Introduction to High Energy Physics
4th Edition
Donald H. Perkins
University ofOxford
Contents
Preface page xi
I Quarks and leptons 1
1 .1 Preamble 1
1 .2 The Standard Model ofparticle physics 7
1 .3 Particle classification : fermions and bosons 12
1 .4 Particles and antiparticles 13
1 .5 Free particle wave equations 16
1.6 Helicity states : helicity conservation 19
1..7 Lepton flavours 20
1.8 Quark flavours 22
1.9 The cosmic connection 26
Problems 33
2 Interactions and fields 35
2 .1 Classical and quantum pictures of interactions 35
2.2 The Yukawa theory of quantum exchange 36
2.3 The boson propagator 37
2 .4 Feynman diagrams 38
2.5 Electromagnetic interactions 40
2.6 Renormalisation and gauge invariance 42
2 .7 Strong interactions 43
2.8 Weak and electroweak interactions 46
2.9 Gravitational interactions 51
2.10 The interaction cross-section 51
2.11 Decays and resonances 55
Problems 61
vi Contents
3 Invariance principles and conservation laws 63
3 .1 Translation and rotation operators 63
3 .2 The parity operation 65
3.3 Pion spin and parity 66
3.4 Parity o£ particles and antiparticles 69
3.5 Tests of parity conservation 72
3.6 Charge conjugation invariance 73
3 .7 Charge conservation and gauge invariance 75
3.8 Baryon and lepton conservation 79
3.9 C P T invariance 81
3.10 CP violation and T violatimi 81
3.11 Neutron electric dipole moment 83
3.12 Isospin symmetry 87
3 .13 Isospin in the two-nucleon and pion-nucleon systems 88
3 .14 Isospin, strangeness and hypercharge 91
Problems 93
4 Quarks in hadrons 95
4 .1 Charm and beauty ; the heavy quarkonium states 95
4 .2 Comparison, of quarkonium and positronium levels 102
4.3 The baryon decuplet 109
4.4 Quark spin and colour 114
4.5 The baryon octet 115
4.6 Quark-antiquark combinations : the light pseudoscalar mesons 118
4.7 The light vector mesons 121
4.8 Other tests of the quark model 123
4.9 Mass relations and hyperfine interactions 126
4.10 Electromagnetic mass differences and isospin symmetry 129
4.1.1 Magnetic moments of baryons 130
4.12 Mesons built of light and heavy quarks 132
4.13 The top quark 134
Problems 139
5 Lepton and quark scattering 140
5 .1 140
The process e+e- --j ,u.+A -
5.2 e+e - annihilation to hadrons 144
5.3 Electron-muon scattering, e-/.z+ e-lj,+ 147
5 .4 i
Neutrino-electron scattering, v e -~ vie 150
5.5 Elastic lepton-nucleon scattering 154
5.6 Deep inelastic scattering and partons 155
5.7 Deep inelastic scattering and quarks 159
Contents vii
5.8 Experimental results on quark distributions in the nucleon 162
5.9 Sum rules 166
5.10 Summary 168
Problems 168
6 Quark interactions and QCD 177.
6.1 The colour quantum number 171
6.2 The QCD potential at short distances 172
6.3 The QCD potential at large distances: the string model 178
6.4 Gluon jets in e+e° annihilation 180
6.5 Running couplings in QED and QCD 181
6.6 Evolution of structure functions in deep inelastic scattering 1.86
6.7 Gluonium and the quark-gluon plasma 190
Problems 192
7 Weak interactions 194
7.1 Classification 194
7.2 Lepton universality 195
7,3 Nuclear 0-decay: Fermi theory 197
7.4 Inverse ,8-decay: neutrino interactions 201
7.5 Parity nonconservation in fi-decay 202
7.6 Felicity of the neutrino 205
7.7 The V --- A interaction 206
7 .9 Conservation of weak currents 209
7 .9 The weak boson and Fermi couplings 210
7.10 Pion and muon decay 210
7 .11Neutral weak currents 213
7.12 Observation of W-': and Z° bosons in pp collisions 215
7.13 Z° production at e+e - colliders 220
7.14 Weak decays of quarks. The GIM model and the CKM matrix 221
7.15 Neutral K mesons 226
7.16 C P violation in the neutral kaon system 232
7.17 Cosmological CP violation 237
7.18 DI--D0 and B°4a mixing 238
Problems 239
8 Electroweak interactions and the Standard Model 242
8.1 Introduction 242
8 .2 Divergences in the weak interactions 243
8.3 Introduction of neutral currents 245
8.4 The Weinberg-Salam model 246
viii Contents
8.5 Intermediate boson masses 248
8.6 Electroweak couplings of leptons and quarks 249
8.7 Neutrino scattering via Z exchange 250
8.8 Asymmetries in the scattering of polarised electrons by deuterons 253
8.9 Observations on the Z resonance 255
8.10 Fits to the Standard Model and radiative corrections 260
8.11 W pair production 262
8.12 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism 263
8.13 Higgs production and detection 271
Problems 274
9 Physics beyond the Standard Model 276
9.1. Supersymmetry 277
9.2 Grand unified theories : the SU(5) GUT 278
9.3 Unification energy and weak mixing angle 280
9.4 Supersymmetric SU(5) 282
9.5 Proton decay 282
9.6 Neutrino mass: Dirac and Majorana neutrinos 284
9.7 Neutrino oscillations 287
9.8 Magnetic monopoles 299
9.9 Superstrings 300
Problems 301.
10 Particle physics and cosmology 303
10.1 Hubble's law and the expanding universe 303
10.2 Friedmann equation 304
10.3 Cosmic microwave radiation: the hot Big Bang 307
10.4 Radiation and matter eras 311
10.5 Nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang 313
10.6 Baryon-antibaryon asymmetry 317
10.7 Dark matter 319
10.8 Inflation 326
10 .9 Neutrino astronomy: SN 1987A 330
Problems 336
7.1 Experimental methods 338
11 .1 Accelerators 338
11 .2 Colliding-beam accelerators 343
11.3 Accelerator complexes 346
11.4 Secondary particle separators 346
11.5 Interaction of charged particles and radiation with matter 349
11 .6 Detectors of single charged particles 355
11 .7 Shower detectors and calorimeters 368
Problems 375
Appendix A Table of elementary particles 377
Appendix B Milestones in particle physics 379
Appendix C Clebsch--Gordan coefficients and d-functions 386
Appendix D Spherical harmonics, d-functions and Clebsch-Gordan
coefficients 393
Appendix E Relativistic normalisation of cross-sections and decay rates 396
Glossary 398
Answers toproblems 408
Bibliography 412
References 418
Index 421
