48 Prove that:

+ + + ≤1

5.49 If , ≥ 1 then:

2 ≤ ( − 1)( − 1)( − )

5.50

If , , > 0, ∈ 0,

( , )= ( + )( + )

86
 then:

4 ( , )+4 ( , )+4 ( , ) ≥ ( + + )

5.51 If , , ∈ (0,1],

(1 + )
( )=
1+

then:

2 ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥3 2+ ( )

5.52 If , , > 0 then:

1 1 1
+ + ≤ 2
+ + +

5.53 Find:

= ( + ) −( )
→

5.54 Find:

= (−1) ( ( + 1) − 1)

5.55 Prove that:

+ +√ + ≤2

87
5.56

If , , ≥ 1,

Ω( , ) = ( ( + )− )( ( + ) − )

then:

1
(Ω( , ) + Ω( , ) + Ω( , )) < 2
2

5.57 If 0 < , , ≤ 1,

Ω( , ) = ( + + )( + + )

then:

Ω( , ) + Ω( , ) + Ω( , ) ≥ 6√

5.58 If , , > 0,

( + + )
Ω( , ) =
(2 + )( + 2 )

then:

Ω( , ) Ω( , ) Ω( , ) 27
+ + ≥
4

88
5.59 Prove that:

15
Ω= + + + + + <
2

5.60 If , , ≥ 0

( , )= | ( − ) ( + )− ( + )|

then:

( , ) + ( , ) + ( , ) ≤ √2( + + )

5.61 If 0 < ≤ then :

+ + ( − )
≥
+ + 4

5.62 If ≥ 0 then:

8
+ + + ≥
9

5.63 If 1 ≤ ≤ ≤ 2 then:

√10
√2( − ) ≤ + ≤ ( − )
2

89
5.64 If 0 < < < 1 then:

1 ( + )( + )
>1
( − ) (2 ) (2 )

5.65 If , , ≥ 1 then:

1 + +√
≥1
2 √ −1+ −1+√ −1

5.66 Prove that:

= tan , = tan tan ,

= tan

Prove that: −2 +4 ≤

5.67 If , , ≥ 1 then:

( )( )
2 ≤
+

5.68 If 0 < ≤ then:

+ + 64
≥ −
√ + + 81

90
5.69 If 0 < ≤ then :

+ −2
≥2 ( − )

5.70 For 1 ≤ ≤ ≤ 2. Prove:

+ + 3√3
2( − ) ≤ + ≤ ( − )
2

5.71 If 0 ≤ , , , ≤ 1 then:

√ + √ +√
≤2
1+

5.72 Prove that:

3
( + + ) ≤
5

5.73

If 0 < ≤ then:

+ 5
( + ) − ≥ ( − )
+ 3

5.74 If 0 < ≤ then:

+ + √8( − )
+ ≥
( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )

91
5.75 Prove:

√ + +√ +√ 1
≤
16 + + + + 5

5.76 Prove:

1 + + +5
≥1
16 + + +1

5.77 For > 0. Prove:

1 + + +
≤ √256
+ + +

5.78 For > 0. Prove:

1 3
+ + ≥
+ + + + + + 2

5.79 Prove that:

1
≤
( + + )( + + ) 9

5.80 If > 0, ∈ ℝ then:

1
≤1
+

92
5.81 If : [0,1] → (0, ∞) continuous then:

1
≤
1+ ( ) ( ) 2 ( )

5.82 If , > 1 then:

+ ⋅
≤
+

5.83 Prove that:

√ + +√ +√ +6 5
≥
√ + +√ +√ 2

5.84 Prove:

21
+ + <
+ + + 4

5.85 Prove that:

+ −4
≥ 32
−1

5.86 Prove that:

35 3
( − 1) < +
8 2

93
5.87 If , , > 0

( + ) +1
( )= ⇒ ( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ + +
+ ( + )√3

5.88 If : [0, ] → [0, ∞), ≥ 0, – continuous then:

( )+ ( ) + 2 ( ) ( ) ≤ 2 √2 ( )

5.89 If , , ≥ 1 then:

+ + ≤ ( )( )
+ + +

5.90 If 0 ≤ < ≤ 1, ∈ ℕ, ≥2

= … (1 + )(1 + ) … (1 + ) …

= … (1 − )(1 − ) … (1 − ) …

( )
then: + + <1+

5.91 If > 0 then:

1
( + ) ≤ ( + (1 − ) )
16

94
5.92 If ∈ (−1,1] then:

(−1) ⋅ ( )
≤ √2
→

5.93 If > 0 then:

√ +4 + +4
>2 2
+( + )

5.94 If > 0 then:

⋅ < ( ) < ⋅

5.95 If : ℝ → (0, ∞), continuous then:

( )+ ( )+ ( )
≥ ( )
( )+ ( )+ ( )

5.96 If , , > 0 then:

(2 + )(2 + )(2 + )
2⋅ ≤3 ( + + )
( + + )

5.97 If 0 < < then:

3 4 +3
≤ ≤ (2 )
2 7

95
5.98 If , , > 0 then:

+ +
3 ≤( + + ) 2
+ +

5.99 If : [0,1] → (0, ∞), – continuous, ∫ ( ) = 1 then:

( ) ( ) ≤ ( )

5.100 Let be : 0, → ℝ,

( )=
→

Prove that:

+ +
( + + ) ≥ ( )+ ( )+ ( )
+ +

5.101 If 0 < ≤ < then:

( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ + ≥ 3( − )
( + )sin( + ) ( + )sin( + ) ( + )sin( + )

5.102 If 0 ≤ , , , , , , , , ≤ 1 then:

(3 − 1)
108 ≤1
( + + + 3)( + + + 3)( + + + 3)

96
5.103 Let 0 < ≤ < . Prove:

1
( ( ( + ))) ≤( − )
+

5.104

( )=− , >0

1
= ( )− ( ) , = ( )− ( )

⋅ < , ⋅ = , ⋅ >

5.105 If 1 < ≤ then:

+ +
≥( − )
2 2

5.106 : [ , ] → (0, ∞) − continuous, 0 < ≤

( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( )
( , , )= + +
( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( )

Prove that:

( , , ) ≥ 3( − ) ( )

97
5.107 If 0 < ≤ then:

3 +
≤
2 + +

5.108 Find:

(1 + )
=
→ (1 + )

5.109

If ∈ ℕ, ≥ 1 then:

(1 + )(1 + ) ⋅ … ⋅ (1 + ) 1 1
2+ < 1+
⋅ …⋅ +1

98
 CHAPTER 6
EQUATIONS.SYSTEMS-SOLUTIONS
1.1.

1 2 3 10 1 2 3 10
+ + +⋯+ = 3025 ⇔ >0⇒ + + + ⋯+
+1 +2 +9 +1 +2 +9
= (55)

( )
Desde que: ∑ = . Si: = 10 ⇔ 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 10 = (55)

1 2 3 10
+ + +⋯+ = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 10
+1 +2 +9

1 16 81 10000
−1 + −8 + − 27 + ⋯ + − 1000 = 0
+1 +2 +9

1− 8(1 − ) 27(1 − ) 1000(1 − )

+ + + =0
+1 ( + 2) ( + 9)

(1 − ) + + + ⋯+ =0⇔ + + +⋯+ > 0, ya que: >0

Por la tanto: =1

1.2.

( , ) = (0,0) is the trivial solution

( +6 +5 ) = ( + )( + 5 ) and ( +2 )=( + ) −

Equation becomes: ( + )( + 5 ) = 6 ⋅ ( + ) − , Squarring: ( + ) ( + 5 ) =

36 (( + ) − )

36 = ( + ) {36 − ( + 5 ) }, = ( − )(11 + ) (1)

Let = (2) where is integer ≠ 0 since RHS is integer ⇒ − = (3)

(1) because: = ( − )(11 + ) ⇒ 2 − + 10

99
 3 3 3 3
⇒ = 2 1− 2 +5 ⇒ = 4 1− +5

Let = ⇒ = 4(1 − 3 )(3 + 5) ⇒ 36 + 48 − 20 +1 =0

where roots are complex or irrational numbers ⇒ = is complex or irrational.

But from (3): 6 ⋅ = + meaning that LHS is not interger ⇒ no integer solutions.

1.3.

+1 ( + 1)! +1 ! +1 +1
= = ⋅ = ⇒ =
+1 ( + 1)! ( − )! + 1 ! ( − )! +1 +1

1 +1
= ( + 1) ⋅ ⇒ = ( + 1)
+1 +1 +1

2
We know =∑

+1 2
∴ = ( + 1) ⇒ ( + 1) = ( + 1)
+1 +1

Thus a possible sequence is = + 1, ∀ ∈ ℕ.

1.4.

1
1− ≤
√ ! √ +1 √ +1+1 12√5

√ +1−1 1
⇒1− ≤
( + 1)! √ + 1 + 1 √ + 1 − 1 12√5

√ +1−1 1 √ +1 1 1
⇒1− ≤ ⇒1− − ≤
( + 1)! ( ) 12√5 ( + 1) ! ( + 1)! 12√5

1 1 1
⇒1− + ≤
√ ! ( + 1)! 12√5

100
 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 1− + − + −⋯+ ≤
√1! √2! √2! √3! ( + 1)! 12√5

1 1
⇒ ≤ → ( + 1)! ≥ 12√5 → ( + 1)! ≥ 720 → ( + 1)! ≥ 6! → ≥5
( + 1)! 12√5

1.5

+1 +2 +3 + 2 3 4 +1
+ + + ⋯+ = + + +⋯+
5 8 11 3 +2 +4 +7 + 10 +1+3
+1 2 +2 3 +3 4 + +1
⇒ − + − + − + ⋯+ −
5 +4 8 +7 11 + 10 3 +2 +1+3
=0

+5 −6 + 9 − 10 + 13 − 14
⇒ + + +⋯
5( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10)
( + )( + 1 + 3 ) − ( + 1)(3 + 2)
+ =0
(3 + 2)( + 1 + 3 )

( − 1)( + 6) ( − 1)( + 10) ( − 1)( + 14)

⇒ + + +⋯
5( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10)
+ +4 + +3 −3 −5 −2
+ =0
(3 + 2)( + 1 + 3 )

( − 1)( + 6) ( − 1)( + 10) ( − 1)( + 14) + (4 + 1) − 4 − 2

⇒ + + + ⋯+
5 ( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10) (3 + 2)( + 1 + 3 )
=0

( − 1)( + 6) ( − 1)( + 10) ( − 1)( + 14) ( − 1)( + 4 + 2)

⇒ + + +⋯+ =0
5( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10) (3 + 2)( + 1 + 3 )

+6 + 10 + 14 +4 +2
⇒ ( − 1) + + +⋯+ =0
5( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10) (3 + 2)( + 1 + 3 )

⇒ Por la tanto: = 1, ya que:

+6 + 10 + 14 +4 +2
+ + +⋯+ >0⇔ ∧ >0
5( + 4) 8( + 7) 11( + 10) (3 + 3)( + 1 + 3 )

101
1.6.

= ( − 1) = (say) ∴ 2 = = ( − 1)
2 2
2

1 1
= ( − 1)[ − − 2] = ( − 1)( + 1)( − 2) =
8 8
3 +1
= ( + 1) ( − 1)( − 2) = 3
24 4

+1 4 5 +1
2 =3 =3 + +⋯+ =
4 4 4 4
2

5 5 +1 6 6 +1
=3 + +⋯+ =3 + +⋯+ =
5 4 4 5 4 4

7 7 +1 +2
=3 + +⋯+ =⋯=3
5 4 4 5
+2 +2
Thus, 3 ≤ 168 ⇒ ≤ 56 . As = 0 for < , = 1,2,3,4,5,6
5 5

1.7

For ≥ 1, write ≡ ( + 3)( + 2) + ( + 2) +

Put = −2, 4 =

Put = −3, 9 = − + ⇒ = −5

∴ ≡ ( + 3)( + 2) − 5( + 2) + 4 ⇒ ( + 1)! = ( + 3)! − 5( + 2)! + 4( + 1)!

= ( + 3)! − ( + 2)! − 4 ( + 2)! − ( + 1)!

⇒ ( + 1)! = ( + 3)! − 3! − 4 ( + 2)! − 2! = ( + 3)! − 4( + 2)! + 2

∴ ( + 1)! − 2 = ( + 2)! ( + 3 − 4) = ( + 2)! ( − 1)

∑ ( ) ( + 1)! − 2
∴ = 108
( + 1)!

102
 ⇒ ( + 2)( − 1) = 108 ⇒ + − 110 = 0 ⇒ ( + 11)( − 10) = 0

As ∈ ℕ, = 10

1.8

( − 2)( + 1)! + 2 − 2
( − 1) ! = ( − 2)( + 1)! + 2 , = 40320
( − 2)

( − 2)( + 1)!
= 40320, ( + 1)! = 40320, =7
( − 2)

1.9

→∵ we know that

− + ≤ + ≤ + ⇒ − 3 +4 ≤3 −4 ≤ 3 +4

⇒ −5 ≤ 3 −4 ≤ 5 ⇒ 0 ≤ |3 −4 |≤5

∵ |3 −4 |= − 6 + 14

|3 −4 | = ( − 3) + 5 ⇒ ≤ 5, ≥5⇒ = =5⇒

⇒ ( − 3) = 0 ⇒ =3

3 4
|3 −4 |=5⇒3 −4 = ±5 ⇒ − = ±1
5 5

3 4
− = ±1
5 5
4
( − )= ± , = ⇒ − = + (−1) ±
2 3 2

4
= ± (−1) + , ∈
2 3

Now, 2 + 2 + =9∴ =3 ⇒8+2 + =9⇒2 = =1

Let ( ) = 2 + − 1; ( ) = 2 2+ > 0 ⇒ ( ) > 0 ⇒ ( ) is increasing

function. So, ( ) can have atmost one root ∵ (0) = 0 ⇒ = 0 is the only possible solution.

103
 4
= ± (−1) + , ∈
2 3
=3
=0

1.10

−1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − 2) = [ ( − 1) − 2 + 2] = ( − 1) − +1
2 2 2 2

−1
∴
2

1 1
= ( − 1) − +1 = ( − 1) − +
2 2

1 −2 −1
= ( − 1) − +
2 −2 −1

1 1
= ( − 1)[2 − 1] − 2 − 1( − 1) + 2 − 1 − − ( − 1)
2 2

1 1
= ( − 1)2 − ( − 1) − 2 + + ( − 1) + 2 − 1 − − ( − 1)
2 2

= ( − 1)2 − ( − 2)2 −1

∴ ( − 1)2 − ( − 2)2 − 1 = 21(2 − 1)

⇒ ( − 1)2 − ( − 2)2 − 21(2 ) + 20 = 0

⇒ ( − 1) − 4( − 2) − 42 + 20(2 )=0

⇒ − 5 − 34 + 5(2 ) = 0 ⇒ 5(2 ) = 34 + 5 −

As RHS is an integer, and ≥ 3, 3 ≤ ≤ 7.

But = 3,4,5,6,7 do not satisfy it . So, no solution.

1.11

−2 +2 ≥0 ⇔ ( − 2 + 2) ≥ 0
* We have: ⇔
4 −3 ≥0 (3 − 4) ≤ 0

104
 (( − 1) + 1) ≥ 0
4
⇔ 4 ⇔0≤ ≤
0≤ ≤ 3
3

* Because: − +1 = − + + = − + ≥ >0

- Therefore, since inequality AM – GM for 2,3,4 real numbers:

−2 +2 +3⋅ − +1+2⋅ 4 −3

= ( − 2 + 2) + 3 ⋅ ( − + 1) ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ (4 − 3 )⋅1⋅1 ≤

+ −2 +2 2( + (4 − 3 ) + 1 + 1)
≤ +( − + 1) + 1 + 1 +
2 4

⇒ −2 +2 +3⋅ − +1+2⋅ 4 −3 ≤

− +2 −3 + +6
≤ + − +3+
2 2

⇔√ −2 +2 +3⋅ √ − + 1 + 2 ⋅ √4 − 3 ≤ (2)

- Since (1), (2):

⇒ +7≤ ⇔ ≤
⇔ − 3 + 14 ≤ −3 + 3 − 2 + 14 ⇔ −3 +2 ≤0
⇔ ( − 3 + 2) ≤ 0
⇔ ( − 1 + ( − 1) − 2( − 1) ≤ 0 ⇔ ( − 1)( + − 2) ≤ 0 ⇔
)
⇔ ( + 2)( − 1) ≤ 0 (3)
- Other, ≥ 0, ( + 2) ≥ 0. That ( − 1) ≥ 0; ∀ ∈ therefore
( + 2)( − 1) ≥ 0 (4)

= −2 +2
− +1=1
* Since (3), (4): ⇒ ( + 2)( − 1) = 0 ⇔ ⇔
=4−3 =1
( + 2)( − 1) = 0

( − 1)( − 2) = 0
⎧ ( − 1) = 0
⇔ ⇔ =1
⎨3 + − 4 = 0; = 1
⎩ ( + 2)( − 1) = 0

105
1.12

If [ ] = greatest integer then,[ ] = −1,0,1

1. [ ] = −1, −1 ≤ < 0, the equation becomes,

± ±
− = − ⇒ − − =0⇒ = = = , − . Not possible

2. For [ ] = 0, 0 ≤ < 1 The equation becomes 0 = − ⇒ = 0 or =

3. For [ ] = 1, 1 ≤ < 2 The equation becomes

0= − ⇒ = 0 or = ∴ in this case solution is 0,

1.13

(1 + ) + 1
+ + =1
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) 8

( + + )( + 1) + 1 ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) 1
⇔ + =1⇔ =1−
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) 8 ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) 8

1 1
⇔ = ⇔( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) = 8
( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) 8

By AM-GM ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) ≥ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 8

⇒ Equality occurs if ⇔ = = =1

1.14

5 +5 +5 +5 −5 −5 −5 −5 +2=0

or, 5 − + +5 +5 −5 −5 −5 +2= 0

√
or, 5 − +5 − + −5 +5 −5 +2 =0
√

√ √ √
or, 5 − +5 − +5 − + −5 +2=0
√ √ √

√ √ √
or, 5 − +5 − +5 − + − √2 =0
√ √ √ √

106
 √3
, , , ∈ℝ⇒ = ;=
2 2 √3

√2 √3 5 4 3 2 1
= ; = √2 ⇒ = , = ; = ; =
√3 2√2 2√2 5 5 5 5

1.15

Squaring and adding: [ ]+ ( − [ ]) + 2 [ ] ( − [ ]) +

3 9
+ ( − [ ]) + [ ]+2 [ ] ( − [ ]) = +
4 4

2+2 ([ ] + − [ ]) = 3, = → =

1.16

We know, for > 0, < ⇒ ( )< ; ( > 1)

1
⇒ ( )< ∴ > ∀ > 0, >1
( )

Thus, ( )
+ ( )
> + > + + +

Hence, given equation has no solution

1.17

Given equation can be written as

√ + √ + √ =3⋅√ ⋅√ ⋅ √

which is of the form + + =3 ⇒ either = = or + + =0

⇒ either √ = √ or √ = −2√ which has only one solution = 0.

1.18

1 1 1 ( )
27 + + + = 8( + + )

( )
+ + = , LHS of (1) = ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1)

107
 ( ) 27
= { + ( + + )}{ + ( + + )}{ + ( + + )}

∵1= ( + + )

( )
Now, + ( + + )= ( + + + ) = ( + )( + )

( )
Similarly, + ( + + )= ( + )( + ) &

( )
+ ( + + ) = ( + )( + )

()
(a), (b), (c), (d) ⇒ = 27( + )( + )( + )

Now, ∑ = {( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )} = ( + )( + )( + )

( )
⇒ 2 ≥ 27( + )( + )( + ) ⇒ 8 ≥ 27( + )( + )( + )

(i), (ii) ⇒ RHS of (1) ≥ of (1), with equality occuring when = = .

But LHS of (1) = RHS of (1) ∴ = = ∴ using (2), 3 = ⇒ = ⇒ =

√

∴ only possible solution is: ( , , ) = , , (answer)

√ √ √

1.19

We know that | | = for any real

Equation becomes: ( + 4 − 9) + (2 − 10) ⋅ ( + 1) = {( + 1) }

( + 4 − 9) − {( + 1) } = −(2 − 10) ⋅ ( + 1) (1)

Also we must have that ( + 4 − 9) ≥ 0; we also have ( + 1) ≥ 0

Let ( + 4 − 9) = (2) and ( + 1) = (3) where , ≥0

Then (2 − 10) = ( + 4 − 9) − ( + 1) ⇒ (2 − 10) = ( − ) (4)

Equation (1) becomes: −√ = −( − )⋅ ( + 1)

108
 −√ =− −√ +√ ( + + + + )⋅ ( + 1)

1) = √ is one solution ⇒ from (4): (2 − 10) = 0 ⇒ =5

Otherwise 1 = − +√ ( + + + + )⋅ ( + 1)

⇒ IMPOSSIBLE since ≥ 0, ≥ 0, ( + 1) > 0 meaning that RHS is ≤ 0

1.20

| − 1 |[ ] + | − 2 |[ ] + | − 3 |[ ] = [ ] + [ ] (1)

Note that > 0, and RHS is not defined if [ ] = 4 , 4 + 2 and RHS is negative for
[ ]=4 + 3, where ∈ ℤ. Also, RHS is equal to = 2 if [ ] = 4 + 1, ∈ ℤ

For = 0, [ ] = 1 and (1) becomes, | − 1| + | − 2| + | − 3| = 2 (2)

Let − 2 = (2) becomes ( ) = | + 1| + | | + | − 1| = 2 ⇒ = 0

∴ = √2 [∵ = 0]

1.21

3 +2=3 +2 =3
3 +2 =3 Substitutions 3 = ; 3 = , 3 = : +2=3
3 +2 =3 +2 =3

+1+1 ⏞
≥ 3√ =3 , +1+1 ⏞
≥ 3√ =3

+1+1 ⏞
≥ 3√ = 3 . Equality holds for = 1; = 1; = 1

3 =1⇒ = 0, 3 = 1 ⇒ = 0, 3 = 1 ⇒ =0

1.22

Let ( + − ) = ;( + − ) = ;( + − )=

Hence, given equation reduces to ( + + ) = + + ⇒

⇒( + + ) − − − = 0 ⇒ 3( + )( + )( + ) = 0

Putting the values of , , : 3(2 )(2 )(2 )=0

109
 =0 =0
=0
= (2 + 1) =
=0 2
∈ ∈

Real solutions are = 0, = (2 + 1) ; =

1.23

( )
Let be : [0, ∞) → ℝ, ( ) = , ( )=
( )
≥ 0, −

If , , ≥ 0 then by Jensen’s inequality:

+ + 1 1 1 1 1 1
≤ ( ( ) + ( ) + ( )), ≤ + +
3 3 3 1+ 1+ 1+
1+

Denote = , = , = : ≤ + +
√

+ + ≤ . Equality holds if = = . Denote = 8 , = 27 , = 64

√

1 1 1 3 3
+ + ≤ =
1+8 1 + 27 1 + 64 1 + √8 ∙ 27 ∙ 64 1 + 24

Equality holds for 8 = 27 = 64 → =0

1.24

1 1 1 1
| | + | | ⏞
≥ | | + | | , ( ≥ 2)
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
| | + | | ≥ (| | +| | ) = | |
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
| | + | | ≥ | | →| | +| | ≥2 | |
2 2 2

1.25

| + |=| |+| |⇒ = for some ≥ 0.

Now, | − | = |( − 1) | = |( − 1) |

110
 If ≥ 1, then | | = | | ≥ | |,

and | − | = ( − 1)| | = | | − | | = | | − | | = {| |, | |} − {| |, | |}

If 0 ≤ < 1, | | = | | < | | and

| − | = | − 1|| | = (1 − )| | = | | − | | = | | − | | = {| |, | |} −
{| |, | |}

1.26

It’s easy to see that: ( )( )

=1− ( )( )
. So,

( )
∑ = 3 ⇔ −( + )+ ⋅( = 0 (1)
( )( ) )( )( )

But + + = + + =

So, (1) ⇒ + + = 0 and (equivalent)

+ + =0

We have ( + )+ =0⇔− + =0⇒ = ⇔

− = − ⇒( − )( + )= ( − ) ⇒ |− | = 1

⇒| − |⋅ + =| |⋅| − |⇒| |=1

| − |=| − |⇔( )=( ). Working just the same

= ⇔ − = − ⇔( − )( + )= ( − ) ⇒ |− | = 1

| − |⋅ + =| |⋅| − |⇒| |=1

| − |=| − |⇔( )=( ). So, ( )=( )=( )

1.27

We know that + + = ⇔ + = −

⇔| + |=| − |⇔| + |= (1)

111
 1 ( ) 1 1
1= = = =
2+| + | 2+ 2(1 + )

1 1 1
= ⇒ =2 1
2 1+ 1+ ⇒ =2
| |=| |=| |=1⇒ 1+
=1

1 9
2= ≥ ⇔2 3+ ≥9⇔
1+ 3+∑

⇔ 6+ 2∑ ≥ 9 ⇔ 2∑ ≥3⇔∑ ≥ (2)

: (0, ), ( ) = it’s a concave function

∑ ∑
≥ = 60° = ⇒ ∑ ≥
⇒∑ = , equality holds when is
(2)
equilateral

1.28

[ ]( −[ ]) = ( −[ ])[ ] (1)

For 0 < < ,0 < < 1, [ ] = 0and [ ] ≥ 1.Now (1) becomes: 0 =

( )[ ] ≠ 0 ∴ (1) has no solution for 0 < < .For = , (1) becomes

1(1 − 1) = (1 − 1)(1) which is clearly holds.

For < < ,[ ] ≥ 1 and [ ] = 0. Now (1) becomes

[ ] = 0.i.e. 0 = [ ] ≠0

112
 ∴ (1) has no solution for < < . Next, let − < < 0,[ ] = −1, [ ] ≤ −2

Write (1) as (−1)( −[ ]) = ( + 1)[ ]⇒− =( )[ ] (2)

Let [ ] = , then ≤ −2and ≤ of (2) ≥ − and of (2) < −

Thus, (1) has not solution for − < < 0. For = − , (1) is satisfied

Similarly, (1) has no solution for − < <−

As and are periodic with period , we get solution set to be

(2 + 1) where is an integer.

1.29

(1 + ) + (1 + 10 ) + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 9 ) + ⋯ + (1 + 5 )
+ (1 + 6 )

2 + 11 9 2 + 11 7 2 + 11
2 +2 +⋯+ 2 =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 + 11 9 7 5 3
2 + + + + =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 + 11 9 7 3 5
2 + + + + =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 + 11 5 4 5 2 5
2 2 + +2 + =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 + 11 5
2 [2 2 +2 + 1] = 0 →
2 2
2 + 11 5
→2 [4 +2 − 1] = 0
2 2

Si: =0→ = ⇔ = → Válido para = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 →

( )
∈ ℤ . Si: =0→ = (2 + 1) ⇔ = → Válido para

= 0,1,2,3,4 → ∈ℤ⇒4 +2 −1 =0→ 2 + = →

113
 √ √ √ √
= = Si: = → = , , Si: = → = ,

1.30

| |+ | |= 1+ 2 (1)

| |+ | |=1+ 2 (2)

| |+ | |=1+ 2 (3)

Assume is obtuse, then | |=− , (2) becomes0 = 2 . Not possible.

If = , then (2) become 0 = 2 . Not possible.

Thus, , , must be all acute angles.From (1)

2 =2 ⇒2 = ( + )+ ( − )

⇒2 + ≤ 1 ⇒ (2 − 1)( + 1) ≤ 0

⇒0< ≤ ⇒ ≤ < Similarly, from (2), (3) ≤ , <

As + + = and ≤ , , < we get = = =

1.31

+ = (1), + =8 (2)
√ √

, > 0 : (1) ⇒ + =1⇒ + = 1, = , = , = and =

√ √ √ √
( , > 0) (2) ⇒ + = ⇒ + =8 , ≥ ⇒ + ≥2

1
⇒8 ≥2 ⇒ ≥ ⇒4 ≥1
4

⇒4 ≥( + ) ⇒0≥( − ) ⇒( − ) ≤0

But ( − ) ≥0⇒( − ) =0⇒ = ⇒ = , = ⇒ =

√ √

2
= 1 ⇒ √ = √2 ⇒ = = √4
√
114
1.32

+ = 1, + = + ⇒ = = , 16 + 25 = 400

16 + 25 + 40 (4 + 5 )
+ = + + = =
25 16 10 400 400

400( + ) = (4 + 5 ) , (16 + 25 )( + ) = (4 + 5 )

16 + 16 + 25 + 25 = 16 + 25 + 40

=0⇒ =0 = 0 ⇒ 25 = 400 = 16 = ±4

answer (0; 4) and (0; −4) ⇒ =0 = 0 ⇒ 16 = 400 = 25 = ±5

answer (5; 0) and (−5; 0)

1.33

Let ≥ ≥ , then { , , }= , { , , }=

4( ( , , )− ( , , )) ≥ 3 | − |

⇒ 4( − ) ≥ 3[( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ] ⇒ ( − ) ≥ 3( − ) + 3( − )

⇒ [( − ) + ( − )] ≥ 3( − ) + 3( − )

⇒ ( − ) + ( − ) + 2( − )( − ) ≥ 3( − ) + 3( − )

1 3
⇒ ( − ) + ( − ) − ( − )( − ) ≤ 0 ⇒ − − ( − ) + ( − ) ≤0
2 4

⇒ − + = 0, = ⇒ = = , ∴ = = =1

1.34

, , ∈< 0, ∞ > = , = , = ⇔ + + =

1
+ + = ,
3
≥ ⇔ , , >0

+ + ≥3

115
 1 1 1
≥ ⇒ ≥ , ≥
9 3 3√3

La cual es cierto en un equilátero, la igualdad se alcanza cuando: = = = √3

1.35

As is involved, either both , ≤ 0 or both , ≥ 0. If , < 0, then

2 3
3 2
+ − < 0 and > 0 ∴ both , ≮ 0. Thus, , ≥ 0. Let =
2 3
3 2

Applying → + + + , we get =( + + 5) , where

1 2 3 1 2 3
− 1 −1
1 3 2 0 − 1 −1
= = = 3− −2 −3
1 3 0 3− −2 −3
2− −2 −3
1 2 0 2− −2 −3

− −1 0 −1
→ + , → + gives = 0 + −5 −3 =
− −1 + −5 −3

1 0 −1 1 0 0
=( − − 1)( + − 5) 0 1 −3 = ( − − 1)( + − 5) 0 1 −3 =
1 1 −3 1 1 −2

=( − − 1)( + − 5)( − 2 − + 3) = ( − − 1)( − + 1)( + − 5)

Now, =0⇒( + + 5) = 0. As , ≥ 0, we get =0⇒

⇒( − − 1)( − + 1)( + − 5) = 0 ⇒ − = 1 or − = −1 or + = 5.

Case 1: − = 1. Let = + , = − , ≥ . The second equation becomes

1 1 1 1
2 − − = + ⇒2 = − + +
4 4 4 4

⇒4 = + + − +2 − ⇒ = − < . Not possible.

Simillarly, − = 1 is not possible. Thus, we consider Case 2: + =5

116
 Let = − , = + where − ≤ ≤

Second equation now becomes: 5 − − = + ⇒ = 0. Thus, = , = .

1.36

= 6…( )

+ + = 1…( )

Si: + + =

+ + = ⇒ + + = 6…( )

Desde que tenemos la suma y el producto, se puede construir una ecuación cúbica:

( − )( − )( − )=0⇔ : , ,

− ( + + )+ ( + + )−

− =0

−6 + 11 − 6 = 0 → ( − 1)( − 2)( − 3) = 0

Un posible coso es cuando: = 1, =2∧ =3⇒

= 45°, = 63,5° ∧ = 71,5°

1.37

√ √ ( )
1+2 = 2√ + 1 (1), + + = (2)

√ √ √
(2) ⇒ + + =
√ √

( )
⇒ + + = =

⇒ 2496 − 2816 + 3440 − 1728 + 148 − 160 + 93 = 0

⇒ (2 − 1) (624 − 80 + 624 + 212 + 93) = 0 Now, 624 + 624 ≥ 1248 >

80

117
 (when > 0 and = ≥ 0) ⇒ > 0, ∀ > 0 For = 0, = 93 > 0 ⇒ ∀ ≥ 0, > 0

∴2 =1⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = 0 ∴ only solution is ( , ) = 0,

At = ( ) = − < 0 ∴ at = , ( ) attains a maxima,

and ∵ ( ) never attains a minima ∀ ≥ 0, ∴ ( ) ≤ =

But (1) ⇒ ( ) = ∴ = ⇒ = ⇒ =

Putting, = in (1), √ + 1 = 1 ⇒ = 0 ∴ only solution is ( , ) = 0,

1.38

Two circles: | − 7 − | = 3√2 and | − 1 − 7 | = 3√2

touch each other externally as |(7 + ) − (1 + 7 )| = 6√2 = 3√2 + 3√2

Thus, | − 7 − | = 3√2 (1)

and | − 1 − 7 | ≤ 3√2 meet exactly at one point viz. the mid – point 4 + 4 of segment
where (7 + ), (1 + 7 )

1.39

Let 2 = , 3 = , 5 = , 2 , 3 , 5 are defined,

2 , 3 , 5 ≠0⇒ , , ≠0

+ = (1), + = (2), + = (3)

(1) – (2) ⇒ − = − ⇒ ( − ) 1− = 0 (4)

(2) – (3) ⇒ − = − ⇒ ( − ) 1− = 0 (5)

(3) – (1) ⇒ − = − ⇒ ( − ) 1− = 0 (6)

If 1 = , then = ⇒ + = (form (1)) ⇒ =0

If 1 = , then = ⇒ + = (from (3)) ⇒ =0

118
 If 1 = , then = ⇒ + = (from (1)) ⇒ =0

But , , ≠ 0, 1 ≠ ,1 ≠ ,1 ≠ , (4), (5), (6) ⇒ = =

Putting = = in (1), + = ⇒ = ⇒ =±
√

( , , )= , , or − ,− ,−
√ √ √ √ √ √

1
2 = 3 = 5 = ⇒ 2 = 3 = 5 = √2
√2

1
⇒2 = √2 + ⇒ = √2 +
2 2

1 1
= √2 + , = √2 +
3 3 5 5

Similarly, 2 = 3 = 5 =− ⇒ =− √2 +
√

1 1
=− √2 + , =− √2 +
3 3 5 5

⎧ =± √2 +
⎪
solutions are: =± √2 +
⎨
⎪ =± √2 +
⎩

1.40

=[ ]+ ,0 ≤ < 1, =[ ] + ,0 ≤ < 1,
∙ ∙ ∙ …∙ =
,
∙ ∙ ∙ …∙ =

∙ ∙ ∙…∙ ∈ ℤ ,0 ≤ <1→ ∙ ∙ ∙…∙ =0

1 2 3 2017 1 2 3 2017

∙ ∙ ∙…∙ ∈ ℤ, 0 ≤ <1→ ∙ ∙ ∙ …∙ =0
1 2 3 2017 1 2 3 2017

: , ∈ 0,1, 2 , … , (2017 − 1)

119
1.41

<3
First if <3⇒ + + < 9, but ≥ 1 ⇒ 6 + 3 ≥ 9 ⇒ its false ⇒ , , ≥ 3.
<3

Let −2 = , −2= , −2 = , , , ≥1

√ + √ + √ = 3√ ⇒ √ + √ + √ = 3( + + ) (1)
+ + =3

Because , , ≥ 1 ⇒ √ ≤ √ and √ ≤ √ with equality for = =1⇒

√ + √ + √ ≤ √ +√ +√ (2). From (1)+(2) ⇒

3( + + ) ≤ √ + √ + √ ⇒ 3( + + )≤ √ +√ +√ (3)

From Cauchy’s inequality 3( + + )≥ √ +√ +√ (4)

=3
From (3)+(4) ⇒ in Cauchy’s inequality we have equality ⇒ = = =1⇒ = 3 ⇒ = 1.
=3

1.42

Let = =√ , =1

∙ ∙1 + ∙ 1∙ + 1∙ ∙ =

( )+ ( )+ = , 2 ( )=0→ ≡0

1.43

If : [2; +∞) → ℝ, ( ) + = (1) ∀ ≥ 2 then ∀ , , ≥ 2:

1 1 1
2 ( )+ +2 ( )+ +2 ( )+ ≥ 3⋅
( − 1)( − 1)( − 1)

Substitute to , we have (1) ⇒ + = (2)

120
 Substitute to , we have (1) ⇒ + ( )= (3)

(2)+(3) ⇒ + + + ( )= + ⇒

⇒ +2 = + ⇒ = ( )
(4)

Substitute to , we have (4) ⇒ ( ) = ( )

⇒ 2 ( )+ = ∀ ≥2

We have 2 ( ) + + 2 ( ) + + 2 ( ) + = + +

By AM-GM inequality, we have + + ≥3 ( )( )( )

So, 2 ( ) + + 2 ( ) + + 2 ( ) + ≥ 3 ( )( )( )
(QED)

The equality occurs when = = .

1.44

Let’s set ( ) = 2 ( ), ∀ ∈ ℝ. Then the given inequality

+ ≤ ( ) + ( ) ≤ ( + ). For = = 0 we have that:

0 ≤ 2 (0) ≤ (0) ⇒ (0) = 0. For = − , we have that:

0 ≤ ( ) + (− ) ≤ (0) ⇒ 0 ≤ ( ) + (− ) ≤ (0), ∀ ∈ ℝ ⇒

(− ) = − ( ), ∀ ∈ ℝ (1)

For = 0: ≤ ( ) ≤ ( ), ∀ ∈ ℝ (2)

( )
We set → − and ...− ≤ (− ) ⇒ − ≤− ( )⇒ ≥ ( ), ∀ ∈ ℝ (3)

So, (by (2)+(3)) ( ) = , ∀ ∈ ℝ. Then ( ) = ,∀ ∈ ℝ

which is acceptable because it verifies the given conditions.

1.45

Find : ℝ → ℝ such that: ( − ) [ ( )− ( )] = ( + ) ( − ) (1)

121
 → : (1) ⇒ 0 = 2 (0) ⇒ (0) = 0

→ 0: (1) ⇒ ( )= ( )⇒ ( )[ − ( )] = 0 (*)

Suppose that ∃ , ≠ 0 such that ( ) = 0 and ( ) =

→ , → : (1) ⇒ ( − ) (0 − )=( + ) ( − ) (2)

Case 1: ( − ) = 0: (2) ⇒ ( − ) =0⇒ = ⇒ = 0 (Absurd)

Case 2: ( − ) = − : (2) ⇒ ( − ) (0 − ) = ( + )( − ) ⇒

− = − ⇒ = 0 (Absurd)

So, (*) ⇒ ( ) = 0 ∀ ≠ 0 or ( ) = ∀ ≠0

On the other hand, we have (0) = 0

Then ( ) = 0 ∀ ∈ ℝ or ( ) = ∀ ∈ℝ

1.46

Consider a continuous function satisfying the proposed property. Let ( , ) be the property
( )− ( )= ( + + ) ( − )

From (1,1) we conclude that (0) = 0.

From ( , 0) we conclude that ( )= ( ) for every

From ( , ) for ≠ 0 we get

( )− ( )= ( + + 1) ( − 1) (1)

Which is also true when = 0 according to the first point.

Setting = 0 in (1) we conclude that is odd.

Setting = 2 in (1) we conclude that (2 ) = 2 ( ) for all .

Now suppose that ( )= ( ) for some positive integer and for all . Applying (1) with
= + 1 we get

( + 1) ( + 1) = ( )+( + 3 + 3) ( ) = ( + 1) ( )

that is ( + 1) = ( + 1) ( ) for all . Thus, since is odd, we have proved that

122
 ∀ ∈ ℝ, ∀ ∈ ℤ, ( )= ( ) (2)

Applying (2) with positive and instead of we get also

∀ ∈ ℝ, ∀ ∈ ℕ∗ , = ( ) (3)

Combining (2) and (3) we get for ∈ ℕ∗ , ∈ ℤ and ∈ ℝ the following

= ( )= ( ) (4)

Thus ( ) = (1) for all ∈ ℚ.

Now, the continuity of shows that ( ) = (1) for all real .

Conversely, any function of the form → satisfies the proposed functional equation.

1.47

We put = 0 in ( ) (2 ) (4 ) = 2 , we get (0) = 1 then (0) = 1.

( ) (2 ) = 2
We have it follows that (4 ) = 2 then ( ) = 2 by
( ) (2 ) (4 ) = 2

induction we get ( ) = 2 2 ⋯ 2 =2 for all ∈ ℕ then

( )= ( )= 2 =2 (0) = 2
→ → 8

1.48

( ) ( )
∑ = 1& + + = ( )( )( )

(2) ⇒ (1 − )(1 − ) + (1 − )(1 − ) + (1 − )(1 − )=4

⇒ (1 − (1 − )+ ) + (1 − (1 − )+ ) + (1 − (1 − )+ )=

=4 ∵ =1 ⇒ + =4 ⇒3 + 1− +

+ =4 ∵ =1 ⇒ 1− = 1− =0

123
 ⇒ (1 − ∑ )(∑ − ) = 0 (1)

( )
Now, ∑ ≥ 3 ⇒ 1 ≥ 27 ⇒ 27 ≤ 1. If ∑ = , then,

( )
= ⇒ 27 1 + 2 = 27 ∵ =1 ≤ 1⇒

⇒ 54 ∑ ≤ −26. But 54 ∑ > 0 (∵ , , > 0) ∴ ∑ ≠ ∴ (1) ⇒ 1 = ∑

Now, ∑ ≥∑ (equality when = = )⇒1≥∑ ,

with equality when = = .

&∵1=∑ ∴ = = &∵∑ = 1, ∴ = ⇒ = = = (ans)

√

1.49

Denote + 1 = , then + + = 156 + (1)

domain the equation (1) > 0, ( )= + + ↓ in (0; +∞)

( ) = 156 + ↑ in (0; +∞), and has at most one root

1 1 4
= ⇒ +1 = ⇒ =−
5 5 5

1.50

Let = ( ), = ( + 1) , = ( + 2)

∴ ( )= ( + − )+ ( + − )=2 ( − )

( )= ( + + )− ( − + )

= ( + + )+ −( + ) =2 ( + )

( )= ( )

⇒ = 0 or ( − )= ( + )⇒ = 0 or =0

⇒ = 0 or = 0 or =0⇒ , , = , ∈ℤ

⇒ = or − 1 or − 2 for same ∈ℤ

124
 ⇒ ( ) = 0 or ( ( + 1)) = 0 or ( ( + 2)) = 0 ⇒ = , , −2

1.51

Clearly, > 0, > 0, > 0, ≠ 1. From 3rd equation:

1 1
− + − =0
2 + 2 +

( + −2 ) ( + −2 ) ( − ) ( − )
⇒ + =0⇒ + =0
2 ( + ) 2 ( + ) ( + ) +

⇒ − = 0, − =0⇒ = = ⇒ ( − 1) = 0

⇒ = 1 [∵ ∈ ℝ, ≠ 0] ∴ =1

From 2nd equation: = = 1 [∵ = 0] ⇒ =

From first equation: 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 24 ⇒ 2(3 ) = 18 ⇒ =2

∴ = 1, = 1, = 2, = 2

1.52.

Solve in ℝ:

√ + +√ +1=4 (1)

+ + +3 =2 √ + +√ (2)

If = 0, (1) ⇒ +√ +1 =0

But +√ +1≥ 1⇒ + √ + 1 = 0 is impossible, ⇒ ≠0

Similalry, it can be concluded that , ≠ 0

∴ , , ≠0∴ , , >0

Let √ = , = ,√ = ; , , >0

Then (1) ⇒ + + +1 =4 (3)

(2) ⇒ + + + 3 = 2( + + ) (4)

125
 Now, + + + 1 ≥ 4√

∴ (3) ⇒ 4 ≥ 4√ ⇒ ≥ ⇒ ≥1⇒ ≥1

( )
Now, 2( + + ) ≤ 2 ( + + ) ≤ 2( + + )

(∵ + + ≥ + + , where = , = , = )

(4), (5) ⇒ + + + 3 ≤ 2( + + )

⇒ 2( + + ) ≥ (( ) +( ) +( ) )+3

1
≥ ( + + ) +3
3

(∵ 3( + + )≥( + + ) , where = , = , = )

⇒2 ≥ + 3 (where = + + )

⇒6 ≥ + 9 ⇒ ( − 3) ≤ 0 . But ( − 3) ≥ 0

∴ ( − 3) = 0 ⇒ = 3 ⇒ + + = 3 (6)

But ∑ ≥ 3√ ≥ 3 (∵ ≥ 1),

equality when = = ∴∑ =3⇒ = = (7)

∴3 = 3 (from (6), (7)) ⇒ =1⇒ = = =1⇒ = = = 1 is the only solution

1.53

( + )= + − 6 (1)

( + )= + − 6 (2)

( + )= + − 6 (3)

Adding we get

2( + + ) = 2( + + − 9) ⇒ + + = + + − 9 (4)

From (1), (4): = −3⇒ − = 3 (5)

126
 Similarly : − = 3 (6), − = 3 (7)

∴ − − + = 0 ⇒ ( − )( + + ) = 0, etc.

When + + ≠ 0, we get⇒ = =

Not possible in view of (5): + + =0

From (1), we get: − = + −6⇒ + + =6

and + + = −3 [from (4)]

Also, + + (− − ) = 6 ⇒ + + =3⇒ + + −3 =0

− ± − 4( − 3) 1
⇒ = = − ± 3(4 − )
2 2

Thus, −2 ≤ ≤ 2. Similarly, −2 ≤ ≤ 2, −2 ≤ ≤3

As , , are integers

( , , ) = (−2,1,1), (2, −1, −1), (−1,2, −1), (1, −2,1), (1,1, −2), (−1, −1,2)

1.54

The system can be rewritten

+ = +
+ = +
2 +3 + 5 = 10

Let : (0, ∞) → , ( ) = + a sum of strictly increasing functions, so strictly

increasing ⇒ one to one ⇒ =

: (0, ∞) → ℝ, ( ) = + similarly we have =

The last equation becomes: 5 +5 = 10 ⇔ =1⇔ =1

Note for >1⇒ > 1 so = 1 doesn’t have solutions for

0< < 1, = , >1⇒ = < 1, again with no solution

Hence = = = 1.

127
1.55

2017 = 2 ⋅ 42 + 42 + 7 = 148225 = 385 = (9 ⋅ 42 + 7) = (97 )

Taking into account: 2017 = (97 ) , adding the equations;

(2017 − 4 ⋅ 97 + 4) = 0 ⇔ (97 ⋅ − 4 ⋅ 97 + 4) = 0 ⇔

2
⇔ (97 − 2) = 0 ⇔ = =⋯= =
97

So, the solution to the equation system is: , , ,…, .

Or, rewriting the equations into decimal numeral system:

+ + +⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (385 − 1)

+ + +⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (385 − 1)

+ + +⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (385 − 1)

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..

+ + + ⋯+ = 4 ⋅ (385 − 1)

Adding then, we get:

(148225 − 4 ⋅ 385 + 4) = 0 ⇔ (385 ⋅ − 4 ⋅ 385 + 4) = 0 ⇔

2
(385 − 2) = 0 ⇔ = =⋯= =
385

So, the solution to the equation system is: , , ,…, .

1.56

Let ( ) = + +2 + ( + 2 + 1)

128
 ( )= +3 + 2 + 2. We must have + 2 + 1 > 0 for ( + 2 + 1) to be
defined on ℝ ⇒ +2 +1 >0 ∴ ( )= + ( + 1) + 2 +1>0⇒

⇒ ( ) is an increasing . Let us assume ≥ . Then ( ) is an increasing ,

∴ ( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒ ≥ ∵ = ( ) & = ( ) ∴ ≥ & ≥ , we must have = . If we

assume ≤ , then ( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒ ≥ ⇒ = . So, we conclude combining both cases
that = ∴ + + + ( + 2 + 1) = 0. Let ( ) = + + +

3 +2
+ ( + 2 + 1) ; ( )= + ( + 1) + 2 >0⇒ ( )
+2 +1

is an increasing &

∵ (0) = 0, ∴ ( ) = 0 iff = 0 ∴ only possible pair satisfying given equation is

=0
(answer)
=0

1.57

Let = and = =

= − = = 3 . Also, 7 = ⇒4 = −3 ⇒ (4 ) =
3 ⇒

⇒4 2 =4 −3 ⇒4 (1 − 2 ) = 4(1 − )−3 ⇒

⇒ 4 (1 − 2 ) = 4(1 − )−3⇒ 8 −4 − 4 + 1 = 0. Now, = =4+4 −

8

2
= 3 =3 −4
7

2
= −4 =4+4 −8 − 4(3 − 4 ) = 16 −8 −8 +4=
14 7

= 2(8 −4 − 4 + 1) + 2 = 2(0) + 2 = 2

1.58

√ √
Let =− + , =− −

129
 | − | + | − | + | − 1| − 3| | =

⇒ | | +| | − − +| | +| | − ̅ − + | | + 1 − ̅ − − 3| | =

⇒ 3| | + 3 − ̅( + + 1) − ( + + 1) − 3| | = ⇒ =3

1.59

If 0 < < 1,

2 +1 >2 ⇒ (2 + 1) > 1

3 +2 >3 ⇒ (3 + 2) > 1

4 +3 >4 ⇒ (4 + 3) > 1

⇒ (2 + 1) + (3 + 2) + (4 + 3) > 3

and (27 − ) < 3. Similarly, if −1 < < 0, then

< 3 and > 3. Thus, only possible solution is

=0⇒ = (2 + 1) , ∈ℤ

1.60

2 ≤ +1⇒ +2 +3 ≤ + +4⇒

=∑ =3⇒ =∑ = (1)

Let +2= , +2= , +2 = ⇒ (1) becomes

∑ = (2)

But ∑ ≥ (3)

From (2)+(3)⇒ = = ⇒ = = ⇒ = = = 1.

1.61

( − 1)! ( + − 1) 1 1
= ⇒ ( − 1)! − ⇒
( + )! ( + − 1)! ( + )!

130
 ( )!
⇒ −( )!
(1)

( )!
= −( )!
(2)

From (1) and (2)

= 3 is the only solution.

1.62

1 1 1 1

Let = , = . Put = =

1 1
= → − , → −
1 1

1+ 1+
= (1 − )(1 − ) where = Expand along
0 0
− (1 + ) 1 −(1 + ) 1

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
=− − → +
− (1 + ) −(1 + ) 1 −(1 + ) 1 −(1 + )

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
=− − =
0 0 1+ 0 1+ 0

=− (1 + )[(1 + ) − (1 + ) ]+ (1 + )[(1 + ) − (1 + ) ]

= [( − ) − ( − )][ − − ( − )] =

= ( − )(1 − )( − )(1 − ) = ( − ) ( + )(1 − ) (1 + )

( )
Thus, = (1 − )( + )(1 + )(1 − )( − ) (1 − )
( )

131
 1 1 1 1
0 1 1
Next, put = = where =
1 1

Use → − , → − , = (1 − )(1 − ) where

1+ 1+
= → + , → +
− −
− (1 + ) 1 −(1 + ) 1

1+ 1+
= = (1 + ) + 0 + −
0 + 0 +
1+ 0 1+
0 1+ 0 1+

1+
− + 0 + = − (1 + ) [(1 + )(1 + ) − (1 + )( + )] +
1+ 0 1+

+ (1 + )[( + )(1 + ) − (1 + )( + )] =

= ( − )(1 − )[( − )(1 − ) + (1 − )( − )]

= ( − ) (1 − ) [1 + + + + + ]

Thus, =( (1 − ) (1 − ) ( − ) (1 − ) ( + )(1 + )
)

(1 + 2 + + + )

As , > 0, ≠ 1, =0⇔ − 1 or = or =1⇔ = 1 or = , =1⇔

⇔ = 0, = 1, = −1.

1.63

Put = , =

Numerator of LHS= ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) … +1

1 1
= ( − 1)( + 1)( + 1) … +1 = ⋯= −1
−1 −1

132
 Denominator of RHS

−1
= ( + 1)( + 1) … +1 =
−1

∴ = ⋅ (1). Also, RHS= (2)

From (1), (2), we get −1 = −1 ⇒ =

2 2 2
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =

1.64

+4 2 + (3 − 4)(2 2 )+4 2 −3 + 19 = 0

⇒ +8 + 24 + 32 − 32 −

−3 + 19 = 0 ⇒

⇒( +2 ) − 16 − 32 −3 + 19 = 0

⇒( +2 ) − 16( + ) + 16 −3 + 19 = 0

⇒( +2 ) + 16 = 3( − 1)

LHS ≥ 0 and ≤0

Equality when = 0, =0

( +2 ) + 16 = 0, −1 =0

⇒ +2 = 0, = 0 and =1

Thus, no solution.

1.65

( ) ( )
Let’s set = 0: = ⇒ ( )=2 = ℎ(0) (1)

( ) ( )
Set = 0: = ⇒ ℎ( ) = 2 − (0) (2)

133
 ( ) ( )
Using (1), (2) we have: = + − or

( ) ( )
( + )= ( )+ ( )− where : , : , , ∈ ℝ. Now let’s set

( ) ( )
( ) = ( )− . Then ( + ) = ( ) + ( ), ∀ , ∈ ℝ. So is a Cauchy function
( ) ( )
and continuos. So ( ) = , ∈ℝ⇒ ( )= − , ∀ ∈ ℝ and

ℎ(0) + (0)
( )= − ℎ (0) − ⇒
2

3ℎ(0) + (0) 3 (0) − ℎ(0)

⇒ ( )= − ′ℎ( ) = − ;
2 2

and similarly these functions satisfy the equation.

1.66

2 1− +2 1− = √3
2 1− +2 1− = √3
2 1− +2 1− = √3

These systems of equations can be further expressed as:

2
⎧ + = , (1)
⎪ 3 3
2
+ = , (2)
⎨ 3 3
⎪ 2
+ = , (3)
⎩ 3 3

Adding these equations, we have that:

+ + = , (4)

Notice that: ≤ ≤ ⇒ −1 ≤ ≤ 1 this implies the inequality above hold true for the
following cases ie.

(1). If = = then: = = = , which implies that

√
= = = , from equation (4)

134
 (2). If any two of them are equal and third one is different. WLOG, let = which directly
√
implies = 0, = = 1 which further follows as either = = or = = and the
√
same value will corresponds either = 0 case or = 0. Thus, the solutions are 0,1, , .

√
Thus, = 0, = = = = =

1 1
= 1, = = = 1, = =
2 2

1 √3
= 1, = = = 0, = =
2 2

√3
= 0, = =
2

1.67

( ) ( )
∑ = 1& + + = ( )( )( )

(2) ⇒ (1 − )(1 − ) + (1 − )(1 − ) + (1 − )(1 − )=4

⇒ (1 − (1 − )+ ) + (1 − (1 − )+ ) + (1 − (1 − )+ )=

=4 ∵ =1 ⇒ + =4 ⇒3 + 1− +

+ =4 ∵ =1 ⇒ 1− = 1− =0

⇒ (1 − ∑ )(∑ − ) = 0 (1)

( )
Now, ∑ ≥ 3 ⇒ 1 ≥ 27 ⇒ 27 ≤ 1. If ∑ = , then,

( )
= ⇒ 27 1 + 2 = 27 ∵ =1 ≤ 1⇒

⇒ 54 ∑ ≤ −26. But 54 ∑ > 0 (∵ , , > 0) ∴ ∑ ≠ ∴ (1) ⇒ 1 = ∑

Now, ∑ ≥∑ (equality when = = )⇒1≥∑ ,

with equality when = = .

135
 &∵1=∑ ∴ = = &∵∑ = 1, ∴ = ⇒ = = = (ans)
√

1.68

Let ( ) = + +2 + ( + 2 + 1)

( )= +3 + 2 + 2. We must have + 2 + 1 > 0 for ( + 2 + 1) to be

defined on ℝ ⇒ +2 +1 >0 ∴ ( )= + ( + 1) + 2 +1>0⇒

⇒ ( ) is an increasing . Let us assume ≥ . Then ( ) is an increasing ,

∴ ( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒ ≥ ∵ = ( ) & = ( ) ∴ ≥ & ≥ , we must have = . If we

assume ≤ , then ( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒ ≥ ⇒ = . So, we conclude combining both cases
that = ∴ + + + ( + 2 + 1) = 0. Let ( ) = + + +

3 +2
+ ( + 2 + 1) ; ( )= + ( + 1) + 2 >0⇒ ( )
+2 +1

is an increasing &

∵ (0) = 0, ∴ ( ) = 0 iff = 0 ∴ only possible pair satisfying given equation is

=0
(answer)
=0

1.69

( )+ ( ) = ( + )− ( + )⇒ ( )− + ( )− = ( + )=
3 3

= − − ( + ) ⇒ ( )− + ( )− = ( + )− ( + ) (1)

Now, let ( ) = ( ) − , continuous (2)

From (1)+(2) ⇒ ( ) + ( ) = ( + ) ⇒ ( ) = , ∈ ℝ (3) (from Cauchy equation).

From (2)+(3) ⇒ ( ) − = ⇒ ( )= +

1.70

+ + +2
+ + + =3
1+ 1+ 1+ (1 + )(1 + )

136
 ( + 1)( + 1) 1 1 ( + 1) + ( + 1)
+ + + =4
+1 1+ 1+ (1 + )(1 + )

AM-GM:

( + 1)( + 1) 2 2 (1 + )(1 + )
≥ + +
+1 (1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )

( + 1)( + 1) 2 ( ) +1
= +
+1 (1 + )(1 + )

( )( )⋅ ( ) ( ) ( )( )
≥2 =2 ( )√
(1)
( ) ( )( )

( )
( ) +1 ≥ =( + 1) ≥( + 1) ⋅ (2)

( )√ ⋅ √ ⋅ √ ⋅√ ⋅√
(1), (2) ⇒ ≥2 ( )√
=2 = 2 √4 = 4
√

⇒ Equality occurs if = =1⇒ = 1≠0>1=0> → (absurd)

⇒ system has no solution.

1.71

Let ⌊ ⌋ = and { } = ∈ [0,1), = +

( + + ) −( + + )=6 −1⇒( +2 ) −( +2 ) = 6 −1

⇒ +4 −2 − −2 +1= 0⇒ − (2 + 1) + 4 − 2 + 1 = 0 (1)

= (2 + 1) − 4(4 − 2 + 1) = −3(4 − 4 + 1) = −3(2 − 1) ≤ 0

But, ∈ ℤ ∈ ℝ, ≥ 0. So, ≤ 0 and ≥0⇒ =0⇒2 −1=0⇒ =

⋅
= 0, from (1), we get, = = = 1, = + =1+ =

1.72

For ≠ 0, let ( ) = 8 + 27 + 2 3 +2 3 =2 + 3 + (15) 2 3

137
 For < 0, ( ) < 1 + 1 + 15(1) < 125

ʹ( ) = (2 )(3
For 0 < <1 2) + 3 − 3 + 15 2 3 2+2 3 − 3

5 3
= (3)2 2 2− 3 3 + 3 (3) 5(2 ) 2− 3

For 0 < < 1, 0 < 2 < 4, 2 < 0.7 ⇒ 0 < 2 2<2⋅8

For 0 < < 1, > 1, 3 > 3, 3>1

2 2− 3 3 < 0 Also, for 0 < < 1,

5(2 ) 2 < (10)(0.7) = 7 and > 9 ⇒ 5(2 ) 2− 3<0

ʹ( ) < 0 for 0 <

Thus, ≤ 1 , ( ) is strictly decreasing (0,1]
ʹ( ) is continuous for ʹ(
Also, note that ≥ 1. 1) = 24 2 − 81 3 + 90 2 − 90 3<0

ʹ(
9
2) = 192 2 − 15√3 3 + 60√3 2 − √3 3>0
4

ʹ(
Thus, ∃ some ∈ (1,2) such that ) = 0. For ≥ 2, 2 ≥ 64, 27 > 1, 2 3 > 4

( ) > 64 + 1 + 60 = 125 ∀ ≥ 2. Graph of = ( ), > 0 is as follow.

Thus, ( ) = 125 has two solutions, = 1 and where 1 < < 2.

138
 CHAPTER 7
MATRIX.DETERMINANTS-SOLUTIONS
2.1

( )= ( − )= + + + +

+ √3 ⋅ − √3 =0⇒ √3 = 0

√3 + √3 + √3 + √3 + =0

9 − 3 √3 − 3 + √3 + = 0, 9 − 3 + + √3( − 3 ) = 0

⇒ − 3 = 0, 9 − 3 + =0

+ 2 + 2 = 0, = 4 − 8 = −4, = = −1 + , = −1 −

( (−1 + ) ) ⋅ ( − (−1 − ) ) = 0

⇒ (−1 + ) = (−1 + ) + (−1 + ) + (−1 + ) + (−1 + ) + =0

(1 − 2 + ) + (−1 + 3 ⋅ + 3(−1) ⋅ + ) + (1 − 2 + ) + (−1 + ) + =0

−4 + (−1 + 3 + 3 − ) − 2 − + + =0

−4 + 2 + 2 −2 − + + =0

(2 − + − 4) + (2 − 2 + ) = 0

=3
− 3 = −9 − 3 = −9, = 3 − 9
− 3 = −9
⇒ 2 −3 + =4 − + =4
2 − + =4
2 −2 +3 =0 5 −2 =0
2 −2 + =0

− +3 −9 =4 − + 3 = 13| ⋅ 5
⇒ 13 = 13 ⋅ 5, = 5
5 −2 =0 5 −2 =0

5 = 10, = 2, = 3 − 9 = 3 ⋅ 5 = 9 = 6, = 6

= = (0) = =6

139
2.2

Let = characteristic equation of is

−
( )= ( − )= − =( − )( − )( − )+
−

+ + + − ( − )− ( − )− ( − )

=− +( + + ) − ( + + − − − )

+ ( )=− +( ) − [ + + ]+ ( )

( + )=0

⇒ ( + )( − ) = 0 ⇒ ( + )( + ) = 0 ⇒ | ( + )| = 0 ⇒

⇒ ( + ) = 0 ⇒ − is an eigen value of . Thus,

− (− ) + ( ) (− ) + ( + + )+ ( )=0

⇒( + + − 1) − ( )+ ( ) = 0.

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get ( )= ( ) and ( ) = 1.

2.3

Characteristic eq2 of 2 by 2 matrix is − ( )+ ( )=0⇒ − +1=0

∴ − +1=0⇒ + = 0 and Characteristic roots are =− , =− .

( + )=( + 1)( + 1) = (1 + (− ) )(1 + (− ) )& ( + )=0

Now, ( + ) + 10 ( + )+ =4 ( + ) + 16 ( + )

⇒ (1 + )(1 + ) + 10(1 + )+ = 4 × 0 + 16(1 − )(1 − )⇒

⇒ 1 + 10 + = 16 × 3 ∴ = 37

2.4

Let = , , , , ∈ℝ

140
 +2 +2 =( + ) + =( + + )( + − )=( + + )( + + )

( +2 +2 )= ( + (1 + ) ) + (1 + )

= ( + (1 + ) ) ( + (1 + ) ) = | ( + (1 + ) )| =

+ (1 + )
= = |(1 + ) + ( + )(1 + ) + − |
+ (1 + )

= |( + + − ) + (2 + + ) | ≥ 2+( + ) = (2 + )

2.5

Let = . As ( ) = 1, we take =
1−

1= ( ) = (1 − ) −

( + )= ( + )= +1
= ( + 1)(2 − ) −
2−

=2+ − − =3

Now ( + )= { ( + ) }=

= ( ( + )) ( )=( ( )) ( ) ( )

=[ ( )( ( )) ] (3) = ( ( )) (3) = (1)(3) = 3

2.6

A polynomial satisfied by is ( ) = − +7

Graph of ( ) is as follows:

141
 This shows ( ) has a negative root and two imaginary roots

Let be negative root and + , − , , ∈ ℝ be imaginary roots.

Note tat , + , − are distinct eigen values of .

Also, ( ) = ( − )( − − )( − + ) is minimal polynomial of .

As minimal polynomial and characteristic polynomials have same zeros, and is real.

or = ( + ) ( − ) < 0 . Also, ( )=

∴ ( ) < 0 Similarly ( )<0⇒ ( )= ( ) ( ) > 0.

2.7

⋅ =2 ⇒ ( − )=2 ⇒( ) ⋅ ( − )=2 ⇒ ≠ 0 (1)

= +2 ⇒ = ( +2 )⇒( ) = + √2 − √2 ⇒

( ) = + √2 ⋅ + √2 ≥ 0 (2)

From (1)+(2)⇒ > 0 (3)

− =3 ⇒ ( − )=3 ⇒( ) ⋅ ( − )=3 ⇒ ≠ 0 (4)

= +3 ⇒ = ( +3 )⇒( ) = + √3 − √3 ⇒

⇒( ) = + √3 ⋅ + √3 ≥ 0 (5)

From (4)+(5)⇒ ( ) > 0 (6). From (3)+(6) ⇒ ( )>0

2.8

Suppose that and satisfy the proposed conditions. Let = and let

( )= ( − )= − ( ) + ( )

be the characteristic polynomial of . The proposed inequalities yields

( − )
(1) = <0

142
 (− − ) ( + )
(−1) = = >0

(−2 − ) (2 + )
(−2) = = <0

But ( ) is positive for large | |, so the above conditions imply the second degree polynomial
has at least 4 zeros and this is absurd. Thus, no such matrices exist.

2.9

Let = ∈ (ℂ) and ( ) = 0, ( ) ≠ 0.

×

Let ( ) = − + − + be the characteristic polynomial of .

Then = ( ) = 0 and = ( ) ≠ 0.

∴ ( )= + − +

We have

=− + − (1) ⇒ =− − −

( )=− ( )+4 − ( )=4 − ( ) (1)

Let , , , be eigen values of , then

= 0, =

Let be an eigenvalue of ⇒∃ ≠ 0 such that = ⇒

⇒ ( )= ( )= ( )= = ( )=

Similarly, = ⇒ is an eigenvalue of . If exists, then

( )= ( )⇒ =

∴ is an eigenvalue of .

If , , , eigenvalues of , then + + + = ( ) = 0.

Now, ( )= + + + =( + ) −3 ( + )+( + ) −

−3 ( + )

143
 = (− − ) +3 ( + )+( + ) +3 ( + )

[∵ + + + = 0]

1 1 1 1
=3 + + + =3 ( ) ( )

1 1 1 1
∵ = ( ) ( )= + + +

∑ = , =

Note

= + + + = ( ) ( ) (2)

From (1), (2):

( )=3 ( ) ( )

2.10

+ = |⋅ ⇒ + ⋅ = ⇒ + = ⇒

⇒ = (1)

| + = ⇒ + = ⇒ = (2)

From (1)+(2) we must show:

( + + ⋅ )≥0⇔ [( + )( + )] ≥ 0 ⇔

⇔ ( + ) ( + ) ≥ 0 (3)

But ( + )= ( +2 )= [( + )( − )] =

= [( + )( + )] ≥ 0 (4)

Similarly: ( + ) ≥ 0 (5)

From (4)+(5)⇒ ( + )( + ) ≥ 0 ⇒ (3) is true.

2.11

The polynomial ( , )= ( + ) is homogenous of degree 2, so it has the form

144
 ( , )= + + . Testing ( , ) ∈ {(1,0), (0,1), (1,1)} and using the hypothesis

( + ) = 1 we see that = ( ) ≜ , = 1− − . It follows that

( + )= ( , )= + (1 − − ) + = = ( )

2.12

±√
Let ( ) = − − 1, ( ) = 0 ⇒ , = . Now the own values for is , ⇒ from
√ √ √
McCoy theorem ⇒ , ∈ , ⇒| |≤ , = 1,2 ⇒

√
| |=| |= | |⋅| | ≤ (1)

√ √
Let , , the own values for ⇒ from McCoy theorem ⇒ { , , }∈ ,

√ √
⇒| |≤ , = 1,2,3 ⇒ | | = | || || | ≤ (2)

√ √ √
Let , , , the own values for ⇒{ , , , }∈ , ⇒| |≤ ,

√
= 1,2,3,4 ⇒ | | = | |⋅| |⋅| |⋅| | ≤ (3)

From (1)+(2)+(3)⇒ | + + |≤| |+| |+| |≤

1 + √5 1 + √5 1 + √5
≤ + + = 7 + 3√5 < 28
2 2 2

2.13

We use two properties:

(1) ( ⋅ )= , ∀ ≠ 0 (obvious)

(2) ( )= ( ⋅ ), ∀ = invertible (from Sylvester)

rank ( ⋅ ( )+ ⋅ ( )) = ( ( )+ ⋅ ( )) =

= ( ( ) + ⋅ ( )) = ( ( ) + ( )) =

= ( ( ) ⋅ + ⋅ ( )) =

145
 = ( ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ )

( ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗)
= + (3)

Now, +
⋅ ⋅

1 ∗ ∗
1 ∗ ∗
= + =

( ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗)
= + (4)

From (3) + (4) ⇒ relation from hypothesis.

2.14

+ 0 0
1 + 0
=
0 1 +
0 0 1 +

→ −( + )

+ 0 0 + 0
1 + − ( + )
= = 1 + − ( + ) =
0 1 + −( + ) 0 1 −( + )
0 0 1 0

= −( + ) [ −( + ) ]− ( + ) + [ −( + ) ]

=( + ) −3 ( + ) +

=( + ) −3 ( + ) +

= ( + ) −3 ( + ) +

As , → , + + = (16 − 12 + )(3) = 15 . Also, in this case,

1 1 5
+ + =1⇒ = ∴ + + → 15 = <3=
3 3 3

+ 0 0
1 + 0
=
0 1 +
0 0 1 +

→ −( + )
146
 + 0 0 + 0
1 + − ( + ) ( + )
= =− 1 + − =
0 1 + −( + ) 0 1 −( + )
0 0 1 0

= −( + ) [ −( + ) ]− ( + ) + [ −( + ) ]

=( + ) −3 ( + ) + =( + ) ( + −4 )+ =

= ( + )( + )+ > 2√ 2( ) + =5

5 5
∴ + + >5 +5 +5 ≥ ( + + ) =
3 3

2.15

Let ∈ (ℝ) be an invertible matrix with

+ = ( + ), for some ∈ (−1,1) (H)

Find | ( )|

Step 1. If ∈ (−1,1) then all the complex roots of the polynomial

( )= − − +1

belong to the unit circle.

Indeed, ( ) = 0 is equivalent to = thus

−1 (1 − )(1 − | | )
| | −1 = −1=
− | − |

and consequently

1−
(| | − 1) 1 − | | + | | + =0
| − |

Thus, | | = 1

Step 2 | |=1

147
 Consider as a complex matrix. If ∈ ℂ is an eigenvalue of then according to ( ),
satisfies

1 1
+ = +

Equivalently ( ) = 0, hence | | = 1 according to Step 1. But is the product of all the

eigenvalues of , (each one is repeated according to its multiplicity), so | | = 1.

2.16

After simplification we have:

1 +3 3 +2 2
1 + +2 +2 +2 2
=
1 + +1 + +
1 +3 3 +2 2

− ( − 2)( + − 1) (4 + 2 − 2( + 2) + 1). Solve for :

1
− ( − 2)(−1 + + ) (1 + 2 +4 −2 )( + 2) = 0
4

Multiply both sides by a constant to simplify the equation. Multiply both sides by −4:

( − 2)(−1 + + ) (1 + 2 +4 −2 )( + 2) = 0

Find the roots of each term in the product separately. Split into three equations:

− 2 = 0 or (−1 + + ) = 0 or

1+ 2 +4 −2 ( + 2) = 0

Isolate terms with to the left hand side. Add 2 to both sides: = 2 or

(−1 + + ) = 0 or 1 + 2 +4 −2 ( + 2) = 0. After solving

each equation separately and some calculations we have the following solutions

= , =2 , =2 + , =2 + , =2 −

1 1
=2 −2 ℎ , =2 +2 ℎ , =2 + − 2
√3 √3

148
2.17

If = 0 or = 0 or = 0 obvious. Let ≠ 0, ≠ 0, ≠ 0.

Lemma 1: ( )∗ = ∗ ∗
(1)

∗ )∗
Lemma 2: ( =( ) (2)

( )
∗ ∗ )∗ ( ) )∗ )∗ =
From ( = ⇒ (( ⇒

( ) = ⇒( ) =1⇒

= ±1 ⇒ ⋅ = ±1
⇒ ⇒ , ∈ {−1,1} (3)
∈ℤ

Similarly: , ∈ {−1,1} (4)

From (3)+(4)⇒ + + ≤ 3 < √10

2.18

9 +5 +5 + 12 +6 + 12 =

= [3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) ][3 + (2 − ) + (2 + ) ] ⇒

⇒ (9 +5 +5 + 12 +6 + 12 )=

= [(3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) )(3 + (2 − ) + (2 + ) )]

= (3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) )(3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) ) =

=( [3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) ]) 3 + (2 + ) + (2 − )

=( (3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) )) (3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) )

=| (3 + (2 + ) + (2 − ) | ≥ 0

2.19

If and are two × matrices, then: ( )= ( )

( ± )= ( )± ( ). We are given: (( ) )= ( )⇒

⇒ { − }=0⇒ { ( − ) }=0⇒ { ( − )} = 0 (1)

149
 ⇒ (( ) )= ( )= ( )= ( )⇒

⇒ { − }=0⇒ { ( − ) }=0⇒ { ( − )} = 0 (2)

Now, {( − ) }= { ( − )+ ( − )} =

= ( − ) + ( − ) = 0 + 0 = 0 [from (1), (2)]

Let = − , then ( )= ( )− ( ) = 0.

Also, ( ) = 0 [Prove above]

Let = [∵ ( ) = 0]
−

= + 0
0 +

( ) = 0 ⇒ 2( + )=0⇒ + =0

0 0 ( )=0 ∀ ≥2
∴ = ⇒
0 0

2.20

∗ −
Let = , = , = , , , , ∈ℤ
−

∗ 2 +
+ + = = (say)
+2

∗ −2
− + + = = (say)
−2

∗ −
− + = = (say)
−

∗ 2 − +2
+ − = = (say)
2 + 2 −

∴ ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( )=

= (2 + )( + 2 ) − + − ( − 2 )( − 2 ) + −

+(2 − )(2 − ) − ( + 2 )(2 + )

=2 +5 +2 − + − (5 −2 −2 )+ −

150
 +5 −2 −2 − (2 +5 +2 )

= 12( − ) which is divisible by 12.

2.21

Characteristic eq2 of 2 by 2 matrix is − ( )+ ( )=0⇒ − +1=0

∴ − +1=0⇒ + = 0 and Characteristic roots are =− , =− .

( + )=( + 1)( + 1) = (1 + (− ) )(1 + (− ) )& ( + )=0

Now, ( + ) + 10 ( + )+ =4 ( + ) + 16 ( + )

⇒ (1 + )(1 + ) + 10(1 + )+ = 4 × 0 + 16(1 − )(1 − )⇒

⇒ 1 + 10 + = 16 × 3 ∴ = 37

2.22

Let = , = and , ∈ℂ

+ +
+ =
+ +

( + )=( + )( + )−( + )( + )

= ( − )+ ( + − − )+ ( − )

Let ( )= = − ; ( )= = −

∴ ( + )= + ( + − − )+

and + = ( )+ ( + − − )+ ( )

1 1 1
= + + ( + − − )

Thus, ( ( ) + ( ) )+ +
( ) ( )

= + + + + + ( + − − ) (1)

Also, ( + )=1 +1 +( + − − )=

151
 = + +( + − − )

1
+ ( ) ( + )=
( )

1
= + [ + +( + − − )]

= + + + + + [ + − − ] (2)

From (1), (2): ( ( ) + ( ) )+ + =

( ) ( )

1
= ( )+ ( + )
( )

2.23

2
( + ){( + )( + )− }+ { − ( + )} + { − ( + )}
≥ 8√3 + 3√4

2
= ( + )( + + )+ (− ) + (− )

2
= + ( + + ) = 2 + 2( + + )

=( + + ) + 2( + + )

Now, + + ≥ 3√ ( ≥ ) = 3√4 (1)

Now, 2( + + ) ≥ 8√3 ⇔ ( + + ) ≥ 48 = 48 ( − )( − )( − )

+ + + − + − + −
⇔( + + ) ≥ 48
2 2 2 2

⇔( + + ) ≥ 3(( + ) − )( −( − ) )

⇔( + + ) ≥ 3( ( + ) − ( − ) − + ( − ) )

⇔ + + +2 +2 +2 ≥ 3(2 ( + )+2 − − − )

⇔4 +4 +4 −4 −4 −4 ≥0

152
 ⇔2 +2 +2 −2 −2 −2 ≥0

⇔( − ) +( − ) +( − ) ≥ 0 which is true 2( + + ) ≥ 8√3 (2)

(1) + (2) ⇒ + + + 2( + + ) ≥ 8√3 + 3√4

2.24

48
(1 + ) 1 + 1
− 1
1 1
+ 1
1 1+
≥
1 1+ 1 1+ 1 1 1+ + +

⇒ (1 + )[(1 + )(1 + ) − 1] − 1[ 1(1 + ) − 1] + 1[1 − (1 + )]

48
≥
1+ + +

⇒ (1 + )( + + )− − = + + + =

48
=3 +3 +3 +3 ⇒ 3( + + + )≥
1+ + +

Desde que: , , > 0, dividimos la expersión ÷ ( ):

1 1 1
⇒3 + + + 1 (1 + + + ) ≥ 48

Por: ≥ → ≥ →3 + + + 1 (1 + + + ) ≥ 48

La igualdad se alcanza cuando: = = =1

2.25

+ √ + √ √ + √ +
−√ +√
√ + + + √ + + √ √ +

( + )( + + ) − √ + −√ √ ( + + )−√ √ + +

+√ √ √ + −√ ( + )

= ( + )( + + ) − √ +

153
 = + + + + + − − −2

⇒ = + + + −2 ,

= −√ √ ( + + )−√ √ +

= −√ √ +√ +√ − √ − ⇒ =− − +

=√ √ √ + −√ ( + )

=√ √ + − √ − √ ⇒ = − → + + = >
0⇔ , , , , , ∈< 0, ∞ >.

2.26

1
( )= 1
=( + + + ) =
1
1
1
0 − 0 0
=( + + + )
0 − − 0
0 − − −

( )=( + + + )( − )( − )( − )

( )= ( + + + )+ ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )

( ) 1 1 1 1
= + + +
( ) + + + − − −

( + + ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ≤ +
( + + ) 2( + + ) + + + 2 √
6( )

2.27

( )= + =

+ ≥ 2 (True) ⇒ + −1 ≥ 1|⋅ + >0

+ ≥ + |⋅( ⋅ > 0) ⋅ + ⋅ ≥ +

154
 ( + )+ ⋅ + ⋅ ≥( + )+ ⋅ + ⋅

1 1 1 1
( ⋅ + ⋅ ) ⋅ + ⋅ ≥( + )⋅ ⋅ + ⋅

1 1
⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ =
≥
⋅ + ⋅ 1 1 =
⋅ + ⋅

+ +
≥ ⇒ ≥
+ +

2.28

1
0 0 0
Let = 64 0 0 0 . Expanding this determinant, we get
0 0 0
0 0 0

= 64( − − − − ).

1 1 1 1 1
= 64 − − − −

= (4 )(4 )(4 ) − − − − . By AM-GM: ≤ ⇒4 ≤( + )

+ +
√ ≤ ⇒4 ≤ ( + ) ;√ ≤ ⇒4 ≤( + ) ⇒
2 2

1 1 1 1 1
⇒ ≤( + ) ( + ) ( + ) − − − −

2.29

0 0
= × 0 + × − × 0 =
0 0

= { (− ) − (− )+ ⋅ } + { − (− )+ ( − )} −

− {− ( )+ ( − )} = (− + + )+ ( + − )+

+ (− + − )= ( + − )+ ( + − )+ ( + − )
155
 =2 +2 +2 =2 =

=2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 )=2 ⋅4 =2 ⋅4 4
8

⋅ √
= 16 = 16 ≥ 16 ⋅ 27 = 432

2.30

= + + +

→ +

+ +
=( + + ) 1 1 1 = =

=( + + ) = −( + + )
1 1 1

1 0 − −
= 1 = 0 − − =
1 1

1 + +
= ( − )( − ) 1 + + = ( − )( − )
1 + + 0 − + ( − )

= ( − )( − )( − )( + + )

−
∴
( − )( − )( − )

=( + + )+( + + )( + + )≥

≥ 3( ) + 3( ) ( + + ) = 3( ) (4)( ) = 12( )

2.31

Let

= where ∈ℂ
×

156
 = ̅ ×

( )= ( ) ( )= ( ) ( )=| ( )| ≥ 0

Now,

+ +2 =( + )( + )=( + )( + )

√
Where =

∴ ( + +2 )=| ( + )| ≥ 0. Similarly

( +2 +3 )≥0

and ( +3 +4 )≥0

∴ {( + +2 )( +2 +3 )( +3 +4 )} ≥ 0

2.32

= +

[All the other vanishes after splitting]

= ( − )( − )( − ) ∑ − ( − )( − )( − ) ∑

= ( − )( − )( − ) ( − )

= ( − ) ( − ) ( − )

Now, ≤ = 1 As + + =3

∴ ≤( − ) ( − ) ( − )

157
2.33

Let = where ∈ ℂ and = , then

× ×

( )= ( ) ( )= ( ) ( )=| ( )| ≥ 0

Assuming , , commute so that

= = = = = =0

Now, let =2 +3 +4

⇒ = (2 + 3 + 4 ) = 4 +9 + 16

Let = +2 +3 +4 +4 +9 + 16 = + +

1
=( − )( − ), = −1 + √3 =( − )( − )
2

( )=| ( − )| ≥ 0

2.34

0 1
− 1
− 1 =
− 1
1 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
−1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2
= = =
1 −1 1 1 0 −2 0 0
1 1 −1 1 0 0 −2 0

2 2 2 1
= ⋅ −2 0 0 =8 ≤ ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
8
0 −2 0

⇒8 ≤ ( + )( + )( + )

+ ≥ 2√

+ ≥ 2√

+ ≥ 2√

158
 ⇒ ( + )( + )( + ) ≥ 8

2.35

Put = , = , =

0≤ , , ≤
4

The given determinant becomes

1 1 1
=

=( )( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )

As ( − )+( − )+( − )=0

Either two of them non-negative and one is non-positive or one of them is non-negative and
two are non-positive.

Case 1

− ≥ 0, − ≥ 0, − ≤ 0 then

≤ ( − )+ ( − )

1 1 1
≤ ( − + − ) ∵0≤ , ≤ ⇒ ≤ ( − )≤
2 4 2 2

∵0≤ , ≤ Similarly for other such cases.

Case 2 − ≥ 0, − ≤ 0, − ≤0

∴ ≤ ( − ) ≤ Similarly for other such cases.

2.36

Let be unit vector along ⃗, along ⃗ and ̂ along ⃗ , then

⃗= ̂+ ̂+ = ; ⃗= ̂+ ̂+ = ; ⃗= ̂+ℎ ̂+ = ̂

159
 Now, = ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ = ̂ = ̂ . But ̂ = ± volume of
ℎ

parallelipiped with sides , , ̂ ⇒ ̂ ≤1∴ ≤

ℎ

2.37

1 0 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 1 1 = 0 1 1 1 = =
− −
1 0 0 − −
− −
1 0 0 − −

+ − + − + + −( − )( − )=

= 2( + + )−( + + ) (1)

From (1) we must show this:

2( + + )−( + + )≤4 (∑ 2 )∑ (2)

From Cauchy inequality ⇒ ∑ ≥ (∑ ) and ∑ ≥ (∑ ) (3)

√ √

From (2)+(3) we must show this:

2( + + )−( + + )≥ (∑ )(∑ ) (4)

But ∑ = (5)

∑
∑ =∑ = (6)

From (4)+(5)+(6) we must show this: 2( + + )−( + + )≥

1
≥ ( + + )( + − + + − + + − )⇔
3

6( + + ) − 3( + + )≥− − − + ( + )+

+ ( + )+ ( + )− ( + )− ( + )− ( + )+

+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )
⇔ 2( + + ) − 4( + + )+2 ( + + )≥0⇔

160
 ⇔ + + − 2( + + )+ ( + + ) ≥ 0 (7)

⇔ + + + ( + + ) ≥ 2( + + ) (8)

By Schur’s inequality we have:

+ + + ( + + )≥ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) (9)

From (8)+(9) we must show:

( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) ≥ 2( + + ) (10)

But ( + )≥2 ⇔ + ≥2 which its true. Similarly:

( + )≥2 and ( + )≥2 ⇒ (10) its true.

2.38 We make a generalization:

Lemma 1: Let ∈ [ ], ( ) = + + , = − 4 < 0. Then ∀ , ∈ (ℝ) the

following statement is true: [( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0, , being the
roots of

Demonstration: <0⇒ , ∈ ℂ, = and using ( ⋅ ̅ ) ≥ 0,

∀ ∈ (ℝ) ⇒

[( + + )( + + )] = [( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0

Lemma 2. If = , = , = then the conclusion of this theorem can be written

this way: [ + ( + )− ( + )+( −2 ) ]≥ 0

Demonstration: [( + + )( + + )] =

= [ + ( + )+( + )( + )+( + ) ]=

= [ + ( + )− ( + )+( −2 ) ]≥0

(we used = , = , = and Viéte relations)

Now, in our case: = 6, = 10. Done.

2.39

= ( − )−

− ( − )+
161
 + ( − )=

( )
= + + −3 =

= + + −3 ( = , = , = )

1
= ( + + ){( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) }
2
1
= ( + + ){( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) } ≥ 0
2
( )
∴ = 0. Also, ∵ 3 ≥ 0, ∴ by (1),

≤ + + = + ( + )≤

≤ + (∵ + ≤ + =1& ≥ 0)

( )
≤ + =1∴ ≤ 1

(a), (b) ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 < ≤ 1 ⇒ | | ≤ 1 (Proved)

2.40

− + = 0, = −4 = −3 <0

+ √3 − √3
= , =
2 2

( + )= + ⋅ + = + +

( + )=( ) + + = (− + )+ =0⇒ =0⇒ =0

⇒− + =0⇒ ⋅ =1

= ( − + )= ( − )⋅ ( − )

=( + )⋅( + )=( ) ⋅ + + ( + )=

= ⋅ + + 1(− )= ⋅( ) = ⋅1 =

Vieté relationships + = , = , + = −2 = −2 =−

162
2.41

We will use the following formula:

( ∗)
( + )= + + , when: = , = , =

We will note ( ) = ( + ). Because is a polygon of second degree,

it’s obvious that it can be at most two changes in the value of ( ) . But:

(−1) > 0, (0) < 0, > 0, (1) < 0 ⇒ 3 changes of sign.

That means there are no matrices with the properties in the hypothesis. Observation:

1 1 1
(2 + ) = 4 + =4 >0⇒ >0
2 2 2

163
 CHAPTER 8
LIMITS.SERIES-SOLUTIONS
3.1

1 ( + 3) − ( ) 1 1 1
= −
3 ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) 3 ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

Si: = 1 → −
× × × ×

1 1 1
⇒ =2→ −
3 2×3×4 3×4×5

1 1 1
⇒ =3→ −
3 3×4×5 4×5×6

................................................................................................................................

1 1 1
⇒ = → −
3 ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1
⇒ = −
→ ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) 3 6 ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1
⇒ − =
18 → 3 ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) 18

3.2

Let be a natural number. < ≤ ( + 1) ⇒ √ = +1

Let be a perfect square, and 1 ≤ ≤ . Divide the interval (1, ) into the partition:

(1,4] ∪ (4,9] ∪ … ∪ ( , ( + 1) ] ∪ … ∪ (( − 1) , )

Now:

( ) ( )

√ = ( + 1) = (2 + 1)( + 1) = 2 +3 +1

164
 ( )

√ = √ ;1 ≤ ≤ −1

Let −1 =

( )
2 +3 + 3 ( + 1)
√ = 2 +3 +1 = + +
3 2

4 + 15 + 17
=
6

4 + 15 + 17 4( − 1) + 15( − 1) + 17( − 1)
√ =( + 1) ⋅ = ⋅
6 6

But is also a perfect square since is a perfect square.

⇒ √ = 2 + 3 + 1;1 ≤ ≤ −1

4 −1 + 15 −1 + 17 −1
√ =
6

⋅∫ √ 4( − 1) + 15( − 1) + 17( − 1)
⇒ =
→ →
∫ √ 4 −1 + 15 −1 + 17 −1

Applying De l’Hôpital’s rule four times yields:

⋅∫ √
=0
→
∫ √

when is a perfect square.

But for every real number , there exists a perfect square such that < .

165
 ⋅∫ √ ⋅∫ √
= =0
→ →
∫ √ ∫ √

3.3

⋯
= = =
→ →

1 1 1 1 1
= = = = =
→ ∑ 1 ∫ √
⋯ ⋅
→ ⋅ → ⋅∑

3.4

…
Let = ⇒ = → ( − )

−
= =
→ +1− →

… ! ( !) ! ( !)
1 2 √ √
= = = =
→ → →
(1! 2! … !) (1! 2! … !)

√ +1 ( + 1)! [( + 1)!]
( )
(1! 2! … ( + 1)!)
= =
→ ! ( !)
√
(1! 2! … !)

1
√ +1 1+ ( + 1)( + 1)! ( + 1)
√ + 1( + 1)
= = ⋅1
→ →
( + 1)! !

!
(Stirling from 1 = → )
√

166
 √ + 1( + 1) ! 1 1 1
= ⋅ = 1+ 1+ =
→ ! → √2 → √2 √2

3.5

1
= ⇒
( + 1)( + 2) ⋅ … ⋅ ( + )
1 1 1
⇒ −
( + 1) … ( + − 1) ( + 1) … ( + )

⇒ −∑ ( )…( )
.Replace, +1= ⇒

1 1 1 1 1
⇒ − − ⇒ − +
( + 1) − ( + − 1) ! !

= ( )= =
⋅ ! ⋅ !

Now, applying this initial problem, and applying A.M.-G.M., we get,

1 1 1
+
( )+ ( )+ ( )
= ⋅ ! ⋅ ! + ⋅ ! ≥
+ + + +

1
≥
( !) ( !) ( !)

( )+ ( )+ ( ) 1
≥
+ + ( !) ( !) ( !)

3.6

Let = ! ! !⋅…⋅ !

We show that

2 −1
≤ ∀ ≥1
!

For = 1, =1≤ !

167
 Assume that

= (2 − 1) for some ∈ℕ
!

1 1 1
⇒ ≤ (2 − 1) =
1! 2! ⋅ … ⋅ ! ! 1! 2! ⋅ … ⋅ ! ( + 1)!

1 1
≤ (2 − 1)
! ( + 1)!

We now show that

1 1 1
(2 − 1) ≤ (2 − 1)
! ( + 1)! ( + 1)!

( )!
⇔ (2 − 1) ≤ (2 − 1) ⇔ ( + 1) (2 − 1) ≤ (2 − 1) (1)
!

( + 1) (2 − 1) ≤ (2 − 1) (2 − 1) = (2 − 1)

[∴ +1 ≤2 − 1 ∀ ∈ ℕ]

∴ (1) is true

Thus, ≤ (2 − 1) ⇒ ∑ ≤∑ (2 − 1)
! !

⇒ ≤ − = ( − 1)
→

3.7.

√
− < ,√ − < √
6 6

1
2 − ⋅ 2 < √
1 6 3+1
+1 0 0

168
 2 1
− ⋅ 2 < √
+1 6 +3

1
∞= ⋅ − 2 ≤ ⇒ =∞
→ 2 +1 +3

3.8. Let:

2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
= + +⋯+ , = +⋯
1! 2! ! ( + 1)!

( 2)
+ = = −1=2 −1
!

⋯
⇒ ( + ) = (2 − 1) , = → ( )
− = → ( )

Coefficient of in in the numerator:

( 2) ( 2)
−
( + 1)!

Coefficient of in ( + ) is:

( 2) ( 2)
(1!) (1!)

Also, on the terms except first in the numerator involve and higher powers of .

1 ( + 1 − 1)
=− ∀ ≥ 1, =−
1 ( + 1)! ( + 1)!

1 1 1 1 1 1
=− − ⇒ =− − − − …⇒ = −1
! ( + 1)! 1! 2! 2! 3!

3.9

Let be the sequence = 0; = 1; = + with the characteristic equation

− −1=0

169
 1 ± √5 1 + √5 1 − √5
, = ; = +
2 2 2

1 + √5 1 − √5
= + = 0; = ⋅ + ⋅ =1
2 2

2 2 2
1 + √5 2
1 − √5
= ; =− ; = −
√5 √5 √5 2 √5 2

= and we prove by induction that: = ; ≥1

0 1 +
= ⋅ = = =
1 1 + +
=

+ +
= = = =
→ + → + →

2 1 + √5 2 1 − √5
−
√5 2 √5 2 2 √5 − 1
= = = <1
→
2 1 + √5 2 1 − √5 √5 + 1 2
−
√5 2 √5 2

3.10

⋯
= = =
→ →

⋯ ( )( )
= = → =
→

3.11

1 1 1
= + +⋯+
→ 1+ 2+

We have, < 1, < ,…, <

170
 Similarly, −1 < ,− < ,…,− <

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ − −⋯− −1 < + + ⋯+ < 1 + + ⋯+
2 1+ 2+ 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴− 1+ +⋯+ < + + ⋯+ < 1 + + ⋯+
2 1+ 2+ 2

− ( + )< < ( + ) where = 1+ + +⋯+ −

| − ( + )| < will hold only if there exists a such that

=[ ]+[ ⋅ ] where [ ] =gif function

∴ = ( + )= ( ) +
→ → → →

where = Euler’s Constant

1 1 1
∴ + + ⋯+ =
→ 1+ 2+

= ( ) + = +∞
→ →

3.12

1 1
= ∙ ∙ ! = ∙ !∙ + ∙ !∙ =
→ 5 → 5 ! 5 !

= + = =
→ 5( + 1) → 5( + 1) 5

Observation:

1 1 1
0< ! = ! + +⋯ =
! ( + 2)! ( + 3)!

1 1 1 1
= + +⋯ < + +⋯
( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1 2
< − + − +⋯ <
+1 +2 +2 +3 +1

171
 =
5

3.13

( − )=
→

and

= √2! ⋅ √3! ⋅ … ⋅ √ !
→

⋅ ⋅ −
= − =
→ +1 → +1−
⋅
where = for all ≥1

⋅
= [ − ]=
→ →

− √2! ⋅ √3! ⋅ … ⋅ √ !
= =
→ → → +1− →

√2! ⋅ √3! ⋅ … ⋅ ( + 1)!

= ( − )⋅ ⋅
→ → ( + 1) √2! ⋅ √3! ⋅ … ⋅ √ !

Applying Cauchy D – Alembert’s Theorem

= ⋅ ⋅ ( + 1)!
→ ( + 1)

( + 1)!
( + 1) ( + 2)! ( + 1)
= ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅
→ 1 → ( + 2) ( + 1)!
1+

(Cauchy D-Alembert’s Theorem)

+ 1 ( + 1) 1
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ + 2 ( + 2) → 1
1+ +1

172
3.14

( )!
We know (2 + 1)‼ = ⋅ !

= 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 − 1)‼ =

→ →

where

= 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 − 1)‼

2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 + 1)‼

∴ = = [ ℎ − ]=
→ → →
2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 − 1)‼

2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 + 3)‼ 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 − 1)‼

= ⋅
→ 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 + 1)‼ 2‼ √3‼ √5‼ … (2 + 1)‼

[Cauchy D-Alembert]

(2 + 3)‼ (2 + 5)‼ (2 + 1)‼

= = ⋅
→ (2 + 1)‼ → (2 + 3)‼ (2 + 3)‼

[Cauchy D-Alembert]

(2 + 5)! (2 + 1)!
2 ( + 2)! 2 ! ( + 2)(2 + 3)
= ⋅ = ⋅ =1
→ (2 + 3)! (2 + 3)! → +1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
2 ( + 1)! 2 ( + 1)!

3.15

1 1 1 1
⋅ = ⋅
25 + 5 − 6 ( − + 1) 25 + 5 − 6 ( − + 1)

1 1
= ⋅
25 +5 −6

173
 1 1 1 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ −
25 +5 −6 6 6 5 → 5 −2 5 +3

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ⋅ − + − ⋯− + −
30 → 3 8 8 5 −2 5 −2 5 +3

1 1
= ⋅ − =
30 → 3 5 +3 90

3.16

1 1 1 1
= −
( + )( + ) − + +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+ − − + ⋯+
− +1 +2 +( − ) + +1 + +2 +

1
= + +⋯+
− ( + 1)( + + 1) ( + 2)( + + 2) ( + )

1 1
=
− +
( + ) 1+

1 1 1
∴ =
→ ( + )( + ) → − +
( + ) 1+

1 1 1 !
= > =
− ( + ) + !

3.17

LEMMA: let , = 1,2, … , be positive real numbers, then

√ +√ + ⋯+
= ⋅ ⋅…⋅
→

174
 √ + √ +1
√ + √ +1 2 ( + 1)
∴ ( , )= = =
→ √ + √ +1 → √ + √ +1 ( + 1)
2

∴ ( + 1) ⋅ ( , ) = ( + 1) ⏞
≤

≤ ( + + )( + + + 3) = 2 (proved)

3.18

Let =∑ . Then → =
!

√ ! ! ( + 1)! 1
∴ = =
⏞ ⋅ =
→ → → ( + 1) !

∴ =
⏞ = =1
→ →

√ ! −1
∴ ( + 1)! – ! = ⋅√ ⋅ ⋅
→

( )!
where = for all ∈ℕ
!

( + 1)! +1 1 1
∴ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
→ → +1 √ !

( + 1)! +1 1 1
= =1
→ +1 → → √ ! →

∴ as → 1 then → 1 as →∞

( )!
Now, → = → ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1. So,
( )! !

175
 = =0
→ →

1 1 1 √ ! −1
∴ ( + 1)! − ! 1+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅ ⋅ =0
→ 1! 2! ! →

3.19

For 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 1 − ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ (1 − ) ≤ 1, | ( )| ≤ 1

∴ |(1 − ) + ( )| ≤ |(1 − ) | + | ( )| ≤ 2

⇒ {(1 − ) + ( )} ≤ 2 = 2( − 1)

1 2
⇒ {(1 − ) + ( )} ≤ ( − 1)
! !

As ( − 1) → 0 as → ∞, → ∫ [(1 − ) + ( )] =0
! !

3.20

(− ) (−1)
( )= = 1− + +⋯+
→ +1 → 2 3 +1

(−1)
∴ ( )= − + + ⋯+ = (1 + )
→ 2 3 +1

(1 + ) 1 (1 + )
∴ ( )= ⇒ ( )= −
+

2 +1 1 2 (1 + )
( )=− − + =
( + ) (1 + )

2(1 + ) (1 + ) − (3 +2 )
=
(1 + )

Let ( ) = 2(1 + ) (1 + ) − (3 + 2 ) for all ∈ [0,1]

( ) = 2(1 + ) + 4(1 + ) (1 + ) − 6 − 2 =

176
 = (1 + ) (1 + ) − ≥0
1+

∵ (1 + ) ≥ ≥ 0 . So, is increasing ( ) ≥ (0) = 0

∴ ( ) ≥ 0 for all | | < 1. Hence, is convex. So,

+ ( ) ( )
≤ +
+ + +

+
∴ ( )+ ( )≥
+

3.21

Let be = 1 + + +⋯+

= ( − + − + − )=
→

= (2 − − )=
→

400 ⋅ 400
= 2 −2 400 − + 100 − + 300 +
→ 100 ⋅ 300

16 16
=2 − − + =
3 3

3.22

2 + (2 + 2 + 5) + 2 + 6 −
( , )= =
3 ( + )( + + 1)( + + 2)

+ + +1 +1
= − = ⇒
3 ( + )( + + 1) 3 ( + + 1)( + + 2) ( + 1)( + 2)

1 1 1 1
⇒ ( , )⋅ ( , )= ⋅ ≤ ⋅
+1+1 + 1 + 1 3√ 3

1
( , )⋅ ( , )≤
9

177
3.23

2 √1 + + 2√2 + + ⋯ + 2√ + − ( + 1) 0
= =
→ 0

( + 1)
√1 + + √2 + +⋯+ √ + − 2 ( + 1)
=2 ,1+ 2 +⋯+ =
→ 2

√1 + − 1 + √2 + −2 + ⋯+ √ + −
=2⋅
→

√ + − 0 + −
= = = =
→ 0 → √ + + → √ + +

1 1 1
= = , =2⋅( = + +⋯+ )
→ √ + + 2 +
1 1 1 1 1 1
=2⋅ + +⋯+ , = + +⋯+
2⋅1 2⋅2 2 1 2

3.24

For ≤ ≤ +1

1 1 1
≤ ≤ ⇒ ( ) ≤ ≤
+1

⇒ ( ) ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ≤

Since → = 1 as → ∞, ( ) → = 1 as →∞

we get

=1
→

3.25

Let ( ) = for all ∈ ,

∴ by Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem;

178
 =( + + 1) where ∈ ,

2( + + 1)
− =
( + 5)( + 7)

Now, ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ( + + 1) ≤

≤ ≤
→

≤ ≤
→ →

So, by Sandwich Theorem,

=1
→

2( + + 1)
∴ − = ⋅
→ → 5 7 →
1+ 1+

= 2( + + 1)

( ) 2 1
∴ =2 + +2
+ + + +

9
≥ + + +3+ > + + +3
+ +

3.26

2
Let =

( ) =
→ →

2 +2
+1 (2 + 2)(2 + 1) 1
= 2 = =4 − =4
→ → ( + 1)( + 1) → 2 +2

Let 0 < < 1, there exists a positive integer such that

179
 ( ) −4 < ∀ > ⇒4− <( ) < 4+ ∀ >

2 ( )
Let = =

Let = + +⋯+ − (1 + 2 + ⋯ + )(4 − )

and

= + + ⋯+ − (1 + 2 + ⋯ + )(4 + )

Now, for >

(2 + 3 + ⋯ + )(4 − ) + <

< + +⋯+ < (2 + ⋯ + )(4 + ) +

1
( + 1)(2 + 1) − 1 (4 − ) +
⇒ 6
( + 1)(2 + 1)

1
∑ ( + 1)(2 + 1) − 1 (4 + ) +
< < 6
( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1)

Taking limit as → ∞, we get

1 ∑ 1 2 2
(4 − ) ≤ ≤ (4 + ) ⇒ − ≤ ≤ +
6 → ( + 1)(2 + 1) 4 3 3

Its true for each > 0,

2
∴ =
3

3.27

( )
Let = = [( + 1) − ] = 1−
⋯ ( )

Let = , =

+ +⋯+
= 0, =0⇒ =0
→ → →

180
 ⋯
and → =0

Now,

+ +⋯+ 2 + +⋯+
=2 − =0
→ → → +1 →

3.28

By Cesaro’s limit theorem

+ + +⋯+
= ⇒ =
→ →

( ) → ( )
Now, we have → = provided → ( )≠0
( ) → ( )

→
Given → = So → = ( )
=
→

So by Cesaro’s limit theorem we get → ∑ = → =

3.29

+1−1 1 1 1
= = = − =1−
( + 1)! ( + 1)! ! ( + 1)! ( + 1)!

( + 2) ( + 1) − 1 1 1 1
= = = − = 1−
[( + 1)!] [( + 1)!] ( !) [( + 1)!] [( + 1)!]

( + 3 + 3) ( + 1) − 1 1 1 1
= = = − =1−
[( + 1)!] [( + 1)!] ( !) [( + 1)!] [( + 1)!]

1 1 1
= 1− 1− 1− = [1 − ][1 − ][1 − ]=1
→ ( + 1)! [( + 1)!] [( + 1)!] →

3.30

1 1
= = −
→ →

181
 1 ( + 1) ( + 1)
= −
→ 2 2

1 1
= ( + 1) − −
2 →

1 ( + 1) ( − 1) ( − 1)
= −
2 → 2 4

As

1
=0
→

1 1 1 1 3 1
= ( − 1)( + 3) = 1− 1+ =
8 → 8 → 8

3.31

( + 1)( + 2) ⋯ (2 − 2)
= 2
→ 1 ⋅ 3⋅ 5⋅ …⋅2 − 3

2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 2) ( + 1)( + 2) ⋯ (2 − 2)
= 2
→ (1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ … ⋅ 2 − 3) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ … ⋅ (2 − 2)

2 (2 − 2)!
= 2 =1 2 =
1
→ (2 − 2)! 2 → 2 2 →

1 1+ 1
= = ⋅ =
2 → 1 2 2

3.32

√ ! ! ( + 1)!
= =
⏞ ⋅
→ → → ( + 1) !

182
 1 1
= ⋅ =
→ +1 1
1+

1 1
∑ −∑
1 1 √ ! √ !=1 1
= =
→ 3 +1 √ ! → 3 +4−3 −1 3 → ( + 1)!

1 1 1 1
= ⎛ ⋅ ⎞= =0
3 → +1 ( + 1)! 3 → +1
⎝ +1 ⎠

3.33

+ √2 + + √3 +⋯+ +√
= −
→

+ √2 + + √3 +⋯+ +√
− =
⏞
→

+√
+√ +√
= +√ − +√ = = =
⏞
→ → → +√ → 1

+√ −
⋅
+ √ 2√ +√ −
= =− =
→ 1 2 → +√ +√
−

− 3
=− ⋅ =
2 2 → 1 1
+√ +2 +√
2

3 3 1
=− ( − ) =− ( − ) =
2 → + + 2√ 2 → 1
2⋅2

3 1
=− ( − ) √ = −∞ ⇒ = −∞ ⇒ − = =0
2 →

183
3.34

( ) ( )( )
We have 1 + =1+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯+
!

⋯
⇒ 1+ <1+ + + ⋯+ ⇒ 1+ + +⋯+ −1 > ⇒ ! ! !
−
! ! ! ! ! !

1 < (1)

Lemma: 1 + + + ⋯+ <
! ! !

On the other hand, using the lemma, we have 1 + + +⋯+ < ⇒

! ! !

⋯
⇒ 1+ + + ⋯+ −1 < √ −1 ⇒ ! ! !
−1 > √ −1 (2)
! ! !

⋯
(1) and (2) ⇒ √ −1 < ! ! !
−1 < (3)

On the other hand, we have

→ −1 = → ⋅ = (4)

√
−1 −1
−1 = = ⋅ =
→ → ( + 1) → ( + 1)

= ⋅1 = (5)

(3), (4) and (5) ⇒ ( ) =

( )
By Bernoulli inequality, we have <

( ) ( )
Similarly, we have < and <

( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ < ⇒ < ⇒

( )< + + − 1 (6)

By Bernoulli inequality, we have ≥ + + + 1 (7)

184
 (6) and (7) ⇒ QED

3.35

1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + ⋯ + (10 − 9)
=
→ 2 −1

(2 − 1) 2 + 10( − 1) 5 −3
= = (5 − 4) = =∞
→ 2 × (2 − 1) → → 2

3.36

√ ! ! ( + 1)! 1 1
= = ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ → → ( + 1) ! → +1 1
1+

∑ −∑
1 √ ! √ != +1
= =
→ +3 √ ! → + 4 − ( + 3) → ( + 1)!

3.37

1 1
= =
→ →

5
= = ⋅ − ⋅
5 5 +1

1 2
= − = − | + 1| = −
20 +1 20 10 20 10

3.38

First let’s compute the sum

! (1 + )

! (1 + ) = ! [( + 2)( + 1) − 3( + 1) + 2] = ( + 2)! − 3( + 1)! + 2 !

185
 = [( + 2)! − ( + 1)!] − 2[( + 1)! − !]

! (1 + )= [( + 2)! − ( + 1)!] − 2 [( + 1)! − !]

=( + 2)! − 2! − 2 ( + 1)! − 1! = ( + 2)! − 2 − 2( + 1)! + 2

=( + 2)! − 2( + 1)! = ( + 1)! [ + 2 − 2] = ( + 1)!

Let =∑ 1+ ∑ ! (1 + ). Then =∑ 1+ ( ( + 1)!)

( + 1)
= ( + 1)! = ( + 1)( + 1)!

= [( + 2)! − ( + 1)!] = ( + 2)! − 2! = ( + 2)! − 2

We want to compute → We know that → = →

( )! ( )!
So → = → = → ( )!
= → =∞
( )!

3.39

∑ (2 − 1)( − + 1)
=
→ ( + 1) −

∑ (2 −2 +2 − + − 1)
=
→ ( + 1) −

2 ∑ − 2∑ +2∑ − (1 + ) ∑ 1+∑
=
→ ( + 1) −

2 ⋅ ( + 1) 2 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
− +3∑ − ( + 1)
= 2 6
→ ( + 1) −

2 ( + 1)(2 + 1) 3 ( + 1)
( + 1) − + − ( + 1)
= 6 2
→ [( + 1) + ][( + 1) − ]

186
 (2 + 1) 3
( + 1) − +2−1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
3
= , =
→ [( + 1) + ][(2 + 1)] → 6(2 + 1)(2 + 2 + 1)

( + ) 1 1 1
= , = , = =
→ 6(2 + 2 + 1) → 2( + )+1 → 1 12
6 6 2+
+ +

3.40

7
−1
7 5 2
75 =5 =5 =
5 7 7
−1
5 5 −1

7
5
1 2 2
= 75 = ⋅ =
→ → 7 7− 5
5 −1

1 5 7 7
= 75 = =5 =
→ → 5 5

2
=5 =5 =
7 7− 5
5

3.41

= ⇔ =
→ →

(1 + )= (1 + )= (1 + )
→ → →

( ) ∏ ( )
=
⏞ =1+ ⇒ = =
→ →

187
3.42

(2 )‼ 2 ( !) (2 √2
= = = = √
→ (2 )! → (2 )! → 2 →
√4

→∞

3.43

=∏ we have 0 < < 1; So we put =

12 − 11
= ⇔ (12( + 1) − 11) − (12 − 11) =6
12 − 5

⇒ (12( + 1) − 11) − (12 − 11) = 6

+5 1
⇔ (12( + 1) − 11) +5 =6 ⇔ 12 + =6

→
⟹ 12 + 0 = 6 ⇔ = 0 → =0

3.44

−
= 1− = 2 2 =
→ → 2 → →
2

2 1
= = ⋅ =
→ → → → ∏
2 2 2

1 2
= ⋅ = ⋅ 2 =
→ → ∏ → → 2 ∏
2 2 2 2 2

= ⋅ 2 ⋅ =1
→ → 2
2 2

188
3.45

1
= √ !⇒ = !
3

Using Stirling’s formula, != √2 + + − +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= != √2 + 1+ − +
3 3 3 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
= √2 + 1+ ( + 1) − +
3( + 1) 3 2( + 1) 3 3 ( + 1)

2 1 1 1 1 1
− =− + 1+ + ( + 1) − +
6 ( + 1) 3 6( + 1) 6

Using Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem:

− =( − ) where ∈( , )

Also,

1
=
→∞

√ 2 √ 1 √ √ 1
( − )=− + 1+ + ( + 1) − +
6 ( + 1) 3 6( + 1) 6

Now,

( − )=0
→∞

1
( − )= ( − )=0
→∞ →∞

( + 1)! − √ ! = 0
→∞

3.46

Proposition: Let be the sequence:

( ) , > 0, = 1, = ∈ (0, ∞), = ,

→ → →

then

( − )=
→

189
Solution:

( )
−
= (1 +

( )
−
= 1+ ,

−
=( − ) 1+ ,

−
= − = 1 − 1 = 0,
→ → →

−
(1 + = = 1,
→

−
= ( − ) (1 + ,
→ →

= ( − )= ( ).
→ →

√
+1
= − =
→ (2 + 1)‼ (2 − 1)‼

√ √
( + 1)√ + 1 √ √ 1
= ⋅ − ⋅ ,
→ (2 + 1)‼ √ + 1 (2 − 1)‼ √

√
= 1,
→ √ +1
√ √
( + 1)√ + 1 √ 1
= − ⋅ =
→ (2 + 1)‼ (2 − 1)‼ √

√
1
= ( − )⋅ ,
→ √

190
 √ √
= , = = =
(2 − 1)‼ → → (2 − 1)‼ → (2 − 1)‼

( + 1) ( + 1) (2 − 1)‼
= ⋅ ,
→ (2 + 1)‼

1 +1
= 1+ ⋅ = ,
→ → 2 +1 2

+1 2
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ 1 = 1,
→ → +1 2

( + 1)√ + 1 (2 − 1)‼
= = ⋅ =
→ → (2 + 1)‼ √

(2 − 1)‼ ( + 1)√ + 1
= , = 1,
→ (2 + 1)‼ → √

(2 − 1)‼ (2 − 1)‼
= = =
→ √2 + 1 → (2 + 1)

(2 + 1)‼ (2 + 1)
= ⋅ ,
→ (2 + 3) (2 + 3) (2 − 1)‼

⋅
2 +1 2 +1 −2
= ⋅ = 1+ = = ,
→ 2 +3 2 +3 → 2 +3

2 +1
= 1,
→ 2 +3
−1
( − )= ⋅ = ⋅ = ,
→ 2 2 2
√
1 −1
= ( − )⋅ = ⋅ 0 = 0.
→ √ 2 2

191
3.47

1 3
( )= =
(1 + ) 3 (1 + )

Put 1 + = ,3 = ∴ ( )= ∫ ( )
. For ≥2

1 1 1 1 1 1 (1 − )
( ) − ( − 1) = − = ⋅ =
3 −1 3 −1

1 1 1 1 1
=− =− [ ] = −
3 3(− + 1) 3( − 1) (1 + ) 2

∴ = [ ( ) − ( − 1)] = 0
→

For ≥ 2, 1 ≤ ≤ ⇒2≤1+ ≤ 1+ ⇒ 2 ≤ (1 + ) ≤ (1 + )

1 1 1
⇒ 2 ≤ (1 + ) ≤ (1 + ) ⇒ ≤ ≤ ⇒
(1 + ) (1 + ) 2

−1 −1
⇒ ≤ ≤
(1 + ) (1 + ) 2

As → ( )
=0= →

1
∴ =0⇒ ( )=0⇒ ( ) − ( − 1) = 0
→ (1 + ) → →

3.48

√ !
= → ( )!
we have √ ! ≤ since ! ≤ .

( ) ( )
Hence ≤ ( )!
= ( )!
=

2( + 1) (2 )! (2 + 2) 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
(2 + 2)! (2 ) (2 + 1)(2 + 2) (2 )

192
 1 2 +2 1 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ 1+ →0
2 +1 2 2 +1

→ =0
Since →0<1⇒ ⇒ =0
0≤ ≤

3.49

−
− =
1+

9 1
= =
9 + (3 + 5)(3 + 8) 3 +5 3 +8
1+ 3 ⋅ 3

3 +8 3 +5
− 3 3 +8 3 +5
= 3 = −
3 +5 3 +8 3 3
1+ 3 ⋅ 3

9 3 +8 3 +5
= −
9 + (3 + 5)(3 + 8) 3 3

11 8 14 11 3 +8
= − + − +⋯+
3 3 3 3 3
3 +5 3 +8 8
− = −
3 3 3

9
= =
→ 9 + (3 + 5)(3 + 8)

3 +8 8 8
= = − = −
→ 3 3 2 3

3.50

Let ( , ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
( + ) ( + ) ( + )

Using → −( ) ; → +( ) , we get

( , )= =0

193
 [∴ and are proportional]. Now,

( , )=0⇒ ( )= ( , )=0
→

3.51

1 4 9
+2 +3 + ⋯+ 1
= =
→

1 1 1
= = = = 1
→ → 2

3.52

= (2 + 1 − 2 ) 2 + 1 = (2 + 1 − ) 2 + 1 − 2 +1
=

(2 + 1 − ) 2 + 1 − 2 +1
= −

(2 + 1 − ) 2 + 1 − 2 +1
= − =

= (2 + 1) 2 − (2 + 1) 2 =0

1 1
= ∙ = ∙0=0
→ ( + 1) 4 → ( + 1) 4

3.53

First we note that ( ) = (1 + ) = ∑ . Now we find that

(1 + ) 1 1
( ) = − = .
+1 +1 − +1

Integrating with respect to from 0 to 1 gives us

194
 2 1 1 1
− − =
( + 2)( + 1) ( + 2)( + 1) +1 ( − + 2)( − + 1)

⋅ ( − 1) ⋅ ( − 2) … ( − + 3)
=
1 ⋅2 ⋅3 ⋅…⋅

Dividing by 2 , we see that

1 ⋅ ( − 1)( − 2) … ( − + 3) 4
= = + ( ) = 0.
→ 2 1⋅2 ⋅3 ⋅…⋅ → ( + 2)( + 1)

3.54

= =
→

( )( )
( )
( ) ⋅
1
= = =1
→
( ) ⋅
( )( ) 1
( )

3.55

We know for >1

1 +2 + ⋯+ +1
( !) < =
2

2+1 3+1 3 +1 1 (3 + 1)!

∴ (2!) (3!) ⋅ … ⋅ (3 !) < ⋅ …⋅ = ⋅
2 2 2 2 2

(2!) ⋅ (3!) ⋅ … ⋅ (3 )! (3 + 1)! 1 (2!) (3!) ⋅ … ⋅ (3 )! 3

⇒ < ⋅ ⇒0< <
(3 )! (3 )! 2 (3 )! 2

( !) ( !) ⋅…⋅ ( )!
As → = 0, we get → ( )!
=0

195
3.56

For ≥2

= (2 − 1) = (2 − 2) −

1 1
=2 − ( + 2) > + − ( + 2) = ( + 1) − 1 = ( − 1)( + 2)
2 2
⋯
Also, ( !) < =

∑ ∑ ( − 1)( + 2) ∑ ∑
∴ > > − 1, ∀ ≥ 2 ⇒ =∞
( !) +1 →
( !)

3.57

( + 1)! ( + 2)! ( + )! ( + 1)! ( + 2)! ( + )!

!+ + +⋯+ = ! 1+ + +⋯+
1! 2! ! ! 1! ! 2! ! !

= ![ + + + +⋯+ ] = ![ + +⋯+ ]

= ![ + +⋯+ ] = ![ +⋯+ ]=⋯

( + + 1)!
= ! = !
( + 1)! !

( + + 1)( + ) … ( + 1) 1 2 +1
= 1+ 1+ … 1+ 1+
+1 ( + 1)

1 2 +1
= 1+ 1+ … 1+ 1+
→
( + 1)

1 ( )( )
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ =
1

3.58

( )
We know, → = now − = > 0 for all ∈ℕ

196
 Hence the sequence is increasing, implying its bounded

then let → = ⇒ = + ⇒ → ∞, which is a contradiction

⋯ ∑
∴ → = ∞ let = → = → →
√ √

∑ −∑ 1
=
⏞ =
→ +1− → √ → √

−
⇒ = =
⏞ = −
→ → +1− →

1
1+ −1
1
= + − =
→ → 1

1
1+ −1
= = +1⇒ = +1
→ 1

3.59

+ +1=( + 1) − =( − + 1)( + + 1)

1 1 1
∴ = −
+ +1 2 − +1 + +1

1 1 1
⇒ = −
+ +1 2 − +1 + +1

1 1
= 1−
2 + +1

1 1
⇒ + = 1−
2 + +1 2( + + 1)

197
 = 1− ( )
where =−

As → ∞, → −∞ ∴ = =0

3.60

( )
We know → = and − = > 0 for all ∈ℕ

hence the sequence is increasing, implying is bounded let

→ = then = + ⇒ → ∞ which is a contradiction

∑,
∴ → = ∞ now, = →

1 ( + +⋯+ ) + +⋯+ −
= − =
2 → → 2

( + +⋯+ ) + +⋯+
= ⇒ =
→ →

⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟ 2
=
⏞ = ⎜ ⎟=
→
( + 1) −
→ √ ⎜ →
1 ⎟ 3 → √
⎜ 1+ −1⎟
1
⎝ ⎠

2 2 2
= =
⏞ ( − )= + −
3 → 3 → 3 →

2 1+ −1 2√2 8
= = ⇒ =
3 → 1 3 9

198
 ⎛ ⎞
∑ ⎜ 1 ⎟
= =
⏞ = ⎜ ⎟
→ → ( + 1) − → → 1
⎜ 1+ −1⎟
1
⎝ ⎠

1 − 1
=
⏞ ⋅
3 → → 1
1+ −1
1

1
=
⏞ {( − )−( − )} = 0
6 →

∑,
∴ = 0 then → = (Ans:)

3.61

Using Cesaro – Stolz from :

1 1
− 1 + 1! + ⋯ + !
=
→ 1
( + 1)!

Let = − 1+ +⋯+ , =( )!
. Then:
! !

a) → = → =0

b) is strict decreasing

⋯ ( )!
⋯
! ! !
c) → = → =
( )! ( )!

1
−( −( + 2)! −( + 2)
+ 1)!
= = = =1
→ ( + 1)! − ( + 2)! → ( + 1)! (1 − − 2) → −( + 1)
( + 1)! ( + 2)!

From Cesaro – Stolz ⇒ = 1.

199
3.62

Let =1+ + ⋯+ . Find:

√ √

1
= √ 1−
→ √ +1

The answer is = .

First note that

1 1 2 1 1
−2 √ +1−√ = − = =
√ √ √ +1+√ √ +1+√ √

and since the series ∑ is convergent we conlude that there exists a real number ℓ such that

→ − 2√ + 1 = ℓ. In particular,

→ =2 (1)
√

On the other hand,

1 1 1
1− = − =
√ +1 √ +1

Thus

√
√ ∏ 1−
√
=√ ∏ = (2)

Combining (1) and (2) we get

1 1
= √ 1− = .
→ √ +1 2

3.63

= √1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ … ⋅ ∏ ( + 1) − √ =∏ √ ( + 1) − √ (1)

Let : [ , + 1] → ℝ, ( ) = √

200
 From Lagrange Theorem ⇒ ∃ ∈ ( , + 1) such that

( ) ( )
= ( )⇒ ( + 1) − √ = ⋅ (2)
√

But ∈ ( , + 1) ⇒ < < +1⇒ √ < √ < √ +1 ⇒ < 1 (3)

( )
From (2) ⇒ √ ( + 1) ⋅ √ = < (4)

From (1)+(4)⇒ 0 < < ⇒ → =0 , → =0

3.64

⎫
= (4 − +4 ) (1 + ) ⎪
⇒
⎬
= − ⇒ =− ; =0⇒ = ∧ = ⇒ = 0⎪
⎭
4 4 4

= 4 − − − +4 1+ − (− )
4 4 4

1−
= −2 −4 − + +4 1+
4 4 1+

= (4 − +4 )( 2− (1 + )) =

= 2 (4 − +4 ) − (4 − +4 ) (1 + ) ⇒

= 2 4 | − | +4 | − ⇒
3 2

4
2 = 2 ⋅ − ⋅ +4 ⋅ ⇒
3 64 2 16

201
 2 2
= − + ⇒ = −
2 48 32 2 96

2
2 − 96
= = 2
→ ( + 1)
2

3.65

+ + =2 ( + + )
(1)
+ + =2 ( + + )

Let = + , = + , = + , , , ∈ ℂ with

| |=| |=| |=1

From (1) ⇒ + + = 2( ( + + )+ ( + + )) (1)

But ⋅ ⋅ = ( + + )+ ( + + ) (2)

From (1)+(2)⇒ + + =2 ⋅ ⋅ (3)

But | | = 1 ⇒ | | = 1 ⇒ ⋅ = 1, = 1, =1

From (3) ⇒ + + =2 ⇒ + + =2 ⇒

1 1 1 2
⇒ + + = ⇒ + + =2⇒

( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )) = 2

⇒ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )=2
⇒ =2
( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )=

√ − √ −4
=
→ √ − +√ −√ → √ − 2 + √ − √2

√ −2= , ≥0⇒ −2= ⇒ = + 2, → 0 because →2

( + 2) − 4 √ +4 +4−4 +√ + 2 + √2
= =
→ +√ + 2 − √2 → +2+√ +2+ +2−2

202
 √ +4+2 +√ + 2 + √2
= =
→ 2 +√ +2

√ +4 +√ + 2 + √2 2 ⋅ √2
= =2
→ 2 +√ +2 2 ⋅ √2

3.66

If = 0 its easy ⇒ =
( ) ( )
= → ∑ = → ∑ ⋅ =

→ ∑ ⋅ (1)

But → ∑ ⋅ = → ∑ − ∑ (2)

→ ∑ = ∫ = | = (3)

→ ⋅∑ = → ∑ = 0 (4)

Because ∑ its an convergent sequence.

Form (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) ⇒ = ⋅ ⋅

3.67

2 +3 +5
= =
→ 5( + )

( ) → [ ( ) ( ) ( )]
= → 1+ ( )
= ( ) (1)

1 1
− 1+ − ( ) 1+ −
[ 2( − )] = 2 =2 = 2 =
→ → 1 → 1 → 1

(1 + ) − 1 1 1 1
=2 =2 1+ − ⋅ (1 + ) + ⋅
→ → +1

203
 1 −( + 1) ( + 1) + 1 ( + 1) − 1 + 1
=2 1+ =2 1+ − =
→ + → 3 +2

( )
=2 → 1+ ⋅ ( )
=2⋅ ⋅ − =− (2)

Now, using Cesaro – Stolz for

1
− − − + ( + 1)!
[ 3( − )] = 3 =3 =3 =
→ → 1 → 1 1 → 1
− − (
+1 + 1)

=3 → −( )!
= 0 (2)

− − − +
[ 5( − )] = 5 =5 =
→ → 1 → 1 1
−
+1

1
( + 1) +
=5 +1−
→ 1
− (
+ 1)

1 +1 1
1 − ( + 1)
+1−
1+
=5 =5
→ 1 → 1
− ( −
+ 1)

1 1
1 − ( + 1) 1+ 1− +1 (1 + )
=5 =5
→ 1 → −
−

− (1 + ) (1 + ) 1− (1 + ) − 1
=5 =5
→ − → −2
( )
=5 → = (3)

From (1)+(2)+(3)⇒ = ( )

3.68

Let > ≥ 1 now

204
 2
√ +√ √ ≤ ≤ √ +√
→

2
⇔ 1+ ≤ ≤ 1+
→

−1
⇔ 1+ ≤2 ≤ 1+ ⇔ 1+ ≤2 ≤ 1+

⇔ (1 + )√ ≤ ≤ (1 + ) where =

Let ( ) = √ − − for all ≥1

√

1 1 1 − 2√ +1 √ −1
( )= + − = = ≥0
2√ 2 2 2

−1
∴ ( ) ≥ (1) = 0 ⇒ (1 + )√ ≤

Let ( ) = − for all ≥ 1, ( )= −( )

= ( )
>0

−1
∴ ( ) ≥ (1) = 0 ⇒ ≤ (1 + )

3.69

We use Cesaró – Stolz ⇒

−
= = ⇒ = = =
→ → → ( + 1) −

= → = → ⋅ (1)

⋅ ⋅

→ = → ( )
= → = → ⋅ (2)

205
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
⋅
= = =
→ → ( + 1) − → 2 +1

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= → ( ) ( )
= → = = 5 (3)

From (1)+(2)+(3)⇒ → = ⇒ → = = √

3.70

(2 + 1)!
( − ) = ( − ) =
(2 − 2 )! (2 + 1)!

(2 + 1)(2 )!
= ( − )⋅ =
(2 − 2 )(2 − 2 − 1)! (2 + 1)!

2 +1 2 +1
= = ( + + ⋯+ )=
2 2

= ⋅2 = (2 + 1) ⋅ 2 (1)

( )⋅
From (1) ⇒ = → ( )
=2⋅2 =

3.71

Numerator = ( − 1) + ( − 2) + +⋯+ + + ⋯+ =

1 1
= [( − 1) + ( − 2) + ⋯ + 1] + [( − 2) + ( − 3) + ⋯ + 1] +
−1

+ [( − 3) + ⋯ + 1] + ⋯ + (1)

1 ( − 1) 1 ( − 1)( − 2) 1 ( − 2)( − 3) 1 3 × 2 1
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ +⋯+ ⋅ +
2 −1 2 −2 2 3 2 2

1 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1) + ( − 2) + ( − 3) + ⋯ + (2) + =
2 2 2 2 2

206
 ( )
= [( − 1) + ( − 2) + ⋯ + 1] = . Also, ( + 1) − =3 +3 +1

1 1
( − 1) 1 1− 1 1−0 1
∴ = 4 = = ⋅ =
→ 3 +3 +1 → 4 3+3 1 + 1 4 3 + 0 + 0 12

3.72

Let : [ , + 1] → ℝ, ( ) = 5 .

From Lagrange theorem ⇒ ∃ ∈ ( , + 1) then: ( + 1) − ( ) = ( )⇒( +

1) (5 + 5) − 5 = ( )⇒

→ ( + 1) (5 + 5) − 5 = → ( ) (1)

Because ∈ ( , + 1) and → ∞ we can assume, WLOG,

→ ( )= → ( ) (2)

1 1 5 +5 ⋅
( )= 5 + 5 − 5 + ⋅
5 5 5

⋅
⇒ ( )= 5 1− + ⋅ (3)

From (1)+(2)+(3) ⇒

⋅
= → 5 1− + ⋅ (4)

( )
→ 5 = → 5 = → = 1 (5)

(5 + 5)
5 +5 −
5 5
5 5
= =
→ 5 → 5 +5−5

( )
= → = 1 = 0 (6)

207
 ⋅
→ = 0 (7)

From (4)+(5)+(6)+(7)⇒ = 1.

3.73

For ≠ 0, | | < ,

1 1 1 1
= − + −⋯ = − + −⋯
3 5 3! 5!

∴ For ≠ 0, | | < , 1 ≤ ≤

( )= − + − ⋯, ( )= − + −⋯

1 1
⇒ ( )= − + …
3 5

1 1 1
= ! 1− + −⋯ = ! 1− + 0( ) =
3 5 3

1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
= ! 1− ⋅ + 0( ) =
3 6

= ! 1− ( + 1)(2 + 1) + 0( ) . Similarly,

1
( )= ! 1− ( + 1)(2 + 1) + 0( )
36

1
( )− ( )= ! − ( + 1)(2 + 1) + 0( )
36

∴ For ≠ 0, | | < ; [∏ ( )−∏ ( )] =

=− ! ( + 1)(2 + 1) + 0( ). Taking limit as → 0 , we get

1
=− ( + 1)! (2 + )
36

208
3.74

= ⋅ ⋅ = = ⇒ = ⇒

1 √2
⇒ = ; = ⇒ = ∧ = ⇒ =
2 6 2 4

1 4−
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6

√
= ⋅ − ⋅ −∫ ⋅ (1)

√ √
From (1) ⇒ = − ⇒ → = → − =0

because → = 0, > 1, ∈ ℕ∗ ; ∈ (−1,1)

3.75

Let = + ( − 1) + ⋯ + 1

1 1 1
| |= + ( − 1) + ⋯ + 1 ≤
2

⋯
≤ | |+ | ( − 1)| + ⋯ + | 1| ≤ (1)

⋯ .
But → = → = 0 (2)

From (1) + (2) ⇒ = 0.

3.76

Let =∏ 1+ ⇒ =∑ 1+ 1+ . Now we show:

≤ (1 + ) (1 + ) ≤ + , ∀ ≥ 0 (1)

209
 ( ) = (1 + ) (1 + ) − − ; : [0, +∞] → ℝ; ( )= (1 + ) − ,
2

( )= ≤ 0, (0) = 0, (0) = 0 ⇒ ( ) ≤ 0, ∀ ≥ 0. Similarly for left side. From (1)

⇒ ≤ 1+ 1+ ≤ + ⇒

∑ ≤ ≤∑ + ∑ (2)

But → ∑ = → ∑ =∫ = = (3)

. . ( ) ( )
→ ∑ = → = → = 0 (4)
( ) ⋯

From (2)+(3)+(4)⇒ → = ⇒ = → =

3.77

∑ 1 2 −1
= + +⋯+ + = 1 [rest are zeros]

1 1 1 +1
∴ = = =
+1 +1 +1 +1

1 1 1
= (2 − 1) ⇒ + =2 ⇒
+1 +1 +1

1 1
⇒ = + = 2 =2
→ +1 +1 →

3.78

For 1 ≤ ≤ ; ( + 1) − ( )= =
( )

1 1 1
= < <
1+ + 1+ +

1 1
∴ [ ( − 1) − ( )] < = ⇒
!

210
 1
⇒0< ! [ ( + 1) − ( )] <
!

As → = 0, by the sandwich theorem, we get:

!

! ( ( + 1) − ( )) = 0
→

3.79

= → + + ⋯+ (1)
⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅

Let = + +⋯+
⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅

| |= + + ⋯+ ≤ ⋅ + +⋯+ (2)
⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅

1 2
+ +⋯+ . . + 1⎫
= ⎪
→ → ⇒
+1 1 ⎬
= =0 ⎪
→ → ⎭

⋯
→ = 0 (3)

From (2)+(3)⇒ = 0.

3.80

( )
Let =∑ ( ) ( )
.

Because − < < ,∀ ∈ ℝ ⇒

( ) ( )
⇒∑ ( )
< <∑ ( )
(1)

Now we want to show this:

( )
→ ∑ = → ∑ (2), ∀ > 0
( ) ( )

211
 ( ) ( ) ( )
(2) ⇔ → ∑ −( =0⇔ → ∑ =0⇔
( ) ) ( ( ) )( )

⇔ → − ∑ ( ( ) )( )
= 0, which, obvious its true. But

∑ ∑ 1
→ = → =∫ = (1 + ) = 2 (3)
0

From (1)+(2)+(3)⇒ = 2.

3.81

For | | < 1, (1 + ) = − + ⋯ . Also,

ℎ = ( − )⇒ (1+( ℎ ) )= ( − ) − ( − ) +⋯

= ( − ) 1− ( − + ⋯ and (1 + ℎ )= ( − )−

1 1 1 1 1
− ( − ) +⋯ = ( − ) 1− ( − ) +⋯ ⇒
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
⇒ ( (1 + ℎ )) = ( − ) 1− ( − ) +⋯ =
2 2 2

1
= ( − ) 1− ( − )+⋯
2 4

For, sufficiently small

1
∴ (1 + ( ℎ ) ) − ( (1 + ℎ )) = − ( − ) +
2

+( − ) and higher power + ( − ) +( − ) and higher power

( ( ) ) ( ( ))
⇒∴ for ≠ 0, sufficiently small, =

=− + + and similar expressions.

But → = → + ( )
= 1+1= 2

212
 [ ( ) ] ( ( ))
∴ → =0+ ⋅2 = if > 1.

3.82

1 1 1
≤ ≤ , ∀ = 1, ⇒ ≤ ≤ ⇒
√ + √ + √ +1 √ + √ + √ +1

⇒∑ ≤∑ ≤∑ (1)
√ √ √

But → ∑ = → ∑ ⋅ ⋅ = → ⋅ ∑ =
√ √ √

1
=∫ =− = 1− 1 (2)
0

1 1
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ √ +1 → √ +1 → √ +1

=∫ =1− 1 (3)

From (1) + (2) + (3) ⇒ =1− 1.

3.83

1 < 1+ =1+ ≤ 2 and 1 − ≤1

1< 1+ + 1− ≤3

Also, ∈ [−1,1] ∴ −3 < ( ) 1+ + 1− <3

⎡ ⎤
3 ⎢ 1+ ⎥<3
⇒− < ⎢ + 1− ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

213
 As → − = → = 0. By the Sandwich theorem

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1+ + 1− ⎥=0
→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

3.84

= − = ; let =
⋅

−
2 2 = ⇔ + = −
1+ 2 2 2 2 2

= = − 2 so we have: = −2

⇒ = −2 ⇒2 =
2 2 2 2 2 2

=2 −2
2 2

2 = 2 −2
2 2 2 2

Let =2 , = 1, ⇒∑ 2 =∑ − =

= − = ( )−2
2

2 = −2 = − 2
→ 2 2 → 2 → 2
=

= − 2 = − 2 ⋅ = − ⇒
→ 1 →
2 2

214
 ⇒ ( )= 2 = −
→ 2 2

( )+ ( )+ ( )> − ⇔ + + − − − > − ⇔

⇔ ( )+ ( )+ ( )> (1)

+ − −
= ( + )= ( − )= = =−
1− 1+ 1+0

+
⇔ + + > ⇔
−1

( + )⋅ > >
−1

− ( + ) > > >

1 1
( )= − > ( )= −1| |<1> <1> >1>

> − 1 > 0 > ( ) > 0 > ( ) is an increasing function

Let = 0 > (0) = 0 > ( ) > > > > (what we needed to
prove)

( )+ ( )+ ( )> − (Q.E.D.)

3.85

+ +
( , , )= ⇒ ( , , )+ ( , , )+ ( , , )=
!

+ +1
=( + + ) =
!

1 1 1
=( + + ) +2 + = ( + + )( + 2 + − 1) ≤
( − 2)! ( − 1)! !

≤ 3√ (4 − 1)

∴ ( , , ) + ( , , ) + ( , , ) ≤ 3(4 − 1) √

215
3.86

2 3 +1
1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯ +
= ! =
( + 1)( + 2)

2 3 + 1 1 + 2 + 3 +⋯+ +2
1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯ + ! − 1! 2! ( + 1)! 1
= + =
+1 +2 ( + 1)!

= 1 + ( − 1)

2 3 +1
1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯ +
∴ = ! =
( + 1)( + 2)

3.87

− − −
= = →
= =
→ → →
1 1 → 1 1 ( ) −( )
− −

− ( )
−1
− − ⋅ (
− − )
= = =
→ →
( ) − ( ) − −1
− ⋅ 1 1
−
− −

⋅ − −1
= =
1 +1
− −

Similarly → = → → = → =
→ ( ) ( ) ( )

− −1
∴ = =
→ +1
1 1
−

216
3.88

2 2
=
( − )( + ) → ( − )( + )

2 + −( − ) 1 1 1
= = − = 1 + + ⋯+
( − )( + ) ( − )( + ) − + 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − + +⋯+ = 1 + +⋯+ − ( − )+
− 2 +1 2 +2 + 2 −

1 1 1 1
+ ( − )− 1+ +⋯+ − ( + )+ ( + ) − 1 + + ⋯+
2 + 2 2

2 1 1
⇒ = ( − )− ( + )+1+ +⋯+ =
→ ( + )( − ) → 2 2

1 1 2 1 1
= 1 + + ⋯+ ≻ = 1 + + ⋯+
2 2 ( − )( + ) 2 2

1 1
⇒ = 1+ +⋯+ − =
→ 2 2 +1

1 1
= 1+ +⋯+ − (2 ) + (2 ) − =
→ 2 2 +1

2 +2
= + = + (2)
→

= + (2)

3.89

1 1
= ( ) 1+ +⋯+ −1 =
→ 2

1
1+⋯+ −1
= =
→

217
 1
1+ ⋯+ −1
1 1
1+ ⋯+ + ⋯+ 1+⋯+
=
→

1 1 1
1+ ⋯+ ⋅
= +1 = +1 =1
→ ( ) → +1 → 1
1+

1 1
≻ = ( ) 1+⋯+ −1 =
7 →

1 1
1+ ⋯+ − ( ) = ≻ =
7 → 7 7

3.90

( )= ( − + 1) ( + )! = ( − )( + )( + )! + ( + )!

= ( − )( + + 1 − 1)( + )! + ( + )! =

= ( − )( + + 1)! − ( − )( + )! + ( + )! =

= ( − )( + + 1)! − ( − − 1)( + )! =

= ( − )( + 1 + )! + ( + 1)! ⇒

= ( − )( + 1 + )! + ( + 1)! − ( + 1)! =
→

( + 1 − )( + 2 + )!
= ( − )( + 1 + )! = =
→ → ( − )( + 1 + )!

( + 1 − )( + 2 + )
= =∞
→ −

218
3.91

+ −1 +1 1
= − =
→ ( + + 1)! → ( + )! ( + + 1)! → ( + 1)!

( + 1)! 1
= =
→ ( + 2)! → +2

+ −1
∴ =0
→ → ( + + 1)!

3.92

We have 3 =3 −4 ⇒ = (3 − 3 )⇒

1
⇒ (3 )= (3 (3 )− (3 ))
4
1 1
=1⇒ (3 ) = (3 (3 )− (3 ))
4 3

1 1
=2⇒ (3 ) = (3 (3 )− (3 ))
4 3

1 1
= ⇒ (3 ) = (3 (3 )− (3 ))
4 3

⇒ → ∑ (3 )= → (3 )− (3 ) (1)

⋅ (3 ) ≤ → 0 (2) . From (1)+(2) ⇒ ( ) = (3 ) (3)

But ≤ ,∀ ≥ 0 ⇒ (3 )≤3 ≤3 (4)

From (3)+(4)⇒ ( ) ≤ ( ) ⇒ inequality becomes:

4 ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≤ 3( + + )⇒

We must show:

219
 3( + + ) ≤ 3( + + ) true.

3.93

Let = ∫ (2 +3 + 1) ( ) . Put =− .

= (2 +3 + 1) (− ) (−1) = (2 +3 + 1) [ − ( )]

⇒2 = (2 +3 + 1) ⇒ = (2 +3 + 1)

2 3 2 3 1
= + + = + +
9 7 9 7

2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1
⇒ = + + ⇒ − = +
9 7 9 7

2 3
( − )= (9) + (7)
→ 9 7

3.94

| ( )|
≔ → ∫ (*)

2 4 (2 )
| ( )| = − ⋅
4 −1

2 4 1 (2 )
∴ = ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅
→ 4 −1

But ∫ = = − =
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
And ∫ = ⋅ ( )
+ ∫ = ∫

220
 ( )
∴ = − → ∑ ⋅∫ (1)
( ) ⋅

( )
Since ∫ exists for every , ∈ℕ

(2 ) −
⇛ ≥ ≥

1 1 (2 ) 1 −
∴ ⋅ ≥ ⋅ ≥

Since ∫ exists, then

1 1 (2 ) 1
⋅ ≥ ≥ −
→ → →

( )
Then → ∫ =0

Going to (1) we obtain: = − (0) =

| ( )| 1
∴ =
→

3.95

+3 +2 1 ( − 1) + 3( − 1) + 2 1 3
= + +⋯+
+3 4 ( − 1) + 3( − 1) 2

1 3
=
1 2

1 3 6
+ +
2 2 5

1 3 1 6 10
+ + +
3 2 2 5 9

1 3 1 6 1 10 15
+ + + +
4 2 3 5 2 9 14
221
 1 3 1 6 1 10 1 15 21
+ + + + +
5 2 4 5 3 9 2 14 20

+⋯

Adding columnise, we get

1 1 1
= + + +⋯ =
1 2 3 6

where

3 6 10 15 21
= + + + + +⋯
2 5 9 14 20

3 3 × 4 4 × 5 5 × 6 6 × 7
= + + + + +⋯
2 2 × 5 3 × 6 4 × 7 5 × 8

3 ( + 2)( + 3) 3
= + = + 2= 3
2 ( + 1)( + 4) 2

Thus, = 3

3.96

( )= + + ⋯+ = + + +⋯+ =
1 2 3

−1 −1 −1
= −1+ + + ⋯+
1 3

1− 1−
1+ ( − ) +⋯+ ( − )
= ( − )⋅ =
→ ( − 1)

(1 − ) (1 − )
+ ( − ) +⋯+ ( − )
= =
→ −1

(1 − )
∑ 1+ ( − )
→ −1

222
 (1 − ) (1 − )
1+ ( 1+
− ) ( − )
= ⋅ =
→ −1 → ( − )

( − ) + (1 − )
= ⋅ =
→ ( ( − ))

1
( ⋅ −
− ) +1
= ⋅
→ 1
2 ( − )( ⋅
− ) +1

1
( − 1 −
− ) +1 ( − ) +1
= = =
2 → − 2 → −1

1 1− (( − 2) + 1) 1− (( − ) + 1)
= = =
2 → (( − ) + 1)( − 1) → −1

1 1
− ⋅ ( − 1) ( − ) +2 ( − ) + ( − 1) = − ( − 1)
→ 2 2

1 1 ( − 1) − ( − 1)
⇒ = − (0 + 1 + 2 + ⋯ + − 1) = − ⋅ =
2 2 2 4

3.97

can be written as: = → ⋅ (1) where

=1+ , =1+ , ∀ > −1: < (1 + ) < , so

10
10 10
< < → < < 10 → =1
→
10 10
1+ 1+

It holds that → 10 = → 10 = 1. Similarly → =1

(1) now becomes = → − 1 . We will show that:

223
 = <1− (2) . Simplifications reduce (2) to:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
− +1− = (3)
( )

Nominator of (3) is positive (*). Also, < 1− (4), < 1. We can also show that:

is increasing (*), 1 − ↑, and − 1− is also increasing (*). This together

with (4) means → = → 1− = therefore

1
= − 1 = −2
→

(*) It is quite a laboriuos task to show these through derivatives of the respective functions.

3.98

1 3 1 1
= 3 = (0) + [ 3 (−3)] +
3 − −1 3 3

1 3
+ 3 (−3) + 3 +
3 3

1 3 3
+ 3 (−3) + 3 +3
3 3 5

+⋯

1 3 3
+ 3 (−3) + 3 +⋯+ 3
3 3 − +1

+⋯

Adding columnwise

1 1 2 1 3
= (−3) + + +…
3 3 3 3 5

224
 1 3 1 ( + 1) − ( − 2)
= = =
2 − −1 2 1 + ( + 1)( − 2)

1 1
= [ ( + 1) − ( − 2)] = [− (−1) − (0) − (1)] = 0
2 2

3.99

+
( ) = −1 + 4 ⋅ , ∈ℝ
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

( ) ( )
⇒ ( ) + ( ) < ( ) ( ) + 1, 0 < < 1, > 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ⋅ = −
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) + 2 ( + 1)( + 3) + 2 2( + 1) 2( + 3)

1 1 1
= −
2 ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1
= = −
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) 2 → ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1
= − =
2 → 2 ( + 2)( + 3) 4

1 1
= −
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) ( + 2)( + 3) ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

1
= = −
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) ( + 2)( + 3)

1 1 1 1 1 1
= − − = − − =
→ +2 +3 → 2 +3 4 4

+
( ) = −1 + 4 ⋅ = −1 + 4( ⋅ + )=
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

1 1
= −1 + 4 + =
4 4

225
 ( ) ( )
( ) + ( ) < ( ) ( )+1

⇔ + − − 1 < 0, 0 < < 1, > 1

Let ( ) = + − − 1,0 < < 1, > 1

( )= ( )+ − = ( ) − (1 − )<0∀ >1⇒ ↘ (1, ∞)

For > 1 ⇔ ( ) < (1) = 0 ⇔ + <1+ ,0 < < 1, >1

3.100

For ≥ 2, let

= −2 −

= 3 − 2(3)(1) − 1 = 2

= +2 =( − ) =( + )

= −2 + = +2 + ⇒

⇒ −2 − = −( −2 − )⇒

⇒ =− ∀ ≥3⇒ = (−1) = (−1) = (−1) (2)

( )(−1) (−1) (−1) 2

= = =0
→ →

3.101

1
= ( (3 ) + 3 )
4
1
(3 )= ( 3 )+3 (3 )
4

1 4 1
( )= × − ( 3 +3 (3 ))
4 3 3

226
 1 1 1
( )= − ( 3 +3 )+ ( 9 +3 3 )
3 3 9
3
⎧ − − ⎫
3
1⎪ ⎪
1 9 3
− ( 27 + 3 (9 )) … ( ) = +
27 3⎨ 9 3 ⎬
⎪ 27 9 ⎪
⎩− 27
−
9 ⎭

( )= → − (3 )− , ( )=− ; − =

( ) ( )… ( )
( )=− , =
( ) ( )… ( )

⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )
→ = = , = → ( )
⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )

! ( )!
= → , = → ( !)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )

1
= (2 )
4 →

√ ⋅
Using Stirling approximation ! ~√2 , = →
√

1
= =1
→ √

3.102

1
+1 1+ −
( )= − = =
→ → 1

1
1+ − (1 + ) −
= =
→ 1 →

1 1 1 (1 + ) 1+
(1 + ) − (1 + ) + + = − + =
→ 1+ → (1 + )

227
 − (1 + ) (1 + ) + + − (1 + ) − 1 + 1 + 2
= = =
→ + → 3 +2

( )
= → = (1)

From (1) we must show: (2 − 1)(2 − 1)(2 − 1) ≤ ⇔

(2 − 1)(2 − 1)(2 − 1) ≤ (2)

( )
But (2 − 1)(2 − 1)(2 − 1) ≤ (3)

From (2)+(3) we must show:

2( + + ) 1
−3 ≤ ⇔2 ( + + )−3 ≤ 2⇔
2 3 3

⇔2 ( + + ) ≤ 3 + 2 which its true.

3.103

Consider a continuous function : (0, ∞) → ℝ such that:

( )= , ( )=
→ →

Then, for positive , we can write:

( )− ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= − = −

( ) ( )
=∫ +∫ (1)

( )− ( )−
=( − ) + +

But

228
 ( )− ( , )
≤ | ( ) − |: 0 < <

and

( )−
≤ {| ( ) − |: > ( , )}

Thus

( )− ( )−
= 0, =0
→ →

( ) ( )
So, letting tend to ∞ in (1) we get → ∫ =( − )

In particular, if = 3, = 2 ( )= we get:

1 3 2 2
− =
→ 1+3 1+2 3

3.104

0≤ ≤

≤ + ≤ + ⇒ ≤ + ≤ +

0 1
⇒ ≤ ≤ ⇒0≤ ≤ ⋅
( + ) √ + ( + )

( + 1)
⇒0≤ ≤
( + ) 2

229
 ( )
As → = → =0

∴ by the Sandwich theorem: → ∑ =0

[ ]

3.105

2 +2 + −1 +1 1
( )= = − =
(2 + 2 + 2)‼ (2 + 2 )‼ (2 + 2 + 2)‼ (2 + 2)‼

Now,

! 1
!⋅ ( ) = =
→ → (2 + 2)‼ → 2 ( + 1)

∴ !⋅ ( ) =0
→

3.106

For ≥ 3,

+ = ( ) (1 + ) = ( ) =

1 1
= ( ) =
−1 −1

1 1 −1
∴ = =
→ ( − 2)( + ) → 1 → −2
( − 2)
−1

1 1
= 1+ 1+ =( )(1) =
→ −2 −2

3.107

+1 ( + 1) − 2 +1 2
= = − =
( − 1) ( + 1)! ( − 1) ( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( − 1)( + 1)!

230
 1 1 2 1 2 1
= + − = − +
( − 1) ! ( − 1) ! ( − 1)( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( − 1)( + 1)! ( − 1) !

−1 1 1 1 1 1− +
= + = + = + =
( − 1)( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( + 1)! ( − 1) !

1 −1 1 1 1
= − + = − + =
( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( − 1) ! ( + 1)! ! ( − 1) !

1 1− + 1 1 −1 1
= + − = − + − ⇒
( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ! ( + 1)! ( − 1) ! ( − 1) ! !

+1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = − + − ⇒
( − 1) ( + 1)! ( + 1)! ! ( − 1)( − 1)! !

1+ 1 1 1 1
⇒ = − + −
( − 1) ( + 1)! ( + 1)! ! ( − 1)( − 1)! !

1 1 1 1 1 1
= − +1− = + − ⇒
( + 1)! 2! ! 2 ( + 1)! !

∑ = − (1)
( ) ( )! ( )!

From (1) we must calculate:

1 1 1
1 1 1 −
+ 1 2 ( + 1)( + 2)!
− = =
→ 2 ( + 1)! → 1 1 1
2 − ( + 1)!
1
( + 1)( + 2)!
= ⋅ =1
→ +1 1− 1
2 ( + 1)!

3.108

( ) ( )
Let =∏ 1+ ⇒ =∑ 1+

Now, using: − ≤ (1 + ) ≤ , ∀ ≥ 0

( + ) ( + ) ( + 1) ( + ) ( + )
= ⇒ − ≤ 1+ ≤ ⇒
2

231
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒∑ −∑ ≤∑ 1+ ≤∑ (1)

But → ∑ ( + ) = → ∑ 1+ = ∫ (1 + ) =

( ) 1
= = (2)
0

1 1 1
( + ) = 1+ =
→ 2 → 2

= ∫ (1 + ) = 0 (3)
→

From (1)+(2)+(3) ⇒ → = ⇒ = → =

3.109

+
⎛ + ⎞ ∫ 2 +3 +6
= ⎜ ⋅ ⎟=
→ 2 +3 +6 → 1
⎝ ⎠

+ +
∫ 2 +3 +6 ∫ 2 +3 +6
= =
→ →
( )

+ 0+1 1
= = =
→ 2 +3 +6 0+3+6 9

3.110

→ = ∞ because → ( − 6) 7 = ∞
7
( )
= ( ) = = = =
→ → → →

+1 7
+2 + ⋯ + ( − 5)
7 7 7
= =
→ −1 7
+2 + ⋯ + ( − 6)
7 7 7

232
 +2 7 +3 ( + 3)!
+⋯+ ( − 4)!
7 7 = 7 = =
→ +1 7 → +2 → ( + 2)!
+ +⋯+
7 7 7 7 ( − 5)!

( − 3)( − 2)( − 1) ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3)

= =1
→ ( − 4)( − 3)( − 2)( − 1) ( + 1)( + 2)

= 1.

3.111

− √5 − √15 − √25 − ⋯ − √10 − 5

= =
→ − √10 − √20 − √30 − ⋯ − √10

√5 − 1 + √15 − 1 + √25 − 1 + ⋯ + √10 − 5 − 1

= =
→ √10 − 1 + √20 − 1 + √30 − 1 + ⋯ + √10 − 1

1 1
( 5+ 15 + 25 + ⋯ + (10 − 5)) + ∑ (10 − 5)
= =
→ 1 1 → ∑ (10 )
( 10 + 20 + 30 + ⋯ + (10 )) +

(10 − 5)
=
→ (10 )

− √5 − √15 − √25 − ⋯ − √10 − 5

∴ = =1
− √10 − √20 − √30 − ⋯ − √10

3.112

Let = ∏ 2− =∏ 1− =∏ (1)

1+7
√1 ⋅ 7 < =4 ⎫
2 ⎪
7 + 13 ⎪
√7 ⋅ 13 < = 10 ⎪
2
13 + 19 ⇒
√13 ⋅ 19 < = 16 ⎬
2 ⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
(6 − 11)(6 − 5) < 6 − 8⎭

⇒ 1 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 11)√6 − 5 < 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 8) ⇒

233
 1 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 11)√6 − 5
⇒ <1⇒
4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 8)

⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( ) √
⇒ )
< (2)
⋅ ⋅…⋅(

√
From (1)+(2) ⇒ 0 < < ⇒ → =0

3.113

= 7 −7 = 7 7 −1 =
→ →

7( )( ) −1
3
= ⋅7 ⋅ 7( )( ) −1 = 7 ⋅ =3 7
→ → 3 ( + 5)( + 8)
( + 5)( + 8)

3.114

1 1 1 1 1 1
≤ ≤ ,∀ ≥ 0 ⇒ ≤ ≤ ≤ ⇒
+ 2 + + + +

⇒ ∑ ≤∑ ≤∑ (1)

But → ∑ = → ∑ =∫ = 2 (2)

From (1)+(2)⇒ → = 2 (3)

= √ +1⋅ −√ =
→

= √ +1⋅ −√ ⋅ +√ −√
→

= → √ +1− √ + → √ ( − ) (4)

→ √ ( − ) =1⋅( 2− 2) = 0 (5)

Let : [ , + 1] → ℝ; ( ) =

From Lagrange’s theorem ∃ ∈ ( , + 1), so that:

234
 ( ) ( )
= ( ) ⇒ ( + 1) − = ( ) (6)

( )= (7)

From (6)+(7)⇒ √ +1− √ = ⇒

→ √ +1− √ = → (8)

Because ∈ ( , + 1), → ⋅ = 0 (9)

→
→ = → = = =1
⇒ (9)
→ = → =0

From (9) ⇒ → √ +1− √ = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 (10)

From (4)+(5)+(10)⇒ = 0.

3.115

⋅ ⋅
= → ( )⋅ ( )
= → (1)
⋅

→ = ∞. Let > 1.

1+
(1 + ) . . (1 + )− (1 + ) 1+
= = =
→ → − → −

1+ −
1+ −1 1+ −
1+ 1+
= = ⋅ =
→ − → − (1 + )( − )
1+

= → ( )( )
= → = (1)
( )

⋅
From (1) ⇒ = ⋅

Observation: → − = 0, because.

235
 1 1 1 1
1 + 2+ ⋯+ + 1 − 1 +2 + ⋯+
− = =
→ → 1 1 1 1
1+ + ⋯+( 1 + + ⋯ +
2 + 1) 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ 2+ ⋯+ 1+ + ⋯+ − 1+2 + ⋯+ 1+ +⋯+(
+1 2 2 + 1)
=
→ ⋅

1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1+ 2 + ⋯+ −( 1+2 + ⋯+
+ 1)
= =
→ ⋅

1 1
1 1 1 1 +2 +⋯+
+1 1 + +⋯+ −
2 +1
= =0
→ ⋅

⋯ ( )
because → = , and → = → =0

3.116

= → 1− 2+∑ (1)

Lemma: ∀ ∈ [0, ] : 1− ≤ ≤ . LHS is easily proven by considering the function

( )= 1− − over [0, ] .

= → 1− ( )
≤ ≤ (2). We know that

∑ = ∞ and that ∑ = 2− + where = constant and ≃ → 0, → ∞. Also

∑ = (2 ) − + , ≃ . This means that

∑ = ∑ − ∑ = 2− . Now, ∑ = ,∑ = therefore
( )

∑ → 0 when → ∞. Taking sums to infity in (2) →

( )

236
 → ∑ −∑ = 2 − 0 and in the RHS → ∑ = 2.
( )

We can write also 2− <∑ < 2− and in turn:

1 1 1
1− < 1− 2+ < 1−
4 + 4

Taking limits < < hence = . Done!

3.117

1 + 2 √2 + 3 √3 + ⋯ + √
=
→ (1 + 3 + ⋯ + (2 − 1) )

√ √ ⋯ √
= → ( ⋅ ) where = and

=( for all ∈ ℕ, , ≥1
⋯ ( ) )

1 + 2 √2 + 3 √3 + ⋯ + √ ( + 1) √ +1
= =
→ → √ → √ +1− √

⎛ ( ) √ ⎞
= → ⎜ ⎟ = ( + 1) → ( + 1) where → √ =1

⎝ ⎠
( )
= ( + 1) ( + 1)
→ →

√ √ +1− √
= =
→ → 1 + 3 + ⋯ + (2 − 1) → (2 + 1)

1
1+ −1
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟ 1 1
= ⎜ ⎟=
→ ⎜ (2 + 1) ⎟ +1 →
(2 + 1)
⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

237
 1 1
=
→ ( + 1) → (2 + 1) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∴ → = → ( )= → ( ) = (Answer)
( ) ( ) ( )

3.118

(−1) ( )! (2 − )! 1
= , = (2 − )! ( )! (−1)
→ (2 )! → (2 )!

1
= (2 )! − (2 − 1)! + (2 − 2)! (2)! − (2 − 3)! (3)! … + (2 − 1)! + (2 )!
→ (2 )!

2 (2 )! − (2 − 1)! + (2 − 2)! (2)! ( !) (−1) (−1) ( !)

= + =2+
→ (2 )! (2 )! → (2 )!

( )
=2+ → . =2+
√ √

( ) √
= → ( )
⇒ = 0, = 2 (Answer)

3.119

= Proof.

=∏ Since < ( )< − 1,

+ +
< ( )= <
+ + + +

Note that by removing the logs we have something resembling Dirichlet series.

We have the upper bound taken continuously ∫ =

√
and the lower bound ∫ =
√

√
→ = , which completes the proof.
√

238
3.120

( ) (1 − )
=
→ 2 −2 +1

( ) (1 − ) (1 − )
→
= =
1 1 4 1 1
2 −2 +4 −2 +4

1 1
+2 ℎ − = ⇒ −
=− 2
4 1 1 1
+4 ℎ = 0, = ; ℎ = , =0
2 2

1 1 1
+2 +1 ℎ = ⇒ =
= = 2 2
4 1 2 2 1
+4 ℎ = 0, = 0; ℎ = , =
2 4

1−
− +1 +1
= 4 = 1+
2 2 2 2

+1 2 2
= 2− ⇒2 = ⇒ =
8 2 8 16

3.121

( )
We know, → =

=∑ = + , ∈ ℕ∗ and >0

Now, { } is an increasing function hence let → =

∴ = + ⇒ → ∞, which is a contradiction, ∴ → =∞

239
 1 1
∴ = ⋅ ⇒ √2 = ⋅ 2
→ √ → √

1 + +⋯+
⇒ √2 = ⎛ ⋅ − ⎞=
→ √ → √
⎝ ⎠

+ + ⋯+
∵ =0
→

√ +1
= = =
→ → +2 → √
( + 1) − 1
1+ −1
1

+1 +1
= = −
+2 → +2 →

⃓ 1
⃓
⃓ 1+ −1
+1 1 +1 ⃓
⃓
= + − = ⃓
⃓
+2 → +2 ⃓ → 1
⎷

( ) ( ) ( )
= = ⇒ = (Answer)
√ ( )

3.122

( )
We know, ( ) = ∑ where ∈ [−1,1]

( )(
2 ( !) 1 2 ⋅ (2 )! ( )(
2 ( !)
)= + ⇒ 0) =
2 2

240
 2 ( !)
( ) (0) 2 ⋅ ( !)
= = = ( )
→ → →

2 ⋅ {( + 1)!} ( ) 4 1 2
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ ( + 1) ( ) 2 ⋅ ( !) → 1 1
1+ 1+

3.123

Let = ∏ 2− =∏ 1− =∏ (1)

1+7
√1 ⋅ 7 < =4 ⎫
2 ⎪
7 + 13 ⎪
√7 ⋅ 13 < = 10 ⎪
2
13 + 19 ⇒
√13 ⋅ 19 < = 16 ⎬
2 ⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
(6 − 11)(6 − 5) < 6 − 8⎭

⇒ 1 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 11)√6 − 5 < 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 8) ⇒

1 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 11)√6 − 5
⇒ <1⇒
4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ … ⋅ (6 − 8)

⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( ) √
⇒ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )
< (2)

√
From (1)+(2) ⇒ 0 < < ⇒ → =0

3.124

= = − [ − ℎ ]=
→ → →

= −1
→

241
 ⎧ ⎫ +1
⎪ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎪
= ⎜ 1+ − 1⎟ = =
→ ⎨ ⎬ →
⎪ + ⎪ +
⎩ ⎝ ⎠⎭

+1
+1
= ∴ =
→ →
+1

⎡
⎢ 1 1
⎢ =∞∴ =0∴ 1+ −1
→ → →
⎢ + +
⎣
+1 ⎤
⎥
= & = 0⎥
→ →
+ ⎥
⎦

3.125

( ) ( )
We know, → = and → =

= 1− where ∈ (0,1),

then we have 1 > ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥⋯≥ ≥⋯>0

∴{ } is a decreasing function similarly, { } defined by

= + is an increasing function.

Let → = and → = then = √1 − ⇒ = 0 and

= + ⇒ =∞∴ → = 0 and → =∞

= ⇒ = ⋅
→ → 1

242
 − +1− 1 1
= ⋅ = + − ⋅
→ +1− 1 1 → → 1 1
− −
1−

1
1+ −1
1
= ⋅ = ⇒ =
→ 1 →
(1 − ) −1

3.126

For > 2. Let = =

2 = −

1 1 1 1
⇒2 = − ⋅

1 1 1 1
2 = −
→ → →

1 1 1
= − = − (0) = −0
→ 1 2 ( − 1)
1− 1−

1
⇒ =
→ 2( − 1)

3.127 =∫ =∫ =∫ =
√

1
− = 1 1 −1
= = = =
1 + √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
1+ =

243
 +1 1 −1 1 1 √3
= = =
+ +1 √3 √3 √3 −1
0

√3
1 √3 1 −1 =0
= ⋅ ⋅ =
→ √3 − 1 √3 → 1 0
( )

1 5√3 ( − 1) − 10√3
⋅ ( − 1)
√3
1+
−1
=
→ 8
−

5√3 ( − 1) − 10√3
( − 1) + 3 5√3 − 5√3 − 10√3
= =− =
→ 8 → 8[ −2 +1+3 ]
−

1
5√3[ + ] 5√3 1+ 5√3
= = = = +∞
→ 8[ + + 1] 8 → 1 1 8 →
1+ +

1
= ⋅ (+∞) = +∞
√3

3.128 We shall use the following results:

1. ∑ =

( )
2. ∑ ( − 1) =

( )
3. (1), (2) ⇒ ∑ =

( )
4. ∑ − = − + =

Main question

Let ( ) = ,0 ≤ ≤1

244
 As ( ) is continuous at = , given > 0 ∃ > 0 such that:

( )− = ( )− < whenever, − < ,0 ≤ ≤ 1.

Now, ∑ − = ∑ −

∵ =2

1 1
= −
2 2

⇒ ∑ − ≤∑ − (1)

We split the set {0,1,2, … , } into two subsets and .

0≤ ≤ , ∈ if − < and ∈ if − ≥

Now, ∑ ∈ − ≤ ∑ ∈ ≤ (1) = (2)

If ∈ , then − ≥ ⇒ − ≥

Now, ∑ ∈ − ≤ + ∑ ∈ −

≤ ⋅ [using (4)]

⇒∑ ∈ − ≤ (3)

We choose sufficiently large, so that < (4)

[This is possible as → 0 as → ∞]Using (1), (2), (3), (4) we get:

∑ − < for sufficiently large values of .

1
⇒ =
→ 2 6

245
 CHAPTER 9
INTEGRALS-SOLUTIONS
4.1

(1 + )−
+ 1+ = =
√1 + −

= 1+ − = 1+ −1 ⋅

= 1+ −1 ⇒ = + 2 , −20 = (2 + 2)

1 1 1 20
= ⋅ − ( + 1) =− + =− − 20 + =
10 10 10 19

2
=− 1− 1+ +2 1− 2+ +
19

4.2

(1 + ) −
(2) =
→

11
(1 + ) (1 + ) − 1 − 2 + 24 (1 + +⋯) −
( )= =
→ →

1+ − 2 + 2 + ⋯− 1 (2 − 1)
= = + 0( )
→ → 2

(2 − 1)
( )=
2

( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ 3 ( ) ( ) ( )

( )+ ( )+ ( )
( ) ( ) ( )≤
27

246
 ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = (2( + + ) − 3)
2

and + + =

3 +2
2( + + ) =

2
( )+ ( )+ ( )= 3+ −3 =1
2

Hence ∏ ( ) ≤ (proved)

4.3

= = =
( − )( + 1 − ) → ( − )( + 1 − )
→

+1− −
= +
→ − +1−
→

+1− −
= +
− +1−

+1− 1 2
= ⇒ = + ⇒ =−
− 1+ (1 + )

1 2 +1−
=− + = −2 = −2
(1 + ) −

+1− +1−
= −2 =
→ − +
→

1−
−2 − = −2 ⋅ − =
→ 1− 2
→

247
 1
= = =0
→ →

True or false

−1 < <1

4.4

( + 3)
√
=
( + 1)√ +

Put = ( + 1)√ + , When = 0, = + 1, = 1, = + 2√

1 1
= ( + 1) √ +√ = ( + 3)√
2 2

Thus,

√
+ 2√
=2 =2 , <1
+1

+ 2√ 1
⇔ < ⇔ + 2√ < ( + 1)√ ⇔ √ < √ − 1 ⇔ <( − 1)√
+1 2

Not true for = 1,2. True, for ≥3

4.5

Let us first prove that, ∀ ∈ 0, , > √

> √ ⇔ > ⇔ > (1)

Let ( ) = − , (0) = 0

( )= + (2 )−3

= +2 −3 = ( ) (say); (0) = 0

( )=2 +4 −6

Let ( ) = +2 − 3 ; (0) = 0

248
 ( )=( )( )+ (2 )( ) + 2( − )−3

= (1 + ) +2 (1 + ) + 2(2 − 1) − 3

= (1 + ) + 2 (1 + ) + − 5 (taking = and =1+ )

(1 + ) + 2 (1 + ) + 4 − 5(1 + ) 1 + +3 +3 +2 +2 +4 −1−5
= =
1+ 1+

= >0( = > 0)

( ) > 0 and (0) = 0, ∀ ∈ 0, , ( ) > (0) ⇒ ( ) > 0 ⇒ ( ) = 2 ( ) > 0 and

(0) = 0,

∀ ∈ 0, , ( ) > (0) = 0 ⇒ ( )>0

2

( ) > 0 and (0) = 0 ⇒ ( ) > (0) = 0, ∀ ∈ 0,

∀ ∈ 0, , − >0⇒ > √ from (1)

For = , > √ and for ∈ , ,√ < 0, > √

∀ ∈ (0, ), > √

4.6

( + 1) +2 +1
=
11 11
+ 3 + 11 + 3 + 11

1
= ⋅ +2 +
11
+ 3 + 11

(let = + + 11 ⇒ = +2 + )

1 5 5 1 5 11
= ⋅ =− ⋅ + =− + + 11 +
22 22 4 88 3

249
 5 22 12 2
∴ =− + + =9
(−4) 5 5 5

4.7

= ; = = =
→ (1 + ) (1 + ) =2

1
= ⇒ = = 1+ = = =
(1 + ) (1 + ) 3 = 3

1 1 2
=− =− }= ⋅ − ⋅ =− +
3 3(1 + ) 8(1 + ) 3 1+

+
= = = +
+1 ( + 1)( − + 1) +1 − +1

+
= + | ⋅ ( + 1)( − + 1) ⇒
+1 +1 − +1

1
⇔ = ( − + 1) + ( + )( + 1) + =0 =−
⇒ − + + =1⇔ 3
⇔ = − + + + + + 1
⇔ = ( + ) + (− + + ) + + + = =
3

=∫ =− ( + 1) ; = ∫ = ∫ =

1 2 −1 1 1 1
= + = ⋅ + ⋅
6 − +1 2 + +1 6 2

2 −1 + +1
= = = = = ( − + 1)
− +1 (2 − 1) =

1
= = = − = =
− +1 2
1 √3 = √3
−2 + 2 + 2
2 2 −1
= ⋅
√3 √3

1 1 2 −1
= ⋅ ( − + 1) + ; = +
6 √3 √3

250
 =− + ⋅ = ⋅ − + 2√3
( ) ( ) √ 0

1 − +1 3 2 − 1 2√3
= − + √3 + =
9 → ( + 1) +1 √3 6

1 1 4 4√3
= ⋅ 2√3 + 2√3 = ⋅ 2√3 ⋅ =
9 2 6 9 6 27

4.8

(− )
− + +√ +

2 ( )=2 +
√ + + + √ + + −

( )
( )= ∫ ( ) ⇒ ∫ ⇒ − 0 (OR) ( ) =

9
( ) ≥
2( + + )

4.9

Let =

= =

1
= [ + ] =0
2

4.10

(− )
=− ⇒ =

251
 ( ) + (− )
2 = = =

= | = − −
2 2 4 4

= (1 + 1) = , =
2

4.11

Let us denote by ( ) = ( + )

⇒ ( )= +2 + +

then

+ + ( ) −2 −
= +
( + ) ( ) ( )

(1 − ) ( + )
= | ( )| − 2 = | ( )| − 2
( + ) +

( )
= | ( )| − 2 | + |+ = + , whith ∈ℝ
( )

Finally we get

+ +
= +
( + ) +

4.12

⋅ ⋅
∫( )
=∫ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅

1 1 1
= =
8 2 ⋅ ⋅ 16

= ∫ ⋅ = ∫ )
= (*), = , =
⋅ ⋅(

1 1− + 1 1 1 1
= = + = + +
(1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − ) 1−
252
 (*) = ∫ +∫ +∫

1 1
= + − (1 − ) + ∁=
16 −2 2

1 +1 1 −1
= − + + ∁= + +∁
16 2 1− 16 2

1 −1
= + ( ) +∁
16 2

4.13

2 = − = − = ( − )

∗ 2 =8

( − ) 1 1 1
⇒ = = =− +
( − )⋅8 8 8

4.14

= ( ( ( ( ))))

= − ( ( ( ))) ∵ ∈ 0;
2 2

1 1
= − ( ) = = =
2

4.15

3 (3 −4 )
= =
3 2 (4 −3 )(2 − 1)

(3 − 4 )
=
(4 − 3)(2 − 1)

253
 3 − 4(1 − )
=
(4 − 3)(2 − 1)

Put =

−2 =

1 (4 − 1) 4 −1
=− =−
2 (4 − 3)(2 − 1) (4 − 3)(4 − 2)

2 1 1 2
=− − = −
4 −3 4 −2 4 −2 4 −3

1 1 1 1
= |4 − 2 | − |4 − 3 | + = |2 − 1| − |4 − 3| +
4 2 4 2

4.16

[ (1 − ) − 1]
=
+2 + (3 + ) +2 +1

Dividing numerator and denominator by

1 1
1− − 1− −
= =
1 1 1 1
+ +2 + +3+ + +2 + + +1

=∫ Put + + =

1
1− − =

1
= = + = + + +
+1

4.17

1 ( − 1) + ( − 2) + ⋯ + ( − )
=
− ( − 1)( − 2) … ( − )

254
 1
− 2 ( + 1) 1
= = ( )− ( + 1)
( − 1)( − 2) … ( − ) 2 −

where

1
=
( − 1)( − 2) … (1) (−1)(−2) … ( − )
( ) ( )

1 (−1) −1
= =
( − 1)! (−1) ( − )! ( − 1)! −1

Thus,

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1
− 2 ( + 1) −1 +2−
= (−1)
( − 1)! −1 +1−

4.18

1
( + ) = ( + ) =
+

= ( + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + )− ( + ) ( + ) ( + )=

= ( + ) ( + ) ( (2 ) − (2 )) = ( + ) ( + )

4.19

( + 1) ( ) + ( + 1)( + )+1= +1+ +1+ (1)

(easy if you consider ( ) + ( + )+1)

255
 ( − ) + ( + 1)( − )+ −
=
( + 1) ( ) + ( + 1)( + )+1

1 1 −
( ) − + ( + 1) − +
= =
1 1
+1+ +1+

1 1 1 1
+1+ − +1+ + +1+ − +1+
= =
1 1
+1+ +1+

1 1
+1+ − +1+
= + − =
1 1 1 1
+1+ +1+ +1+ +1+

1 1
= − + − =
1 1 1 1
+1+ +1+ +1+ +1+

1 1
1− 1− +1+ +1+
= − = −
1 1 1 1
+1+ +1+ +1+ +1+

So ∫ ( ) = + , ∈ℝ

4.20

… … = … …

∑
2018
= … { } … = … …
2
∑
2018 2018!
= ∗ 2017! =
2 2

4.21

256
 = ( ) + 18 (3 ) = ( ) + 18 (3 )

for second integral 3 = ⇒ = | ⇒ =

= 1 ⇒ = 3; = 6 ⇒ = 18

1
= ( ) + 18 ⋅ ( )⋅ = ( ) +2 ⋅ ( )
3 3

for second integral: ( )= ⇒ = ( )

=3⇒ = 1; = 18 ⇒ = 6; = ( )

= ( ) +2 ( )⋅ ⋅ ( ) = ( ) + ⋅( ( ) ) =

= ( ) + ( ) | − ( ) = 6 (6) − (1) = 6 ⋅ 18 − 9 = 1935

4.22

( ) ⋅( ) = ( ) ⋅( )

Let = ∫ ( ) ⋅( ) =

= ( ) ⋅ ( ) = (( ) )( )

=( ) ( ) 2− ( ) ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (− )
0

257
 = ( ) ⋅ ( ) ⋅ = ( ) ( )

4.23

( + 100) =
= = 1 1 1 1
( )( )( ) = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

( + 100) + 100 =
= = = =
=

( + 100) ( + 100) (103) − (102)

= = = =
100 1000 100 100

4.24

For 0 < < ≤

7 7 − 5 + 5 − 3 + 3 − +
=

2 6 +2 4 +2 2 +
=

=2 6 +2 4 +2 2 +1

7
⇒ =4 6 +4 4 +4 2 +1+8 6 4 +

+8 6 2 +4 6 +8 4 2 +4 4 +4 2

= 2(1 − 12 ) + 2(1 + 8 ) + 2(1 + 4 ) + 1 + 4( 10 + 2 )+

+4( 8 + 4 )+4( 6 + 2 )+4 6 +4 4 +4 2

= 7 + 12 2 + 10 4 +8 6 +6 8 +4 10 + 2 12

7 7 + 12 2 + 10 4 +8 6 +
=
+6 8 +4 10 + 2 12

258
 5 4 3 2 1
= 7 −6 2 − 4 − 6 − 8 − 10 − 12
2 3 4 5 6

5 4 3 2 1
=7 +6 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 − 7
2 2 3 4 5 6

4.25

We know = −2 2 (easy to prove) ⇒

= 2 −2 2
2 2 =2 2 −4 4 ⇒
4 4 =4 4 −8 8

+2 2 +4 4 = 2 −8 8 ⇒ = = +
2

4.26

Because for any ∈ ℝ we have: = −2 2 ⇒

= −2 2
2 2 =2 2 −4 4 ⇒ +2 2 +4 4 +8 8 = ⇒
4 4 =4 4 −8 8

⇒ = ⋅ = =− | |+

4.27

ℎ + ℎ (1 + ℎ )
=
(1 + ℎ )

=∫ ( )
⋅ where = ℎ . To split into partial fractions, put =

+ (1 + )
= −1 + + + ⇒ + (1 + ) =
(1 + ) (1 − ) 1+ (1 + ) 1−

= −(1 − )(1 + ) + (1 + )(1 − ) + (1 − ) + (1 + )

Put = 1; 1 + 2 = (1 + 1) ⇒ = . Put = −1; −1 = −2 ⇒ = . Put =0

0 = −1 + + + ⇒ =1− − = 1 − 3 = −2

259
 Thus

, = ∫ −1 − + ⋅( )
+ ⋅ =− −2 + + ⋅ +

⋅
where = ∫( )
. Let =∫ = +∫( )
= +2∫( )
=

= +2 −2 ⇒ −2 =− − =− −
1+ 1+ 1+

1 1 5 1+ 9
∴ =− −2 − − ⋅ + + =− − −
4 4 1+ 4 1− 4

− ⋅ + + where = ℎ .

4.28

Note that ( )
= ( )
= −( )
= − 2

1 3 1 3
= (1 + )− ( 2 + 1) − = − 2 −
4 4 8 4

√ √ √
So, = − 2 − = − − = −

4.29

( )
∙
( )
= = =
−2 1− −2 1 −

1 1− 1
= = 1− +∁
+ +1 2 1− + +1

4.30

2 + 4 + 12
∴ = + = +
√ +2 +2 ( + 2 + 2)

Where

260
 2 +4 +4−3 −4 3 +4
= =2 +2 +2 −
√ +2 +2 √ +2 +2

Put + 1 =

3( − 1) + 4 1 1
=2 +1 − =2 +1+ + +1 −
√ +1 2 2

−3 −
√ +1 √ +1

= +1+ + +1 −3 +1− + +1 =

= ( − 3) + 1 = ( − 2) +2 +2

2 +2 2
= +4 =− +4
( + 2 + 2) ( + 2 + 2) √ +2 +2

where =∫ . Put +1 = . =∫ =∫ = =
[( ) ] ( )

+1
= = =
√ +1 √ +2 +1

Thus, = ( − 2)√ +2 +2+√ +

4.31

ℎ( ) −1
= =
1+ ( + 1)( + 1)

Put = , =

−1 −1
= =
( + 1)( + 1) ( + 1)( − + 1)

−1 + +
≡ + + ⇒ −1 = ( + 1)( − + 1) +
( + 1)( − + 1) +1 − +1

+( + ) ( − + 1) + ( + ) ( + 1)

Put = 0; −1 = ⇒ = −1. Put = ; − 1 = ( + ) (− ) = + ⇒

261
 ⇒ = 1, = −1. Compare coefficient of ; = + + ⇒ = 0. Put = − ,

( ≠ 1 is cube root of unity)

− − 1 = (− )( + 1) = ⇒ = ⇒ =1

Thus, =∫ − + + =− + ( + 1) − ( )+

2 2 −1 1 2 2 −1
+ + =− + ( + 1) − ( )+ +
√3 √3 2 √3 √3

4.32

√ √

= √ −1 = 4 = ( )

−1 = , =4

√ √
√15 − −1+1
= = 15 √15 − 0 −
0 +1 +1

√
1
= 15 √15 − −1+
+1

= 15 √15 − − + √15
3 0

√15
= 15 √15 − + √15 ⋅ √15
3

√15
= 14 √15 − + √15
3

4.33

Put = ⇒ =

√1 + (1 + ) + √1 + + √1 + +
∴ = ⋅ =
√1 + +( + 1) √ +1 +√ +1

262
 1
= + = +1− +
+√ +1 √1 + √ +1

= +1 + −
√ +1

= +1− ⋅ + −{ − }
√ +1 √ +1

[Integrating by parts]

= +1− + + = +1− +1 + = 1− + 1+( ) +

4.34

=
( +4 + 12 + 24 + 24 + 72 )

= =
( ( +4 + 12 + 24 + 24) + 72)

( ( + 4 + 12 + 24 + 24) + 72)
=−
( ( + 4 + 12 + 24 + 24) + 72)

∴ =
( +4 + 12 + 24 + 24 + 72 )

1
= + =
( +4 + 12 + 24 + 24) + 72

= +
+4 + 12 + 24 + 24 + 72

4.35

ℎ( ) −1
= =
1+ ( + 1)( + 1)

Put = , =

−1 −1
= =
( + 1)( + 1) ( + 1)( − + 1)

263
 −1 + +
≡ + + ⇒ −1 = ( + 1)( − + 1) +
( + 1)( − + 1) +1 − +1

+( + ) ( − + 1) + ( + ) ( + 1)

Put = 0; −1 = ⇒ = −1. Put = ; − 1 = ( + ) (− ) = + ⇒

⇒ = 1, = −1. Compare coefficient of ; = + + ⇒ = 0. Put = − ,

( ≠ 1 is cube root of unity)

− − 1 = (− )( + 1) = ⇒ = ⇒ =1

Thus, =∫ − + + =− + ( + 1) − ( )+

2 2 −1 1 2 2 −1
+ + =− + ( + 1) − ( )+ +
√3 √3 2 √3 √3

4.36

Let = +√ +1⇒ − =√ +1⇒ =

1− 1−
= + +1 = ⋅ = ⋅ −
2 2

1 1− 1− 1− 1−
− ⋅ = ⋅ − = ⋅ −
1+ 2 2 2 2

1 1 1− 1 1+
− − − + = ⋅ + ⋅ + =
2 2 2

1− +√ +1 1 1+ +√ +1
= ⋅ + +1 + ⋅ +
2 +√ +1
2 +√ +1

4.37

Put + 2 = , then:

242 − {( − 1) + ( + 1) }
=
26 − {( − 1) + ( + 1) }

264
 242 − 2( + 10 + 5 ) 240 − 20 − 10
= =
26 − 2( + 3 ) 24 − 6

10 (24 − 2 − 1) 5 24 −2 −1
= =
6 (4 − 1) 3 4 −1

5 (4 − 1)(6 + 1) 5 5 6
= = (6 + 1) = × + +
3 4 −1 3 3 3

10 5 10 5 10 125
= + + = ( + 2) + ( + 2) + = + 20 + +
3 3 3 3 3 3

4.38

! ( )
For ≥ 0, 0 ≤ < , since, > !

!
Similarly, for ≥ 0, 0 ≤ <

+ 4! 4!
0≤ < +
→ →

! !
=∫ → + = 0so, by sandwich theorem → ∫ =0

4.39

10 − 19 − 36 + 10 − 19 − 36
=
2 + 35 + 108

10 − 19 − 36
= =
(2 + 27)( + 4)

= 18 [8 → 27 ]−4 −
(2 + 27) ( + 4)

1 2
− −
+4 2 + 27

265
 +4 4
=4 −4 − = 2+
( 2 + 27 27
+ 4) ( + 4)

10 − 19 − 36 + 10 − 19 − 36 2
∴ =3
3
2 + 35 + 108

4.40

. , √1 + 2 ⋅ √1 + 3 − 1
= ⋅ =
→ √1 + 3 √1 + 2 − 1

√1 + 2 ⋅ √1 + 3 − 1
=
→ √1 + 3 ⋅ √1 + 2 − 1

1 1
( 1 + 2 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ √1 + 3 + ( 1 + 3 ) ⋅ 3 √1 + 2
. .
= 3 5
→ 1 1
( ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ √1 + 2 + ( 1 + 2 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ √1 + 3
3 1+3 5

2 3
+ 19 5 19
=3 5= ⋅ =
2
1 + 5 15 7 21

4.41

( ) ( )
For > 1, let ( ) = ∫ ( )( )( )
=∫ ( )( )

Put +3 = .

( )= =
( + 2) + ( + 1) + −1

1 +1
=
√ −1 √ −1

1 +3 +1 1
= −
√ −1 √ −1 √ −1

266
 ( )=0 ∵ > 0, 0 < ( )<
→ 2

4.42

= , = , + = =
+ + 2

=− 2− = =
+
2− + 2−

2 = → = , = ( + 1) ∙ = ( + 1) ∙
2 4 4

= <1→ =0
→ 4 →

4.43

∫ ( ) = | |→ ∑ ( )( − ) where ∈( , )

( )
Let = 1 + 2+ ⋯+ = , considering a partition

= , , … ,1 now − = ( )
→ 0 as →∞

1 +
→ ( + 1) +

1 1 1− 1
= − = =
2 → 2 2

4.44

We know ∫ ( ) = | |→ ∑ ( )( − ) where ∈( , )

( )( )
Let =∑ = , considering a partition

267
 = , , … ,1 now − = ( )( )
→ 0 as →∞

1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1)

1
= −
6 →

1 1 1 2
= = [ ] − = −
6 6 6 1+ 24 12

4.45

( )= (1 + )
⇒
=− | ⇒ =− = −1 ⇒ = 1 = 1 ⇒ = −1

1
( )= ( )= − (1 + ) (− ) = − 1+ =

+1
=− =− (1 + ) + ⇒

1
2 ( )= 3 ⇒2 ( )= ⇒ ( )= ⇒
−1

we must show this: 9 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ >4 ( + 1) ⇔

2 √ +1
1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ > ,∀ ≥ 1
3

√
(1): 1 > ⇔ 3 > 2√2 true.

√
Now: ( ): 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ >

268
 2( + 1)√ + 2
( + 1): 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ + 1 >
3

√
From ( ) ⇒ 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ + √ + 1 > +√ +1

√ ( )√
We must show this: +√ +1 > ⇔

2 + 3 > 2 ( + 1)( + 2) ⇔ 4 + 12 + 9 > 4 + 12 + 8 ⇔ 9 > 8 true.

4.46

(1 + 2 + ) (1 − 2 + ) (1 + ) (1 − )
( )= = =
(1 − )(1 + 2 + ) (1 − )(1 + )

(1 − ) 1−
= =2
(1 + ) 1+ 1+

Put = , =

=2 (2 )

Put 2 = ,

( )= = =

=[ ] + (2 − 2)

= (2 − 2) (1 − ) ⇒ (2( − 1) + 1) ( ) = (2 − 2) ( − 1)

( )= ( − 1). Now, ( + 2) = ( + 1) and ( + 1) = ( )

269
 2 +2
( + 2) − ( + 1) − 1 ( + 1) 2 +1 2
∴ = = 2 +3 = ⋅
→ ( + 1) − ( ) → 2 → 2 +3 2 +1
− 1 ( )
2 +1
1
= =1
→ 3
1+2

4.47

∫
= → (*)
∫

∫ ( )
= ∫ ⋅( )
(Integrate by parts)

1 (1 + ) 1 1 1
= + = − +
2 − 0 (1 + ) 2 (2) (1 + )

∴∫ ( )
= ( )
+∫ ( )
(1)

Then
∫ ( )
= ( )( )
+∫ ( )
(2)

Let ≔∫ ( )
, let = , =

∴ = ⋅ =
(1 + ) (1 + )

∴2 =∫ ( )
, let = ⇒ = , =

1 1 1 2
∴2 = = , = ⋅
2 (1 + ) 2 2 2 2 ( )

∴ =∫ ( )
= ⋅ ( )
(3)

Then =∫ ( )
= ⋅ ( )
(4)

270
 ∴∫ ( )
= ( )
+ ( )
(5)

and ∫ ( )
= ( )( )
+ ( )
(6)

But ≔ 2⋅ →
∫

1 2
⎛ − ( ) + ⎞ 4 ( − 1)
2 4 ( ) 2 ⋅
∴ = ⎜ ∴ =
2 → −1 ⎟ 2 → 4 ( ) −1
1 2 2
−( +
⎝ − 1)(2) 4 ( − 1) ⎠

( − 1) 2 (2 − 1) ( )
∴ = ⋅ =
2 → ( ) −1 → 1
(2 ) −2
2

1 ( ) ⎛ 1 ⎛ ( − 1)! ⎞ ⎞
∴ = ⋅ ∴ = ⎜ ⋅⎜
2 → (2 − 1) 1 2 → ⎜ (2 − 1) ⎜ √ (2 )! ⎟ ⎟
⎟ ⎟
−2
1
⎝ ⎝4 ⋅ ! −2 ⎠ ⎠

1
1 ( − 1)! ⋅ 4 ⋅ ! ⋅ −2
= ⋅
2 → (2 − 1) √ ⋅ (2 )!

1
1 −2 ⋅ 4 ( !) ( − 1)!
= ⋅
→ (2 − 1) (2 )!

1
−2 (4) ⋅ ( !) 1 (4) ( ! )
= ⋅ = =
→ (2 − 1)(2 !) → (2 )(2 !)

1 2 ( !) 1 2 ( !)
= =
2 →
⋅ (2 )! 2 → √ ⋅ (2 )!

271
 Using Stirling’s formula ! ∼ √2 ⋅

( )( ) ⋅ ⋅
Then = → ( )
√ ⋅√ ⋅ √

1 1
= √ = ⋅ =1
→

2
∫
∴ ≔ 1+ =1
→ 2
∫
1+

4.48

= ( )≤ ( )≤ ( )=

⇒ ( ( )− )( ( ) − )≤0⇒ ( )+ ≤( + ) ( )

⇒ ( )+ ( )
≤ + , since, ( ) ≠ 0, is continuous hence is – Integrable

⇒ ( ) + ≤( + ) =( + )( − )
( )

⇒ ( − )( + ) ⏞
≥ 2 ( )
( )

( − )( + )
∴ ( ) ≤
( ) 4

4.49

1−
1+ √ √ [ (1 − )− (1 + )]
=
(1 + )√1 − (1 + )√1 −

√
= − ⋅ −4 = 0 − (4 ⋅ 2) = −8 (Proved)
√
0

272
4.50

− > +1− +1

⇔ +√ +1 > +√ + 1, ∀ , ∈ 0, (1)

Let ( ) = +√ + 1, ∀ ∈ 0, , ( )=− +√

Now, ∀ ∈ 0, , < ⇒ +1<1+

1 1
⇒ +1< ⇒ > ⇒ >1−
+1 +1

1
⇒ >1− ⇒ > ⇒ − <0
+1 +1 √ +1

⇒ ( )<0⇒ ( )= +√ + 1 is decreasing on 0,

> ; ( )< ( )⇒ +√ +1 > +√ + 1 ⇒ (1) is proved.

4.51

We have for all , > 0;

√ + √ √ +√
=√ ⋅ ≤√ +√ ≤ 2( + )
+ −√ + −√
√

(because + ≤ √2 + )

So put = ( ) and = ( ) to find:

( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )
≤ √2 ( )+ ( ) ≤ 4 ⇒
( )− ( ) ( )+ ( )

( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )
⇒ ≤ 4( − )
( )− ( ) ( )+ ( )

273
4.52

Let

= ( ) =[ ( )] − ( ) = (1) − (1 − )

= (1) + (1 − ) (1 − )

= (1) + (1 − ) (1 − ) − (1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − )

Let = 1 − then, =− and when = 0, then = 1: = 1, = 0

= (1) + ( ) − ( ) = (1) + (0) + ( ) ( )

= (1) + (0) − ( ) = (1) + (0) − .

( ) ( )
So, = ≥ (0) ⋅ (1)

4.53

We know,

( ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( )

≤ ( ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( ) ≤

( ) − ( ) − ≤0

274
 ⇒ + ( ) ≤( + ) ( )

⇒ + ( ) ≤( + ) ( )

( − 1) + ( ) ≤( + )

4.54

≤ ( )≤
We have for all ∈ [ , ]; 0 < ≤ ( )≤ ⇒
≤ ( )
≤

⎧
⎪ ( − )≤ ( )≤ ( − )
⎪
⇒ ⇒
⎨ 1 1 1
⎪
⎪ ( − )≤ ≤ ( − )
( )
⎩

1
( − ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( − )
( )

1
⇒ ( − ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( − )
( )

( ) ( )
1
⇒ ( − ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( − )
( )

since

275
 ( + 1)
= .
2

4.55

Let

( ) = ( − )∫ + ( − )∫ for all ∈ [ , ]

(1 − )
( )= −( − ) , = +
( )

( )
where: ∫ ( )
≥0

Let ( ) = for all ∈ [ , ],

( )
( )= ≥ 0 for all ∈ [ , ] so, ( ) is continuous on [ , ], ( ) ≥ 0 for all
( )
∈[ , ]

so, for ≤ ≤ , ( ) ≤ ( ), − ≥ 0 where , ∈[ , ] so,

∫ ≥( − ) where ∈ [ , ]

( ) ≥ 0 for all ∈ [ , ] ⊂ [ , ]

so, ( ) is increasing and for ∈ [ , ] ⊂ [ , ], ( ) ≥ 0

( − ) ≥( − )

4.56

Let 0 < , < 1. For ≤ ≤ ,

1 1 4 8
+ ≥ =
+

and √ ≤ ( + )= ⇒ ≥

276
 1 1 8 16
1+ 1+ ≥ 1+ +

1 1 1 − 8 16 4
⇒ 1+ 1+ ≥ 1+ + = 1+
− −

4.57

For ≥ 2, let

1−
( )=
1+ +

( )
( )=∫ < 0 ⇒ ( ) is strictly decreasing on [2, ∞). Also,
( )

1− −1 − +2 2 1
(2) = = = −
1+2 + (1 + ) (1 + ) 1+

1 (2 ) 1 2( + 1) − 2
= = + = + =
4 1+ 1+ 0 (1 + ) 2 (1 + )

1 1
= + − (2) ⇒ (2) =
2 4 2

Thus, 0 < ( ) < ∀ > 2. Now,

2 ( )+2 ( )+2 ( )<

1 1 1
< + + ≤ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )= + +
2 2 2

4.58

Let be : [0,1] → ℝ; ( ) = (1 + ).

( )( + 1) − ( + 1)
( )= ; ( )= = >0
1+ ( + 1) ( + 1)

= ( )= (1) =
( + 1)

277
 Let be , ℎ: [0,1] → ℝ;

( )= (1 + )− ⋅
( + 1)

ℎ( ) = (1 + )+ ⋅
( + 1)

( )= ( )− ≤0⇒ decreasing
( )

ℎ( )= ( )+
( )
≥ 0 ⇒ ℎ increasing

By Cebyshev – integral form:

( ) ⋅ ℎ( ) ≤ ( ) ℎ( )

(1 + )− ⋅ (1 + )+ ⋅ ≤
( + 1) ( + 1)

≤ (1 + )− ⋅ ⋅ (1 + )+ ⋅
( + 1) ( + 1)

1 1
(1 + ) − ⋅ ≤ (1 + ) − ⋅
( + 1) 3 0 4 ( + 1)

(1 + ) − ≤ (1 + ) −
3( + 1) 4( + 1)

(1 + ) ≤ (1 + ) + −
3( + 1) 4( + 1)

1
(1 + ) ≤ (1 + ) + < (1 + ) +
12( + 1) 12

278
4.59

Let ( ) = for all ∈ [0,1]

( )= , ( )=− ≤ 0 for all ∈ [0,1]

( )

Applying HERMITE – HADAMARD Inequality

(1) + (0) 1 1+0

≤ ( ) ≤
2 1−0 2

(1) + (0) 1
⇒ ≤ ≤
2 2

1
≤ ≤
8 2

4.60

√3 + 2 1+
= √2 =
√1 +

= √2 + √2
√ +2 √2 −

√3 + 2
∴ = √2 ℎ + +
√2 √2

4.61

Let

= , =

Consider

1
( ) = 1+ + (1 + ) , >0

279
 1 1 1
( )= 1+ − + (1 + ) == 1+ −

Note that

( ) < 0 for 0 < < , (0) > 0 for >

( ) is least when = .

Thus,

( )≥ ∀ >0⇒ ≥

⇒ 1+ + 1+ ≥

≥ 1+ + 1+ =( + ) +( + ) =

=( + ) = +

4.62

( )
( )= ( )
1+

∫ ( )
≤ ∫ ( ) – (AM-GM – integral form)

( )
( ) ( )
∫
≤ ( )
1+

∫ ( ) ( )
( ) ≤∫ ( ) (1)
∫

( )= (1 + ), ( )= , ( )= >0
1+ (1 + )

280
 ∫ ( ) ( )
1+ ≤ 1+

∫ ( )

( )
≤ ( ) (2)
∫ ∫

( )
By (1), (2): ( )
≤∫ ( )
∫

4.63

Let ( ) = √ for all ∈ [ , ] where < [WLOG let us assume < ]

√
( )= > 0, hence ( ) is strictly convex. Applying HERMITE – HADAMARD Inequality

+ 1 ( )+ ( )
≤ ( ) ≤
2 − 2

1 √ +√
⇒ ≤ √ ≤
− 2

2 √ +√
⇒ ≤ −√ ≤
− 2

4 √ +√ +
⇒ ≤ −√ ≤ ≤
( − ) 4 2

⇒ 2( − ) ≤8 −√ ≤( + )( − )

4.64

4 4
− 2 = − 2= 2 −1 >0
2 2
2 2

√ >2 > 2⋅ = , (1)

: 0, → ℝ, ( ) = + −2 , ( )= + −1
2

281
 (2 − )
( )= > 0, ( )= ( )=0→ ( )>0

+ >2 → + > , (2)

> , (3)

By multiplying (1), (2), (3) → + √ >

1
+ √ > ( − )
2 2 7

4.65

1
= → ( ) = ( )

1 1
( ) + ( ) = ( )+ ( ) ⏞
≥

+
≥ ( + ) ⏞
≥
+

≥2 √ ( − + − + )

4.66

1 1
≤
+4 5

and by Holder inequality

1 1
≤ =
+4 5 5

282
 <

4.67

( ∘ )( ) ∈ [0, ] ⇒ ( ∘ )( ) ≤ ; (∀) ∈ [0, ]

1 1
( ∘ ) ( ) ≤ ⋅ ( ∘ )( ) = ( ∘ )( )

( ∘ )( ) ∈ [0, ] ⇒ ( ∘ )( ) ≤ (∀) ∈ [0, ]

1 1
( ∘ ) ( ) ≤ ( ∘ )( ) = ( ∘ )( )

1
( ∘ ) ( ) ≤ ( ∘ )( )

1
( ∘ ) ( ) ≤ ( ∘ )( )

1 1
( ∘ ) ( ) + ( ∘ ) ( ) ≤ ( ∘ )( ) + ( ∘ )( ) =

4.68

Let ( )= + − , ∈ ℝ. Note:

1 1 1 1 1
+ = + + − + = + +1 − −1
2 2

= + +1− −1 = ( )∴ ( ) is periodic with period .

⇒ ( ) = 2018 ( )

For 0 ≤ < ,0 ≤ < ⇒ ≤ + <1⇒ + = 0 and for ≤ <

283
 1 1 3 1
≤ <1⇒1≤ + < ⇒ + =1
2 2 2 2

Thus, ( ) = |0 − |= for 0 ≤ < = |1 − |= 1− for ≤ <

1 1 1 1
∴ ( ) = =
2 2 4

Thus,

1 1009 1009
( ) = (2018 ) = ⇒ ( ) =
4 2 → 2

4.69

Put = ,0 < <

√1 + −1 −1 1− √1 + −1
= = = ⇒ =
2 2

√
Let = ∫ =∫ ⋅ where

=
2

= ( )

1 1 1
= ] − = − − ( )] =
2 2 2

1 1 1 1
= − − (1 + )+ (1 + )
2 2 2 2

284
 As → 0 , →0

1
∴ = −0− 1+
→ 4 2 2 4

4.70

is increasing convex function on , then is convex too,

then by H-H inequality we have

1+ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
2 ≤ ⎜ ( ) + ⎟≤ ( )+
2 1−
⎝ ⎠

in the second integral we use the changment = we get the inequality

4.71

Let : [0, ] → ℝ defined by

( )= (4 −2 −2 + 1) + + −2

for all ∈ [0, ]. Now,

( )= (4 −2 −2 + 1) ≥ 0 since

∈ (0, ) ⊆ 0,
4

and , ∈ 0, . So, is continuous on [0, ] and ( ) ≥ 0 hence

is increasing on [0, ]. So, ≥ ( ) ≥ ( ) ≥ (0)

⇒4 −2 −2 +1 ≥ ( )≥ + −2

1 1
⇒ (2 − 1)(2 − 1) ≥ ( ) ≥ − (2 − 1)(2 − 1)
2 2

⇒ 1 ≥ ( ) ≥ 0 for all , ∈ 0,

285
 ∴0≤ ( +2 )+4 ≤

4.72

For >0

+1 1
≤ ⇔ + ≤ +1
+1

⇔ − +1− ≥0⇔ ( − 1) − ( − 1) ≥ 0

⇔ ( − 1)( − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( − 1) ( + + + + 1) ≥ 0

+1 1 ∫
∴ ≤ = ⇒ ≤ =
+1

Similarly for other expressions.Thus

∑ ∫
≤

4.73

Let ( ) = ( ) for all ∈ (0, ∞) we have

1 1
( )= − ( )
+1

then increasing on (0,1) and decreasing on (0, +∞) it follow that for all

∈ (0, +∞), ( ) ≤ (1) = .

16

1
( ) ≤ (1) =
6 96

4.74

Let = { ( ), ∈ [ , ]} and ( ) = ( ) − , clearly is decreasing function then

by Chebyshev inequality we have
286
 1
( ) ≤ ( )
−

then

1
( ) ≤ ( )− +
−

1 ( − )
= − = .
− 12

4.75

− 0 1
= ≤1
−0 1+

≤1

< =

+ + < + +

+ + ≥3
+ + ≥3 ⇒ + + ≥ + +
+ + ≥3

+ + < + +

4.76

Let ( ) = + − 2 ,0 ≤ ≤1

( )= + −2 ≥2 −2 =2 √ −1 >0

for 0 < <1

Thus, ( ) > (0) = 0, for 0 < <1

287
 ⇒ ( )+ ( )>2 ,0 < <
2

1
⇒ [ ( )+ ( )] > = −
2

0< < <

2

4.77

Let

= , = , + =

(a) 2 +2 =( + ) +( − ) ≥( + )

(b) ( + ) = + +2 ≥ + [∵ > 0]

4.78

( + + 1)
( )=
√ + 1√ + +1

+ +1=( + 1) − =( + + 1)( − + 1)

√ √
∴ ( )= =
( + 1)( − + 1)
+1

Put = , √ =

2 2 2
∴ ( )= = + +1 = +1+
3 √ +1 3 0 3

Now,

288
 ( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ 3 ( ) ( ) ( )

⇒ [ ( ) + ( ) + ( )] ≥ 27 ( ) ( ) ( )

=8 +1+ ≥ ( + 1) +

4.79

Let ( ) = − − ,0 ≤ ≤1

1
( )= − 1−
2

( )=− + > 0 for 0 < <1

⇒ ( ) ↑ on [0,1] ⇒ ( )> (0) = 0 for 0 < ≤1

∴ ( ) ↑ on [0,1] ⇒ ( ) > 0 for 0 < ≤1

1
∴ > − ,0 < ≤1
6

1 2 2 49
⇒ √ > − = − =
6 5 6 × 9 135

4.80

Let ( ) = for all ∈ 0, and

( ) = 1 for all ∈ 0,

1. ( ) and ( ) are integrable on 0,

2. ( ) keeps the same sign on 0,

1
∴ ≤ = ( − )

where ∈( , )

289
 Similarly,

−
≤ =

where ∈( , )

( − )
∴ ≤

4.81

Let ( ) = ∫ ( )

As is continuous on ℝ, is differentiable on ℝ, and ( )= ( )

Let ( ) = ∫ ( ) , ∈ 0, = ( )− ( )

we have is differentiable on 0, and ( )≤ ∀ ∈ 0,

⇒ attains maximum value at =

∴ =0⇒− − =0
4 4 √2 4 √2

⇒ + = 0.
√2 √2

4.82

Let = , ∈ [0, ]

1− ⇒ = (∵ [0, ], ≥ 0)

⇒ 1− = =

=−

290
 = (− )

=− ∫ (−2 ) =− ∫ ( 2 − 1) =− ∫ −∫ → (1)

1 1
2 = 2 − 2 = ( 2 )+ 2 +
2 2 4

2 2
∴ 2 = +
2 4

2 0⋅ 0 0
= 2 + − + = 1−1= 0
2 4 2 4

∴ (1) ⇒ ∫ √1 − =− 0− [ ]

1
=− − = ∵ > ∴ >
2 2 4 4 4

4.83

For > 0, > 0, let

=∫ (1)

Put = − , so that

=∫ (−1) =∫ (2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2 = + ⇒ = + ≥2 =2

+ + +
∴ + + ≥ 2( + + ) ≥ 6( )
1+2 1+3 1+5

291
4.84

( )= ( )=0

( ) = [ ( )] − ( ) ≤ ( )

= ( )
3

again,

1
( ) = ( ) = ( ) − ( )
2 2

1 1
= ( ) ≤ ( ) = ( )
2 4 20

∴ ( ) ≤ ( ) ( )
60

4.85

<
+1

We have

= < =
+1

We have

<
+1

292
4.86

: [ , ] → ℝ, is increasing

Hence;

( )

( ) = ( )

Consider ( ) = ∫ ( )

Now: ( )= ( ) > 0 so is convex,

Thus, by Jensen inequality taking = and = 1 − as weights;

( + )≤ ( )+ ( )

1 ( − 1) −1
⇒ ( ) ≤ ( ) + ( ) = ( )

Summing up

( )

−1
( ) ≤ ( )

(Proved)

4.87

We have known that for any ≥ 0, ( )≤ that is:

( + 1) +1
( )≤ ≤ =

= + (2) < (1 + (2))

293
4.88

( ) ≤ ( ) =1

( ) ≤ ( ) =1

( ) ≤ ( ) =1

( ) ( ) ( ) ≤1

4.89

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =

= ( ) ( ) ⋅ ( ) ( ) ⋅ ( ) ( )

⋅ ( ) ( ) ⏞
≥

≥ ( ) ⋅ ( ) =

= ( ) 1 ⏞
≥ ( ) = 2

294
 √2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥2

4.90

1
≥ +1 → ≤ →
+1

ℎ
≤
ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ

ℎ
≤ ⏞
≤
ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ

1 ℎ
≤3 ⏞
≤ 3
3 ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ 6

LEMMA:

ℎ +ℎ +ℎ
≤
ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ 2

By Adil Abdullayev

We have, ℎ = ,ℎ = ,ℎ = , + + = 2 and

+ + = + +4

1 1 1
ℎ +ℎ +ℎ + +
≤ ⇔ ≤
ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ 2 1 1 1 2
+ +

295
 + + ( + +4 ) +4
⇔ ≤ ⇔ ≤
( + + ) 2 ( + + ) 2

+ + 16 +2 +8 +8 +4
⇔ ≤
8 2

⇔ + + 16 +2 +8 +8 ≤4 + 16

⇔ + + 16 +2 +8 ≤4 +8

We know, ≤4 +4 + 3 , then we need to prove,

(4 +4 +3 )+( +4 ) +2 ≤4 +8

( +4 )
⇔ (5 −4 )+( +4 ) ≤0⇔ ≥
4 −5

Again, we know, ≥ 16 − 5 , we will show,

( +4 )
16 −5 ≥
4 −5

⇔4 −9 +2 ≥ ( − 2 )(4 − ) ≥ 0, which is true.

4.91 If in positive real number we have:

( + 3)
( )=
( + 2)( + 1)

Now we must prove

( + 3) 2 −1
− <3⇔ <3⇔
( + 2)( + 1) +2 +1

2 1
⇔ 1− <3⇔3−2 <3
+1 +1

4.92

+1 +1
1 2 2
= ⋅ , −1 < , <1
2 + +2
2

296
 ( ) (1 − ) =

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
1 +1 −1 1 +1 −1
= ⋅
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1
= 1− ⋅ 1−
2 2 2 2 2 2

( + 1) ( + 1)
= = ⏞
≥
4 2 2 4 +
2 2 2 2

4.93

2
= −2
1+

= ( −2 )( )

( −2 )( ) ⏞
<
3

( −2 )( ) =
,√ 27

( −2 )( ) <
27

√ √

( −2 )( ) <
27

< √3 − 1
27

4.94

Lemma: Let be a convex function defined on ⊆ ℝ then for any

297
 ≤ ≤ in we have, ( − + ) ≤ ( )− ( )+ ( )

Now, =2 +4 > 0 for all ∈ℝ

Let = + 12 and = + 8 then from

( − + )≤ ( )− ( )+ ( )⇒

⇒ ( + 4) + ( + 8) ≤ ( ) + ( + 12)

where ∈ [ , + 3] then

( + 4) + ( + 8) ≤ ( ) + ( + 12)

⇒ ( ) + ( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

∴ + ≤ +

4.95

≥ 1+ , ∈ ℝ,

(1 + ) ≤ , > −1 → 1+√ ≤√ →

1+√ ≤ ≤

1
1+√ < =
2

4.96

2
= 2
+ 1+ 2 + 1− 2

298
 2 −
2 − +
= 2 = + 2 = 2 2
( + )+( − ) − −
2 1+ 1 +
+ 2 + 2

Put =

−
∴ = 2 = +
+ 1+ 2
2

−
⇒ = + = +
+ 2 2 + 2

Similarly,

− −
= + = −
2 + 2 2 + 2

1 2
∴ ( , )= + = ( − )⇒ ( , )= +
2 2 2 −

Thus, ( , )+ ( , )+ ( , ) = 2( + + )

Now,

+
≥√ [ ≥ ]
2

and ≥

⇔ ( + ) − 2( + )≥0⇔( − ) ≥0

+ +
∴ + ≥√ + ⇒ ( + )≥ √ +
2 2

4.97

Let = , =

299
 when = 0, = 0, when = , =

1
( )= = ( )
→ + →

1 1 −
= ( ( − )) = ⋅
→ → 1+

1 1− 1
= ⋅ = = − ( )
→ 1
+

⇒2 ( )= ⇒ ( )= . So,∑ ( )=

≥ = ⋅ ⋅
12 12

4.98

If 0 < < then + − < ∫ < + −

We need to prove that +1 < < + 1 (1) ∀ > 0

Put = ⇒ 0 < < . We have (1) ⇒ +1< < +1

2
∗ ( )= − −1
2 ⋅
⋅
We have ( )= − =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅

On the other hand, by Jordan’s inequality, we have

2 4 4
> ⇒ > ⇒4 − ⋅ <4 − ⋅ =0⇒ ( )<0

⇒ ( ) is a decreasing function ⇒

⇒ ( )> → − −1 ⇒ ( )>0 ⇒ +1< (2)

⋅ ⋅

300
 ∗ ( )= +1−
2 2
⋅ ⋅ ( )( )
We have ( )= − = =
⋅ ⋅

On the other hand, by Jordan’s inequality, we have

≤ ⇒ ( ) ≤ 0 ⇒ ( ) is a decreasing functioin

⇒ ( )> → +1− ⇒ ( )>0⇒ < + 1 (3)

⋅

(2) and (3) ⇒ +1 < < + 1 ⇒ (1) True ⇒

⋅ ⋅

2
⇒ +1 < < +1
⋅ 2 2

2
⇒ + − < < + −
2 2

4.99

Set ( ) = , > 0 and ( ) = ⋅ , >0

It’s ( )=− < 0, > 0 and ( )= (2 + 5) > 0, ∀ > 0.

So strictly decreasing when > 0 and strictly increasing

Using the Chebyshev’s integral inequality, we have that:

1 1
⋅ ⋅ > ⋅ ⋅( − )

1
⇒ − ⋅ > ⋅( − )
4

1 1 1 1 1
⇒ − + > ( − )
4

301
 1 ( + ) 1 1
⇒ ( − )⋅ + > ( − )
4

1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + + >
4

4.100

( ) 1
( )= ( ) ⋅ ( ) ⏞
≥ ⋅ =
( )

Similarly, ( ) ≥ , ( ) ≥

∴ ( )= ≥

4.101

Using Hölder inequality for integrals, I have that.

1 ⋅ ≥ ⇒

∫ ≥∫ ⇒∫ ≥ ∫ (1)

Just the same:

∫ 1 ⋅ ∫ ≥∫ ⇒⇒ ⋯ ∫ ≥ ∫ (2)

(1) × (2) (everything is positive) we have that

1
⋅ ≥

302
4.102

= (1 + ) = 1+ −
4

1− 2
= 1+ =
1+ 1+

= (2) − (1 + ) = 2− → = 2
4 8

1− 1−
= + (1 + )
1+ 1+

2 2
= + −2 (1 + )
1+ 1+

1 1
=2 + −1 (1 + )
1+ 2−

∴ let ( ) = + ∀ ∈ 0;
√

2 2 1 1
( )=− + =2 −
(1 + ) (2 − ) ( − 2) ( + 1)

2 (( + 1) − ( − 2) ) 6 (2 − 1) 1
= = ≤ 0 ∀ ∈ 0;
( − 2) ( + 1) ( − 2) ( + 1) √2

1 1 4
0≤ ≤ ⇒0≤ ≤ ⇒ ( )≥ =
4 √2 √2 3

1 1 1 1 2
⇒ + −1≥ ⇒ ≥2 (1 + ) ⇔ ≥ ⇔ ≥ 2
1+ 2− 3 3 3 12

303
4.103

If we consider the functions

( )= , ∈ [ , 2 ] (Strictly decreasing on [ , 2 ])

( )= , ∈ [ , 2 ] (Strictly increasing on [ , 2 ])

Using Chebyshev integral inequality we have:

1 1
⋅ < ⋅ = − ( − )
2

3 3
⇒ < ( − )⇒ < ( − 1)
8 8

4.104

∀ > 1: ( ) =

∴ ( )= & ( )=2 ≥0 ∀ >1

( ) ( )
≤
So by Jensen’s inequality: ( ) ( )
⇒ ( )+ ( )≥ +
≤

⇔ + ≥ +

4.105

≤ ( )≤ and ≤ ( ) ≤ ; ≤ ≤ for all ∈[ , ]

( ) ( )
⇒ − − ≤0⇒ + ≤ + ⇒ + ≤ + ( − )
( ) ( )

304
 ( ) ( )
⇒ + <( + )( − )
( ) ( )

4.106

is increasing function then for all ∈ ,√ and ∈ √ , we have ( ) ≤ ( ) then

√ √

−√ ( ) =√ √ −√ ( ) ≤

≤√ √ −√ ( ) = √ − ( )
√ √

it follow that

√ √

√ ( ) ≤√ ( ) =√ ( ) − ( )
√

then

√ +√ ( ) ≤√ ( )

4.107

2 2
− ⏞
≥ − → ≥1− →
2 2

2
+ + ≥1+

1 1
( )= ≤ = 2√1 + −2
2 √1 +
+ +

+ +
( )≤2 √1 + −6 ⏞
≤ 2⋅3 1+ − 6 = 2 3(1 + ) − 6
3

305
4.108

1≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 13

2 2 2 2
=1+ , =5+ , =7+ , = 11 +

− convexe → ≤ →

2 2 2 2
( )+ ( )≥ ( )+ ( )
→ → → →
→

( ) + ( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

4.109

Applying Cauchy – Schwarz,

∫ ≤ ∫ ( )
∫ = ∫ ( )

1 −
⇒ [ ( + 1)] ≤
3 5 ( + 1)

+1 5
∴ ⋅ ≤
+ 1 9( − ) ( + 1)

4.110

Let =∫ 1+ 1+
( )

306
 1 1 1
= 1+ + +
(2 − ) [ (2 − )]

Also + ≥ and (2 − ) = 1 − (1 − ) ≤ 1
( ) [ ( )]

∴ + ≥ 2 and ≥ 1. Thus,
( ) [ ( )]

≥ =4⇒ ( )≥4 =4

( )
Now, ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ 4 ≥4 = 64( )

4.111

Let ( ) = ( ) − 3 for all ∈ [ , + 2] , ( )= ( )−6 ≥ 0

hence is convex. By Hermite Hadamard inequality

1 1 3
( + 1) ≤ ( ) ⇒ ( + 1) − 3( + 1) ≤ ( ) −
2 2 2

⇒ 1 + ( + 1) ≤ ∫ ( ) . Let ( ) = 6 − ( ) for all

∈ [ , + 2]. ( ) = 12 − ( ) ≥ 0 for all ∈ [ , + 2] hence is convex. By Hermite

Hadamard inequality

1 6 1
( ) ≥ ( + 1) ⇒ − ( ) ≥ 6( + 1) − ( + 1)
2 2 2

1 1
⇒ 2 + ( + 1) ≥ ( ) ∴ 2 + ( + 1) ≥ ( ) ≥ 1 + ( + 1)
2 2

4.112

∀ > 0: ( ) = ( + 1) & ( ) his primitive function.

307
 So, ( )= ( )= + ( + 1) > 0.

( ) ( )
So, is a convex function ⇒ ≤

=2 ( ) ≤ ( ) ∴ ( )≥0

= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )

+
= ( ) + ( ) +2 − ( )− ( )≤ ( ) + ( )
2

→2 ( + 1) ≤ ( + 1) + ( + 1)

4.113

( −3 +5 − 3 + 4) + (10 − 30 + 40 )
( )= =
−3 +5 −3 +4

10 ( − 3 + 4) 10
= 1+ = + = +5 ( + 1)
( + 1)( − 3 + 4) +1

( )= +5 ( + 1) ⏞
≥

≥ 3√ +5 (1 + ) =3+5 (1 + )

4.114

Let ( ) = ( + )( + ), ∈ [0,1], , > 0

+ +2
( )= >0→ , ( ) ≥ (0) = √
2 ( + )( + )

308
 ( + )( + ) ≥ √ → ( , )= ( + )( + ) >√

( + ) ( , )> ( + )√ ⏞
≥ 2√ ∙√ =

=2 ⏞
≥ 2∙3 ( ) =6

4.115

( ) ( ) +( ) ( ) >( ) ( ) =

+ 1
=( ) ( ) ⏞
≥ =
2
+

1
( ) ( ) +( ) ( ) > =
2 4

4.116

1 1
= ( −4 +4 )√ = ( −2 ) √ =
4 4

1 1
= − = ⏞
>
8 2 2 8 2

1 1 √ 2
> = = ∙ =
8 8√ 8√ 7 28

4.117

√
= √ = 2⋅ = ( ) = − =

309
 1 +1
= − =
2 2

≥ +1 ∀ ∈ℝ ⇒ ≥ +1⇒ ≥ ( + 1)

⇒∫ ≥ +1 = ⇒ ∫ ≥ ⇒− ∫ ≤− : (1)

↑[ , ]
≤√ ∀ ∈ [0,1] ⇒ 2 ≤ 2√ ∀ ∈ [0,1] ⇒ ≤ √ ∀ ∈ [0,1]

↑[ , ]
⇒ ∫ ≤∫ √ ⇒∫ ≤ = : (2)

(1)
⇒∫ − ∫ ≤ − : (3)
(2)

− − = < 0 : (4)

(3)
⇒ − <
(4) 3

4.118

−
≤ −1 → ≤ −1 → ( + ) ≤ ( + )→

2 1
( + ) ≤ ( + ) →
2

1
( + ) 2 − ( + ) 2 ≤ ( + ) →

1
( ( + ) ln( + )) ≤ ( + ) →

( + ) ( + ) 1
+ ≤ ( + )
+ +

310
4.119

√
√ + 100 √
1
≤ = ≤
100 √

1 1 1 1 4 2
≤ ⏞
≤ = = ∙ − = −
1+√ 2√ 2 2 3 3

4.120

( ) ⋅( ) ≤

⋅ + ⋅
≤ =
+

+ 1
=2 ⋅ ≤ 2⋅ =
2 2

1
2⋅ ( ) ⋅( ) ≤ 2⋅ =1
2

2⋅ ( ) ⋅( ) ≤ 1 =

+ + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ≤ = 2 + + = + +
+ 2 2

4.121

Let ≤ 1 but ≠ 0 and be a rational number which does not lie between 0 and 1 then
(1 − ) ≥ 1 −

11 ∫ + = 11 ∫ [let – = > 0]

≥ 11 ∫ ( )
[since, 1 ≤ ≤ 10 ⇒ 1 + ≤ + ≤ 10 + ]

311
 = we need to prove, ≥9

⇔ 1− ≥1− , which is true. Hence proved.

4.122

⏞ ∙∙ ∙
≥ = − = ( − 1)
2 2

≤ = −1

4.123

Function is strictly increasing in [ , ] so does ( ) = , ∈ [ , ].

It suffices to prove that

( − ) ( ) ≥( − ) ( )

( )
or ∫ ( ) ≥ ( − )∫ ( )

or − ∫ ( ) ≥ ( − )∫ ( )

or ∫ ⋅∫ ( ) ≥ ( − )∫ ( )

That is true due to Chebyshev’s inequality, because is strictly decreasing in [ , ], >0

(easy to check) and , ( ) are strictly increasing in [ , ].

4.124

( )= [ ] [ ] [ ]
For 0 ≤ ≤ 1, ∈ ℕ, let + +⋯+

For 0 ≤ < , [ ] = [2 ] = ⋯ = [ ]=0

312
 ⇒ ( )= + + ⋯+ for 0 ≤ < ; > + + ⋯+ = >

( )
for 0 ≤ < . We now show that =∫ = ∞ for each given .

( ) ( )
For a given ∈ ℕ, write = + where =∫ , =∫

Note > 0, therefore > ≥∫ =∫ =∞

∴ → ∞⇒ → =∞

4.125

Applying Chebyshev’s Integral Inequality for = 2.

1 + +
( ) ≥ ( ) = ( ) ≥ ( )
− 3

4.126

∀ ∈ [0,1] it’s √ ≥ "=” for = 0, = 1 ⇔ √ + ≥2

⇔ √ + ≥ √2 ⋅ √ ≥ √2 ⋅ ⇔ √ + + ≥ √2 + 1 ⋅

⇔ √ + + ≥ √2 + 1 ⋅ √ so,

2 2
+√ + ≥ √2 + 1 ⋅ √ = √2 + 1 ⋅ ⋅ = √2 + 1 ⋅
3 3

4.127

( ) ( + 1) ( )
+ +⋯+ + +1 ≥ ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅1

= ( + 1) ( ) ⋯ = ( + 1) ⋅ ( ⋯ )

⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅( )
= ( + 1) ⋅ = ( + 1) ⋅

313
 = ( + 1) ⋅ so,

√ ⋅
≤
+⋯+ + +1 ( + 1) ⋅

1 1
= = ⋅[ − ]= ⋅ =
+1 +1 +1

4.128

I will use the well-known inequality ≥ + 1, ∀ ∈ ℝ

2 = ≥ 2⋅ +1

2 = ≥ 2 +1

Adding those two inequalities, we have that

2 +2 ≥ 2( + )+2⇒

2 +2 > 2 ( + ) +2 ⇒

2 +2 > 2⋅[ − ] + ⇒ 2 +2 >2 2+

4.129

Using Cauchy – Schwarz inequality for integrals, we have that:

( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒ ( ) ≥ ( ) ⇒

1+ ∫ ( ) ≥1+ ∫ ( ) . So, it suffices to prove that:

1+ ∫ ( ) > ∫ ( ) (1)

314
 Setting ∫ ( ) = , its easy to see that (1) holds, because:

1+ > ⇔ − + 1 > 0 for every ∈ℝ⇔( ) − + 1 > 0 or − +1 >0

for every ∈ ℝ. ; = −3 < 0 so, this is true!

4.130

Put ( ) = + + + when ≤ <

We have 2 ≤1⇒2 ≤1⇒ ≤

( )
Lemma: + ≥ when > 0, > 0

Applying the lemma, we have

1 1 1
+ + + 1+
( )≥ ⇒ ( )≥
4 4

Since ≤ ⇒ ≥ 4⇒ 1+ ≥5

( )
So, ( ) ≥ ⇒ ( )≥ ⇒

1 1 125
⇒ + + + ≥
4

1 1 125 125
⇒ + + + ≥ −
4 24

125 1 1 125
⇒ + + + + ≥ ⇒
24 4

125 1 1 125
⇒ + + + + >
24 6

(QED). The equality doesn’t occur.

315
4.131

Using the generalized Hölder’s inequality for three functions we have that: ( ( ) ≥ 0)

( ) ≤ ( ) 1 1

⇒∫ ( ) ≥ ∫ ( ) (1)

So, it suffices to prove that

( ) − 10 ( ) + 25 ( ) ≥0

But

( )
( ) − 10 ( ) + 25 ( ) ≥

( ) − 10 ( ) + 25 ( ) ≥0

( ) ( ) − 10 ( ) + 25 ≥0⇒

( ) ⋅ ( ) −5 ≥0

which holds! ( ( ) ≥ 0)

4.132

Using Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we get:

(∫ ( ) )2 ≤ ∫ ∫ ( ) = ∫ ( )

316
 It is given that function in increasing in the interval [ a , b ] ,which implies f(x) ≤ f(b)

for all x ≤ b. Squaring we get f2(x) ≤ f2(b) for all x ≤ b

We can say that ∫ ( ) ≤ ∫ ( ) =( − ) ( )

(∫ ( ) )2 ≤ ∫ ∫ ( ) =

−
= ( − ) ( ) ≤( + + ) ( )
3

4.133

Lemma: + + 1+ ≥ ∀ ∈ 0;
⋅√

Surely, we have 1) >0⇒ < 2) > 0, ≤ 1 and

⋅√

≤1⇒ + + 1+ > 0+ + 1+ > .

So, + + 1+ ≥
⋅√

Applying the lemma, we have

1 1 8
+ + 1+ ≥
4 4 9√ + 1

1 1 4
⇒ + + 1+ ≥ ( + 1) − ( + 1)
4 4 3

(Q.E.D). The equality occurs when = .

4.134

We have that:

( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥

317
 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

So ( ) + 3 ( ) ( ) ( )≥4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Integrate from 0 to , we have what we want. ( > 0)

(if = 0, it’s obvious)

4.135

( , )= (1 − )

1 1
( (1 − ) ) ≥ (1 − ) [∴ ≥ , ∀ ≥ 0] =
3 3

1 1 ( + 1) ( + 1) ( ) ( )
= ( + 1, + 1) = ∴ ( , )= ⏞
≥
3 3 ( + + 2) ( + )

( ( + 1)) ( !)
≥ =
( + + 1) ( + + 1)!

4.136

Let ( ) = − (1 − ) for all ∈ (0,1) then ( )=1+ >0

hence is increasing on (0,1) then ( ) > (0) = 0 ⇒ > (1 − )

1 2( − ) 1 2 3
+ > + =
− (1 − ) − − − −

1
6 ∵ ℎ
>
+

We need to prove, > + ⇔ > ⇔2> +

Which is true since 1 > > . Hence true.

318
4.137

Let = ℎ ⇒ = ℎ , =

ℎ +2 ℎ +2 1
= = ⋅
(1 + ℎ ) (1 + ) 1 −

+ +1 3 1 1 1−
= −1 + =− + +
(1 + ) (1 − ) 4 1− 4 (1 + )

3 1 1 1 3 1 1
=− + ℎ + ⋅ (−1) + =− + ℎ + ⋅ +
4 4 1 4 4 1+
+

3 1 3 1 ℎ
=− + ℎ + ⋅ + = − ℎ + ⋅ +
4 4 1+ 4 4 1+ ℎ

4.138

As is an increasing function,

(2 ) ≤ ≤ (3 ) ∀ ∈ [ 2 , 3 ]

(2 ) (3 )
⇒ ≤ ≤ ∀ ∈ [2 , 3 ]

1 ( ) 1
⇒ (2 ) ≤ ≤ (3 )

3 ( ) 3
⇒( (2 )) ≤ ≤ (3 )
2 2

Taking limit as → ∞, we get

3 ( ) 3
≤ ≤
2 2 → 2 2

3
∴ =
→ 2 2

319
4.139

1+
=
1−

1+ −1 −1 2
= ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
1− 1+ 1+ −1

√
=2
−1

= ⇒ =2

−1 1
=4 =4 +4
−1 −1 −1

1 1 1
=4 +2 −2
+1 −1 +1

⎡ ⎤ ∞
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ +1 1 −1
= 2⎢ + ⎥=2 2− + +1
+1 −1 −1 2 +1
⎢ ⎥ −1
⎣ ⎦

⎡ +1 ⎤
−1 1 −1−1 ⎥ −1 √ +1−√ −1
= 2⎢ − =2 −
⎢ +1 2 +1 ⎥ +1 √ +1+√ −1
⎣ −1+1 ⎦

4.140

We know that: ≤ − 1, ∀ > 0

Setting → > 0, we have that, ≥ , ∀ > 0 (1)

So, setting →1− > 0, we have that

320
 1 −1 1 1
0> (1 − ) ≥ − ⇒ ≤ ⇒ ≤ 1− ⇒
1− (1 − ) (1 − )

1
⇒ ≤ − −( − )
(1 − )

− 1 1 −
⇒2 + ≤ +1
− − (1 − ) −

So, it suffices to prove that +1<1+ or √ < which holds as a

√

fundamental property of the Lograrithmic Mean!

4.141

For 0 < ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ . Now,

2 ≥2 = ] = −
1+ 1+

−
⇒2 ≥
1+

4.142 Let ( ) = (15 + 2) − (36 + 1) = −(4 + 1)(9 − 6 + 1)

= −(4 + 1)(3 − 1) ≤ 0 for all >0∴ ≤ for >0

15 + 2
⇒ ≤ ] = 2,∀ > 0
36 + 1

Thus ∫ + ∫ + ∫

≤( + + ) 2=( + + ) 2

4.143

Let ( ) = − [1 + 2 ( − )] , ≤ ≤ , >0

321
 ( )=2 −2

If > 0, > ⇒2 >2 ∴ ( ) > 0 for 0 < < ⇒

⇒ ( ) increases on [ , ] ⇒ ( ) > ( ) = 0 for < ≤ ⇒

⇒ − [1 + 2 ( − )] >0⇒

⇒ > ( − )+2 ( − )

⇒ ∫ > [1 + ( − )] (1)

Let ( ) = [1 + 2 ( − )] − , ≤ ≤

( ) = −2 −2 < 0 [∵ 0 < ≤ < ]

⇒ ( ) is strictly decreasing on [ , ]. As ( ) = − = 0, we get

( ) > ( ) = 0 for ≤ < ⇒ [1 + 2 ( − )] >

⇒ [1 + 2 ( − )] >

⇒ <[ − ( − ) ] ] = [( − ) + ( − ) ] =

= ( − )[1 + − ]

⇒ ∫ < (1 + − ) (2)

From (1), (2) we get the desired inequality.

4.144 ∵ ≤ ≤ ,∴ 0 < ≤ (∵ > 0). By Jordan’s inequality, ∀ ∈ 0, ,

322
 2 2
≥ ⇒ ≥ =2 − = −2 ⇒ ≥ + −2
2

? ?
> + − −2−2 +2 ⇔ +2 ≥ 2
( )

∵2>2 ,∴ +2 >2 (∵ > 0) ⇒ (1) is true (proved)

4.145

1 1 1 1 1 1
1≥ ≥0⇒ ≥ ≥ , ≥ ≥
( + ) (1 + ) ( + ) (1 + )

1 1 1 1
≥ ≥ , ( )= ≥
( + ) (1 + ) → ( + ) (1 + ) →

1 1
= [ ] =
(1 + ) → +1 (1 + )

(1 + )
(1 + ) ( )≥ ≥ 3
(1 + )

4.146

⋅ ( )
0< ≤ < now ∫ =∫

Where 1 ≥ ≥ 0, we need to prove, ≥ or + −1≥0

Let ( ) = + − 1 for all 1 ≥ ≥ 0, ( )= 2 −( )

Now we know, 2 ≥2 − . So, we will prove, 2 − ≥( )

⇔ (1 + ) (3 − 2 )≥0⇔ (4 − −2 ) ≥ 0, which is true

[since, 1 ≥ ≥0⇒4>3≥ +2 ]

2 1
∴ 2 − ≥0⇒ ( ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( ) ≥ (0) = 0 ⇒ ≥
(1 + ) 1+

323
 −
⇒ ≥ = ( )− ( )=
1+ 1+ ⋅

4.147

Let ( ) = √ for all ≥ 0, ( )= , ( )=− ≤ 0, is a concave function,

Applying Hermite – Hadamard,

∫ √ ≤ ≤ √ , since 0 ≤ < ,∫ √ ≤ ( − )√

√ ≤ √ ≤ ( − )√

4.148

( )= =
6 +6 4 + 15 2 + 10

= =
4 2 −3 2 + 6(2 2 − 1) + 15 2 + 10

1
= =
4 2 + 12 2 + 12 2 +4 4 2 +3 +3 2 +1

1 1
= = =
4 (1 + ) 4 (2 )

∫ = = (1)
0

But ≤ , ∀ ∈ 0, (2). From (1)+(2)⇒ ( ) ≤ (3).

From (3) we must show:

1 + + 1
≤ ( + + )⇔
2 2 2

324
 ⇔ ( + + )≤ + + (4)

But + + ≥ + + ≥ ( + + ) ⇒ (4) its true.

4.149

Let ( ) = √ for all ∈ 0, , ( )= ; ( ) = −√ − =

√ ( )

= ≤ 0 for all ∈ 0, , hence is concave, by Hermite – Hadamard Inequality

( )

2+√ 0
2+0 ⋅ ≥ √ ≥ ⋅ =
2 2 2 2 4

√ ⋅ ≤ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= =
4 8
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

√ ≥ −0 ⋅ √
2

≥ ⋅ ⋅ , we need to prove, ⋅ ≥ ⇔ ≥ , which is true

√ √ √

∴ ≤ √ ⋅ ≤
12√2 8

4.150

Applying Berström:

9 16 25
+ + ≥
4 +5 3 +5 3 +4

325
 3 +4 +5 27 27
≥ ≥ 60 ≥ (60)
8 8 8

( ) × ×
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ (proved)
0

4.151

⋯
+ +⋯+ ≥ ⋅ ≥

+ + ⋯+ +⋯+ +
≥ ⋅ +1 = ⋅ =

= ( + +⋯+ + ) = + +⋯+ + =
2 3 +1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + +⋯+ + ≥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅ + = ⋅ +
2 3 +1 2 3 +1 [( + 1)!]

4.152

( )
Let ( ) = is a continuous function in ⇒ ( )=∫

2 1 2
= ⇒ =2 ⇒ = ⇒ ( )= ⋅
2 1+ 1− 1+
= 0 ⇒ = 0; = ⇒ =∞ 1+
1+

1 1 2 1
=2 =2 = =
1+ + − (1 − ) +1+ 1− 1+
+ 1−

2 1 ∞
= ⋅ = ⇒
1− 1+ 1+ 0 √1 −
1− 1−

326
 ( )= ∫√ = +
⇒ ( )= ⇒ we must show:
( )=0⇒ =0

∑( ) ≥∑ ⋅ , which its true because ∑ ≥∑

4.153

( )= (1 + )
⇒
=− | ⇒ =− = −1 ⇒ = 1; = 1 ⇒ = −1

1 +1
( )= − (1 + ) (− ) = − 1+ =− =

(1 + ) 1
=− + ⇒2 ( )= 3 ⇒2 ( )= ⇒
−1

⇒ ( )= . We must show this: 9 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ >4 ( + 1) ⇔

2 √ +1
⇔ 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ > ,∀ ≥ 1
3

√
(1): 1 > ⇔ 3 > 2√2 true.

√
Now: ( ): 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ >

2( + 1)√ + 2
( + 1): 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ + 1 >
3

√
From P(k) ⇒ 1 + √2 + ⋯ + √ + √ + 1 > +√ +1

√ ( )√
We must show this: +√ +1 >

2 + 3 > 2 ( + 1)( + 2) ⇔ 4 + 12 + 9 > 4 + 12 + 8 ⇔ 9 > 8 true.

327
4.154

( ) 1 ( )
(1 + − ) < < ( − ) +
−

Let ( ) = . Then ( ) = (4 + 2) > 0 ∴ ( ) is convexe

∴ by Hermite – Hadamard inequality,

1 + ?
≤ <( − ) + ⇔ + < 2( − ) +2
− 2

− ( )
⇔ − <2 ( − )⇔ < 2 (∵ − > 0)
−

By Cauchy’s MVT, there exists satisfying > > , such that =

∴ =2 , where > > <2 (∵ < ) ⇒ (2a) is true ⇒ (2) is true.

Also, by Hermite – Hadamard’s inequality,

1 ? + ( )
≥ > (1 + − ) ⇔ > (1 + − )+
− 2

()
Now, {1 + ( − )} ≤ − (∵ (1 + )≤ )

? ?
(i)⇒ RHS of (1a)≤ < ⇔ ( − ) > 0 → true ∴ (1a) is true ⇒(1) is true (Done)

4.155

Since is a convex function, we have: ( + (1 − ) ) ≤ ( ) + (1 − ) ( )

For = 0 and = 1 we have: (1 − ) ≤ (1 − ) (1) = 3(1 − ) (1)

By integrating the inequality a) side by side for from to 1 we have.

328
 (1 − ) ≤ 3 (1 − )

We substitute 1 − = and we have: ∫ ( ) ≤ 3∫ ( ) = = (2)

0

By integrating the inequality (1) side by side for from 0 to we have.

(1 − ) ≤ 3 (1 − )

1
Also, by substituting 1 − = we have: ∫ ( ) ≤ 3∫ = = (3)

From (2) and (3) we have:

9 3
( ) ≤ = 3⋅ = 3⋅ ( ) ⇒ ( ) −3 ( ) ≤0⇒
8 8

⇒ 3∫ ( ) −∫ ( ) ≤ 2∫ ( ) +2∫ ( ) (4)

Substituting (1) and (3) to (4) and we have:

9 3 9 3 12
3 ( ) − ( ) ≤2 ( )+2 ( ) ≤2 +2 = + = =3
8 8 4 4 4

Deductively,

3 ( ) − ( ) ≤3⇒3 ( ) ≤3+ ( ) ⇒

329
 1
⇒ ( ) ≤ 1+ ( )
3

4.156

By Bergström inequality

( +1+ )
+2 +1+( ) =( + 1) + ( ) ≥
2

Therefore ( )
≤ 2( )
= (1)

Since ≤ ≤ ⇒ > −1. So, ≤ = (2)

From (2) we have: ( ) ≤ 2 ∫ =− =− + = − + < − + 8 (3)

From (3) we have: 1 + 2 (0) ≤ 17 − = (17 − 4) (4)

Since ≥ > 0 we have: ( + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒

+3 +3 +1≥ −2 +3 +1≥ 0⇒

⇒ ≥ 17 − 1 > 17 − 4 (5)

By substituting (5) to (4) we have: 1 + 2 ( ) ≤ = . Hence,

≤ + + . By Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have:

≤ + + ≤ + + Q.E.D.

4.157

For ∈ ℝ,

(11 ) + (9 ) = 2 (10 ) ⇒ (11 )+ (9 )=

=2 (10 ) ( )=2 (10 )

330
 8 (10 )
∴ ( )= =
( + )[ (11 + (9 ))]

8 (10 ) 4 1 1 4 1
= = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =
( + )2 (10 ) 4

Now, [ ( ) + ( ) + ( )] 6 + ( )
+ ( )
+ ( )
= + + [6 + + + ]≥

1 1
≥3 9(1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1) = 27 ( ) = 27

4.158

Integral form of ≥

Suppose : [ , ] → (0, ∞) be continuous function, then

∫ ( ) 1
≤ ( )
−

∫ ( )⋅ ( )⋅ ( ) ∫ ( ( ) ( ) ( ))
Now, =

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) 1
= = ( ) ≤ ( )
27

∫ ( )⋅ ( )⋅ ( )
27 ≤ ( )

4.159

According to Chebyshev’s inequality

⋅ ⋅ < (1 − 0) =

331
4.160

By Bergström’s inequality:

( + )
+ ≥
2

Therefore

≤ 4( )
=( )
(1)

By AM-GM inequality we have:

( + ) ≥4 (2)

We substitute (2) to (1) and we get: ≤

+ ( )
≤ = = =
+

4.161

By Hölder’s inequality we have for : [ , ] → (0, ∞)

( ) ≤ ( )

Taking seventh power and applying this to ( ) = ( ) we get

( ) ≤( − ) ( )

With equality if is constant.

The desired inequality follows, with no conditions on and .

4.162

Theorem: Let : [0,1] → ℝ, continuos. Then:

332
 ( ) = (1)
→

In our case ( ) = ( )
⇒ ( )=( )
(1)

From (1) we must show:

( )
+( )
+( )
≥ (2)

From Hölder’s inequality we have:

( )
( )
+( )
+( )
≥( )
(3)

We have + + = 2 (4)

From (3) + (4) ⇒ ( )

+( )
+( )
≥ ⇒ (2) its true.

4.163

− − +1 − ( + 1) +1
( )= =
+2 + + +1 ( + 1)( + + 1)

( + 1) + 1 ( + 1) +1 1
= − = | + + 1| − | + 1|
+ +1 +1 0

+1
= 3− 2

3
= 2 − + ( )
→ 2
3 +1
= 2 − + 3− 2
→ 2

1
= 2× + − 1+ = 2 × (− ) = − 2
→

333
4.164

(1 + ) − (1 + + ) 1+ +
( )= +
+ − −1 + − −1

(1 + )−( + + ) 1+ +
= +
+ − −1 + − −1

(1 + )−( +1− + ) 1+ +
= +
+ − −1 + − −1

(1 + )+( − − 1)(1 + ) 1+ +
= +
+ − −1 + − −1

(1 + )( + − − 1) 1+ +
= +
+ − −1 + − −1

1+ +
= + +
+ − −1

1+ +
∴ = + +
+ − −1

= | + |− | |+ | + − − 1| +

4.165

: ℝ ⇒ (0, ∞), continuous, we have

3 ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥ ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ) +

+ ( ) ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( )

= ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( )+ ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Hence ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥

( ) ( ) ( )
Hence ∫ ∫ ∫ ≥ ∫ ∫ ∫ ( )+ ( )+ ( ) =
( ) ( ) ( )

= ( )

334
4.166

(3 + )

1 1 1 ⎛ = = ⎞
(3 + )
=− ⋅ + ⎜ ⎟
28 (3 + ) 28 (3 + ) 1 1 1
= =− ⋅
⎝ 28 (3 + ) ⎠

1 1
=− ⋅ + ⋅
28 (3 + ) 28 (3 + 1)
⇒ ( )
1
1 1 ( − 1) 1
=− ⋅ + 3 ⋅ −
28 (3 + ) 28 21

1 1 1 5 10 10 5 1
=− ⋅ − − + − + −
28 (3 + ) 142884

1 1 5 5 10 5 1
=− ⋅ − | |+ − + − + +
28 (3 + ) 142884 3 4 5

1
=− ⋅
28 (3 + )
1 5 5 10
− |3 + 1| + − +
142884 3 + 1 (3 + 1) 3(3 + 1)
5 1
− + +
4(3 + 1) 5(3 + 1)

4.167

+( − + 2) + − − +1

= + [(1 + ) + (1 − )] + (1 + )(1 − )

=( +1+ )( +1− )

Also,

( + + 1)( − )−( − )( − + 1)

= − + − −[ −2 + + − ]

=2 + − − 1 = (2 + 1) − − 1 = Numerator

335
 Thus,

− − +1−
= − = +
+1− +1+ +1+

4.168

Put =
( ) ( )
= ∫ [( ) ( )]
= − where: = ∫ [( ) ( )]

Put (1 + ) (1 + ) = ⇒ (1 + (1 + )) =

1
= =−

1 1
=− =−
(1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )

+1
=
( + 1) ( ( + 1))

Put (1 + ) =

1
=
1+
1
= =−

1 1
=− =−
(1 + ) (1 + )

1 1
= − + = +
(1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) [ (1 + )](1 + )

4.169

1
1
Let = , = , then
1
1

336
 1+ 2( + )
⎛ ⎞
⋅ =⎜ ⎟
2( + ) 1+
⎝ ⎠

Applying Cauchy – Binet det( ⋅ ) ≥0⇒1+∑ ≥ 2( + )

putting = √cos , = and = , then

√
−1 + cos + ≥2 , then integrating both sides

√cos √2 − 1 152
−1 + cos + ≥2 ⇒ −1 + +
12 24 4

√cos
≥

4.170

For 0 < < 1,

1− + − = (1 − )[1 + + ]>0

Also, − + = + − ≥ 2( )−

= + − >0⇒1− + − <1

0<1− + − <1 (1)

Also, − = (1 − ) > 0 for 0 < <1

⇒1− + − >1− , (2) 0 < <1

From (1) and (2) for 0 < < 1, 1 − < 1− + − <1

1 1
⇒1< <
√1 − + − √1 −

1< <
√1 − + − 2

337
 CHAPTER 10
ADVANCED CALCULUS-SOLUTIONS
5.1.
WLOG we suppose that ≥ ≥ . Then
1 1 1
≤ = ,0 < ≤ ≤
1+ 1+ 1+
1 1 1
≤ = ,0 < ≤ ≤
1+ 1+√ 1+
1 1 1
≤ = ,0 < ≤ <
1+√ 1+√ 1+
By summing the above inequalities we get:
1 1 1 1 2
+ + ≤ +
1+ 1+ 1+√ 1+ 1+

Hence,

1 1 1 1 2
+ + ≤ + =
1+ 1+ 1+√ 1+ 1+

= +2 =
1+ 1+

=( − ) (1 + ) + 2( − ) (1 + ) =
0 0
1+ 1+ 1+
=( − ) + 2( − ) = 3( − )
1+ 1+ 1+
q.e.d.
5.2

1− 2
= = 2
8−4 + (1 − )
8−4 +2 2
Setting =

1
=
2 1− (2 ) + ( )

338
 noticing that ( − ) = −2 +( )

1 1
= =
2 +( − ) 4 1+( − )

we have

= 1− → = 1−
→ ( ) → ( )

Differentiating with respect to gives:

1 2 1 1 1 1
− = = + + ⋯+ +
→ −( ) → + − + −

1 1 1 1 1
− = − + + +⋯+ +
→ + − + −
Since the above series converges as → ∞ and by Glasser’s Master Theorem
(see: "A Remarkable Property of Definite Integrals” By M.L. Glasser) we have that:

( − ) = ( )

It follows that:

1 1
= =
4 1+ 4

5.3
( − + 1) ( ) 6 ( − + 1) ( )
6 =
→ (( + 1)(2 + 1) → ( + 1)(2 + 1)

Now,
≤ ( )≤ ,
And,

6 ( − + 1)
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1)

6 + +1−2 −2 +2
= ⋅
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1)

339
 6 ( + 1)
= ⋅ ( + 1) + − 2 ( + 1)
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1) 2
6 3 ( + 1)
= ( + 1) −
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1) 2
( + 1) 3 1
= 6 − =6
→ (2 + 1) 2(2 + 1) 2 →

=3 → = 0 (Cauchy first theorem)

Similarly,

6 ( − + 1)
=0
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1)

Thus by squezze theorem, the given limit is 0

5.4.

1 2 1 1 2
= =
16 (2 + 1) 2 16

1 1 2 1 1
= = →2 = 2
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
1− 4

1 2 7
∴ =
16 (2 + 1) 216

5.5.

+2 1
= = +2
+1 +1 +1

=
+1
1
= ⇒ =
6
1
= =
+1 6 +1
1 1
=1− ⇒ =
+1 (1 − )

340
 1 1
1 1 2 2 =1 1
= (1 − ) = =
6 6 1 1 6 2 6
2+2

1 2
=2 =2 =
+1 6 3
6

+2 2 5
= = + = + =
+1 6 3 6

5.6
2
+ + + + = + + + − −
3 3 3 3
+ √3 √3 −
= + + − − = + −
3 3 1 − √3 1 + √3
√3 + 1 + √3 − √3 − 1 − √3
= +
1−3
−3 +8
= =3 3
1−3

3 3
∴ = = 3 3
3 3 36

1 1
= | (3 )| = − = √2 = 2
36 36 √2 2 36 72

5.7

+ + −( + + )
= =
+ + −( + + )

−5( + )( + )( + )( + + + + + )
= =
−3( + )( + )( + )

341
 5
= ( + + + + + ) =
3

5 7 3 3
= + + + + + =
3 3 2 2

5 7 7 9 3 3 5 83 275
= + + + + + = +3 + =
3 3 3 4 2 2 3 12 12

5.8

∵ 1− =
→

∴ = 1−
→

Let = ⇒ =

1− = (1 − ) ( ) = (1 − )

(1 − ) ( − 1)
= + (1 − )
( + 1)

( − 1) … 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 !
= =
( + 1)( + 2) … ( + − 1) ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )

!
∴ 1− =
→ → ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )

∵ ( ) = ( − 1)!
! 1 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ … ⋅ ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )
∵ ( − 1)! = = ⋅
( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )
( + 1) ( + 2) ( + )
! ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + ) ! ⋅ ⋅ …
= = , →∞
( + 1)( + 2) … ( + 2) ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )
( + 1) ( + 2) ( + )
! ⋅ … !
∴ =
→ ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + ) → ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )

342
 !
∴ ( )=
→ ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )

!
∴ = 1− = = ( )
→ → ( + 1)( + 2) … ( + )

∴ ( )= , ( )>0

5.9
( + ) − − =3 +3 =3 ( + )
( + ) − − =5 + 10 + 10 +5
=5 ( +2 +2 + )=5 [ + +2 ( + )]
=5 ( + )( + + )
( + ) − − =7 + 21 + 35 + 35 + 21 +7
=7 [( + )+3 ( + )+5 ( + )]
=7 ( + )[ − + − + +3 ( + − )+5 ]
=7 ( + )[ +2 +3 +3 + ]
=7 ( + )( + + )

[−3 ( + )][−7 ( + )( + + ) ] 21 21
= = =
25 ( + ) ( + + ) 25 25

5.10
Numerator
= ( + )− ( + )+ + + ( + ) + 2( + ) − ( + ) − 2
= ( − + 1) + ( − + 1) + ( − + 1) + ( − + 1) −
−( − + 1) − ( − + 1)
=( + − 1)( − + 1) + ( + − 1)( − + 1)
=( + − 1)( − + 1)( − + 1) + ( + − 1)( − + 1)( − + 1)
=( + + + − 2)( − + 1)( − + 1)
Thus,

1 1
= ( + + + − 2) = + + + −2
4 3

343
 1 1 1 1 17
= + + + −2 = + − ]
4 3 4 3 12

1 1 17 3 + 4 − 17 5
= + − = =−
4 3 12 12 6
5.11
( ) ( )
Let =∫ ( )

For = 1, = 0. Let > 1.

( − 1) ( )
− +1
( ) ( ) ( )
=( − 1) ( − 1) − − −⋯− − −1
Thus
( )
( − 2) ( ) ( )
−∑ −
= = =

( )
=∑ ∫ (1)

We now use, if is continuous for ≥ 0 and → ( ) = , then for , > 0,

( )− ( )
= ( (0) − )

Let ( ) = , then (0) = 1, = 0,

∴∫ = (2)

Thus, from (1), (2)

−
= = ( !)
1

5.12

1
= (1 + ) = ( ) − ( )
1+

1 3 1 5⋅3⋅1
= + ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 2 4 2 2 6⋅4⋅2 2
…

344
 2 4 2 6 4 2
− 1+ + ∙ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…
3 5 3 7 5 3
∴ Given sum = 1
5.13
⋅
1 1
= 1+ +

Note, 1 + + =

∴ =∏ = × (1)

[∵ = 0]

=
−1
5.14
1
= = + 4
1 1 1
+4 +4 +4
1
4 1
= − + + = +
1 1 2 4
2 +4 2 +4
2 −1 2 −1 2 (2 )!
→ =2⋅ ⇒ = × ⇔ =
( !)
(2 )!
= = [2 2 ] = → =
1 ( !)
+4
(2 + 2)!
(2 )! ( + 1)! (2 + 2)(2 + 1)
= = = = =4
→ → 2 ( !) → (2 )! → ( + 1)
( !)
5.15
Let = ⇒ = , when = 0, = 0; = 1, =

= (1 − ) =
→ →

345
 1 1 ( ) ( + 1)
= ( , + 1) = ⋅ =
→ 2 → 2 (2 + 1)

( + 1) ( + 2) (2 + 1) ( + 1) 1
= ⋅ = =
→ (2 + 3) ( ) ( + 1) → (2 + 1)(2 + 2) 4
5.16

( ) ( )
⇒ ⇒ ( )
1−

( )
( + 1) ( + 1)
⇒ ⇒ ⇒
( + 1)

⇒ [ ( + 1) ( + 1)] ⇒ [ ( + 1) ( + 1) + ( + 1) ( + 1)]

⇒ [ ( + 1) ( + 1) + ( + 1) ( + 1) + ( + 1) ( + 1) + ( + 1) ( + 1)]
⇒ (2) (2) + (2) (2) + (2) (2) + (2) (2)

⇒ (2) + (1 − )[ + (2 ) − 12 ( )] + (1 − ) + −1
3 6 6

⇒ (2) + − [ + (2 ) − 12 ( )] + 1+ + + −1
3 3 6 6

⇒ (2) + + (2 ) − 4 ( )− − (2 ) + 4 ( )+
3 3 3 3

+ − +
6 3 36
(OR)

= (2) + (2 ) [ 1 − ] + − −4 ( ) [1 − ]
3 36 6
5.17

( ( + )) = ( ( ))

346
 ⎡ ⎤
=⎢ ( ( )) ⎥ − + − ( ( ))
⎢ ⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦

= ( ( )) − [ ( ( ))]
2

= ( ( )) = ( ( )) =− 2
2

= [ ( ( ))] = − [ ( ( ))]
2

= ( ( )) − [ ( ( ))] = [ ( ( ))]
2

(−1) − 1 (−1) − 1
= (2 ) = (2 )

⎡ ⎤
(−1) − 1 (2 ) (2 )
= ⎢ − ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

(−1) − 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢− (2 ) ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(−1) − 1 ( )−1 ((−1) − 1)
= =
4 4

1 2 − 2(−1) 1 1 − (−1) 1 1 (−1)

= = = +
4 2 2

1 1 7
= (3) + 1 − (3) = (3)
2 4 8

347
 7 7
= − 2 − (3) = − 2− (3)
2 2 8 4 8
5.18

{ } { } 1
= = = + { } =
2 2

1 { } 1 1 ( − 1) 1
= + = +
2 2 2 2( + 1)

( − ) 1
= = = =
( + ) ( + )

( )
= = =

= = =
−1 −1

!
= ! =
−1 ( + )! ( + )! −1

! ! ( )
= =
( + )! ( + )!

! ! ! ! 1 ! !
= = = [ ( + 1) − 1]
( + )! ( + 1) ( + )! ( + 1) ( + )!

( + 1) − 1
=
+

1 1 1 ( + 1) − 1 1
= + = +
2 2( + 1) 2 + 2( + 1)

Note 1. ∫ = ! ∑
( )!

( ) ( ) !
Note 2. ∫ =( )
=( )

348
5.19

( + + 1) = ( )

( + 2)
= ( ) − = ( ) − ( + 1)
( + 1)

= ( )

( )= ( )

( )= ( + 1) − ( )= , ( )= − +

(0) = ( ) = √2 = , ( )= − + √2

1
= −1 + √2 , = ( + 1) =
4

3
= + √2
4
5.20

1 1 1
= +
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )

1 1 1
= + ⋅ −
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 1
1+ 1+

1
= +
(1 + )(1 + ) ( + 1)( + 1)

1 1+
= + =
(1 + )(1 + ) ( + 1)( + 1) (1 + )(1 + )

349
 1
= =( )| =
1+ 4

So

1
( )‼ )(1 +
=
(1 + ) 4

5.21

(1 − )
= , = ⇒ =
( + ) (1 − ) +

=( )
; when = 0, = 0; when = 1, → ∞

+ 1−
= + ⋅ =
( + )
+ +

= + + ⋅
( + )
1+ +
1
= =
+ ( + ) +
1+ ⋅

( , )
= ⋅ ⋅ ∫ ( )
= = ( )

5.22

− 1
+ ⋅ = +
1+ 1+

= + = +2
1+ 1+

1− 1−
= +2 = ⋅2 +2
1− 1+ 1− 1+

350
 − − + (1 − ) −
=2 +2 =2 =2
(1 + )(1 − ) 1+ 1− 1−

1− 1−
= ( )= =
1− 1−

5.23
As we know, the series representation of ( ).
( )
( )=∑ (1)
( )!
( ) ( ) ( )
⇒∫ +∫ . Using (1), we get,

(−1) 2 (2 − 1) −
⇒ + ( ) ⇒
(2 )!

(−1) 2 (2 − 1) 1
⇒ − ( ) ⇒
(2 )! 2 −1

(−1) 2 (2 − 1) 1
⇒ −
(2 )! (2 − 1)

(−1) 2 (2 − 1) 1 ( )
⇒ − − + ⇒
(2 )! (2 − 1)

(−1) 2 (2 − 1) −1
⇒ + +
(2 )! (2 − 1)

(OR)
(−1) 2 (2 − 1)
= + ( )+
(2 )! (2 − 1)

5.24
(1 − )
= − = → =
1− 1− 1− 1−

1
= −
25 1− 1−

351
 1 2 2 1
− + +
∴ = 5 5 = 5 5
1− 25
∴ 25( − ) + 2 = −25 × 2 + 2 × 50 = 0
5.25

1−
=2 +
1−2 +

∴ = =
(1 + )(3 − ) 3 (1 + ) 1− 3 2
3 (1 + ) 1−
1+
= or −6 +1 =0

6 − √36 − 4
= = 3 − 2√2
2
(1 + ) 1+ 1
= = ⋅ 2 +
3 (1 + )(1 + −2 ) 3 1− 1+

2(1 + ) 1+ 1
= + =
3(1 − ) 1+ 3(1 − ) 1+

2(1 + ) 1+ 2(1 + ) 1+
= + = ⋅ + =
3(1 − ) 2 3(1 − )2 3(1 − ) 2 1− 6 1−

(1 + ) 2 (1 + ) 2+1− (1 + ) 3 −
= ⋅ + = ⋅ = ⋅ =
(1 − ) 6 1− 6 (1 − ) 1− 6 (1 − ) −

1 + 3 − 2√2 3 − 3 + 2√2 18 − 12√2 3 + 2√2 − 2

= = =
6 1 − 3 − 2√2 − 3 + 2√2 6 12√2 − 16 2√2 + − 3

9 − 6√2 3 + 2√2 − 2
= ⋅
12 3√2 − 4 2√2 + − 3
5.26

1
3 ℎ = 3 ℎ −3 ℎ =
3 4 3 3

1
= (3 ℎ( ) − 3 )
4

352
 3
∴ 3 ℎ = ℎ( ) − +
3 4 2

5.27

( )≔ ( ) ( + )

( )
Find ∫
( ) ( )
Let ≔ ∫ =∫ ( )∫ = (1)
( )
Let ( ) ≔ ∫ , ≥0⇒ ( )=∫
( )( )

1 1
( )= + − =
1+ 1+ + 1+

1 ∞ 1 + +2 ∞
= ( ) + =
1+ 0 2 1+ 0

= − ( ) , But (0) = 0

( ) ( )
∴ ( )= − = (1 + )−
2 1+ 1+ 4 1+

( )
∴ = ( ) (1 + )− =
4 1+

( )⋅ ( )
= ( ) (1 + ) −
4 1+

( )
= ( ) (1 + ) − ( )
4 1+

( ) 1
= ( ) (1 + ) + + ( )−
4 1+ 9 3 9

( ) ( ) ( )
∴ = ∫ ( ) (1 + ) + ∫ − ⋅∫ + ∫ (1)

Let = ∫ ( ) (1 + ) , integrating by parts

353
 2
= ( )− (1 + ) 1− ( )−
3 9 0 3 9 1+

1 2 2 ( )
⇒ =− (2) + −
9 9 1+ 3 1+

1 2 1 2 ( )
=− (2) + −1+ − ( − 1) ( )+
9 9 1+ 3 1+

1 2 1 2 8 2 ( )
=− (2) + −1+ − −
9 9 3 4 3 9 3 1+

1 4 16 2
∴ =− + −(2) −
+
9 27 18 27 3
20 1 2
∴ =− + − (2) +
27 18 9 3
( )
≔ =− ⇒ =−
1+

( ) ( )
≔ = − ( ) = ( ) −
1+ 1+ 1+

1 1 1 (1 + )
= ( )− − ( ) (1 + ) 1− =
2 4 0 2 0 2

=− + ∫ → let = ⇒ =

1 1 (1 + ) 1 1
∴ =− + =− +
4 4 4 4 12

1
∴ =− +
4 48
( ) ( )
Let ≔∫ =∫ ( ) −∫ =

1 1 1 (1 + ) ( )
= − ( ) (1 + ) 1−2 =
4 2 0 2

( )
= +∫ → let = ⇒ = , =

354
 1 1 (1 + ) ( ) 1 1 (− )
= + = + − ( ) (− ) 1 + +
4 4 4 4 0

1 1 (− ) 1 1 1 3
= + = + (−1) = − (3)
4 4 4 4 4 16

1 3
∴ − (3)
=
4 16
20 1 2 1
∴ = − + − (2) + −
4 27 18 9 3 9
1 1 1 1 3
− − + + − (3)
9 4 48 3 4 16
5 (2) 1
∴ =− + − + −
27 72 36 6 9
1 1 (3)
+ − + −
36 (48)(9) 12 16
1 (3) 5 5 (2)
= + − − − + −
9 6 9 16 27 432 36
5.28

=
( + ) ( + )
Put = (2 )
= −2 (2 )

−2 2
=
(1 − 2 ) (1 + 2 )

=∫ , =∫ 2
( )

1 2 2 1
= , =
3 3 3 3
Using reflection formula
2 1 2 2
( ) (1 − )= ( )⇒ = =
3 3 3 √3

355
5.29

1 3 1 (4 + 1) − ( + 1)
= = =
4 +5 +2 1 + (4 + 1)( + 1)

1
= [ (4 + 1) − ( + 1)]

Let ( ) = ( + 1). Note is continuous on [0, ∞)

( ) ( )
∴ =∫ [Frullani’s Integral]
1
= [ (0) − (∞)] = − (− 2) = (2)
2 4 2 4
5.30
We have

=1+ + + =1+ + +
2 2

Thus

1 1 1
= + + +
2

( + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1) + 2 + 4
= + + + 4
2 12

1 1 2 +3 +1 1
= + + + +
2 2 12

1 1 1 1
− − = + + ,
2 2 6

so that

1 1 1 1 2
− − = + + →
2 2 6 3

as → ∞.

356
5.31

Let =∑ =∑ +∑ = ∑ − +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − =− + + −
2 − + 2 − + 2 − +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=− + + + +⋯+ + +
2 −1 +1 −2 +2 1 2 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 1− + − + − +⋯ =
2 2 +1 2 2 +2 3 2 +3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=− 1 + + ⋯+ + +⋯+ + 1 + +⋯+ =
2 2 −1 +1 2 −1 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
=− − + =
2 4 4

Thus =∑ ∑ =∑ = ∑ = =

5.32

2 2
( + 1) − [ → ]=
→ 1+ 1+

⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞− ⎛ ⎞
=
→ ⎜( + 1 ) 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠

1 √2 1 2 ( − 1)
= ( + 1) − + − − + =
→ +1 −1

1
= + √2 √ −√ −1
→ ( − 1)

2 2
∴ ( + 1) − =0
→ 1+ 1+

5.33

1 1 1 1 1
( )= + ℎ = + ℎ − ℎ = ℎ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2

357
 = =
→ → ( ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( )

= =
→ → ℎ( ) ⋅ ℎ(2 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ℎ( )

= ( ℎ( )) ⋅ ( ℎ(2 )) … ( ℎ( )) = 0
→ →

∴ =0
→ → ( ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( )

OR

= →
( ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( ) =
→

= →
( ℎ( ) ⋅ ℎ(2 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ℎ( ))
→

1
= ⋅ … = =
→ → ℎ( ) ℎ(2 ) ℎ( ) → !

! 1
= =
→ ( + 1)! → +1

∴ →
( ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ (3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( ) =0
→

5.34

=∫ (1)

Put =

=−

=∫ (2)

(1)+(2)

= =
4 ( + + 1) 8 + +1

358
 2
= = − =
8 1 √3 8 2 6 √3 12√3
+2 + 2

5.35

( + ) =

= − − − ( ( + 1) − )
2 4 2 4

1 1 1 1
=− − ( + 1) + + ( + 1)
4 2 2 4

1
−
4

1 1 1 1 2 2 5 1
= − (2 2 − 1) − ( + 1) + + − +
4 2 27 4 3 18 36

1 53 1
=− 2+ − ( + 1)
3 216 2

(−1)
( + 1) = (−1) =

(−1) 1
= − =− (−1)
+3 ( + 3) ( + 3)

1 1 1 3
=− (−1) − −
9 + 3 ( + 3)

1 (−1) 1 (−1) 1 (−1)

=− + +
9 9 +3 3 ( + 3)

1 1 5 1 31
=− 2+ − 2 + −
9 9 9 3 36 12
2 41
=− 2+ −
9 108 36
359
 1 53 1
( + ) =− 2+ − ( + 1)
3 216 2

1 53 1 2 41 − 16 2 + 4
=− 2+ − − 2+ − =
3 216 2 9 108 36 72
5.36
Substitute =

√ −
=2
( + )(1 + ) √

1
=2 −2
( + )(1 + ) ( + )(1 + ) √

=2 −2 = + =
6 12 4
Proofs: is a Schroder integral, which generally is defined as:

1
= (−1)
( + )(1 + )

and are Gregory coefficients that respects the following recurrence relation:
1
− + ⋯ + (−1) =
−1 1 +1
1 1
= = (−1) =
( + )(1 + ) 12

√
=
( + )(1 + )

Substitute = , then let = − , add both results and simplify:

−
= ⋅ = ⋅
+ (1 + ) + (1 + )

2 = −
+ (1 + ) (1 + )

360
 1 ℎ 2
=− ⋅
4 + ℎ 2

Now, integrate by parts, using that:

1 ℎ 2 1
− = +
2 ℎ 2 ℎ 2

1 − 1
=
2 ( + ) ℎ 2

Using the following property of the fourier transform:

( ) ( ) = ( )( )( )( )

The integral simplifies to:

1 1
= (− ) √2 =−
2 ℎ( ) ℎ( )

The latter integral is equal to the Laplace transform in = 1 of

1 +1 +3
( )= → ( )= −
ℎ( ) 8 4 4
1 1 1
= ( = 1) = − (1) = − =
8 2 8 2 6 24

√
→ = =−
( + )(1 + ) 24

5.37

+ = + −2 + + + −2 +

Now, + −2 + + + −2 + =

= ( − ) + + ( − ) +

Again, ( − ) + ≤ − +

[0 ≤ ≤ ]
361
 and ( − ) + ≤ − +

Hence, ( − ) + + ( − ) + ≤ − + + − + = +

+ ≤ ( + ) =( + )

5.38

+ = + −6 +9+ + − 8 + 16

= ( − 3) + + ( ) + ( − 4) ≥ 3 + =5

+ = + −6 +9+ + − 8 + 16 ≥ 5

=5

5.39

+ 34 − 10 −6 +2 =

=( + 25 − 10 ) + (9 − 6 + 1) + 1 = ( − 5 ) + (3 − 1) + 1 ≥ 1

( + 34 − 10 − 6 + 2) ≥1

5.40

[ (1 − ) + (1 + )] (1 − )
⇒2

362
 (1 − ) (1 − ) (1 + )
⇒2 +2

Let,

(1 − )
=

( )
⇒ ⇒ ( ) ⇒
1−

( ) ( )
⇒ ⇒ −2 +2
+1 +1 ( + 1) ( + 1)

⇒ 2∑ (OR) = 2 (3)

Let

(1 − ) (1 + )
=

1 1 (1 − ) ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( )
⇒ −2 ⇒ − −
4 2 (1 − )(1 + ) 4 2 1− 1+

Now, applying I.B.P., we get,

1 ( ) (1 − ) ( ) (1 + )
⇒ − +2
4

Now, again applying I.B.P., we get

1 ( ) (− )
⇒ − +2
4

Let,
= − , in second integral, we get
= −

1 ( ) 1
⇒ [− ( )] + 2 ⇒ ( (1) + 2[ ( )] )
4 4

363
 ⇒ − (1) ⇒ − (3) (OR) = − (3)

Combining all, we get, = 2 + 2 ⇒ 2 2 (3) + 2 − (3) (OR)

11 5
= (3) > (3)
4 2
5.41
We have, by . ≥ . ≥ . ;
8( + ) ≥ ( + ) ≥ 16

8 +8 ≥ ( + ) ≥

≥ 16

≥∫ ∫ ( + ) ≥ > 1 (Proved)

We have, 0 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤ , similarly, 0 ≤ 1 − ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ (1 − ) ≤ . Adding we have, 0 ≤ + (1 − ) ≤ +

+ (1 − ) ≤ ( + ) = ( + )

5.42

We have, + = 1 and , > 0 now, and are convex functions, hence by Hermite –

Hadamard Inequality

≥( − ) , ≥( − )

∴ = ≥( − )

=( − )
∵
now, ≤ +
+ =1

364
 1 1
⇒ ≤ +

1 1
= ( − )( − ) + = ( − )( − )

∴( − ) ≤ ≤ ( − )( − )

5.43
< < (Jordan)

2
≤ ≤

1 1
⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅ ,
2

1 1
⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅
2

...........................................................................................................

1 1
⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅ ,
2

1 1
⋅ ≤ ≤
2

1 1
⋅ ≤ … … ≤
2

5.44
+ 2
= + = + +
+

+ 1 2 1
= + +
+

365
 ( − )( − ) ( − )( − ) ( − )
= + +
3 3 2

1 + + + 1 1 ( + )
= + +
( − ) + 3 2

( + ) 1 1 ( + ) 3( + )
≥ + + ∵ + + ≥
4 2 4

( + ) 1 1 +2 +
= + =
4 4

Similarly, ( )
∫ ∫

+ + 1 1 2( + + )
≤ + +
3 3

+ + 1 1 + +
= + =
3 3
5.45
Using the inequality
( + ) ≥4 , , >0
we have that:
4 1 1 1 1
+ ≥ ⇔ ≤ + ⇒
+ + 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
≤ + ⇔ ≤ ⋅ 2( − )
+ 4 4

⇔ ∫ ∫ ≤ so, it suffices to prove that

< or 25 < 26 which holds!

366
5.46

Let
( , )= +2 + +2 , , ≥0

( )= ( , ) = ( , ) + ( , )

( , ) = ( , )

≥ +2 + +2

1
= 2√3 = √3[ ] = √3 =
√3

Similarly,
1
( , ) ≥
√3
2
∴ ( )≥
√3
Now
( ) ( ) ( ) 2
+ + ≥ + + ≥ 2√3
√3

367
5.47
We have that

… (1 + ) … =

4
(1 + ) (1 + ) … . (1 + ) =
3

Doing the same

2
… (1 − ) … =
3

So it suffices to prove that

+ ≤ 2 or 2 + 1 ≤ 3 or

1 ≤ 3 − 2 (*) which clearly holds for every ∈ ℕ∗

(*) 3 − 2 = 3 +3 ⋅ 2+ ⋯+2 ⋅3+2 >1
when >1
5.48
By Cauchy – Schwarz inequality we have that:

+ + + ≤ + + + + ⇔

⇔ + + + ≤ + + ⇒

+ + + ≤ ( + + )

But ∫ ∫ ∫ ( + + ) =1

cause ∫ ∫ ∫ ( + + ) =∫ ∫ ∫ +

1 1 1
+ = + + =1
3 0 3 0 3 0

5.49
From the well – known inequality ≤ − 1, ∀ > 0
we have that:

368
 ≤ −1 ⇒2 ≤2 −2 =0

2 ≤ 2 − 2

⇒2 ≤( − 1)( − 1) − ( − 1)( − 1)

⇒2 ≤ ( − 1)( − 1)( + 1 − − 1)

⇒2 ≤ ( − 1)( − 1)( − )

5.50
We have that
( + )( + )=

√ + ⋅ √ +

≥ + =

( )
so ( , ) = ∫ ∫ =∫ ⋅∫ =

( ) ( )
Doing exactly the same work, we have that ( , )≥ , ( , )≥

( ) ( ) ( )
So 4 ( , ) + 4 ( , ) + 4 ( , ) ≥ 4 +4⋅ +4 =

( ) +( ) +( ) ≥ + + = ( + + )
5.51

(1 + )
( )= ;
1+

(1 + )
= =
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )(1 + )

369
 1
= + −
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

−
1+ 1+

( + 1)
= + −
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

(1 + )
∴2 ( )= (1 + )+ = (1 + )
2 2
Hence, 2 ( )+ ( )+ ( )
= (1 + )+ (1 + )+ (1 + )
Now, ∈ (0,1). By ≥ (1 + )≥ (2 )
≥ 1 for ∈ (0,1)
∴ ≥ (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) = 3 2+ ( )
5.52
We have that ( + ) ≥ 4

≥ ⇒ ≤ + (1)

So, using (1) (integrating (1)), we have:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ + +
+ + + 2

1 1
= ( 2+ 2+ 2) = ( 2 )= 2 = 2
2 2
5.53

= → ( + ) −( ) =

→ ( + ) −( ) + → ( ) −( ) (1)
1 1
= 1 + + ⋯+ , =∞
2 →

370
 +
= ( + ) −( ) = ( ) −1 =
→ →

= → ⋅ −1 (2)

+1
. . →
= → = → = ⋅
→ 1
+1
−
1+ −
( )
= → ⋅ ⋅
−

( ) →
= → ⋅( )
= = = 1 (3)

1
⋅ ⋅ 1+ 1+ =
→ 1
1+ 1+

1+
= (1 + ) ⋅ = (1 + )⋅ =
→ →

= → + = (4)

From (2)+(3)+(4) ⇒ = (5)

( )
= ( ) −( ) = ( ) −1 =
→ →

( )
= → ⋅ −1 (6)

→ = 1 (from 3)

( ) −1
. −
⋅ = = =
→ (1 + ) → 1+ → −
(1 + )

→ = 0 (from (3)) (7)

371
 From (6)+(7) ⇒ = 0 (8)
From (5)+(8)⇒ =
5.54

1
≔ (−1) ( ( + 1) − 1) = (−1) −1

1 (−1)
= (−1) =

1 1 1
= (−1) = (−1)

1 1 1 1 1
= = = −
1 + +1
1+

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − +⋯=
2 3 3 4 4 5 2
1
∴ ≔ (−1) ( ( + 1) − 1) =
2

5.55
+ +√ + ≤
3( + + + )
= = + + +
3

= ( + + + ) = + + + =
2

1
= + + +
2

1 1 1
= + + + = + + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
= 1+ + = + + =1+ + =2⇒ ≤2
2 2 2 2 2

372
5.56
Let ( ) = ( + 1) − 2, ( )= − 2, ( )=−
( )
< 0, ≥ 1
1
− , ( )≤ (1) = − 2<0→ −
2
( ) = (1) = 0 → ( + 1) − 2≤0→ ( + 1) ≤ 2
∈[ , )
Equality holds for = 1
+ +
[ ( + )− ]∙[ ( + )− ]= ∙ =

= 1+ 1+ ≤ ∙ 2∙ ∙ 2= 2

( , )= ( ( + )− )( ( + ) − ) ≤

≤ ( 2) = 2∙

1
( ( , ) + ( , ) + ( , )) < 2 ∙ ( + + )≤
2
≤( + + ) 2= 2
5.57

( , )= ( + + )( + + ) ⏞
≥

+
≥ ( + + ) = +
2

+
( , )≥ + =
2

= + + + + + ⏞
≥ 6 ( ) = 6√ ≥6
5.58
3 9
+ + ≥ ( + ) →( + + ) ≥ ( + ) , (1)
4 16
9( + )
(2 + )( + 2 ) ⏞
≤ , (2)
4
9
( + + ) ( + ) 1
(1), (2) → ≥ 16 = ( + ) ≥
(2 + )( + 2 ) 9 4
( )
4 +

373
 ( + + ) 9
( , )= ≥ =
(2 + )( + 2 ) 4

( , ) 9 ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 27
≥ → + + ≥
4 4
5.59

1 3 2
= ∙ ∙ =
2

3 2
= + + + + + =6∙ =9 2
2

15 5
9 2< ↔ 2< ↔ 2 < 0.833333. . ( )
2 6
5.60
| ( − ) ( + )− ( + )| ≤
≤| ( − )| ∙ | ( + )| + | ( + )| ≤ | ( + )| + | ( + )| ≤

≤ √2 ∙ ( + )+ ( + ) = √2

( , ) ≤ √2 = √2

( , ) + ( , ) + ( , ) ≤ √2( + + ) ≤ √2( + + )
5.61

+ + ( + + )( + − )
= =
+ + + +

2( − )( − ) ( − ) ( − )
= ( + − ) = − ≥ ↔
3 4 4

2( − )( − ) ( − )
↔ ≥ ↔ 4( + + ) ≥ 3( +2 + )↔
3 2

↔( − ) ≥0

374
5.62
≥ 0 then:

( + )+ ( + ) = ( + )( + ) ≥

≥ √ + = +√ ⋅ √ =

2
= √ ⋅ +√ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅√ =
3 0 3 0 3
2 2

2 2 ⋅ 2 2 2 8
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅
3 3 3 0 3 3 3 9
2
5.63

By Schweitzer’s inequality:
1 1 (1 + 2) 9 5 √10
( + ) + ≤ ∙2 → 2+ + ≤ → + ≤ =
4∙1∙2 2 2 2

√10
+ ≥ √2 → √2 ≤ + ≤ →
2

√10
√2 ≤ + ≤
2

√10
√2( − ) ≤ + ≤ ( − )
2

5.64
For 0 < , <1
( + )( + ) ( + )( + )
=
(2 ) (2 ) 2
+
=( + ) ≥2 = 2[ ]
2

375
 = 2[ ] . But ≥ ∀ >0

[ ( )= , > 0, ( ) = (1 + ), ( ) < 0 if 0 < <

> 0 if > , = 0 if = ] Thus,

( + )( + )
= ≥2 ⇒ ≥2
(2 ) (2 )

Now, 2 >1⇔2 ( )>1 ∴ >1

1
⇒ > ( − ) =( − ) ⇒ >1
( − )

5.65

= ( − 1) + 1 ⋅ ( − 1) + 1 ≥ 2⋅ √ −1+ −1+√ −1

1 ∑ 1 2 ⋅∑√ − 1
⋅ ≥ ⋅ =
2 ∑√ − 1 2 ∑√ − 1

1
= ⋅ 2(2 − )(2 − )(2 − ) = 1
2
5.66 For 0 ≤ , , ≤
( − 1)( − 1)( − 1) ≤ 0

⇒ − + ≤1

Also, < , ,

∴4 −2 + ≤1

⇒4 −2

+ ≤

⇒ −2 +4 ≤ =
4 4 4 64

376
5.67

2 ≤ 2
+ 2

1 1 1 1
= ≤ ∵ ≥

( − 1)( − 1) ( )( )
= = =

5.68

+ + √ − √ −
= ∙ =
√ + + √ − √ −

√ +
= =√ + − ≥
√ +

+ + 64
≥ = √ = −
√ + + 81

5.69

≥ +1 ⏞
→ + ≥ + +2 ≥ 2 +2 →
≥ +1

+ −2 + −2
+ −2 ≥2 → >2→ >2 →

+ −2
≥ 2 =2 ( − )

5.70
+ + ( + ) + ( − )
1≤ ≤ ≤ 2, + = ≥ +

+ +
+ ≥ + ≥2 = 2( − )

377
 + + 1 2 2
+ = + +2 + −1 ≤ + +1
4

+ + 1
+ ≤ + +
2

( )
= 2( − ) + , need to prove,

( − ) 3√3 − 3√3 − 1
2( − ) + ≤ ( − ) ⇔ ≤ ≈ 1.04
2 2 − 4
√
applying MVT = ≤ 1 since 1 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 2 hence ≤ , which is true.

5.71
, , , ∈ [0; 1]
1−√ 1− ≥0 √ + ≤ 1+
→ 1−√ 1−√ ≥0 → √ + √ ≤ 1 + √2
1− 1 − √2 ≥0 +√ ≤1+

→ √ + √ +√ ≤ 1+ 1 + √2 =1+ +√ + ≤2 1+

√ + √ +√
→ ≤2
1+

So: ≤∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 2 =2
5.72

( + + ) ≤ ( + + ) ≤

≤ ( + + )

= + +

1 1 1 3
= + + =
5 5 5 5

378
5.73
+ = ( + )( − + − + )
+
= − + − +
+
+
( + ) − = +4 +6 +4 + − + − + −
+
3
=5 +5 +5 =5 ( + + )≥5 ⋅ ( + )
4
25 15
= ( + ) ≥ ⋅4 = 15
4 4

≥ 15 = 15 = 5 ( − )
3

5 5
= ( − )= ( − )
3 3

5.74

+ + + +
+ ≥2 ⋅ =
( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )( + )

2 2 √8
= ≥ = ,
( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )

+ + √8
+ ≥ =
( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )

√8( − )
= , ≥
( + )
5.75
We have that (By A.M-GM)
1+ +1+1+1
≥ √ ⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1⇒ 4+ ≥ 5√
5
4+ ≥5
Doing the same: 4 + ≥ 5 √
4 + ≥ 5√
Adding these inequalities, we have that,

379
 √ + +√ +√ 1
16 + + + + ≥5 √ + +√ +√ ⇔ ≤
16 + + + + 5

√ + +√ +√ 1
≤
16 + + + + 5

5.76
+ + ≥ + + |⋅2

( + 1) ≥ 2⋅ ≥2⋅ ⇔

⇔ +3 ≥2⋅ |(+2)

+5 ≥2⋅ +2⇔

∑
∑
≥2 (*)

1 ∑ +5 1
≥ 16
16 ∑ +1 16

= 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 =1

5.77
+ + + + + + ( + + + )
≤ ⇒ ≤ 256
4 4 + + +

+ + + 1 + + +
⇒ ≤ (256) ⇒
( + + + ) ( + + + )

1
≤ (256) = (256)

5.78

≥ = ( )
so,

2
≥ ⋅ + +
+ + 3 + + +

380
 2 ( )
≥ ⋅3⋅ =2⋅
3 ∏( + ) ∏( + )
0< ≤ ≤2 ⇒ ≤ ≤8
0< ≤ ≤2
⇒2 ≤ + ≤4 ⇒8 ≤ ( + )≤4 ⋅
0< ≤ ≤2
1 1
⇒2 ≤ ( + )≤4 ⇒ ≥
∏( + ) 4

≥
2
≥ = ⇒ ≥
∏( + ) 4 4 ∏( + ) 2
2 2 2 ∑
thus

1 2 2 2 1 3 3
≥ 3 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
2 2 2
5.79

( + + )( + + ) ⏞
≥ 3 ∙3 =9

1 1 1
≤ → ≤
( + + )( + + ) 9 ( + + )( + + ) 9

1 1
≤ =
( + + )( + + ) 9 9

5.80
The function ( ) = is convex on (0, ∞) then
1
= ≤( + )
+
+

we have ≤( + )≤ ,( , ∈ [0, ]) and ≤

then

1 1 1 1
= ≤ ≤ =1
4 +

It follow that

381
 1 1
≤ ≤1
4 +

5.81
Using AM-GM we have that
1+ ( ) ( )≥2 ( ) ( ) (1) So, by GM-HM we have

( ) ( )≥ ⇒2 ( ) ( )≥ (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

So, using (1)+(2) we have that

1 1
4 ( ) 1 ( )+ ( )
1+ ( ) ( )≥ ⇔ ≤ ⇒
1 1 ( ) 1+ ( ) ( ) 4
( )+ ( )
1 1
( )+ ( )
≤ ⇒
1+ ( ) ( ) 4

1 1
∫ +∫ ( ) ∫
( ) ( )
≤ =
1+ ( ) ( ) 4 2

5.82

+
≤2 ≤
+ +

≤ ⋅ ⋅ = ( − 1) ⋅ ( − 1)

( − 1) + ( − 1) ( ⋅ )− ( )
≤ = =
2 2

5.83

2√ + 3 = √ + √ + 1 + 1 + 1 ⏞
≥ 5 √ ∙ √ ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 = 5√

(2√ + 3) ≥ 5√ → 2 √ + 12 ≥ 5 √ →

382
 √ + +√ +√ +6 5
→ ≥ →
√ + +√ +√ 2

√ + +√ +√ +6 5 5
≥ =
√ + +√ +√ 2 2

5.84
+ + + + +
+ + ≤ + + =
+ + + 4 4 4 2
( )
so, ∑ ≤ ≤ ( + + ) thus,

3 3
( + + ) = ⋅ + +
4 4 3

3 7 3 7
= + + = ⋅ + +
4 3 4 3 3

3 7 7 3 14 3 21 21
= + + = ⋅ + = ⋅ =
4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4

21
≤
+ 4

5.85

+ −4 ≥ +1+ +1−4 ⏞
≥ 2 −2

+ −4 + −4
≥2 → ≥ 32 = 32
−1 −1
5.86

= ( − 1)

(2 )( − )
= ( − 1) ( − ) −
−1

383
 ( )( − 1)
= (8) (3 3 − 3) − (3) (2 2 − 2) −2
−1

( )−
= [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2
−1

( )
= [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2 +2
−1 −1

= [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2 −2 +2

−1

+2
−1

= [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2[ − ] − +

−1 +1

−1
+
+1

= [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2[ − 2] − +

−1 +1

1 1
+ −
2 3
Let

=
−1

= [− (1 − ) + ]
=− (−2) + (−1)

=− (−2) − ≅ 0.614279 (1)

= = (−1)
+1

384
 = (−1) −
( + 1) ( + 1)

3(3 3) 3(3 ) 2(2 2) 2(2 )

= (−1) − − +
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)

(3 3) (3 ) (2 2) (2 )
=− (−1) − − +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= −[ 3 (−3) − (−3) − 2 (−2) + (−2)]

=[ (−3) − (−2) + (2) (3)] ≅ 0.258871 (2)

⇒ = [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2[ − ] − − (−2) − +

12
1 1
+([ (−3) − (−2) + (2) (3)]) + −
2 3
⇒ = [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2[3 3−3−2 2 + 2] −

− − (−2) − + ([ (−3) − (−2) + (2) + (2) (3)]) +

12
1 1
+ −
2 3
⇒ = [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2[3 3−3−2 2 + 2] −
3
− − (−2) − + ([ (−3) − (−2) + (2) (3)]) +
12 2
27
⇒ = [2 (3) + (2) (7 (3) − 9)] − 2 − 1 − (0.614279) + (0.258871)
4
3
+
2
9 27 3 35 3
⇒ = + 7( 2 3) − 2 + + 1.644592 < +
512 4 2 8 2
5.87
Because for all , , > 0
3 1 3
( + )+ ≥ √3 ⇒ ( + ) + 1 ≥ √3( + ) ⇒
4 ( + ) 4
⇒ + + + 1 ≥ √3( + ) ⇒ +2 + +1≥ + √3( + ) ⇒

385
 ( + ) +1
⇒ ≥1
+ √3( + )
( )
Hence ( ) = ∫ ∫ ( )√
≥∫ ∫ 1 = | | =

= (2 − )(2 − ) =
Similarly ( )≥ and ( ) ≥
Hence ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ≥ + + ≥ + +
5.88
Using Cauchy – Schwarz inequality, we have that:

( )+ ( ) + 2 ( ) ( ) ≤ √2 ⋅ ( )+ ( ) + 2 ( )+2 ( )

= √2 ⋅ ( )+ ( ) + 2 ( ) ( ) = √2 ⋅ ( )+ ( ) =

= √2 ( )+ ( ) ⇒
[ , ]×[ , )

( )+ ( ) + 2 ( ) ( ) ≤ √2 ( )+ ( )

= √2 ⋅ 2 ( )

5.89

+ + ≤ + +
+ + + 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ≤ =
2 ( ) 2 2

(1) ⇒ LHS ≤ ∫ ∫ ∫ + + = ∫ ∫ ∫ + + =

386
 1 1 1
= + + ( − 1)
2

1 1
= ( ) + ( − 1) + ( − 1) =
2

1 ( − 1)( − 1)
= ( − 1) + + ( − 1) =
2

1
= ( − 1) + ( − 1)( − 1) + ( − 1)
2

1
= [( − 1)( − 1) + ( − 1)( − 1) + ( − 1)( − 1) ]
2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ∏ ( )( )
= + + = =

∏ ( )( )

5.90

−
= (1 + ) = − +
3

and

−
= (1 − ) = − −
3

− −
+ < 2( − ) + − =2 ( − )
3 3
[Because of + < ( + ) for positive , ]

So, + < [2( − )] = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ … ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2( − ) ≤

” ”

1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1 + [2( − )] − 1 + 2( − )
≤ =

−1 2( − ) 1 2( − )
⇒ + < + ⇒ + <1− +
( )
⇒ + + <1+

387
5.91

1 [ + (1 − ) ]
= [ + (1 − ) ] =
5 −

1 − 1
= = [ + + + + ]
5 − 5

⎡ ⎤
⎢ + + +⎥
1⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥=
5
⎢ ⎥
⎢ + + ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 7 1
= ((2 ) − ) + ((2 ) − )(3 )+ ((2 ) − )
5 5 4 × 2 3×3
= + + = (1)
×

1 1 1
= ( + ) = ( + ) =
16 16 5

1 1 1
= × [( + ) − ] = [( + ) − ] =
16 5 16 × 5 × 6

= [(2 ) − − ]= (2)
×

We wish to show: < ×

⇔ <

It is clearly true as < 1 and > 1.

5.92
For a complex such that | | ≤ 1, ≠ −1 we have
(−1)
(1 + ) =

Hence for ∈ (− , ) we have

(−1)
1+ =

Taking real parts we get

388
 (−1) ( )
1+ =

Finally, for ∈ (− , )
(−1) ( ) 1
= (2 + 2 ( ))
2

Or, for ∈ (−1,1], we have

(−1) ( )
= √2 + 2 ≤ √2

Because 1 + ≤
5.93
We use a fundamental inequality: + +√ + ≥ ( + ) +( + ) (1)
Let’s prove it. On Squaring both sides, we get:

+ + + +2 + + ≥( + ) +( + ) ⇒

⇒2 + + ≥2 +2 ⇒ + + ≥ +
Again, squaring both sides, we get: ( + )( + )≥( + ) ⇒
⇒ + + + ≥ + +2 ⇒( − ) ≥ 0 which is true and
the inequality in equation (1) is true. Using the inequality in equation (1)

+4 + +4 ≥ (2 ) + (2 + 2 ) ≥ 2 +( + ) ⇒

√ +4 + +4
⇒ ≥2
+( + )

√ +4 + +4 2
≥ ≥ [2 ]
+( + )

≥ (2 2) ≥ (2 2) ≥2 2( ⋅ ) ≥ 2 2

√ +4 + +4
∴ ≥2 2
+( + )

389
5.94
Since is a convex function we apply the Hermite – Hadamard inequality for double
integral:

1 ( ) ≥ = = ⇒

⇒ ( ) ≥

Also, since is convex we have: ≤ + . Consequently:

( )
1 3
≤ + =
4 4

3 3
= + = + =
4 4 4 4

5.95
Let ( ) = 5( − )− + 1. Clearly we have (1) = (1) = 0, so ( ) is divisible by
( − 1) . An easy calculation shows that:
( ) = ( − 1) ( (3 − ) + 2 + 1). Thus, for
∈ [0,3] we have ( ) ≥ 0. Consider, positive numbers , , and define
√3 √3 √3
= , = , =
√ + + √ + + √ + +
These numbers belong to [0,3]. From ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ≥ 0 we conclude that

3 ⋅ ≥3 ⋅ . Equivalently ≥ ( + + )

It follows that for : [0, ] → (0, +∞) we have

( )+ ( )+ ( ) 1
≥ ( )+ ( )+ ( )
( )+ ( )+ ( ) 3

= ( )

390
5.96
3( + + )
(2 + )(2 + )(2 + ) 3
2 ≤ 2 =
( + + ) ( + + )

=2 ( + + ) =2⋅ +( + ) =
2

3 3
=2⋅ + ( + ) =2 + + =
2 2

3 3 3
=2⋅ + + = 2⋅ + + ⋅ =
2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3
=2⋅ + + =2 + + =
2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3
=2 + + =3 ( + + )
2 2 2
5.97

Let ( ) = for all ∈ 0, then ( )=− ; ( )=2 >0

for all ∈ 0, , hence is convex

≤ + ⇒∫ ∫ ≤

4 3 4 3
≤ + = + =
7 7 7 7

4 3 2
= | ( )| + | ( )| = = (2 )=
7 7
= (2 ) . Applying Hermite – Hadamard for Double Integral;
2 + 2 +
1 4 +3 4⋅ +3⋅
≥ 2 2 ⇒
(2 − )(2 − ) 7 7

4 +3 3
⇒ ≥
7 2

391
 3 4 +3
∴ ≤ ≤ (2 )
2 7

5.98
Since

( + + ) + + =( + + )+ + + + + + ≥

≥ 3( + + ).
( ) ( )( )
Hence ≤ + + ⇒ ≤ + + ⇒

( )
⇒ ≤ = + + .

Hence

+ + 3( + + )
3 = ≤
+ + ( + + )

1 1 1 2 2 2
≤ + + = + + =

=[ (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 )] − [ + + ]=
=[ 2+ 2+ 2+ + + ]−[ + + ]
= 2+ 2+ 2=( + + ) 2
5.99
Using Hölder’s inequality, for = 10, = , we have that:

1= ( ) ≤ ( ) ⋅ 1 = ( ) ⇒

⇒∫ ( ) ≥ 1 (1)
So,

( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) =1 ≤ ( )

392
5.100

=
→

then ( )= , ( )= ( − )≤0

since, ≤ ≤ for all ≥ 0, hence is concave so, from the definition of concave
function

( )≤ ⋅
+ + + +

+ +
( )≤( + + )
+ +

5.101

= + , = + , = +

( + )
= ⏞
>
( + ) ( + ) ∙
( , , ) ( , , )

( + + )
> ⏞
≥ ≥3
+ +
( , , )

( + + ) ≥ 3( + + )

( + )
≥ 3 = 3( − )
( + ) ( + )
( , , )

5.102
∵ , , , , , , , , ≤1∴1≥ , , , , , , , ,
∴ + + +3= + + +1+1+1≥ + + + + + ≥
( )
≥ 6 ⇒ + + +3 ≥ 6
Again

, + + +3= + + +1+1+1 ≥ + + + + + ≥

393
 ( )
≥6 ⇒ + + +3 ≥ 6
Also,

+ + +3 = + + +1+1+1≥ + + + + + ≥
( )
≥6 ⇒ + + +3 ≥ 6
( )
(1).(2).(3) ⇒ ( + + + 3)( + + + 3)( + + + 3) ≥ 216
Case 1: 3 −1≤0

Then, ≤∫ ∫ ∫ 0 = 0 < 1 ⇒ given inequality is true

Case 2: 3 −1>0
()
(a) ⇒ ≤ ∫ ∫ ∫ , where =
( )
∵ ≤1∴ =3− ≤ 2 ∴ (i), (ii) ⇒ ≤∫ ∫ ∫ = 1 ⇒ given inequality is

true (Hence proved)

5.103

0< ≤ ≤ <
4⇒0< + <
0< ≤ ≤ < 2
4
So, 0 < ( + )<1< ⇒

So, ( ( + )) > 0 and final ( ( ( + ))) > 0

So, we know, that for positive holds that < . This means that:
( ( ( + ))) < ( ( + )) < ( + )< + .
Taking integrals we have:

( ( ( + ))) < ( + ) =

= + = − + ( − )
2 2 2

( )( ) ( ) ( )
+ ( − ) = − + ( − )= ⋅ 2. So,

394
 1
( ( ( + ))) <( − )
+

5.104

( )=−

( )=− − =
→

Now,

1
= ( )− ( ) = ( ) =

= ( )

[Interchange order of integration]

( ) ( )− ( ) ( )− ( )
= = = =

5.105
We consider the function ( ) = , for >0
( )= +1 >0 ⇒ – convex

Therefore, we apply the Hermite – Hadamard inequality for double integral:

+ + ( )
1 +
≥ 2 + 2 =
+
⇒
( − ) 2 2 2

( )
+ +
⇒ ≥( − )
2 2

395
5.106

For , > 0, ≥ ( + ) ⇔ 2( + ) ≥( + )( + ) ⇔

⇔ 2( +3 +3 + )≥( + )( +3 +3 + )⇔
⇔ + −3 −2 −3 +3 +3 ≥0⇔
⇔( − ) −3 ( − )( − ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( − )[ − −3 ( − )] ≥ 0 ⇔
⇔( − )( − ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( − ) ( + + ) ≥ 0 which is true
Thus,
( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( )
( , , )= + + ≥
( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )+ ( )
1 1 1
≥ ( ( ) + ( ) )+ ( ( ) + ( ) )+ ( ( ) + ( ) )= ( ) + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2

∴ ( , , ) ≥ [ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ] =

= 3( − ) ( )

5.107
( )
+ + =( + +2 )− =( + ) −( ) =
=( + + )( + − )
Now, ( − ) ≥ 0 ⇒ + −2 ≥0⇒2 +2 −2 ≥ + ⇒
( )
⇒ + ≤ 2( − + )

(1), (2) ⇒ LHS ≤ ⋅ 2 ∫ ∫ ( )( )

= 3∫ ∫ ≤ 3∫ ∫

= = = =

5.108

(1 + ) +
= = (1 + ) +
(1 + ) 1+

= 1; = −1; =0

396
 1 (1 + ) (1 + )
= (1 + ) − = −
1+ 1+

(1 + ) (1 + )
= ; =
1+

(1 + )
= = ( ) (1 + ) 1 − =− =− (−1) =
0 1+ 1+ 12

(1 + ) (1 + )
= ; ( )=
1+ 1+

+
( )= = +
(1 + )(1 + ) 1+ 1+

1 1
= ; =− ; =
1+ 1+ 1+
1 1
− 1 −1 1
( )= 1+ 1+ + 1+ = +
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

1 1 1
= − +
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

1 1 (1 + )
= − ⋅ +
2 1+ 4 1+ (1 + )
( )= (1) − (0) = (1)

1 1 (1 + ) 1
= 2 − + = 2− +
2 1+ 4 1+ (1 + ) 4 16

1
= − = − 2− +
12 4 16
7 1
= − 2
96 8
5.109

The inequality can be written as:

397
 ( )( )⋅…⋅( )
1+ ∑ −∑ >2
⋅ ⋅…

1 1
1 1 ∑ +1 ∑ +1 1
+1= + = > 1+ ≻
+1 +1 +1 +1

1 1 1
≻ 1+ > 1+
+1

We need to prove that

∏ 1+ −∑ 1+ 1+ ⋅ …⋅ 1+ ⋅ ≥2

1 1 1 1
1+ − 1+ ⋅ …⋅ 1 + ⋅ = Ω( + 1) =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ ⋅ …⋅ 1+ − +1 ⋅ …⋅ 1+ ⋅ − 1+ ⋅ …⋅ 1+ ⋅

1 1 1
= 1+ − (1 + ) ⋅ …⋅ 1+ ⋅ = Ω( )

1 1 1 1
⇒ Ω( + 1) = Ω( ) = ⋯ = Ω(2) = 1 + 1+ − 1+ =

1 1 1 1 1
=1+ =2⇒ 1+ − 1+ … 1+ ≥2⇔

1 1 (1 + ) ⋅ … ⋅ (1 + )
⇔ 1+ −
+1 ⋅ …⋅

1 (1 + ) ⋅ … ⋅ (1 + )
> 1+ − ≥2
⋅ …⋅ ⋅

(1 + )(1 + ) … (1 + ) 1 1
⇔2+ < 1+
… +1

(Q.E.D)
398
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Mihaly Bencze,Daniel Sitaru,Marian Ursarescu:”Olympic Mathematical Energy”-Studis-
Publishing House-Iasi-2018

2. Mariana Popescu, Daniel Sitaru: ““Traian Lalescu- Constest. Geometry problems”,

Lithography University of Craiova Publishing, Craiova, 1985

3. Daniel Sitaru: “Mathematical Statistics”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin,
2011, ISBN-978-606-8332-09-3

4. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “National contest of applied mathematics - “Adolf Haimovici”-
the county stage”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2011,
ISBN 978-606-8332-11-6

5. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “National contest of applied mathematics - “Adolf Haimovici”-
the national stage”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2011, ISBN 978-606-8332-
12-3

6. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți: “Contest problems”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu
Severin, 2011, ISBN 978-606-8332-22-2

7. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “Baccalaureate – Problems – Solutions –Topics -Scales”, Ecko –
Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2011, ISBN 978-606-8332-18-5

8. Daniel Sitaru: “Affine and euclidiane geometry problems”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta
Turnu Severin, 2012, ISBN 978-606-8332-29-1

9. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi, “Baccalaureate – Problems – Tests – Topics – 2010 – 2013”,
Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2012, ISBN 978-606-8332-28-4

10. Daniel Sitaru, “Hipercomplex and quaternionic geometry”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta
Turnu Severin, 2013, ISBN 978-606-8332-36-9

11. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “Algebra Basis”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu
Severin, 2013, ISBN 978-606-8332-45-1

12. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “Mathematical Lessons”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta
Turnu Severin, 2013, ISBN 978-606-8332-47-5

13. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuţi: “Basics of mathematical analysis”, Ecko – Print Publishing,
Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2014, ISBN 978-606-8332-50-5

14. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți: “Mathematics Olympics”, Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta

399
Turnu Severin, 2014, ISBN 978-606-8332-51-2

15. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți, Giugiuc Leonard, Diana Trăilescu - “Inequalities”,
Ecko – Print Publishing, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2015, ISBN 978-606-8332-59-8

16. Radu Gologan, Daniel Sitaru, Leonard Giugiuc: “300 Romanian Mathematical Challenges”-
Publishing House Paralela 45, Pitesti, 2016, ISBN 978-973-47-2270-9

17. Daniel Sitaru: “Math Phenomenon”, Publishing House Paralela 45, Pitesti, 2016,
ISBN 978-973-47-2271-6

18. Daniel Sitaru: “Algebraic Phenomenon”, Publishing House Paralela 45, Pitesti, 2017, ISBN
978-973-47-2523-6

19. Daniel Sitaru: “Murray Klamkin’s Duality Principle for Triangle Inequalities”,
The Pentagon Journal-Volume 75 NO 2, Spring 2016

20. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți: “Generating Inequalities using Schweitzer’s Theorem”-CRUX
MATHEMATICORUM-Volume 42, NO1-January 2016

21. Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți: “A “probabilistic” method for proving inequalities”, -CRUX
MATHEMATICORUM-Volume 43,NO7-September 2017

22.Daniel Sitaru, Mihaly Bencze:”699 Olympic Mathematical Challenges”-Publishing House

Studis, Iasi-2017

23.Daniel Sitaru:”Analitycal Phenomenon”-Publishing House Cartea Romaneasca-Pitesti-2018

24.Daniel Sitaru, George Apostolopoulos:”The Olympic Mathematical Marathon”-Publishing

House Cartea Romaneasca-Piesti-2018

25.Daniel Sitaru-“Contest Problems”-Publishing House Cartea Romaneasca-Pitesti-2018

26. Mihaly Bencze,Daniel Sitaru:”Quantum Mathematical Power” -Publishing House Studis,

Iasi-2018

27.Daniel Sitaru:”A Class of Inequalities in triangles with Cevians”- The Pentagon Journal-
Volume 77 NO 2, Fall 2017

28. “Romanian Mathematical Magazine”-Interactive Journal-www.ssmrmh.ro

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