/

H~AN·DBOOK
E
FOR RIGGERS
E
m
m
E
t
r
~ /

[
FOR INFORMATION ON HOW
[ TO OBTAIN THIS HANDBOOK
WRITE TO THE PUBLISHER
NEWBERRY INVESTMENTS CO. LTD.
[ P. O. BOX 2999
CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA T2P 2M7
I'~
la TEL. (403) 281-1957
lITHOGflAPHED IN CANADA

[:
 /
" HAN SOOK FOR RIGGERS
W. G. (BILL) NEWBERRY

.
~
~~
PREFACE

. ( {- The author of Handbook for Riggers through many years of ex-

(). \.J perience in the construction industry, both in Canada and the United
~ ~ rj States, has compiled basic information, essential to the rigger.

~' ~~~ This data is made available in handy reference form. The hand-
book has been made small enough for the rigger to carry around

~ ()\~
in his pocket, for consultation, whenever he is in need of it.

The information and suggestions summarized in this publication

were compiled from sources believed to be reliable. It should not
be assumed that this material covers all rules and regulations which
should be ob~erved; rather, the thoughts expressed herein are mere-
ly guides to safety, and we cannot guarantee correctness or com-
pleteness and accept no responsibility in connection therewith.

© COPYRIGHT - W. G. NEWBERRY, 1967

PRINTED IN CANADA
ISBN 0-9690154-1-0

1969 REVISED EDITION

1
I ACKNOWLEDGEM", 4T
WIRE ROPE INFORMATION
INDEX

General Wire Rope Information . 4- 8

In compiling this book, I thank the following for their assistance Seizing Wire Rope . 9
and information. Safe Working Loads . 10- 12
(Breaking Strength) Rule of Thumb . 13
The Brantford Cordage Company How to Measure Wire Rope . 14
Wire Rope Trouble . 15
Brantford, Ontario, Canada Uncoiling and Spooling Wire Rope . 16- 19
I Canada Western Cordage Co. Ltd.
Drum and Reel Information
Wire Rope Slings and Chokers
.
.
20- 21
22- 25
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Lifting and Turning Loads . 26- 29
I D. E. Dickie, P Eng.
Sling Angles
Sling Inspection Guidelines
.
.
30- 31
32- 34
Reeving With Wire Rope . .35- 49
I Construction Safety Association of Ontario
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Material Handling Gear, Hooks, Rings, Shackles,
Turn Buckles, Eye Bolts, and Hoisting Rings . 50- 59
Wire Rope Clips and Connections . 60- 61
Handling Gear Assemblage . 62
rn Donald Ropes and Wire Cloth Limited
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada SNYTHETIC ROPES
Property Comparison and Specifications . 63- 65
ur~ Wire Rope Industries of Canada (1966) Limited SWL Rules of Thumb
SWL For Slings
.
.
66
67- 72
Lachine, Quebec, Canada
Splicing Synthetic Ropes . 73- 80
Knot Efficiency (Polypropylene) . 81
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co. Knots and Hitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82- 91
Sedalia, Mo., U.S.A. Whipping Rope . 92
/
\. GENERAL RIGGING INFORMATION
Campbell Chain
Timber and Plank Strengths 93- 97
York, Pa., U.S.A. Crane Operation, Safety Procedures 98-100
Signals 101-105
Industrial Indemnity Co. Alloy Steel Chain Information .............•. 106-114
San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A.
Good and Bad Rigging Practices 115-121
Weights of Materials 122-123
English and Metric Systems of Measure
MacWhyte Wire Rope Co. - With Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-127
Kenosha, Wi., U.S.A. Terms Used in Rigging 128

2 3
I MATERIALS USED IN WIRE ROPE S .. ~GS CLASSI F _, nON
la
Wire rope is a most useful form of metal fabrication. It machine In the numerical classification of rope construction, the first num·
ber is the number of strands and the second number is the amount
of great versatility. Wire rope can be used to transmit fo}ces around
corners by use of sheaves through almost any plane or angle. It can of wires in each strand. 6 x 37 means six strands of 37 wires per
lift, guide, launch, hold back, control, counterbalance, hold down, strand. Actually, there are three general classifications:
tie-down and guy. 6 x7
6 x 19
6 x 37
When these numbers are used as designations of standard wire
CORE rope classes, the second number representing the amount of wires
will vary.

CONSTRUCTION 6 x 19 CLASS - The 6 x 19 class covers wire ropes with as few as

9 wires per strand, but not more than 26 nor more than 12 outer
Wire rope is composed of wires,
I strands and a core.
The basic material is wire which
wires. All of these wires are arranged in several different strand
patterns. 6 x 19 is the most widely used class of wire rope.

is formed or laid into strands.

I -- STRAND
The strands are made of a num-
berof individual wires laid around
a center wire. The strands are
STRAND PATTERNS
STRANDS OF THE 19·WIRE CLASS

wound helically around a core FILLER·WIRE SERIES

which may be fiber or another

-- WIRE ROPE
wire rope. There is actually no
twisting involved so the term
"laid" is used in reference to
wire rope.
09
09°0°0
880
OtJO
21·wire FW 25·wire FW
I- ·1 10·5F·5·1 12·6F·6·1
DIAMETER
f\ SEALE SERIES
t
OO~O
00
°00 0
19·wire Seale
9·9·1

4 5
I 6 x 37 CLASS - Even though the class i ~signated 6 x 37, it may
have wires varying from 27 to 49 wires per strand with no more than
18 outer wires. This class also has its wires arranged in several

I different strand patterns. 6 x 37 is the extra flexible class.

FIBRE OR SISAL CORE
STRANDS OF THE 37·WIRE CLASS Sisalanna is the most common fibre
I FILLER WIRE SERIES
SEALE - WARRINGTON-
SEALE SERIES
used in the manufacture of wire rope
cores. In the smaller ropes and cords
cotton and juto are sometimes em-

~~
ployed for the central member.
I Wire rope cores are carefully designed
and must be precisely manufactured
rro~aQ)
to close tolerances to ensure a perfect

I Qru °-\--
U
OeOL ,
fit in the rope.

I. W.R.C. OR STEEL CORE

I 41-wire FW
16-8F-8-8-1
49-wire S-W-S
16-(8+8)-8-8-1
The primary function of the core is to
provide adequate support for the strands.
When severe crushing or flattening of
the rope is encountered a steel core is
WARRINGTON·SEALE SERIES
usually indicated.
The steel core, as the name IWRC
(Independent Wire Rope Core) implies
r is actually a separate small rope inside
L a larger rope.

"
b
31-wire W-S
SPECIAL CORES
Other cores include nylon, plastic, paper

c 12-(6+6)-6-1

These are the basic strand patterns used in the manulactyoing of wire rope
etc. One type, used for mine shaft com-
munications, has an electrical conductor
embedded in the fibre.
and slings. Normally, 6 x 19 class is recommended where tt~ diameter of rope
[ used is 1/8" through 1·1/8". 6 x '37 class is recommended where the diameter
range is 1-114" and larger.
STRAND CORE
A single strand used as a core and
generally confined to the smaller
[ ropes as a substitute for the Indepen-
dent Wire Rope Core. The strand
core mayor may not be of the same
[ cross section as the surrounding
strands.

,-'"
6 7
 SEIZING WIRE ROPE

Th, end t;f an ordinary wire rope .hould have at lea.t Ihre, .elling. to prevenl
unlayinll, which. if il occU". would molte the rope u.el,. ... Annealed iron wi'e
/ ahould b, wound lightly in a clo.e helix around the rap •.
\.
Any ann.al,d low carbon .Ieel wire may b, u.ed for lei ling,. The wi'e Ihould
b, aboul th, gaug' ahown below.

TYPES OF FRACTURES
Soft Annealed Iron Selalng Wlr.
One of the most useful aids in CUP and CONE FRACTURE
Oiomoler of lope Silt S.i1inO W". Dlom,I" of lope Sill S"'lnO Wlf,
selecting the proper wire rope is A wire broken as a result of
tensile overload.
to examine the worn ropes from 1/2" No.18 I·) 18" No.12
5/8 NO.17 I· I .. 2 No.12
the same installation. The pictures )'4 No. 16 1·518 No.ll
on this page are typical illustrations 7/8 No. 15 1.) '4 No. II
1 No.14 1·7/8 No. 10
of rope wires which have been l·lIa No. I) 2 No. 10
1·1/4 No. I)
fractured in use. By knowing what
CHISEL FRACTURE
caused the deterioration the A wire broken as a result of
direction of change is more clearly abrasive wear.
1. Wind ih, .elllng wire on Ihe wire rope by hand. Iteeping the coil log",ho,
indicated. and con.ideroble lemion on Iho wire. winding OVER from left 10 right.
2. Twill Ih, end. of Ihe wire togelher counter·clockwise by hand •• 0 thot Ihe
For example, if a rope broke up twi"ed portion of the wir.. i. near the middle of Ihe \Ciling.

prematurely and showed a large ()ii77?(~ ). U.ing "Carew" culle... lighlen the Iwi.t jUlt enough 10 talte up Ihe ,Ioclt.
Do not Iry to tighten th, seiling by Iwi.'ing.
number of "square end fractures" SQUARE END FRACTURE
4. Tighten Ih, ltiling by prying ,h, Iwill away from the axil of the rope wi,h
then a more flexible construction A wire broken as a result of Ihe culler •.
bending fatigue.
is indicated. If the broken wires 5. Tighlen the Iwi., again and repeat a, of len a. nece ..ary to make Ihe ,ei ling
show signs of heavy abrasive tight. Cut off the end. of the wire and pound Ihe Iwi.t flol ogoin,t Ihe rope.

G wear, possibly a coarser construc-

tion would give longer life.

o A wire broken as a result of

a combination of destructive
Th, appearance of th, fini.hed I,iling
.hould b, 01 .hown.

fractures.

C~
.'

l]
lJ 8 9
I co
(
(BREAKING STRENGTH)
><
II: ui RULE OF THUMB FORMULA
W C
I- 0
w ui I-
~ c
0
Ii)
ui
Diameter squared multiplied by the breaking
N
~ l- .- C
strength of a one inch fibre or wire core rope.
I 0
w
a..
0 (l)
0. CO
N
II
a.> II
0. CO
c0

a.> II
I-
co
0

02 X B.S. of 1 inch wire rope

II: 0 0.
X 0L

I >< L X OCO
N '-
II:
L
(l);::-
L
(l) .ii'
00
x
W
I-
......
(l) x
...-
x
(l)
L
(l).-
...- 6 x 19 x 1 inch fibre core rope has a breaking
w E N x
~ ro;::- E 00
ro;;:;-
(l)
E .- strength of 42 tons
E c:(
0
W (f)
"011
£-l
"011
£-l
U
ro
11
£-l 6 x 19 x 1 inch independent wire core rope
0-g~ 0-g~
a.. (l)
u~
0

a (I.W.R.C.) has a breaking strength of 45 tons

(f) (f)
II:
II
0.
E
ro ---N

---
l/l
00
o~ (f)
.-
-u
~
(J)
....J X
W
- ro
-
.0

".u BREAKING STRENGTH EXAMPLES

r l/l
C
o
o ::
~.2
00...
-w w
w
~

(j)u
0
-q-Ocrycryl[)l[)CDCOcryCDO-q-ON
l[)ONCO-q-Or-cryl[)-q-ocor-r-
'~~~Nev)(9'jll-ir'oiN~eri~
~T""" ....... ('\J
A. Fibre rope core
t-
:: ~ 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - ; V2 inch fibre rope core
u
ro w >
0 2 x 42 = Breaking Strength
[ Ol[)
....J II
OJ
u ~ w w o-q--q-oco-q-oooooooo
ro a.
~ E .0 (;
<.9_ u:u
l[)(»~r-NCOl[)OOCONCO-q-N
. ·~""':NNC'iu1r---.:cO~(,,)~O 112 x 112 x 42 = 42 -:- 4 = 10.5
o-g
C 0 """""r-(\J

~
f--+--t-----------l
Breaking strength = 10.5 tons
[ 3:u.
W
>0-
7i> a
-w ...w
<1l 0
r-NCDN-q-l[)-q-l[)CONr-l[)OO
-q-(j)~I'--NI'--"<t(j)COCO(j)l[)OC\J
B. Independent wire rope core
ro- ~
(j)U 0"":"': N NC'1..r trieri 0 C'1"":0
(f)~ ~~~N

E 8 ::
[ ::J
E
x
~ 01----1-----------1

<1l W -q-CDCOOCOCDOOOClOOOO
V2 inch independent wire rope core
D2 x 45= Breaking strength
ro
~
Do
u:u
-q- co 0 CD 0 l[) N CD -q- c1l N CD co co
N N C'1 ..r ~eri s? ~ ~ ~
o ...: ...:

112 x 112 x 45 = 45 -:- 4 = 11.25 tons

r: \,.
Breaking strength = 11.25 tons
_ n
"'
-:!-:~-:...::-:::~~~
~ M~
"' ~
"'
~ ~ ~ _~~~~
_ M - All breaking strength formulas are based on a
...... ...- .,... r-,.....

L diameter of one inch and in a tonnage ratio.

L 12 13
I HOW TO MEASURE .•E ROPE
HAT TO LOOK FOR
I IF YOU HAVE
! ROPE TROUBLE
1~2/
Kinking-Perhaps the rope has been kinked when it was

~ being removed from the reel or coil, or has been allowed to

run loose and rollover to form a kink.
Cut-Perhaps the wire rope has been run over by a tractor
cleat when it was laid out on the ground prior to in-
stallation.
Jammed-Perhaps the rope has jumped the head sheave
and become wedged between the sheave and the housing
of the machine.
w
Cross-Over Point-Often when the face of the drum has
been filled with turns of rope, the rope when positioning
itself for the beginning of the second, or even the third
layer, will not come up to this position smoothly, thus
slapping thp. last turn on the layer below. This over a period
CORRECT INCORRECT of tirne can be particularly hard on the rope. This is a
METHOD METHOD condition which can be improved by the installation of a
riser which will ease the rope up into the new level, or
WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES by the cutting back at the drum end at intervals to thus
change the point of contact.
DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE
Crushing-Perhaps the rope has been crushed by poor
The components of a wire rope each has a small but definite size winding on an under·sized drum.
tolerance. Therefore, the rope itself must have a diameter tolerance. Overloaded-This can be caused by a shovel working in a
All wire rope is required to have a diameter at least equal to the quarry where blasting has not been good. Here the opera-
tor may be trying to move the side-wall of the quarry, not
nominal, or catalog, size . . . never smaller. Standard ropes may knowing that the lip of his shovel is engaged in solid
exceed the nominal diameter by the amounts shown below. rock, rather than in the loose material which has fallen
over the end of the bucket.
Nominal Oi.meter of Rope Undersize O.erslze
lack of lubrication-Has this important matter been
In Inches Inches Inches neglected.

0- % 0 1/32 Reverse Bends-These are tough on any rope, particularly

when they are close together. This condition can be
13;'16 - 1 Va 0 %4 improved by using larger sheaves and a more flexible
13;'16 - 1'12 0 1/16 rope.
19/16 -2\14 0 3;'32
20/16 and larger 0 Va Frozen Sheave-A sheave that won't turn simply means
that the wire rope is sawing its way down the length of the
groove, and this is sure to cut down the life of the rope.
These tolerances do not apply to elevator ropes. Bad Alignment-This can only result in the wire rope
wearing itself out on the side wall of a sheave.
Wrong Kind of Cable-Perhaps yours is a case of a boy
being asked to do a man's work. Perhaps the rope is of the
~ wrong construction. Does the maker have wide acceptance.
::1
~ Tight Sheaves-A tight sheave is sure to pinch the cabJe
and reduce cable life.

14 15
I UNCOILING AND . ~REELING UN .lILING AND UNREELING
WIRE ROPE WIRE ROPE
(Continued)
When uncoiling wire rope, it is important that no kinks are
allowed to form, because once a kink is made, no amount of
strain can take it au t and the rope is unsafe for use. The best
method of removing rope from a reel is to mount the r~el on jacks
or stands by inserting a shaft through the centre hole so that the
rope is pulled off in the same manner it was installed on the reel.
A turntable may also be employed (a cart wheel mounted on a
spindle for instance) to mOlmt a reel or coil. This allows the rope
to lead with perfect safety.
If a turntable is not available, the coil of rope may he rolled
along the ground. In no rase must the roil or reel be laid on the
ground OA its face and the rope taken over the end or from the
centre of the coil, as kinks will result and the rope will he com-
pletely spoiled.

See illustrations belo\\' and on lIl'xt page. WRONG WAY

RIGHT WAY TO UNREEL WIRE ROPE

RIGHT WAY

16 17
 CORRECT SPOOLIN ~F ROPE ALIGNMENT
ON DRUM If sheaves are improperly aligned, considerable wear of both
rope and sheaves results. Particularly in high-speed work, it is
I (ONE LAYER WINDING)
The m.etho.d described below may be lIsed to determine the
necessary to properly align all equipment and to balance all
sheaves.
proper rhrectJon of rope lay for spouling ur winding on Rat or FLEET ANGLE
I smooth face drums.
The Reet angle is tha tangle

,~-
o
'
included between lines drawn
L- -R from the centre of the drum,

I 2· FUET
and from the Range of the
drum, to the lead (first) sheave.

I =..-:-;.-_ -. -~ l',1 ANGLE

;
Both (a) and (b) below are
illustrations of Reet c.ngles.
Wire rope is often seriously
damaged when this Reet angle

~!
OVERWI NO UNDERWIND is excessive. Side wear and
l.tt to Riqht Riqht to left severe scuffing result. Ofter'
USE RIGHT LAY ROPE US E RlliHT LAY ROPE.
individual wires become mis-
Observer st'anding behind drum and looking tow'lrd the direction placed, bruised, crushed.
CENTER liNE
or
. - fBI Grooved drums are damaged,
of rupe travel. ~ ~
ROPES
I 4· FUET too, by wide Reet angles. Ropes
\\'hen a .rope is \\'ullI\~1 UI~ to a drum any tendency of the ANGLE ~ 0
wear against the groove walls,
rop.e to tWist when tensIOn IS released will be in a direction
whIch would untwist the rope at the free end. ~~ ~ 1grinding them down. Wear on
the rope is excessive also.
. The advantage in applying rope.of proper direction of lay
IS that ~hen the load IS slacked off, t he several coils on the
W !t Check the Reet angles on
your equipment. Keep the
drum \\'1.11 hug together and maintain all even layer. \Vilh angle as small as possible. A
rope of lInproper lay the coils will spread apart at each re- Reet angle between 1 and
0

ll1?val of load and when winding is resuilled the rope may "1 ~o is ideal. Fleet anglesc
~nss-cross and overlap on the drum with Rattening and crush- as low as ~o .and up to 2
Ing ?f the rope as .a result. .The proper directiun uf rope la\' for Rat-faced drums and 4° for
to give best results IS shown ll1 the abuve sketch - grooved drums are permissible
l' ·0" 1 .0'
This applies to either regular or lang lay rope: for most hoisting equipment.
FLEET fLltl
If the Reet angle exceeds these
L- -R L- -R values, then look out for excessive drum wear or poor spooling.

IDLE ROPES
Occasional accidents have been conclusively traced to ropes
which have been left idle without care or protection during shut-
downs, as in mines. By not being kept in working condition,
lubrication "weathers" out, moisture seeps in and both core and
OVERWIND UHDERW'HD wires deteriorate. Records have shown that ropes which are not
RiqhttoLfft Lfft to Riqht
USf LU T LAY ROPE USE LEFT LAY ROPE
frequently used give lower useful service than those in continual
operation.

18 19
 /

It is often necessary to know the approximate capacity MIII IfIlfM RECO MMEliDED
DRUM AID REEL of a given drum or reel for a particular diameter

CAPACITIES
rope. Malting certain assumptions, it is possible to
resolve the mathematical equation for this to a simple TREAD DIAMETERS OF
expression and constant. We list below these con·
stants for standard rope diameters.
SHEAVES AND DRUMS
(INCHES)

PLOW STEEL AND IMPROVED PLOW STEEL ROPES

I Length of rope in feet

Rope
Dia. 6x7
6 x 19 Seale
6 x 19 Warr.
6 x 16 F
6 x 19 F
8 x 19 Seale
6 x 37
= Constant x (A+B) x A x C 18x7N.R.
Inches 6 x 27 F.S.
-----.----------------------.L-. (All Dimensions in Inches)

Y4 10 8 7 6 5
5/16 13 11 9 8 6
% 16 13 11 10 7
7116 18 15 13 11 8

------c-------1 Y2
9/16
21
23
17
19
15
17
13
15
9
10
11
% 26 21 19 16
% 31 25 22 19 13
Ya 37 30 26 23 16
1 42 34 30 26 18
.2618 1 Y8 47 38 34 29 20
Tabl. 01 Coutant. lor -d2
lY4 52 42 37 32 22
1% 58 47 41 36 25
Diameter
Multiplier Diam.t.r
Multipli.r Diameter
Multiplier lY2 63 51 45 39 27
Rope Inch•• Rope Incb•• Rope Inch.. 42 29
1% 55 49
V. •. 19 ¥I .342 l~ .085 1% 59 52 45 31
~ 1.86 I .262 IV. .074 lYe 64 56 49 34
'/" 1. 37 1 ~. .207 2 .065 60 52 36
2 68
Y:z 1.05 IV. .168 2Y. .058
"/,. .827 1~ .138 2V. .052 2Y4 67 58 40
S .670 IY2 .116 2~ .046 2Y2 75 65 45
~ .465 IS .099 2Y2 .042

. Not.: In moot c.... th. OU\I. (Al will .xt.nd beyond th. ouler lay.r 01 the rope; ther.·
for. Ih. dim.JUion (Al .hould be tak.n 10 th. d.plh 01 th••pool.d rope and not to Ihe
lull d.pth of lb. Oan\l •. This table applies to qeneral ropes and not to special applications
such as mine hoists and elevators. Mine hoists qenerally use a
/ drum-rope ratio of at least 80:1.
\.

20 21
 /

I WIRE ROPE SLINGS

(
6 x 19 Classification Group. Improved Plow Sleel, Fibre Core
( ..
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 37 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

m Single Single
(Safety Factor = 5)
Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitch & Single Single
(Safety Faclor = 5)
Single 2-Leg Bridie Hitch &
Rope Basket
Rope Vertical Basket Single Basket Hitch Vertical Choker Single Basket HilCh
Choker Diameter Hitch

A':,;:::~
Hitch Hitch Hitch

I A::'~::0
Diameler Hilch Hitch (Inches) (Vertical
(Inches) (Vertical
Legs)

I 6U
Legs)

I 6U Angle Angle

e )/,6
'I,
600
1.100
450
825
1,200
2,200
60'

1,050
1,900
45'

850
,
;1.550
30'

600
1,100
'I, 1.000 750 2,000
3,200
60'

1.750
2.750
45'

1.400
2.250
1.000
1,600
30'

5/ 16 1,600 1.200
5/ 16 1,650 1,250 3,300 2,850 ~,350 1,650 '/, 2,200 1.650 4,400 3.800 3.100 2.200

m Jie 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 J,400 2,400 7/ 16 3.000 2,250 6.000 5.200 4.250 3.000
7/16 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 4,500 3,200 '/, 4.000 3.000 8,000 6.900 5.650 4.000
'I, 4,400 3,300 8,800 7,600 6,200 4,~00 9/ 16 5,000 3,750 10,000 8,650 7.100 5.000
9/ 16 5,300 4,000 10,600 9,200 7,500 5,300 '/, 6,400 4,800 12,800 11,100 9.050 6.400
'I, 6,600 4,950 13,200 11.400 9,350 6.600 'I, 8,900 6,700 17,800 15,400 12.600 8.900

I 'I, 9.500 7,100 19.000 16,500 13,400 9,500 '/, 12,100 9,100 24.200 21,000 17,100 12,100
'I, 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800 1 15,800 11,900 31,600 27,400 22,300 15.800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700 1'1, 19,600 14,700 39.200 33.900 27,700 19.600
1'/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200 11/ .. 24.400 18,300 48,800 42.300 34,500 24.400
1 1 /4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200 1'/, 29,800 22.400 59,600 51,600 42.100 29,800
PI, 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400 1'1, 36,000 27.000 72,000 62,400 50,900 36.000
lit] 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 38,400
m
". 1'/,
PI ..
45,200
52,000
33,900
39,000
90,400
104,000
78,300
90,000
63,900
73.500
45,200
52,000
1'/,
PI..
1'/,
42,200
48,400
56,800
31,700
36,300
42,600
84,400
96.800
113,600
73.100
83.80']
98,400
59,700
68,400
80,300
42.200
48.400
56,800
1'/, 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 60,800 2 62,000 46.500 124,000 107,400 87,700 62.000
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600 2 1/ . 80,400 60,300 160.800 139,300 113,700 80.400
2'/4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000 2 ' /2 98,000 73,500 196,000 169,700 138.600 98.000
m 2 1/2
2'/,
104,000
122,000
78,000
91,500
208,000
244,000
180,100
211,300
147,000
172,500
104,000
122,000
2'/, 117,200 87,900 234,400 203,000 165.700 117.200

If used with Choker Hitch muiliply above

If used with Choker Hitch multiply above TABLE 1.11
TABLE 1.11 values by 'I,.
'I,.

,~ ~
values by

m Rope D,ameler

'I,,' and Smaller

Efficiency

95% U....... ...... .....\

Rope D,ameler

"'" and Smaller

3/ 4 "
Efficiency

95%
_...
....
... ... ..
.............
-
5/'6" - 90%
5/ 16 " - 3/ 4 " 90% 7/ a" -1"
For Dt>uble Baskel Hitch mUlliply above 85% For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

~
-I"
7/ S" 85%
values by 2. 1 1/8" - 1 ' /2 " 80% values by 2.
1'/8" - 1 ' /2" 80%

t!n~) (fD
1'/,' -2" 75%
1'1'" - 2" 75%
70% 2'/'" and Larger 70%
2'/,,' and Larger ".--.;

.i
I I ' .. _':'
I I I -
~ Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanlcat sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11. Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11,
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%. Eyes formed by cable clips - reduced loads by 20%.

n
,.
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124
m INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA) PAGE 124

~ 22 23
I WIRE ROPE SLINGS
(
6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel,lWRC
( --.I
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 37 Classilication Group, Improved Plow Steel, IWRC

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS
(Safety Factor = 5) (Salety Factor = 5)

Single Single Single 2·Leg Bridle Hilch 1\ Single Single Single 2-Leg Brielle Hitch 1\
Rope
Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch Rope Vertical Choker Basket Single Basket Hitch
Diameler
Hitch Hitch Hitch Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined
Le:~~~c:d;\\
(Inches) Diameter Hitch
!\ilh (Inches) (Vertical

A-S""9~eJ
I 6 D"
Legs)

3/ 16 650 460 ',300

P.-YAngle

60·

1,100
45·

900
CJ
30·

650
'I, 1,050
I 6U 600 2,100
60·

1,600 1,500
Angle

45·

1,050
30·

'"
5/,6
1,150
1,750
660
1,300
2,300
3,500
2,000
.:3,000
1,600
2,500
1.150
1,750
5/ 16 1,700 1,300 3,400 2,950 2,400 1,700
'I. 2,550 1,900 5,100 4,400 3,600 2,550 'I. 2,350 1,750 4,700 4,100 3,300 2,350
3,700
1/ 16 3,450 2,600 6,900 '/ 16 3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 4,500
6,000 4,900 3.450
'I, 4,700 3,500 9,400 6,150 6,650 4,700 'I, 4,300 3,200 6,600 7,450 6,100 4,300
9/ 16 5,700 4,200 11,400 9,900 6,050 5,700 9/ 16 5,350 4,000 10,700 9,250 7,550 5,350
'I. 6,900 5,200 13,600 11,950 9,750 6,900
"'" ,
7.100 5,300 14,200 12,300 10,000 7.100
'0,200 7,650 20,400 17,700 14,40Q. 10,200 'I, 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,450 13,400 9,500

1
1'1.
". 13,750
17,950
22,750
10,300
13,450
17,000
27,500
35,900
45,500
23,600
31,100
39,400
19,400
25.400
32,200
13,750
17,950
22,750
1
1'1.
'I. 13,000
17,000
21,000
9,750
12,750
15,750
26,000
34,000
42,000
22,500
29,450
36,400
16,400
24,000
29,700
13,000
17,000
21,000
1 1
/. 26,200 21,200 56,400 46,600 39,900 26,200 1'1, 26,200 19,650 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200

"
1'1. 34,600 26,100 69,600 60,300 49,200 34,600 1'1. 32,000 24,000 64,000 55,400 45,200 32,000
1'1, 41,300 31,000 62,600 71,500 56,400 41,300 1'1, 39,500 29,600 79,000 68,400 55,900 39,500
LJ 1'" 46,600 36,400 97,200 64,200 68,700 46,600 1'/. 45,400 34,000 90,600 76,600 64,200 45,400
1'/, 55,900 41,900 111,600 96,600 79,000 55.900 PI, 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
1'/. 65.400 49,000 130,600 113,300 92,500 65,400 1'/. 61,000 45,750 122,000 105,700 66,300 61,000
2 72,600 54,500 145,200 125,700 102,700 72,600 2 66,600 49,950 133,200 115,400 94,200 66,600
2'/. 90,300 67,600 160,600 156,400 127,700 90,300 2'1, 66,400 64,600 172,600 149,600 122,200 66,400
2'1, 111,600 63,700 223,600 193,600 156,100 111,600 2'1, 105,300 79,000 210,600 162,400 146,900 105,300
2'1, 131,100 96,200 262,200 227,000 185,400 131.100 2'1, 126,000 94,500 252,000 216,200 176,200 126,000

. ," '" '. (}:6it~:

TABLE 1,11 If used with Choker Hitch multiply above

o Rope Diameter

'1,' and Smaller

Efficiency

95%
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above

Rope Diameter
TABLE 1,11

El"clency
values by 'I,.

~
.. •...... ... .. -
-, .
5/ 16 " -
',,"
3/.· 90%
85% For Double Baskel Hilch multiply above
",' and Smaller
5/ 16" - )/."
95%
90%
- .................... .. ,

1",,' -1'1, For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

80% ~.
"1. -
2'1,'
2'
and Larger
75%
70%
values by 2. '/ a" -
,1/8" -
1"
1 1/2"
65%
60%
75%
values by 2.

.(f\j.. . .
1'/." - 2"

I I I :·~/.·.Q-D:.:.~· 2",,' and Larger 70%

.. :
Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
I
Note: Table valuas are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1,'1, and mechanical sleeves.
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%,
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according \0 table 1.11
Eyes formed by cable clips - raduce loads by 20'1'.,

METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)

POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126 METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA,) PAGE 124 POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124
,~

/
24 25
 -r
I CENTER OF GRAVITY-Everyone in·
In order to make level lifts, it is necessary to have the crane hook
directly above the center of gravity and the proper length slings
volved in rigging should have a basic attached to the load on or above the centerline of gravity. The cen·
C knowledge of statics. In this Rigger's
Handbook, we can only present sev·
terline of gravity is an imaginary line drawn through the center of
gravity. The imaginary line drawn from the hook directly downward

e eral key illustrations of the effect of

the center of gravity and the distri·
bution of forces when lifting. We sug·
gest further study on the part of the
through the center of gravity is called the centerline of force. If the
weight of the load is equally distributed, the center of gravity is
under the crane hook. The sling angles are equal and each sling leg
is carrying an equal share of the load. Using legs of the same length
Rigger on other aspects of statics with the weight of the load unequally distributed, the center of

~
I •
as related to Rigging. gravity is not in line with the centerline of force. The load when lifted
The center of gravity is important will tilt until the center of gravity is below the crane hook. The remedy
for a Rigger to understand. Turning is to use slings with unequal leg lengths putting the center of gravity
loads. level lifts and reactions of under the crane hook for a balanced load. The rated capacity must be
C .:'
loads to a lift require a working reo
lationship with the center of gravity.
based on the greatest portion of the load supported by anyone
sling leg.

The center of gravity is the point When unequal distribution of

weight occurs from irregular loads
m on a load at which all of the weight
can be said to be concentrated. The and exact sling lengths are not avail·
able, choker slings can be used to
center of gravity acts downward to
I
c bring a load to a position of equi·
librium directly under the crane
hook even though the load may not
compensate. This is done by short·
en ing the choker attached to the
heavy end. The light side is engaged
with both eyes engaged in the crane

c be level.
In a rectangular load, the center
of gravity is at the intersection of
diagonals. When irregular shapes
hook. On the heavy side, the choker
sling body is laid across the crane
hook. One eye is passed through the
other eye and back to the hook. This
are to be lifted, it is advisable to
fixes the position of one eye but
D visualize the load as fully enclosed
by a rectangle. Plot the shift of the
allows the sling body to slide over
the crane hook. In this way, the reo
center of gravity on either side of
maining sling body attached to the
the center of the imag inary rectang Ie
0 as the irregular shape demands.
load below the hook can be length·
ened or shortened as required.
Once the weight of the load comes
on the sling, the hitch is locked into

~ position and no further change

resu Its. Th is h itch is recommended
for a one·time·only lift.

C CENTERLINE OF FORCE

[l..
0 26 27
 .~

I TURNING LOADS TWO-HOot, • URNING - Two-hook turning is used for turning loads
freely in air while supported. Turn loads in air only when absolutely
Perhaps the greatest difficulty in rigging is the turning of loads.
necessary. It is the most difficult type of rigging operation and should
0 This is due to the lack of understanding of the center of gravity and
how a load would look upside down.
There usually is more than one way to turn a load and often several
be done only after careful preparation and caution have been exe-
cuted. One sling on the Main hoist supports the load and acts as the
pivot around which the turn is made. A second sling on an Auxiliary
points at which hitches can be made. Before making a turn, it is
hook is employed to provide control. Note: It is necessary to d is-
necessary for a Rigger to visualize the various positions of the load
m during the various stages. It is also necessary to visualize the action
connect the Auxuliary sling prior to turning in air, and then to re-
connect after the turn has been made.
slings will be subjected to and where the slings will be located at
each stage. It is vitally necessary to know that the point of control • x ,\ux M"IN

D of a turning load is the place at which the sling departs from the
load to the hoist hook, regardless of where the sling may be threaded c
or connected. Be sure to protect against sharp corners.

e
o
B lle o
c c
ONE·HOOK TURNING - In one·hook
turning, one edge of the load is the pivot
or turning edge. Always attach the con-
CONDITIONS TO CONSIDER FOR PROPER RIGGING
m trol slin~ above the center of gravity at
a point opposite to the direction of turn. ABRASION - A basket hitch made with a choker sling having both
In a 180 degree continuous turn, the loops in one crane hook should not be used for turning loads because

I lifting hook must move as required for a

smooth turn so as to prevent sliding the
pivot edge. In tight spaces, the load can
of the inevitable movement of the load against a small portion of
the sling. This movement causes abrasion of the individual wires in
the rope and possible actual failure of the sling. Where two crane
be turned 90 degrees, lifted clear and hooks are available, a pair of two·legged bridle slings can be used-

~ moved to the orig ina I tu rn ing point for

continuance of turn. Irregular shapes
one placed to unwrap while the opposite sling wraps around the
load. Slings should not be attached to the ends of a rolling load if
either slippage or rubbing of the load against the sling will occur.
may require blocking to provide support
during turning.
m DESIGN FIVE
FACTOR = TO
ONE
~.
DOUBLE CHOKER HITCH - If possible,
when turning loads with a single sling,
use the double choker hitch. Both eyes DESIGN FACTOR - This is the number of times the recommended
are placed on top of the load. Eyes point lifting capacity is multiplied to equal the ultimate or breaking
in a direction opposite to direction of strength of the sling. Wire rope slings are recommended for use at a

C 'j
"
turn. The bight of the sling is placed on
the hoisting hook. Turning will be into a
design factor of five or more. This design factor is designated to
take care of any overload that cannot be foreseen, such as shock
tight cable with no motion of the load loads, incorrect use or other unusual conditions. Catalog ratings are

r: against the sling. Turning control is avail-

able at all times.
based on new slings. Load ratings on worn slings should be reduced.
Never use a sling with a design factor less than three.

[
[ 28 29
/
 .:.1'

I SLING ANGLES - Sling angles are shown

It is nei .A economical nor good practice to exceed a 60 degree
sling leg angle. Angles greater than 60 degrees not only build up
in different ways in various catalogs. Re· tension in the sling legs out of all proportion to the weight of the

B gardless of how the sling angle is stated,

or the method used to figure the stress
in a sling leg, the load rating should be
load, they also create a much greater "in·pull" on the ends of the
load. This produces eccentrically loaded column effect. Long, slender
objects have a tendency to buckle. Included angles greater than

e the same.
The following description applies to the
included angle measured between one
sling and a plumb line suspended from
60 degrees indicate some thought should be given to the use of a
lifting beam in connection with the lift.
Lifting capacities on slings are misleading unless the sling angle
is stated. A sling that will handle 10 tons at 15 degrees included leg
the hook. angle will only handle 5 tons if the angle is increased to 60 degrees.
m
A lot of misunderstanding results from the change in carrying

e capacity of a sling when the leg angle is changed. Actually, there

is no change in the tensile strength of the sling leg. What happens
is that the operator is pickin9 the load straight up or vertically, but
the sling leg is pulling at a disadvantage. For quick figuring in the
SOnI Aw&11
with
VlrtlClI
Stu"" "r.
SUnI III
PIr 1000 Lbs.
TalJl Lad
A
~
shop, a 30 degree included leg angle causes a loss in lilling capacity
of 15 percent ... 45 degree leg angle-30 percent . ./60 degree leg
angle"":50 percent. It's not 100 percent accurate, hut easy to reo 0 500
5 502
member and sl ightly on the safe side. 10 508

L SLING ANGLES
15
20
25
30
518
532
552
577
35 610
653
C 40
45
50
55
707
778
872
60 1000
80 2880
D
WEIGHT OF LOADS
[J Always study your load and determine the weight and the strength
of the connections. Never underestimate the weight. (If you are
attaching the sling to lugs, be sure they are heavy enough to take

tJ., It is always good practice, within limits, to keep the sling leg angle
as small as possible. However, the length and width of the load, the
the load.) Always use a sling of ample capacity. Broken bones or
lost time costs more than the most expensive slings on the market
today.
sling leg length or the available headroom sometimes determine

C the sling leg angle.

0
0 30 31
 vr
I USED ROPE FOR SLINGS - Wire rope u for sling purposes is
usually of improved plow steel grade of either 6 x 19 construction
The followin IOU be considered criteria for rejection:
1. Broken wire criteria
or 6 x 37 construction. There is very little saving in cost in using a. For strand laid and single part slings-ten randomly distrib-

I rope of less tensile strength as the labor involved in making a sling

remains constant. Similarly, there is no real economy for using old
hoisting ropes to make slings.
uted broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one
strand in one rope lay.
b. For multi-part cable·laid and braided slings
If a rope is no longer serviceable as a hoist rope, the mere action

I of splicing loops into the ends reduces its strength still further and
it is of little value in picking up heavy loads. In fact, it is a used sling
from the very start.
Sling Body
Allowable Broken
Wires Per Lay or
One Braid
Allowable Broken
Strands Per Sling
Length
Less than 8 part braid 20 1

I SHOCK LOADS - Crane hooks shoold be started slowly until the

sling becomes taut and the load is suspended. The lifting or lower-
ing speed of the crane should be increased or decreased gradually.
Cable Laid
8 part & greater braid
20
40
1
2

Sudden starts or stops place heavier loads on the sling. This action Either the broken wire count or broken strand count shall apply

I can be reasonably compared to jamming the brakes on a speeding

automobile. A rule of thumb: shock loads double the stress on a sling. 2.
separately to one braid length or one lay length in cable-laid body.
Abrasion, scrubbing or peening causing loss of more than 1/3 the
original diameter of outside individual wires.
INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
3. Evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion.
I GUIDELINES
The following information is a guide to use for inspecting wire
rope slings. Expensive objects to be lifted, personal injury or property
4. Kinking, crushing or other damage that results in detrimental dis-
tortion of the rope structure.
damage factors determine the frequency of the inspection. 5. Any evidence of heat damage including bare electrical conductor.

~ The user should store slings in a manner that will protect them
from damage by moisture, heat, corrosion or physical abuse. 6.
ground, or welding arc.
Any marked reduction in diameter either along the entire main
The user should determine that the sling is being used in accord- length or in one section.

~
ance with the rated capacity as listed in the current catalog of the 7. Unlaying or opening up of a tucked splice.
sling manufacturer. 8. Core protrustion along the main length.
All slings should be inspected at some regular interval of time.
This interval can best be determined by the user and is dependent
9. End attachments that are cracked, deformed, worn or loosened. -I
10. Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments.
! upon the particular use of the sling and OSHA or company safety
requirements. The interval must be such that safe use of the sling
is assu red at aII times.
11. More than one broken wire in the vicinity of a zinced-on or
swaged fitting; including resin-poured sockets. I
I

A sling should be inspected after any unusual situation that may

J have damaged it. such as overload. accident or fire. It should not
be placed back in service until its continued safe operation has
BE CAREFUL-THE TOES YOU SAVE MAY BE YOUR OWN.

GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTS-

been verified.
Equipment, wire rope & wire rope slings
~\j Inspection should be performed only by persons with sufficient
experience and knowledge to properly apply the following criteria GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTS-Equipment, wire rope &
for rejection when examining a given sling. This is particularly im- wire rope slings
portant, since each of the 11 items listed depends to some extent
~ 1. Maintain all inspection records and reports for the length of time
upon the judgment of the inspector.
deemed appropriate .
.ai
,
j

1
32 33
 J.. ~ ".. '.:"'f'
I . 2. Prior to each daily use,the following p.
guideline.
l!du're is set as a MMETRICAL REEVING
a. Check all equipment functions.

~ b. Lower load blocks and check hooks for deformation or cracks.

c. During lowering procedure and the following raising cycle,
observe the rope and the reeving. Particular notice should be

I
paid to kinking, twisting or other deformities.
d. Check wire rope and slings for visual signs of anything causing
them to be unsafe to use: broken wires, excessive wear, kink·
ing or twisting. Particular attention should be given to a new

I damage during operation.

3. Monthly inspections are recommended with a signed report by
an authorized competent inspector. The Monthly Reports should
include the inspection of the following:

m a. All functional operating mechanisms for excessive wear of

components, brake system parts and lubrication.
b. Limit Switches.
c. Crane hooks for excess throat opening or twisting along with
m a visual for cracks.
d. Wire rope and reeving for conditions causing possible removal.
e. Wire rope slings for excessive wear, broken wireS", stretch,
rn kinking, twisting and mechanical abuse. /
f. All end connections: hooks, shackles, turnbl~dles, plate
clamps, sockets, etc. for excessive wear, distortion and broken

I wires.
g. Electrical apparatus for signs of pitting or deterioration of
controller containers, push button stations, limit switches and

c other electrical controls.

A Quarterly Report is suggested to combine the Monthly Reports
and be signed by a responsible, competent authorized inspector.
An Annual Inspection with signed report is suggested for the

m following:
a. Magnetic particle test of crane hook for cracks.
b. Hoist drum for wear or cracks.

c c. Structural members for cracks, corrosion and distortion.

d. For loose structural unions such as bolts, rivets or weldments.

Load load

u Unsymmeltlcally

-
Aee-wed
Block Tilts -
Symmelr1cal
Reeving
BlockS Aun True

~
35
rn 34
 SYMMETRICAL BOOM POINT REEVING

3·Sheave
Boom POint
t

Two Part Line Three Part Line Four Part Line

SYMMETRICAL BOOM POINT REEVING

t
2-Sheave
Boom POint - - -
-~-

Two Part LIne Three Part Line Four Part Line

 -~l~""

I . .VE:: PART FALLS SIX PAR r' FALLS

~ Stationary
Block Stationary

0 Block

0
Using a two and three
Using a pair of three sheave
G sheave block a five part
reeve is accomplished by blocks a six part reeve is ac-
1 entering the lead line complished, by entering the
througll the front of the lead line through the front
G ,,2
stationary block at sheave
'B', then go down in back
of the stationary block at
sheave 'B', then go down in
5

.3 of traveling block and front of traveling block and 2£11:1 t14

4
~,l through at sheave 'E', up through at sheave 'E', up be-
3
behind stationary block and hind stationary block and 6
through at sheave 'C', through at sheave 'A',
down behind traveling block
~.--
down in front 11')1 traveling
,"
block and ,through at and th rough at sheave '0',
sheave '0', 'tip in front up in front of stationary
block and through at sheave

c "'j
of stationary block and
through at sheave 'A',
down to the traveling block
and becket off.
'C', down in front of travel-
ing block and through at
sheave 'F', up to stationary
block and becket off.
D Travel
Block Travel
Block
m Fig. 10

~ This reeving is more com·

monly used for rope falls
(manila), but is also used
rn This reeving is more commonly used for rope
(manila), but is also used for wire rope. (cable).
falls for wire rope (cable).

D!~
:\
38 39
.,.. ~
'-'.

SEVEN PART SEVEN PART FALLS

FALLS
Using a three and four sheave block, a seven part reeve
is accomplished, by entering the lead line through the
Fig. 12 front of the stationary block (four sheave) at sheave 'C',
go down in front of traveling block and through at sheave
T, up behind the stationary block and through at sheave
Stationary 'A', down behind traveling block and through at sheave 'E',
Block up in front of stationary block and through at sheave '0',
down in front of traveling block and through at sheave
'G', up behind stationary block and through at sheave 'B',
then down to the traveling block and becket off.

® \ (2

Travel
Block

40 41
~~
.
E EIGHT AND NINE PART FALLS EI '~IAND NINE PART FALLS

I Fig. 13 Using a pair of four sheave blocks, an eight part reeve

is accomplished, by entering the lead line through the
front of the stationary block at sheave 'C', go down in

I front of traveling block and through at sheave 'G', up

behind the stationary block and through at sheave 'A',
Stationary down behind the traveling block and through at sheave

E Block 'E', up in front of the stationary block and through at

sheave 'D', down in front of the traveling block and
through at sheave 'H', up behind the stationary block and
C through at sheave 'B', down behind the traveling block
and through at sheave 'F', then up to the stationary block
and becket off for eight parts,
I For a nine part reeve simply invert the diagram on the
opposite page, and add a single block over which the

~:.
','
"
lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make
sure that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.

C·
,'1
,"

~
L CJ:CJ2~~l,.,fT.
Traveling Block X _ ..) I --------.w -
L "\(K; b6 WeD ~
H (·DflPA· CONfJ
.
4' YJ(J)-W(- 4--
~

L CPg.NO. JJDO 0;.

j ~AJJ. IlL 01. . ~Ilf- 63
[
j(. f,ff
[ 42 43
 ~,y

I TEN AND ELEVEN

PART FALLS I~N AND ELEVEN PART FALLS
C Fig. 14
Using a pair of five sheave blocks, a ten part reeve is

I accomplished, by entering the lead line through the front

of the stationary block at sheave 'e', go down behind the
traveling block and through at sheave '1', up behind the

E Stationary
Block
stationary block and through at sheave '0', down in
front of the traveling block and through at sheave 'G',

r up in front of the stationary block and through at sheave

'8', down behind the traveling block and through at sheave
'J', up behind the stationary block and through at sheave
'E', down in front of the traveling block and through at
[ sheave 'F', up in front of the stationary block and through
at sheave 'A', down behind the traveling block and through
at sheave 'H', then up to the stationary block and becket
t off for ten parts,

For an eleven part reeve simply invert the diagram on the

[ opposite page, and add a single block over which the
lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make

r sure that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.

o Traveling

c Block

[
[
[
44
45
 ./-r

I TWELVE AND THIRTEEN

TWELVL' AND THIRTEEN PART FALLS

PART FALLS Using a pair of six sheave blocks, a twelve part reeve is

C Fig. 15
accomplished, by entering the lead line through the front
of the stationary block at sheave '0', go down in front of
the traveling block and through at sheave 'J', up behind

"
II.i
Stationary
Block
the stationary block through at sheave 'A', down behind
the traveling block and through at sheave 'G', up in front
of tile stationary block and through at sheave 'F', down
~ in front of the traveling block and through at sheave 'L',
up behind the stationary block and through at sheave 'B',
down behind the traveling block and through at sheave
~ 'H', up in front of the stationary block and through at
sheave 'E', down in front of the traveling block and
through at sheave 'K', up behind the stationary block and
~ through at sheave 'C', down behind the traveling block
and through at sheave 'I', then up to the stationary block
~. arid becket off for twelve parts.
LJ
For a thirteen part reeve simply invert the diagram on
the opposite page, and add a single block over which the
[ lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make sure
that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.
~
~

D
Traveling
D Block

[
[
47
[
.- J~i

I ' FORMULA FOR FIGURIf,

FOR FALLS
\=.NE PARTS RECOMMENDED

SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR REEVED FALLS

I Total load to be lifted in Ibs.
Lead line pull in Ibs.
RATIO
Improved plow 3;4 6 x 19 steel core
E.G., To find number of parts of line needed where weight 10,000 Ibs. lead line pull at engine
m of load and lead line pull are established.
84,700 (load) Ibs.
10,000 (lead line pull) Ibs. = 8.47 (RATIO) Bronze bushed Ball bearing
m sheaves in good sheaves in good
~ Refer to 8.47 in table below-II parts of line. condition condition
E.G., To find lead line pull needed when weight of load Number of parts safe load safe load
in falls (Ibs.) (Ibs. )
m
La
and number of parts of line are established.
44,000 (load) Ibs.
10,000 Ibs. 9120
4.39 (ratio of 5 part line) 1 8300
(lead line pull)
2 16100 18000

~ 3 23450 26550
TABLE FOR FIGURING LINE PARTS FOR FALLS 4 30350 34900

~ Number of
parts of
Ratio for
bronze bushed
-Ratio for
/ball bearing
5 36850 43000

line sheaves 6 42950 50800

\. sheaves
[ 1 0.96 0.98 7 48650 58400
2 1.87 1.94 8 54050 65800
3 2.76
"
m
'~
;<
4 3.59
2.88
3.81
9 59100 72950

5 4.39 4.71 10 63850 79900

6 5.16 5.60
C 7 5.90 6.47
11 68350 86600

12 72550 93150
8 6.60 7.32

E 9
10
7.27
7.91
8.16
8.98
13 76700 99550

11 8.52 9.79 The above values are based on two fair-lead blocks be·
r. 12 9.11 10.60 tween the engine and the falls. For each additional fair·lead
LJ 13 9.68 11.40 block add 6% to the lead line pull for bronze bushed
sheaves; add 3% to the lead line pull for ball·bearing
C sheaves.

[ 48 49
 c0
@ @
CHAIN SLIP HOOKS SLIDING CHOKER HOOKS
(CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE) .......
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
(SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
ClevIs (SAFETY FACTOR = 4) Ey.
Type Type

Throat For Size Maximum Safe Throat For Rope Maximum Safe
Opening of Chain Working Load Opening Size Working Load
(Inches) (Inches) (Pounds) (Inches) (Inches) (Pounds)
'5/,. ,/, 2.750 '/2 'I. - 5/,. 1.500
1 '/16 5/,. 4.300 5/. l/. 2.600
1 5/,. J/. 5.250 7/. '/2 3,400
1 9/,. 7/,. 7.000 5/.
1'/. 5.100
1"/'. '/2 9.000 1 'I. '/, 8,000
2 5/. 13.500 7/. _ 1
F/,. 15.000
2 'I. '/, 19.250 PI, 1'/.-1'/. 23.000
2 J/, 7/. 26.000 2 J /16 P/.-l'/2 30,000
3 1 34.000

~~g
SWIVELS (ALL TYPES)
- Weld less Construction
- Forged Alloy Steel

Stock Diameter Max. Safe Working

( ')
(Inches)

'/,
5/,.
Load (Pounds)

850
1,250
DOUBLE CLEVIS LINKS
- Weld less Construction
- Forged Alloy Steel
[ffi.
'/. 2.250
'/2 3.600 Small Pin Large Pin Maximum Safe
5/. 5,200 Diameter Diameter Working Load
'/, 7.200 (Inches) (Inches) (Pounds)
7/ 8 10,000
Sf ,. '/2 3.250
1 12.500
1'/8 15,200 7/,. 5/. 6,600
1'/, 18,000 9/ 16 11/ 16 8.750
1'/2 45.200 5/. '/, 11.250

EYE HOOKS. SHANK HOOKS.

SWIVEL HOOKS "S.
FORGED ALLOY STEEL TYPICAL SORTING HOOK
" ,;J
\\
(SAFETY FACTOR = 5)

\~J
FORGED ALLOY STEEL

@..- ~~.,_. @;,,-_. Maximum

1.0. of Eye
Opening at Top of Hook
Safe Working Load 2'/2"
1'/."
2 13/ .."

Throat Opening From Tip 2 Tons

Safe Working load
(Inches) (Pounds) Safe Working Load at Bottom
of Hook 7'/2 Tons
5/. 600
l' /,6 800
1 1,500
1 'I,. 2,000
1 'I. 2,500
1 '/, 4,000 ol!)
11 ~
1 '/8 4,500 CHAIN GRAB HOOKS
1"/" 5,000
(CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE)
1 '/2 5,500
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
1 ' 7/ l2 6,000 ClevtS Ere
Type Type
1"/,. 6,800
12 5 / " 8,000
1 7/. 8,400 Throat For Size Maximum Safe
l' 5/,. 10,000 Opening of Cham Working Load
2 '/16 10,400 (Inches) (Inches) (Pounds)
2 'I. 11,000
2 '/, 12,500 "/32 'I. 2,750
2 5 /,. 13,000 7/,. 5/,. 4,300
2 '/2 16.000 '/2 '/. 5,250
2 "I,. 18,000 "/16 'I,. 7,000
3 19,200 2'/l2 ' /2 9,000
3 ' I,. 20,000 lS/32 5/. 13,500
3 '/8 24,000 , sf,. '/. 19,250
3 '/16 26,000 1 'I,. 'I. 26,000
4 33,400 1 '/•• 1 34,000

.. -
Ii;'"'~
 SHACKLES: STRENGTH OF SHACKLES
ANCHOR CHAIN
There are two types of shackles commonly
used in rigging. They are the anchor (bow type)
shackle and chain ("0" type) shackle both of
which are available with screw pins or round
pins.
Stock Inside Width Max. Safe
Shackles. like most other rigging hardware Diameter At Pin Working Load
are sized by the diameter of the steel in the bow (Inches) (Inches) Single Vertical
section rather than the pin size. They should Pull (Pounds)
only be of forged alloy steel. 3/ ,6 3/ 8 665
Never replace the shackle pin with a bolt. '/. '5/ 32 1.000
only the proper filted pin should be used. Bolts 5/ ,6 17/ n 1.500
are not intended to take the bending that is 3/ 8 2'/n 2.000
normally applied to the pin. 7/'6 23/ n 3.000 C")
'/ 2 ' 3/'6 4.000 to
Never use a shackle if the distance between 5/ 8 1 '/'6 6.500
the eyes is greater than listed in the following 3/. 1 '/. 9.500
table. All pins must be straight and all screw 7/ 8 1 7/'6 13.000
pins must be completely seated. Colter pins 1 1"/ '6 17.000
must be used with all round pin shackles. 1'/8 1'3/,6 19.000
Shackles worn in the crown or the pin by
more than 10% of the original diameter should
1'/.
13/8 2 I,.
2 '/n 24.000
27.000
1'/2 2 3'8 34.000
be destroyed. 13/. 2 7/ 8 50,000
Never allow a shackle to be pulled at an 2 3 ". 70,000
angle because the capacity will be tremen- 2'/2 4 '/8 100,000
3 5 150.000
dously reduced. Centralize whatever is being
3'/2 5 3,. 200.000
hoisted on the pin by suitable washers or spac- 4 6 "2 260.000
ers.
Do not use screw pin shackles if the pin can
roll under load and unscrew.

PEAR SHAPED LINKS

((j (~)
(Sling Links) RINGS
- Weld less ConstructIon
- Weldless Construction

1'/
- Forged Alloy Steel - Forged Alloy Steel

Stock Inside MaxImum Safe InSide MaXimum Safe

Stock
Diameter Length Working Load Diameter Diameter Working Load
(Inches) (Inches) (Pounds) (Inches) (Inches) (Pounds)
) 3/. 71.
2'/, 1.800 4 7.200
'/2 3 2.900 71. 5'12 5.600
5/ 8 3 3/. 4.200 1 4 10.800
3/. 4 1/ 2 6.000 1'1. 6 10.400
7/. 5'/, 8.300 1'I. 5 17.000
1 6 10,800 1'1. 6 19.000
1'/. 7 31. 16.750
PI. 8'1. 20.500

C\J
to
END LINKS
- Weld less Construction
(c=D MASTER LINKS
-

Stock
Forged Alloy Steel

Inside
-
-
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
0)
Maximum Safe
Diameter Width Working Load Stock InSide MaXimum Safe
(Inches) (Inches) (Pounds) Diameter Width Working Load
(Inches) (Inches) (pounds)
S/,6 '12 2.500
31. 9, 16 3.800 '12 2'12 3.250
'12 31, 6.500 51. 3 4,400
51. 1 9.300 31, 2)1, 7,000
31, 1'1, 14.000 1 3'1 2 16.500
7/, 2 12,000 1'I, 4)1, 25.000
1 2'/, 15.200 1'12 5 'I, 35,500
1'1, 2'12 26,400 1'1. 6 44.500
PI, 2 31, 30.000 2 7 57.500

IIiiI ....
~c::-::a

-
...,-:-~~:a
 ,/

SECURING OF TURNBUCKLE END FITTINGS

Do nOI use Jam nuts Lock Wife will hold

I \
~aHllllllllllllllllllll) 111\111111111111111\111
TURNBUCKLES

I End Fittings must be secured. -

-
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
TURNBUCKLE INSPECTION AREAS

I ; .> Check tor crackS & bends End

SWL of SWL of
Any Combination Any Turnbuckle
Fitting, of Jaw End Having a
m Stock Fittings, Eye End Hook End
I Check lor thread Diameter Fittings and Stub Fitting
damage & bent rods

I (Inches) End Fittings

(Lbs)
(Lbs)

.> Check lor cracks & bends

~
i
, /4 500 400
5/ '6 800 700
3/ 8 1,200 1,000
I ! Check lor thread
damage & bent rods '/ 2 2,200 1,500
2,250
5/ 8 3,500
3,000
E 3/ 4
7/ 8
5,200
7,200 4,000

~
Check lor cracks & bends

1 10.000 5,000
m D 1\ ~ l' /4
l' /2
15,200
21,400
5,000
7.500

5'"
_ _ _ _ Check lor thread damage
13/4 28,000 -
I & bent rods

2 37,000 -
~ 10' ",,', & "Io,m",oo, 2'/2 60,000 -

~ 23 /4 75.000 -

F
L

E 54 55
 Lifting With Eye Bolts

Never run a sling through a pair of eye bolts as shown.

The \oads In t h l s - - - - - ,
fitting result In an effect!'. .
load at a much
mor. sever. angle.

The load angle is reduced

lrom P to a and the
loads In A and 8
combine to give C.
I
B

Use a pair of shackles instead.

Alignment of Eye Bolts

{
SHIM
o ,/

When the eye bolts cannot be aligned. Use a shim or washer.

VERT

~
EYE BOLTS , 45"
- Shoulder Type Only '-..,.
00 NOT USE
- Forged Carbon Steel j
I.e

,.
\

Stock SAFE WORKING LOADS (LBS) CORRESPONDING

Diameter TO ANGLE OF PULL
(Inches)
Vertical 75 0 60 0 45 0 Less than 45 0 <0
LO
1/4 500 Reduce Reduce Reduce 0
5/ 16 800 Vertical Vertical Vertical W
3/8 1,200 Loads Loads Loads 0
Z
'/2 2,200 By By By W
r..-
5/ 8 3,500 45%. 65%. 75%. O~
3/4 5,200 Z~
7/ 8 7,200 0
1 10,000 ()
1'/4 15,200 W
1'/2 21,400 a:
Note: S. W. L. for plain (shoulderless) eye bolts are same as for shoulder bolts under vertical load. Angular
loading is not recommended.
 Shoulderless Eye & Ring Bolts

CorrKt Incor,..ct
ShOuld. den evlt .no It shoulde,leu eye .and fino bOlts
finobolls .r~ de$9"ed .r. pulled .1 .In .n91• .IS shown
lor ...rhe.-t IO~S only they ..... 111 .ll~r be'nd or br.elo,

Shoulderless ShoukJer1eu
Eye 801t Rmg Bolt
Sf'K)ulderlen Shoulde,le"
Ring Boll Eye Bolt
a>
LO

HOIST RINGS, can greatly SAFETY HOIST RING

reduce the risk involved in CAPACITY AT ANGULAR LOADS
material handling. St.nlbrd Slraieht lilt 45 Deere.. 90 Deere..
(Machinery, construction Bo~
Si,e safe break safe break safe break
components, and cargo). They (In Inch..) load load load load load load
pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds
are ideal for cargo fastening
X, 800 8,900 800 4,000 800 4,000
and tie down devices. ~ 1.000 8.500 1.000 5,000 1.000 5.000
ADVANTAGEOUS 'h 2.500 27,000 2.500 12.500 2.500 12.500
FEATURES: ~ 4.000 30.000 4,000 20.000 4.000 20,000
'4 7.000 61,000 7.000 35,000 7.000 35.000
able to pivot 180· and 1'. 8.000 56.500 8.000 40.000 8.000 40,000
swivel 360" from centre. 1 10.000 63.000 10.000 50.000 10.000 50.000
low centre of gravity resists
binding or breaking
stresses.

Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Bolts

ProvIdIng loads are reduced 10 account lor angular loadIng Incorr.-ct

_..". Pack ..... llh

...- w;uh.r" to
ensur. Ina'
S~uld.r IS
hrmly In contact
"""tl'1 surfac.

NUl musl
Of P'O~rly
torQued De In lull contaCI
"",,11'1 surf.c.

ex:>
Correct
O,lenletkM - Inco"-.cl Orient_lion _ LO
Wnen lne IOlid IS .applied 10 Ihl! eye
Load .s ,n tne
m Itus. ell/echon II .....,11 Dend
plane 01,,...

"0'.'.
eye. ~, I ..... ,

'-- .....
r.-:--, :l!I E~.-:III
~
--
F"'~
I APPLYING WIRE Rur'E CLIPS EFFICIENCY OF WIRE ROPE CONNECTIONS
As Compared to Safe Loads on Wire Rope
The only correct method of attaching U·bolt wire rope clips to rope ends IS

~
Figure Type of Connection Efficiency
shown in the illustration. The base of the clip bears ogoinst the l,ve end 01 the
rope, while the "u" of the bolt presses ogainst the deod end. Wire Rope. . . 100%
The clips ore usuolly spoced obout six rope diometers aport to give odequate 1 Sockets - Zinc Type - properly attached .. 100%
holding power. 70%

~
2 Wedge Sockets
Before ropes are ploced under tension the nuts on the clips should be tIghtened. 3 Clips - Crosby Type 80"/.
It is odvisoble to tighten them ogain after the load is on the rope to toke core 4 Knot ond Clip (Contractors Knatl .. 50%
of uny reduction in the rope's diameter co used by the weight or tension 01 the 5 Plote Clamp - Three Bolt Type . 80%
load. 6 Smooth Clamp 80%

I A wore rope thImble should be used in the loop eye to prevent kinkIng when wore
rope clIps ore used.
7 SplIced Eye and Thimble:
'/." and smaller
'/." to J/."
100"/.
95 "/.
The correct number of clips for sofe applicotlon, ond spocing distonces, are shown
'/." 10 I" 88 "/.
in the toble below.
E Number of Clips and Spacing for Safe Application
1'/." to l'h"
1'/." to 2"
2'/." and lorger .
82%
75%
70%
Rope Approx. Minimum No. Spacing·
Diem. Weight Clip. for 01 Clip.
P:1 in. Ib foch Rope End in.

o \l~
~ . 3/16 o 10 2 1'/.
1/4 .19 2 i '/'

c 5/16
3/8
7/16
.29
.47
.70
2
2
2
1'/.
2 '/.
2'1. --
'J
i/2 .78 3 3
~ 5/8 106 3 3'/.
L 3/4
7/8
1.59
2.40
4
4
4'h
5'I. Fig
I 272 4 6
1'/. 3.20 5 6'/.
E 1'/. 4.50 5
,
7""

~~~/,~
I'i. 4.60 6 8 '/.

~
I"" 5 80 6 / 9
I"I. 720 6
·'t. ',.~~.~&'~'-
[ 2
1'/. 9.50
12.50
7
8
\. 9'/.
10'h
12 Fig. 6 Fig. 5
I

2'/. 15.50 8 13'h

2'h 18.00 8 15

L ~ (....--::;:: =11!1:i'lIIlhhllu~~~~~~

~ \ _ . = " U 74
~l= Fig. 7

L The Right Way to Clip Wire Rope The Wrong Way 10 Clip Wire Rope

~.~)sss
MECHANICAL
SPLICE
FLEMISH EYE
EHiciency
90-
95%
'PRESSED SLEEVE

[
I:~
SWAGED 95 .
, " ? - .,.,- ... ..,.. r· ENDINGS 100%
--- -
o, ; , . . '- ; . . .;:,

- . ROTARY SWAGING

c 60 61
r ~

I /
\. SY~.,.HETIC ROPES
FIBRES USED IN ROPES
15 ' P. r... Natural Fibre Ropes
rn :- :- - :- -
- w - - ...... w :x:o- '"'
U'" ".
..,
- i'" 3 Two main types of natural fibres are used for the
';:J""c»'.~ ~ .. ~o:~ ~~ /TO!:C~2
manufacture of Ropes. Manila fibre is strong and
II---------L~ ~ ~ ;;; ~
.. $
~ ~

I I ()~m durable and makes a Rope that is first choice where

c I
...
rn-:;IOr-

........ N N - _
.........-_~_-.o-.N.otO_O'-~
~ z"'OO
.... 6';:" ;ri~~~
dependability, ability to stand up under severe use, and
°88NOCD~o-.""C
oo 0000808~:;-
0000 0 ...
:;Q=;'
$ .....
'"
weathering is required. Sisal fibres, while less durable
m
~ m
r- and lower in strength, are made up into Ropes to be
used where the requirements are less demanding and
m ",0
z
~
;l1li
•o
t 'I
low cost is a major factor.
~f ~ :I Synthetic Ropes
-:-:-:--;-- ..0 ::~ O}D
-..............
w-- -
U1 .......... -... , ~ :x: 0 3 There is a number of man made or synthetic fibres
D ....... e».CD
,
CO"..CDO'-CD
.......... i""O
n
f~
-
>c
zGl
~
~"
_. :J
;. ~ ~
being used to manufacture Ropes. Nylon, Terylene
;;;
< ~
Dacron and Polypropylene are the most popular.
oz Q.
Generally, synthetic Ropes have one major characteris-
a ~ '"
D N77""~7""~-
. ~
•
~
n}D
.._.
-':J
~
.. 3
_.
;l1li
-
~
...
tic in common not found in natural fibre Ropes; that
is their resistance to rot or mildew. In other respects
~~.:::::::::::.::: ~~~. ~o 11\ C :z: they vary greatly to one another.
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~
~
... CD ... CD CD ....... ,"
H' 3
I '0 ",0 ~ ~ Z NYLON is probably the best known of synthetic Rope
LJ :-;:I~
0::
N-

~~w.:..
.................... ~".
-

.,
"'-.4wwU"!
..........
}D

g ":;'
,
~
~z
;0<0
r-~
..... -Z~ fibres. Not only was it the first true synthetic to be
used for this purpose but it has also gained the widest
c
CONCDcD e» aD <: 0
,
~ /TO < ... a acceptance. It has many excellent qualities. Nylon Rope
;' ~ c;)
"'':''''''7,:"",'';'J';''J:-:-7""-;-
___ W.....,,,,,,,_,",,,,,_ "'m" "",,0
-1::a ;l1li a '" is very strong - approximately twice the strength of
0" ~ manila. It also has unusually high abrasion resistance
~~~ ... ~~~~~ • 9 P3~ '0 - ;l1li
qualities and good resistance to weathering. Finally,
o 3• 1:'" • 0
.......... .....,WNN
.:. .
..........
N
~:..-
....
co N
".
w':"'w
..............
.........
"'NCO
o~
_
. . I-
T ~
0
~m
0
Gl
0'"'
VIC
III
It

..
c:
Nylon Rope has a high degree of stretch; excellent for
some uses but a serious disadvantage for others.
• TERYLENE is another synthetic which has been used
(],
,'"
;, ~ N
•
...., -
,

................. ,-.......
N
-
I,
....... N
-
-
w -
""
- -
-
__
_
.................................
I () "
n
Q.
extensively in the manufacture of Rope. In most re-
..................... ""01...... it spects, it is quite similar to nylon except it is somewhat
> '"
..... lower in tensile strength and has much less stretch.

e 11Jf ~;
-:-:-:-7'":-~- ..0
..... w - w - -
...
U"I •.
- POLYPROPYLENE, multi-filament and mono-
I ............. CD CO "'<DO'-
D
~ ~: Zz
~;o< Gl
"'",
filament, is the most recent addition to the synthetic
..... N - _ _ _ _ I:;' family of Ropes. It is already showing great promise of
m ~~.:...:..
:.. .....
.:..
~:.. ~~ ... 1-
"' ....... w ." surpassing the others in popularity. In strength it is
only slightly less than nylon but at the same time it
IJ has a degree of stretch about that of Terylene. Poly-
propylene is very light - it actually floats on water.
~ For this reason, and because of its resistance to rot it
has gained great favour for water sports especially as

D 62 63
 /'

I a ski tow Rope. It is also ideal foJ. 'marine lines where

its lightness makes it much easier to handle than other
-
important ,,'hat all Ropes, whether natural or synthetic
fibre be kept out of contact with acids or other sub-
heavier Ropes. stances of a corrosive nature.
I CONSTRUCTION OF ROPE:
In order to understand Rope handling, it is good to
MILDEWING AND DRY ROT:
I know something about the general construction of Rope.
Normally a Rope is made of 3 strands each of which
The most important factor affecting Rope life is the
care given to it to prevent mildewing and rotting. A
hard-fibre Rope will withstand long periods of use
is, in turn, made of a number of threads. The Rope
under wet, dirty or rot producing conditions provided
I itself is twisted in a right-hand direction, each strand
in a left-hand direction, and the individual threads in
a right-hand direction. This reversal of twist in the
it is cleaned and dried at frequent intervals and pro-
vided it is stored so that air may circulate around it.
strand gives the Rope a balance or set and eliminates The ideal for cleaning is to wash the Rope in water
I the tendency towards unwinding. or hose it down, then hang in loose folds or coils over
pegs so that air may circulate freely around the Rope.
Care to prevent mildewing and rotting cannot be over-

e UNCOILING AND COILING:

When taking Rope from a coil always remove it from
the center in a counter-clockwise direction. After use, a
Rope should be recoiled in a clockwise direction. Under
estimated since much of the deterioration of Ropes
considered as normal ageing is simply the accumulated
action of mildew over a period where insufficient care
has been given a Rope. Slings and safety lines should
u certain conditions of use, twist may be thrown into a
Rope. On the other hand, certain types of usage may
cause twist to be thrown out of a Rope causing kinking.
receive special attention in this regard.
Manila Rope, used for general purposes, if dried out
after being wet, and then properly stored should need
Therefore, it is important that either of these condi- no added lubricant. If, however, a Rope becomes stiff
[ tions be corrected. and hard, a thin coat of lubricating oil or warm petro-
latum applied with a paint brush will make the Rope
MECHANICAL INJURY AND BENDING: pliable again.
! Do not drag Rope over the ground, or over sharp or
rough edges. Do not drag one part of the Rope over
another part.
The synthetic Ropes are not generally affected by mil-
dewar dry rot. They can withstand long periods of
wetting without. any noticeable loss of strength or
Abrupt bending of Rope interferes with th-e distribu- change in appearance to the Rope.
U tion of the strain on the various fibres t)1at make up

,
t
the strands. With a straight pull, a Rop€\will give 100
per cent efficiency; tie a knot in the same Rope and
you weaken it approximately 50 per cent.

CHEMICAL INJURY:
~ Great care should be taken to prevent a Rope from
coming in contact with acid, as any exposure to acid
will shorten its service. Keep a Rope out of reach of
r animals.
Most of the synthetics will withstand corrosive chem-
~
icals better than natural fibre Ropes, however, it is

E 64 65
 ~ .,
g~g~ggggo~8gg8g88oggogg
o i) '.,

1--+----------------------i i~I";i
o
M
_ _ NN~WroOg~~-~,.....O,.....~gNN~M~
....:....:....: "":NNNMM ~-..ntDr-:a:i me ! N
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E '3
E ::J 0
~
~ I! 'B to
00
o ~Rg~~g~g~g~~g8o~~g8ggo8
_ _ NM~mN~ro-~m~ro~NM~OONW~,..... .,>
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::::l
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--- ......
~
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~~
b ~
~N ~"""~i
,... Z
00
0_ ~e~~~~~~g~88g~gg8°88ggo8 'i~
.
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en"
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Zu
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..... --_ .....
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a:
Zw
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en
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al
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a:,...
0-
~~
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iii
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Z
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~.S E
W .......
0",
a:: ., '"
woo 0
en CO
u. - 0
j~ <I:

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00 X ~gggg8g82ggg88g8gggggg8 c:
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.
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.., g~g~ggggg~8g88g88gggogg
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--------NNNNN .,
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z

POLYESTER ROPE
Rules of thumb for new ropes when
load tables are not available. - Change the rope diameter into eighths of an
Inch.
MANILA ROPE - Square the numerator and multiply by 60.
- Change the rope dIameter Into eighths of an Example:
Inch.
'/2 inch polyester rope = c/8 inch diameter.
- Square the numerator and multiply by 20.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 60 = 960 lb.
Example:
(al '/ 2 Inch manola rope = c/8 Inch diameter.
POLYETHYLENE ROPE
SWL = 4 x 4 x 20 = 320 lb.
(b) '/8 Inch manila rope - Change the rope diameter into eighths of an
SWL = 5 x 5 x 20 = 500 Ib inch.
(c) 1 inch manila rope = 8/8 Inch diameter. - Square the numerator and multiply by 35.
SWL = 8 x 8 x 20 = 1280 lb.
Example:
1 inch polyethylene rope = 8/8 inch diameter.
NYLON ROPE SWL = 8 x 8 x 35 = 2240 lb.
- Change the rope diameter Into eighths of an CO
Inch. CO
- Square the numerator and multiply by 60. Since rope on a job is rarely new, the rigger
will have to use jUdgment as to what value to
Example: use. If there is any doubt as to the type or
'/2 inch nylon rope = c/8 Inch diameter.
condition of the rope it should not be used at
SWL = 4 x 4 x 60 = 960 lb.
all. There can be no substitute for safety.

POLYPROPYLENE ROPE

- Change the rope diameter into eighths of an

inch.
- Square the numerator and mult,ply by 40.

Example:
'/, Inch polypropylene rope = c/ 8 Inch diameter.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 40 = 640 lb.

\
I NYLON ROPE SLINGS
,. ..... ' ... ./

POLYPROPYLENE ROPE SLINGS

Spliced Eyes in Both Ends Spliced Eyes in Both Ends

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS

I Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
Single
Vertical
Single
Choker
(Safety Factor ~ 5)

Single
Basket
2-Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
Single
Vertical
Single
Choker
(Safety Factor ~ 5)

Single
Basket
2·Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
Hitch Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined Hitch Hitch Hitch With Legs Inclined

D (Vertical

ASli09~tJ
(Vertical
Legs)
As;;og~tJ
m 3/,6
'I,
I 60
200
300
150
225
400
600
60·

350
520
Angle

280
420
45· 30·

200
300
J1I6
'I,
I 6U
150
250
110
190
300
500
60·

260
430
Angle

210
350
45· 30·

150
250
.5/ 16 500 375 1,000 870 700 500 .5/ 16 400 300 800 700 560 400

D, 3/,
'I,
9/ 16
700
1,250
1,500
525
940
1,125
1,400
2,500
3,000
1,200
2,200
2,600
1,000
1,770
2,100
700
1,250
1,500
3/,
'I,
9/ 16
500
830
960
375
620
720
1,000
1,660
1,920
860
1,400
1,700
700
1,200
1,350
500
830
960
'I, 2,000 1,500 4,000 3,500 2,800 2,000 'I, 1,300 975 2,600 2,250 1,800 1,300
3/, 2,800 2,100 5,600 4,850 4,000 2,800 3/, 1,700 1,275 3,400 2,900 2,400 1,700
3,200

I
1J/ 16 2,400 6,600 5,500 4,500 3,200 13 /16 1,900 t,425 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,900
'I, 3,800 2,850 7,600 6,600 5,400 3,800
'I, 2,200 1,650 4,400 3,800 3,100 2,200
1 4,800 3,600 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800 2,900 2,175 5,800 5,000 4,100 2,900
1
, '/15 5,500 4,125 11,000 9,500 7,800 5,500 1 1/ 16 3,000 2,250 6,000 5,200 4,200 3,000
1 'I, 6,300 4,725 12,600 10,900 8,900 6,300 1 II, 3,750 2,800 7,500 6,500 5,300 3,750
7,200 5,400 14,400 12,500 7,200
1 '/. 10,200 1 'I, 4,200 3,150 8,400 7,300 5,900 4,200

D 8,200 6,150 14,200

1 .5/, I 16,400 11,600 8,200 1 .5/ 16 4,400 3,300 8,800 7,600 6,200 4,400
1 'I, 10,200 7,650 20,400 17,700 14,400 10,200
1 'I, 6,000 4,500 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000
1 'I, 12,400 9,300 24,800 21,500 17,500 12,400
1 'II 7,300 5,500 14,600 12,600 10,300 7,300
1 3/, 15,000 11,250 30,000 26,000 21,200 15,000 1 3/, 8,700 6,500 17,400 15,100 12,300 8,700
2 17,900 13,400 35,800 31,000 25,300 17,900 10,400 7,800 20,800 18,000 14,700 10,400
2
2 Il a 20,200 15,150 40,400 35,000 28,600 20,200
2 'I, 11,500 8,600 23,000 19,900 16,300 11,500

G 2 If"
2
2
'I,
'I,
23,800
26,600
30,700
17,850
20,000
23,000
47,600
53,200
61,400
41,200
46,100
53,200
33,700
37,600
43,400
23,800
26,600
30,700
2 'I,
2 'I,
2 'I,
13,200
15,100
17,000
9,900
11,300
12,750
26,400
30,200
34,000
22,900
26,200
29,400
18,700
21,400
24,000
13,200
15,100
17,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above If used with Choker Hitch multiply above

G ..',"b,_,. ~. values by 3/"

0::::::: .::::.::::::-, (-i~

.... _......... . __ . . ..... -.

D . (''--) cJ!:::J
,~"" '
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above

.-, -. Y·'.J
.."" b, ,
,."-." ...
cJ!:::J
For Double Basket Hitch mUltiply above

.......... _................

,., <'.
~
',~-,.", ("'-e') ....... _....._.._. ......_...)
Note: For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Multiply Above Values by 2. Nole: For Safe Working Loads' of Endl... or Grommet Slings, MUltiply Abov. Values by 2.

D NYLON IS SELDOM USED IN RIGGING NOW - DUE TO

ITS EXCESSIVE STRETCH UNDER LOAD,
POLYPROPYLENE IS THE MOST COMMON ROPE USED
FOR RIGGING NOW.

~
B 68 69
 POLYESTER ROPE SLINGS
,_
- NYLON WEB SLINGS
(8000 Iblin Material)
Spliced Eyes In Both Ends

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS (SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
(Safety Factor a 5) (Eye & Eye, Twisted Eye, Triangle Fittings, Choker Fittings)
Rope Web
Width Single Single Single 2·Leg Bridle Hitch
Diameter Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hitchot
(Inches) Vertical Choker Basket & Single Basket Hitch
(Inches) Vertical Choker Basket & Single Basket Hit ,1

ij(~::~':e
Hitch Hitch With Legs Incline'l Hitch Hitch Hitch
Hitch
(Vertical
(Vertical

As,,"g~€J
Legs)

I 60 1U
. Angle

60'
Angle

45' 30'
~ 60' 45' 30'

1 1,600 1,200 3,200 2,770 2,260 1,600

JJ 16 200 150 400 350 280 200
3,200 2,400 6,400 5,550 4,520 3,200
'I, 300 225 600 520 420 300 2
3 4,800 3,600 9,600 8,300 6,800 4,800
5/ 16 500 375 1,000 870 700 500
11,100 9,050 6,400
'I, 700 525 1,400 1,200 1,000 700
1,200
4 6,400
8.000
4,800
6,000
12,800
16,000 13,850 11,300 8,000
'I, 1,200 900 2,400 2,100 1,700 5
9,600 7,200 19,200 16,600 13,600 9,600
9/ 16 1,500 1,125 3,000 2,600 2,100 1,500 6
11,200 8,400 22,400 19,400 15,800 11,200
'I, 1,900 1,425 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,900 7
25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800
'I, 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400 6 12,800
14,400
9,600
10,800 28,800 25,000 20,400 14,400
lJ/ 16 2,950 2,200 5,900 5,100 4,200 2,950 9
12,000 32,000 27,700 22,600 16,000
'I, 3,400 2,550 6,800 5,900 4,800 3,400 10 16.000
17,600 13,200 35,200 30,500 24,900 17,600
1 4,200 ' 3,150 8,400 7,300 5,900 4,200 11
12 19,200 14,400 36,400 33,300 27,200 19,200
1 '/16 4,900 3,675 9,800 8,500 6,900 4,900
1'I, 5,600 4,200 11,200 9,700 7,900 5,600
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
1 'I,
,
1
5/ 16
1/ 2
6,300
7,100
8,900
4,725
5,325
6,675
12,600
14,200
17,800
10,900
12,300
15,400
8,900
10,000
12,600
6,300
7,100
8,900
",",,,,,. ~,
1'I, 10,800 8,100 21,600 18,700 15,300 10,800
1'I, 12,900 9,675 25,800 22,300 18,200 12,900
(~i.·.·. ....~~~~~..._.:~~~~. ~'.'_')
2 15,200 11,400 30,400 26,300 21,500 15,200
2 'I, 17,400 13,050 34,800 30,100 24,600 17,400 For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
2 1/. 20,400 15,300 40,800 35,300 28,800 20,400
2 'I, 23,200 17,400 46,400 40,200 32,800 23,200 "'""b,2 '~~
2 'I, 26,000 19,500 52,000 45,000 36,800
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 'I,.
26,000

:' .
.~
it···
. . _.. . ... - _.... -.- ..
';

-6);.
~ ..~........ .......
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
.......
Note: For Sale Working Loadl 01 Endle.. or Grommet Slingl, Multiply Abov. Velull by 2,

.()jj
values by 2.

..... ............. ......•

Not.: For Sal. Working Lo.dl 01 Endl... or Gromm.t Slingl, MUltiply Abov. V.lutl by 2,

70 71
 "
I DACRON WEB SLINGS
(5000 Ib/in Material)
SPLICING
"
~ Web
Width
(Inches)
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS (SAFETY FACTOR = 5)

Single
Vertical
(Eye & Eye, Twisted Eye, Triangle Fittings, Choker Fittings)

Single
Choker
Single
Basket
2-Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
With Legs Inclined
SYNTHETIC ROPES
Hitch Hitch Hitch
In splicing Nylon or Polypropylene the same
B (Vertical
Legs)
~g,;"g~ general direction for splicing Manila can

[
1
~
1,000
! U
750 2,000
~

60'

1.730
I- ~ Angle

45'

1,400
30'

1,000
be followed, but a few extra precautions
should be taken owing to the large number
of filaments in each yarn and the smooth
2 2,000 1,500 4,000 3,460 2,830 2,000
surface of the strands.
[ 3
4
5
3,000
4,000
5,000
2,250
3,000
3,750
6,000
8,000
10,000
5,200
6,950
8,660
4,250
5,650
7,070
3,000
4,000
5,000
The working ends of each strand should be
6 6,000 4,500 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,000
7 7,000
8,000
5,250
6,000
14,000
16,000
12,100
13,850
9,900
11,300
7,000
8,000
well taped in several places, so that the
[
8
9
10
9,000
10,000
6,750 18,000
20,000
15,600
17,350
12,700
14,100
9,000
10,000
strand will maintain its original form. In
7,500
11 11,000 8,250 22,000 19,100 15,500 11,000 splicing always add two extra tucks.
12 12.000 9,000 24,000 20,800 17,000 12,000

u If used with Choker Hitch multiply above

"'",b".
..
./
~ .
.

[ (:i.·.~·.~:::~·. .·.: ..: The Guessing Game is no game for those in

the Rigging Game.

',11\..
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
AUTHOR

~ ..,"" b,

[: Note: For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Muillply Above Values by 2.

E
c
[J
[ 72 73
I A
.J

SHORT SPLICE
D o Used whEre it is not necessary for the spliced rope to pass through a
pulley block, the Short Splice provides maximum strength since it is
nearly as strong as the rope. The diameter of the rope is almost
doubled at the point of joining, making this splice too bulky for
pulley work.
D B
1. To make a Short Splice, the first step is to unlay the strands at
one end of each rope for 6 or 8 turns. The ends of the strands
should be whipped to prevent their untwisting, and brought to-

o o 2.
gether so that each strand of one rope alternates with a strand of
the other rope. This can be seen in Fig. 1.
Now bring the ends tightly together and apply a temporary seiling
where they join, as shown in Fig. 2.
3. Next, take anyone strand and begin tucking, the sequence being
D (
over one and under one. Fig. 3 shows how Strand A is passed over
the strand nearest to it, which is Strand D, and then under the
next strand, Strand E.

G 9
4. Rotate the splice away from you one-third of a turn and make the
second tuck, shown in Fig. 4. Strand B is passed over Strand E
and then under Strand F.

n
5. Before making the third tuck, rotate the splice again one-third of
a turn away from you. Strand C is then passed over Strand F, and
A under the next one, Strand D. The splice now appears as in Fig. 5.
~ 6. This completes the first round of tucks in the left hand half of
D the splice. Each strand should now be tucked at least twice more,
B

u A always over one and under one as before, making sure that each
strand lies snug and with no kinks.

o
7. To finish the splice, reverse the rope end for end so that strands
D, E and F are now at the left instead of the right (in the same

u position of strands A, Band C in the illustrations) and repeat the

tucking operation on their side of the rope. Each of the six strands
will now have had at least three tucks. A tapered splice is made
by taking two more tucks with each strand, cutting away some of

c B
the threads from each strand before each extra tuck.
8. When tucking is finished, remove the centre seiling and cut off
the ends of all strands, leaving at least 3;4" on each end. To give
a smooth appearance, roll the splice back and forth, either under·
your foot or between two boards. The completed Short Splice
[J o (hould look something like Fig. 6.

[ (

£: o -~~~~~~ - .. '-

[ 74 75
 I o
,
"'-J

LONG SPLICE
The Long Splice is used for puliey work since it permits the ropes that
have been sp~ced to be run through sheave blocks without jamming
J or chafing. Unlike the Short Splice, the diameter of the spliced rope
is increased very slightly.
" 1. To make this splice, begin by un laying one strand of each rope for
10 or 15 turns, and whip the ends of each strand to prevent
'J untwisting. Then lock the two ropes together by alternating the
strands from each end, as shown in Fig. 7.

[ 2. Starting at one end, take an opposite pair of strands, A and B,

and unlay Strand A. Follow it with Strand B, turn by turn, con-
e
tinuing until only a foot or less of Strand B remains. Kei:p Strand

L
B tight during this step and pull it down firmly intoj.:itr.and A's
former place. Repeat this operation with strands C ana D. Strand
o is un laid and Strand C is laid in its place. Fig. 's shows the
splice at this stage.
o
3. Now each pair of strands is tied loosely together with a simple
overhand knot, as indicated by strands A and B in Fig. 9. Each c
L 4.
knot is then pulled down into the rope like strands C and D.
Each strand is now tucked twice, over and under, as done in
making tlie Short Splice. Fig. 10 shows strands C and 0 after
o
tucking. If a smaller diameter splice is desired, tapering can be
I'll done by tucking each strand twice more, cutting away some of the
[ th~eads for each additional tuck .
.;
5. When tucking is finished, cut all strands off close to the rope and
roll the splice on the floor under your foot to smooth it out. The
completed Long Splice is shown in Fig. 11.
o
[]
[
[ ( CID
[
[j
F
c (D ~

[J 76 77
 EYE OR SIDE ~ LICE The Side plice is also called the Eye Splice because
it is used to form an eye or loop in the end of a rope.
by splicing the end back into ih own side. This splice
is made like the Short Splice except that only one
rope is used.
1. Start by seizing the working end of the rope.
Unlay the three strands, A, Band C, to the seiz-
ing and whip the end of each strand. Then twist
the rope slightly to open up strands 0, E and F
of the standing part of the rope, as indicated in
Fig. 12.
2. The first tuck is shown in Fig. 13. The middle
strand is always tucked first, so Strand B is tucked
D under Strand E, the middle strand of the standing
part.

o 3. The second tuck is now made, as shown In Fig.

14. Left Strand A of the working end is tucked
under Strand 0, passing over Strand E.
4. Fig. 15 shows how the third tuck is made. In
o order to make Strand F easy to get at, the rope
is turned over. Strand C now appears on the left
side.

u 5. Strand C is then passed to the right of and·

tucked under Strand F, as shown in Fig. 16. This
completes the first round of tucks.
6. Fig. 17 shows the second round of tucks started,
with the rope reversed again for ease in handling.
Strand B is passed over Strand 0 and tucked under
the next strand to the left. Continue with strands
[ A and C, tucking over one strand and then under
one to the left. To complete the splice, tuck
each strand once more.
7. The finished Eye Splice is shown In Fig. 18.
[ Remove the temporary seizing and cut off the
strand .ends, leaving at least 1/2 on each end.
/1

Roll the splice back and forth under your foot·

[ to even up and smooth out the strands.

[
c 78
/
79
 en
e
C1l
en
~
QI
C a.
~
~ 'S ~
o
o en
CD
o ll'I C1l
o It) CO

I---------+---------+----------j~
-QI
'0
...o
en

i~
o
e
.:.:.
::J
o
~ ~
.c
o 0
~
CD ll'I
C1l
I---------+---------+----------ja.
e
o
.c
-::.c
01-
~ e Ol
:I:
00 ale
-~
C
-.o..
Q)
QI ... :11:: .cen

U
>
o
111_
:::l
C1"GI
(/)a:
QI
.c.
(/)
"S-
O
(D
01
.-
roo
... 0
--
0

L..- L- "-- ----'oCi5~

CROWN KNOT (BACK SPLICE)

( I The sale purpose of the crown knot (back

splice) is to keep the strands at the end of a
rope from unraveling. The one drawback is that
it won't fit through a sheave.
Unlay the strands, as shown in illustration, and
lay strand A over the centre of the rope, then o
CD
bring B down over A, finally bring C down over
B and through the bight of A.
Pull the strands tight, then tuck each one by
passing it over the second strand in the rope
and under the third. There should be three
tucks in each strand when using natural fibre
rope and five tucks when using synthetic fibre
rope. Trim the ends after completing the tucks.
(3)

.....
r.---,
 FIGURE EIGHT KNv I MBER HITCH
Can be tied simply and quickly. Used in the end of a rope
to temporarily prevent the strands from unlaying.
(fig. 3a)
Does not jam as easily as the overhand knot and is there·
fore useful to prevent the end of a rope from slipping
through a block or an eye.

o Very useful for hoisting planks, timbers and pipe. Holds

without slipping and does not jam. A half hitch is added in
(fig. 3a) this is done to keep a plank or length of pipe on
end, while lifting.

BLACKWALL HITCH
REEF KNOT o
Also known as the square knot. Used to join two ropes NOTE:
or lines of the same size. Holds firmly and is easily untied.
NOT RECOMMENDED
FOR LIFTING LOADS

Handy to secure a rope temporarily to a hook for hoisting.

Used exclusively for light loads and safe only when the
tension is not allowed to slacken.

82 83
 /

I BOWLINE ON THl BIGHT CLOVE HITCH

I This knot
a building
is used in emergency to lift an injured man off
or out of a hole, this is done by sitting in one
Also known as builder's hitch because of its wide use by
construction workers in fastening rope to upright posts
loop, and putting the other loop around the back and

I under the arms. Also to tie bowline in middle of line. on staging to act as a rail, or safety line. Another common
use is for making a line fast.

~
~
D
CATSPAW
D Useful to secure the middle of a rope to a hook. To make,
take two bigllts (loops) in the rope and twist in opposite
[ directions. Then bring the loops together and pass over
hook.
SHEEPSHANK
~ Used for shortening a rope. The method shown is espe-
cially useful where tile ends of the rope are not free as it
can be employed in the center of a tied rope. Anotller
E use is for taking the strain off a damaged piece of rope
when there is not time to immediately replace wi til sound
rope. More secure when seized as shown.
U
~
D
~
IJ 84 85
 SLIPPERY eLO E HITCH SPANISH BOWLINE·
Quick and easy knot to tie. Used for lifting light loads. ~ EMERGENCY RESCUE HITCH.

@ ~X

ROLLING HITCH
This knot is used for lifting round loads, such as pipe or
bar steel. Add half hitch, short end around long end for
more efficient knot.

Short

CD

88 89
 0
D>
::J
cr
CD

3
D>

~
\ I
,..,--;-r-r--,.... 0-
'-<.',
- XI
,_.-1 -
------- I

~~~~...:=-
..J. - !- _ \ '
- ---=-,---\.....
CD
0
\ ::T
-------- 0
XI
....m
0-
cr
co
..,
D>
..,
o CD
::J:
CIl
::T
0.., -
d
\ I

'- - ----- N·
0
~
~_
>- - -

--.:::::::.=.:::--
_'-1 -r
::J
~
-<
::J:
..,
0
<
CD
;:;.
()
D>
':<

SCAFFOLD HITCHES
The diagrams below are self explanatory. These hitches are used for fastening single scaf-
fold planks and needle beams, to hang level. Scaffold ropes should be 1" manila or equiv-
alent.

THE HITCH

~
RECOMMENDED _'2JA
Self-Centering
Bowline

Self-Centering
Bowline

C 0
 HOW TO PUT A WHIP.,. NG SAFE LOADS FOR TIMBER
ON A ROPE PLANKS
The end of a rope should always be bound
or whipped to prevent it from fraying or
DOUGLAS FIR "STRUCTURAL PLAN KS" ESPECIALLY
becoming unloid. Whippings are usually SUITED FOR SCAFFOLDS
mode with a strong twine and the length Surfaced Lumber Graded for 1900 psi Bending Stress
should be approximately equal to the Suggested Maximum Loads in Pounds Concentrated at Center of Span
diameter of the rope on which it is used.

Plank span ill feel

Size in inches
4 G 8 10 1:.1 14 IG 18

The above illustration shows a simple 1"," x 7~ ..•.•...•.....• 5~~ 348 2(j:!
I~ x U\1 ............... G02 HI 330 2fi-t
method of whipping a rope. It is mode by I ~, x II~ .... - ... --_. RIXI .'):]·1 400 3~O 207
I), x 13~~ .............. \l'W Ij:'W 470 :171; :11:1
Ia.ying a loop along the rope and then 2)' x U\1 ........ ' " ' ' ' ' 1.7:l0 1.1.';0 81i5 1;\12 57G 4!H
2~' x 11\1 .............. ~,0Il2 1.39.'; 1,04G 8-17 li97 598 ,12:1
taking a series of turns over the loop. The .-71
)~ ,
x 13\1 .............. 2,451j 1,li37 1,230 982 819 702 lil4 5~:,

working end is finally brought up through

this loop and hauled out of sight by pulling
on the other end. Both ends are then
trimmed. DOUGLAS FIR "SELECTED LUMBER" FOR ORDINARY
SCAFFOLD PLANK SERVICE
Surfaced Lumber Graded for 1500 psi Bending Streaa
Suggested Maximum Load. in Pounds Concentrated at Center of Span

[ Bize in iochee
Plunk span in feel

Another method, also very simple, is shown

above. Lay one end of the twine on the rope
• G 8 10 12 14 1G 18

D and take several turns aver it, then haul

I;c. x 7\1 ...............
IV. x 9}i ...............
IV.Ill}i ..............
413
523
033
275
349
422
200
2GI
311i
209
253 21 I
taut . Toke the other end of the twine, loy IV.I )J}) .............. 743 495 371 297 247
2V. I 9~ ............... 1,300 910 682 54G 4.H 3110
[ it on the rope as shown and take several
additional turns over it with the loop that
2V. I IHi ..............
2V. I 13~ ..............
1,04,;
1,93G
1,097
1,290
82:1
9G8
1,.18
774
549
G45
470
553
411
484 430

is formed. Now pull the end tight. To finish

[ it off, the ends can be trimmed close to the

whipping or tied together with a Reef Knot.

[ 92 93
 ·UM04 S SdZ!S 1dpUn ",X p~}JEJlns s~UEId uo pdSEq;}lE udA!l1 SPBOI ~JES
·SPEOl JIqEMoIlE dAoqE d41 01 ~~)01 ppE uoqlpUOJ SSEIJ 1S1U U! S){UEfd
"u0!1!PUOJ SSEIJ 1S1U U! S){UEId dJn1ds 10 1y 10J d1E SPBOI dAoqB d41.
·uEds d41 JO 1dlUdJ d411B Pd1B11UdJUOJ spunod U! d1E U;}A!1j SPBOI d41.

062 OS£ O£v O<'S OS9 0f'8 Sf'TT OvLT vI x £

00£ OL£ Svv SSS OZL 086 S6rI II x £
SO£ OL£ S9V 009 0<::8 SvZl OI x £
S91 Oll S82 06£ 009 21 x l
081 S£2 Sz.£ OOS 01 x l
061 092 OOr 8 x l
SS 06 01 x 1
£r ZL 8 x 1
££ vS 9 x 1

·s81 NI avol 33VS

~d4:>UI

81 91 f:I II or 8 9 V UI
;>zlS

"1Jdd Ul uEdS

H38WIl

~~~g8~SS~~~~
M ~ r-- 0 ...... " ':"1 Ql M 0
"':"':M"':Oe-i.c=-

..
..:
.. ...
~ ::
c::
:r.
o C
Ul
o ••
'" «a: ••
Z •~
~~ ;: .:
~ :J I-
o .
c
;;
~ I 0 :::;
o (/) z - ..
E
~,

U Z I ~ <Xl
Z ~ a: -
YloJUl
Q 0 en
I
:Ii
§§~~~~~~ ~~ §§ ~§~~i~~~§~=~~
"':"':C'4-ri c...:." ""0.-
~~~;1?;::8~ ~-~ ~~
oo 0 :l:: - - --
Ul 3 _ ao
00
~ a:
« §~~~§§~~ §~
:J
a ~~;;;:;;i;:;.~~: ~~
(/)

~§~~~~~~
~=::=:7l""':': . .")
G

'"
U)

\
.....
IF-:' .-~
........
r. -.-- --7!l r
-...-
o- ••• '!l
,---
TIMBER
.Safe Loads on Timber Used as Beams
Vert. [I Hor. c:::J
Span in Feet
Size
In Position 4 I 6 i 8 10 12 14 I 16 18 20 24
Inches SAFE LOAD IN LBS.
2X 4 Hor. 130 I 90
200 I 650
4x 4 990 480 380 310 260 220
4x 6 Hor. 1530 1010 750 590 480 400 340
6x 6 34Ll·O 2290 1700 1340 I 1110 930 800 690 610
6x 8 Hor. 4700 3120 2320 1830 I 1510 1270 1090 950 830
Gx 8 Vert. 6430 4260 3180 2520 2080 1760 1520 1330 1170 940
8x 8 6690 6660 4330 3440 2840 I 2400 2070 1810 1600 1280
8 x 12 Vert. 10250 10200 10160 8150 6740 5730 4970 4370 3890 3160
8 x 14 Vert. 12050 12000 11940 11260 9320 7940 6890 6070 5410 4410
8 x 16 Vert. 13820 13760 13690 13630 12310 10500 9130 8040 7180 5870
10 x 10 10740 10690 10640 7020 5800 4930 4270 3740 3320 2680
10 x 12 Vert. 12960 12900 112840 10320 8540 I 7260 6300 5540 4.930 4000
10 x 14 Vert. 15220 15150 15080 14280 11810 10050 8730 7690· 6860 5590
12 x 12 15690 15620 15550 12490 I 10340 8790 7630 6710 5970 4840
12 x 14 Vert. 18430 18340 18260 17240 14300 12170 10570 9310 8300 6760
12 x 16 Vert. 21170 21070 20970 20880 18870 i 16090 14000 12330 11020 9000
14 x 14 21630 21520 21420 21320 16780 114290 12410 10930 9750 7940
The loads gIven are In pounds concentrated at the center of the span.
The above allowable loads are for fir or spruce timber in first class condition.
For yellow pine beams in first class condition add 10% to the above allowable loads.
Most yellow pine timber now available is short-leaf. Inspect carefully for cross-grain.
If badly cross-grained reduce above safe loads accordingly.
All loads given are based on surfaced timber.

TIMBER
Safe Loads on Timber Columns, Post~ or Braces
-t.

Size Length of Column in Feet

in 8 10 12 I 14 I 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 I 60
Inches
SAFE LOAD IN TONS
B .......... ..........1
4x 4
-

4.7 4.01 ........... .......... .......... .......... I I

A - - - -- . - --
6x 6 13.4 12.2 11.0 9.8 8.6 7.5 ~ 6.3
8x
10 x
12 x
8 27.3 25.6
10 45.9 43.9
12 69.4 67.0
24.0
41.9
64.5
22.4
39.8
61.9
20.8
37.7
59.4
19.2
35.7
57.0
"T7·.·S· T:fs' L..~. ~.I,
j
33.6 28.5 23.4 : 18.2 13.1
54.5 48~3 42.1 ··35:9····2~ri· 23.4 17.2
I CD
m

14 x 14 97.7 I 94.8 91.8 89.0 86.0 83.1 80.2 72.9 65.5158.3151.1 43'.'1'136.5121.9
The above loads are based on yellow pine or fir timber in first class condition.
Safe load on ~Jood column is frequently limited by bearing on cap or sill.
Loads below lIne .A can only be permitted if the end grain of post rests on steel beam vr slab.
Loads betw~en lInes A & B can only be permitted if the load is transferred in and out
of post by bean.ng on oak <?r similar pedestal or corbel, to distribute the load over a greater
area of yellow pIne cap or sdl. .
~ermissible pressure across the grain of yellow pine is 400 lbs. per square inch and for
oak IS 750 lbs. per square inch.
Most yellow pine now available is short-leaf. Inspect carefully for cross-grain. If badly
cross-graIned. reduce above safe loads accordingly.

.. .......
E"" ':jl
.-....-
1;'... ~

......
r::'i2!
 -
THE PROCEDURE FOR SETTI!fCi UP PART OF A MOBILE CRANE
JIB

I AND WORKING A MOBILE ~ CRANE

GANTRY

E Set on ground as near level and as close to the Load as

possible. Check for soft spots, also for high tension wires
and always stay as far away from them as possible. Pull
out the Outriggers and block up securely witll the Crane
Ov I~
JIB LINES

cJ!
as near level as possible.
In the case of near maximum loads, make sure of tile
exact weight. It is the duty of the Rigger to be thorougilly
familiar with the Crane's capacity chart and never exceed
tile safe working loads.
Mal,e sure" the load is slung correctly and see that the
Chokers, Shackles, and all equipment" used for lifting is of
sufficient size and strength to maintain the proper safety
factors.
()! BOOM LINE
MAIN LINE

(PENNENTS)
When the load is properly slung, the foreman shall have
WHIP LINE
tile operator float the load just clear of the ground, to -+
check the gear clear under load and to give the operator
a chance to get the feel of it, and to satisfy himself that
he can comfortably handle the load. YOKE
SPLICE
Only one man in tile gang shall give signals. (Make sure
all signals are given clearly and correctly.) In some cases TOPPIN
where tile operator cannot see the signal man, another
man shall be stationed where he can see both the signal HEAOACHE
man and the operator and relay the signals to the operator. CAB
BALL •
All gear should be inspected daily and any that is found
COUNTER
to be faulty should be discarded immediately.
WEIGHT
1.1 A I II LOA 0 BL0 CK
In Ilandling loads, all safety rules shall be followed ex·
plicitly. Work safely at all times.

\1 ...- - - - - R A 0 IUS ------.I

98 99
 /'
-.
I LEVELLING THE C ~NE TE~ "seOPING BOOMS
I e e
I
I SHORTEN BOOM EXTEND BOOM

~
~
I-
I HORN SIGNALS FOR
TRAVELLING
Crane Levelling With a Level
AND MOBILE CRANES
and as a warning for travel direction
After initial levelling with the carpenter's level, for Crawler Machines
raise the boom and lower the load line. The line
should lie dead in the centre of the boom in all 1 BLAST- STOP
positions, end, side and corner.
2 BLASTS FORWARD
3 BLASTS BACKWARD
or REVERSE
MINIMUM ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE
The opelolion of any equipment c10stt 10 high voltogt lines than the dislonce
Ilsled below is positively prohibited.

Minimum
Voltoge Cleoronce

300'0 8700 Vol ••. 6 f•••

8700'0 15000 Vol., .. Slut

15000 10 35000 Vol •• 10 f•••

35000 10 50000 Vol ... . 12 f•• '

50000 '0 100000 Vol' •. IS fu'
Levelling With the Load Line
100000 '0 132000 Volts .. 17 f•••

THE ABOVE CLEARANCES APPLY IN ANY DIRE"tTlON,

VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL.

100 101
 /

I HELICOPTER HAND ~. 'NALS t:iCOPTER HAND SIGNALS

0
E
MOVE
MOVE HOLD- UPWARD
D RIGHT HOVER

~ Left arm extended horizontally; right The signal "Hold" is executed by plac-
Hands above arm, palms out using a
noticeable shoving motion.
Arms extended. palms up; arms
sweeping up.
arm sweeps upward to position over head. Ing arms over head with clenched fists.

I
RELEASE
C MOVE
LEFT TAKEOFF
SLING
LOAD

C
' '
Left arm held down away from body.
Arms extended. palms down; arms
Right arm cuts across left arm in a
sweeping down.
Right arm extended hOrizontally; left slashing movement from above.

I arm sweeps upward to position over head.

Right hand behind back; left hand
pointing up.

L
,.,
f';

MOVE

I FORWARD
LAND

! Combinat)on of arm and hand movement

in a collecting motion pulling toward body.
Ar~s. crossed In front of body and
pOinting downward.
Always approach or leave on the down slope side (to avoid main rotor).

I
I 104 105
 ~

I ALLOY STEEL CH", N INSPECTIO.., CARE, AND USE OF CHAIN SLINGS

D Alloy Steel chain is considerably heavier than wire rope of equal break-
I~g strength. Neve.rtheless, chain is more suitable for some applica-
To maximize life expectancy, A CONTINUAL
INSPECTION PROGRAM MUST BE
tions because It withstands rough handling, does not kink, is easily UNDERTAKEN.
I stored, has dead flexibility and, when used as a sling, grips the load
well. Also, deterioration due to stretch, interlink wear, abrasive action
or corrosion is relatively easy to detect and measure.
SLINGS AND ASSEMBLIES MUST NEVER BE
USED ABOVE THE WORKING LOAD LIMIT.
Overloading causes stretching and reduction in the
E In the past, chain had a reputation for failing under shock load. Modern
alloy chain has overcome this problem, and it can be used with con-
fidence for hoisting.
material diameter of the links. Stretched chain must
be removed from service. Refer to the charts in this
handbook for individual working load limits.
E Actual
Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
Material Inside Inside Links Pounds Working Load Do not rest load on chain.
I Trade Size
Inches I MM
7/J2 5.5
Diameter,
Inches
.218
Length,
Inches
0.69
Width.
Inches
0.30
Per
Foot
17 '/2
Per 100
Feet
43
Limit'
Pounds I
2.100
Kgs.
970
Inspect load at contact with hooks to be sure the
load is properly seated within throat opening .
9/32 7 .276 0.87 0.40 13 3/4 70 3.500 1.570 Balance the load. Unbalanced loads can put too
~ 3/8 10 394 1.22 055 10 142 7.100 3.200
til '/2 13 512 1.57 0.75 7 3/4 244 12.000 5,400
much stress on one leg of multiple chain slings.
5/8 16 .630 1.93 0.87 6'/4 356 18.100 8.200 Never bounce or jerk load when lowering or lifting.

~ 3/4
7/8
20
22
.787
866
219
245
1.09
1.22 5
5V2 563
683
28.300
34,200
12,900
15,700
Never force or hammer hooks or chain into position.
Store chain slings in a clean dry area, preferably by
1 25 1.000 2.80 1.40 4 '/. 965 47.700 21.900
hanging on racks or walls rather than placing slings
e 1'/0
t 1'/2
32
38
1.250
1.500
350
4.49
175
1,94
3'/2
2 5/8
1,525
2140
72.300
80,000
32.800
36.300 on floors where they are subject to abuse.
Never anneal alloy slings. Return sling to factory for
proper repair procedures.
L Clean chain slings regularly as dirt and grit can
cause wear at link bearing points.

C Above chain offers a design factor of a minimum of 4 to 1 when used

at recommended working load limits. This also meets NACM's new
proposed System 8 working loa~ limits, and is in line with the<jesig~
A link-by-link inspection will afford an opportunity to
discover deep gouges, distortion, spread in the
factors required by the International Standards Organizat!9n (ISO). throat opening of hooks and damage to master
L \. links and coupling links. An inspection can also
detect elongation of the legs themselves (i.e., reach)
Dimensions and weights are approximate
t Manufacturered to System 6 specifications.
and should also include a link-by-link inspection to
C ·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
uncover individual link wear.

[ 106 107
 /'

I LINK DAMAC:. LI~ --'STRETCH AND BEND

!!!
I
d

~ Li nks tend to
close up and
elongate
D
C New Link Stretched Link

~'.
~ Extreme wear
f M"""
length of
&
l]eomeasure
same number
of link,

at bearing surfaces
D
When new - gauge Re-measure the same section after use

E
' '
a length of the chain. to determine the amount of stretch.

[
Bend

C
."
",

L Measure the
remaining material
Link wear - using calipers, measure the reduced diameter at the point Elongated, stretched, bent or twisted links - compare a length of
C of maximum wear. Replace the chain if the reduction is more than
10 per cent.
chain with the same number or links as a new chain. If stretch ex-
ceeds 3 per cent replace the chain.

C 108 109
 ...

Single Types: ~ nd C
Basic Types of Chain Slings
BasIc Iypes of chain slings are deslgnaled
throughoul Ihe Industry by the following symbols. 0----<
First Symbol (Basic Type)
S Single Chain Sling With masler link and hook. or
hOOk each end.
C Single Choker Chain Sling wllh master link each
end No hooks.
o Double Chain Sling Wllh standard maSler link
and hooks.

I T
o
Tflple Chain Sling Wllh standard maSler link and
hooks.
Quadruple Chain Sling wllh standard master link
and hooks.
Second Symbol (Type of master link or
end link)
o Standard Oblong Masler Link-Recommended
slandard for all Iypes.
P Pear Shaped Masler Link-Available on request.

I R Master Rlng-NOI recommended. Available on

special quolat,on only.
Tlwd Symbol (Type of Hooks) Iype co Type SOS Typp' SOG Type SSG Type SSS Type SOF

S ~llng Hook Type ros

G Grab Hook
F Foundry Hook s
Specifications and Working Load Limits
How to Order Chain Slings Master
Oblong Link Oblong Link, Inches
,. Delermlne Ihe maximum load to be lifted by the
chain sling you are ordenng.
Nominal Working Load
2 Choose the proper type of chain sling (single. Chain Size Limit'
double. elc.) which the size. shape and welghl 01 Size Inside Inside
the load dictate. ~ Inches I MM Material Width Length Pounds I Kgs.
3 Est,male Ihe approximate angle to the load In
WhiCh the legs of Ihe sling will be posilioned lor
operation.
J
f3
9h'2
:l/fl
7
10
'/2
3/4
2'/'2
3
5
6
3.500
7.100
1.570
3.200
4 Select Ihe proper attachments for your chain fj
sling
J Sling Hook '/2 13 1 4 8 12.000 5.400
5 Determine the overall reach from beaflng point 5/8 16 1 4 8 18.100 8.200
on master link 10 bearing point on attachment
6 Refer to Ihe Working Load Limit Chart and to :1/4 20 1 1/4 4 8 28.300 12.900
your pre·delermlned angle of Ihe Iype sling you
have selected. '/8 22 1 '/2 5'/4 10'/2 34.200 15.700
7 Choose the chain sIze which meels your 12 47.700 21.900
requlfements.
1 26 13/4 6
8 When enleflng your order be sure you give 1 1/4 32 2 7 14 72.300 32.800
complele InformatIon as to the sIze. reaCh and
attachments reqUIred. / t 1'12 38 2 7 14 80.000 36.300
Note: Angle to the load on multiple leg slings will be
( 60° or greater as long as the distance between
lifting eyes of load IS NOT greater than reach shown
Load \,

·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.

on Idenlilicalion Tag

[ 110 111
 "
I'
I Double Type: D Triple Type: T

Type DOS Type DOG Type DOF Type TOS Type TOG

Specil,callons and Working Load Liml:s

Specifications and Working Load Limits
Working Load Limil'

I I
Oblong Masler Link. Inches td· ~ 6
lO'

0bl0nQ Maa\er Link. Inchn

~
Working Loed Umit'

~
4~'

~
JIJ'

Cha,n S,ze
Inches I MM
9JJ2 7
Nominal
Size
Malerial
'I>
Inside
Width
2'1>
Inside
Length
5
Double at 50'
Pounds I Kgs.
6.100 2.700
Double al 45'
Pounds I Kg•.
4.900 2.200
Double at 30'
Pounds T Kgs.
3.500 1.570
Chain SiZI
Inc,," I 101M
~i~1
Sill
Matarial
Inlida
WIdIh
I Inlida
LIOlIlh
T,iDIe II eo'
Poundl I Kge.
T,ioIe at 45'
~I Kat.
T,ioIe at 30'
PoundI I KaI.
.lIe 10 )/. 3 6 12.300 5.500 10.000 4.500 7.100 3.200' 9/32 7 3/. 3 6 9.100 4.100 7.400 3.300 5.200 2.400
'I, 13 1 4 8 20.800 9.400 17.000 7.600 12.000 5.400 3(. 10 1 4 8 18.400 8,300 15.100 6.600 10.600 4,800
'1. 16 1'/. 4 8 31.300 14.200 25.600 11.600 18.100 8.200 '/2 13 1'/. 4 8 31.200 14,000 25.500 11.500 18.000 8.100
)/. 20 1 '/2 5'/. 10'/, 49.000 22.300 40.000 18.200 28.300 12.900 "I. 16 1'/2 5'/. 10'/2 47,000 21.300 38.400 17.400 27.100 12.300
'I. 22 PI. 6 12 59.200 27.200 48.400 22.200 34.200 15.700 3/. 20 PI. 6 12 73.500 33.500 60.000 27,400 42.400 19.300
1 26 2 7 14 82.600 37.900 67.400 31.000 47.700 21.900 '1. 22 2 7 14 68,900 40,800 72.500 33.300 51,300 23.500
1'/. 32 2'/. 8 16 125.200 56.800 102.200 46.400 72.300 32.800 1 26 2'/. 8 16 123.900 56.900 101.200 46.500 71.500 32.800
t 1'I, 38 2)/. 9 16 138.600 62.900 113.100 51.300 80.000 36.300 1'I. 32 231. 9 16 187.800 85.200 153.400 69.600 108.400 49.200

• Warning: 00 not exceed Working Load Limit. 'Warning: 00 not exceed Working Load Limit.

112 113
 t'

D Quadruple Type: Q
GO\..uand Bad Rigging Practices
Railroad cars should not be moved by crane unless snatch
blocks and ropes are properly rigged 80 that the crane is pulling
m straight up.

D
C
D
D
Type OOS Type GOG . Correct Way to Move Railroad Car with Crane
G SpeCllicallons and Working Load Limits

SpeClllcalions and Working Load limits

C Wgrlung L~ limit"

~QM . . t.'
Link. Inche, t

~.n~:1
MUll' CouplIng

I
lin.... Inch••
~~:' ~ J'S.,.-
..
(j:J
~ e",'n S'U
Inc_ ......
~.no:1
SIze
MIllnl1
In.1OI
Wl<fIh
I In.,de
LinDt"
SIlt
M,le"11
ABC
In,lde
W~"
Inalo-
LtngH'l
Quad II 50'
Pounds Kg.
Quad II 45'
Pounda Kas
Quad II JO'
Poundl'l Kas
2"1, 4100 7400 J300 5.200 2.400
9(,., 7 'I. J 6 'J.' 1 1, .. 9100
. ... \0
13
1
,'/.
4
4
8
8 1
:'ft,' 1"1,
3
2'/"
5
18400
J1200
8.300
14.000
\5.100
25.500
6.800
11.500
10600
18.000
4.800
8.100
;lj" '"
'I, \6 1'1;, 5'/, 10" .. I',. 4 5 47000 21.300 38.400 17.400 27.100 12.300

'I
U ~. 20
22 2
III. 6
7
12
14
1'I:
1'1.
4
4
6
6
73500
88900
3J.500
40.800
60.000
72.500
2/400
J3.JOO
42400 19.300
51.300 . 23.500
',',:1 ,'" ?6 '2'1. 8 16 I",,. 5 7 \2J.9OO 56.900 101.200 46500 7' 500 J2.800
'. 2 1,. 9 2'1... 6 9 187800 85200 153.400 69600 108 400 49.200 RIGHT WRONG
fl
.~ 1"_ 32 '6
'1
"

,.," ·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.

[
[J Center Crane Over Load Before Lifting

114 115
l.J /
 Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Navar Wrap a Ropa Around a Hook C hack on Sling Angle
r-----..::.----=--------~

NO!

If L is greater than
S then sling angle is OK.

Do Not Parmlt Bending Naar Any Splice or Attachad FItting

SEVERE BENDING

Good and Bad Rigging Practices

<0
T"""
T"""

00 Nol u •• $ct•• ~ Sheelil", It Itl. P'ln c_n "011 Under

[CC",trk: $tucltle Loltd'
t.oed eftd Un-.c,...

"_''',_llC. Good
P.c. , 0'"
eIIC •

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'''9'' - ,o.• .. q~
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'0 l.
v ...·,
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' ••,,'. , ....
,
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Wh.". t 2 or more rope••r. to be>
P1ecltd 0 , . Hook - UI•• Shackle U•• Tag Un•• to Control All Loltd.
r---~~=____==:_=_----___,

0>
.....
.....
Secure All Unused Sling Leg.

Yes
'\
I

Sl!Cure un-used
5hng legs

- -. " - - ----.--_._. -- .. _-------------------_._--.

Good and Bad Rigging Practices

B.'or. Being Unhooked An Load' Mu.t Be S.fely landed load and Secure All Mat.rlal. eo •• to Pr.....nt Any
and Property 8k»ek~ Movemant or Po ••lbUity of Olakxigement

Stay Away From SlIngl When They Ar. Being Pulled Out
co
AU Rigging Equipment MUlt be Counted ••
P.rt of the Load
From Under Load. .....
.....

Everythll''IQ
Delo...... the
boom pOlnl
IS 10"

OJ OJ OJ

,
EI Ilre:'.:-:~
~ t: .. j
~
I Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
D Eye Bolls Hoisting Structural Steel
Use 01 Chokers Hook Slings

~6
E Good-
Hooks are
turned out

~ Good-No cutting action on

running lines
Good- Bad -
III Use space Can bend

00
~ blocks and flanges and Bad -
pad corners cut rope Hook
openings

E Vertical lift on eye bolt is

good practice
Eye Splices
Bad - Bad -
should be
turned
out
Because 01 Bolt on
[ Good Practice-Note ,,./se of
cutting
action 01 eye
running line
can work
Double slings shall be used
splice on loose
thimble in eye splice " when hoisting 2 or more
running line
pieces of material over 12
m ~ Suspending Needle Beams
feet long

Good Practice-Use of thimble or Scallolds

~
IW
in eye splice

~ Qm~
[ Bad Practice-Wire rope knot
with clip, Efficiency 50'10 or Right-Load over 12 feet long
less

r
LJ

[
"
,
.: :
Bad Practice - Lifting on eye
bolts from an angle reduces
safe loads as much as 90'/,
@C~
Bad Practice- Thimble should
be used to increase strength
of eye and reduce wear on rope
Good -
Sharp corners
padded
Bad-
Steel can
cut rope
1~
Wrong-Load over 12 feet long

I,,Ii ;i.
'l.
~ ~\.

i"",
I"

[ 120 121
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METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASURE

MEASURES OF LENGTH Cubic Meter

A myriameter (mym) is equal to 10,000 meters A cubic decimeter (dm 3 )=0.00 1 of a cubic meter
A kilometer (km) is equal to 1,000 meters A cubic centimeter (em")=O.OOO,OO 1 of a cubic meter
A hectometer (hm) is equal to 100 meters A cubic millimeter (mm")=O.OOO,OOO,OOl of a cubic
A decameter (dkm) is equal to 10 meters meter
A Meter MEASURES OF CAPACITY \.
A decimeter (dm) is equal to 0.1 of a meter A hectoliter (hll = 100 liters
A centimeter (em) is equal to 0.01 of a meter A decaliter (dkll = 10 liters
A millimeter (mm) is equal to 0.001 of a meter
Liter
...... SURFACE MEASURES A deciliter (dll 0.1 liter
I\)
01
A square kilometer (km 2 ) is equal to 1,000,000 square A centiliter (eD = 0.0 1 liter
meters A milliliter (mil = 0.001 liter
A square hectometer or
hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters MEASURES OF WEIGHT
A square decameter or arc (a) = 100 square meters A metric ton (t) = 1,000 kilograms
A kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams
A Square Meter A hectogram (hg) = 100 grams
A square decimeter (dm')=O.O 1 of a square meter A decagram (dkg) = 10 grams
A square centimeter (em 2 )=0.000 1 of a square meter
A square millimeter (mm 2 )=0.000,00 1 of a square Gram
meter A decigram (dg) = 0.1 gram
A centigram (eg) = 0.01 gram
CUBIC MEASURES A milligram (mg) = 0.001 gram
A cubic hectometer= 1,000,000 cubic meters
A cubic decameter = 1,000 cubic meters The abbreviations have been officially adopted by
the Intemational Congress of Weights and Measures.

... _._",""'~ ~-:.~:--:' --.-- ..... ,.,

·~_ . ·-..~~:;,.~·~~~5$lJe.t d&.iii
~
 CONVERSION OF METRIC SYSTEM TO ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS
METRIC SYSTEM ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS
Length Length
Meter 1.093 yards Yard 0.9144 meter
3.281 feet Foot 0.3048 meter
39.370 inches Inch 0.0254 meter
Kilometer 0.621 mile Mile 1.609 kilometers
to turn miles into kilometers, multiply by 8 and
Surface divide by 5
SQuore meter 1.196 square yards
10.764 square feet Surface
Square centimeter 0.155 square inch Square yard 0.836 square meter
Square Kilometer 0.386 square mile Square foot 0.092 square meter
Hectare 2.471 acres Square inch 6.45 square centimeters
Square mile 2.590 square kilometers
Volume Acre 0.405 hectare
Cubic meter 1.308 cubic yards Volume
35.314 cubic feet
Cubic centimeter 0.061 cubic inch Cubic yard = 0.764 cubic meter
Stere 0.275 cord (wood) Cubic foot = 0.028 cubic meter
Cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters
Capacity Cord = 3.624 steres
Liter 0.880 Imperial liquid Quart or Capacity
1.056 U.S. liquid Quarts Imperial liquid Quart 0.7883 liter
0.908 dry Quart U.S. liquid Quart 0.946 liter
0.220 Imperial gallon or Dry Quart 1.111 liters
0.264 U.S. gallon Imperial gallon 4.543 liters
Hectol iter 2.75 English bushels or U.S. gallon 3.785 liters
2.837 U.S. bushels English bushel 0.363 hectoliter
Weight U.S. bushel 0.352 hectoliter
Gram 15.432 groins Weight
0.032 troy ounce Groin = 0.0648 gram
0.0352 avoirdupois ounce Troy ounce =31.103 grams
Kilogram 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois Avoirdupois ounce =28.35 grams
Metric ton 2204.62 pounds avoirdupois Pound 0.4536 kilogram
Carat 3.08 groins avoirdupois Short ton = 0.907 metric ton

To convert English units to metric, multiply by the factor in

the ~ column. To convert from metric to English units,
multiply by factor in..- column.

Unit

Volume
~
Multiply By
..-
UnIt Unit

rAass
~ ..-
Mult,ply By Unit

Ounce (Imperial) 2B4 0.0352 Millilotre ImLl Ounce 2B.3 0.035 Gram Ig)
Pont (Imperial) 0.568 1.760 LItre III Pound 0.454 2.2 Kilogram Ikg)
Quarl llmperial) 1.136 O.BB L,tre III Ton 0.907 1.102 Megagram IMgJ
or Tonne
Gallon lImperial) 4,55 0.22 L,tre III
Cubic Inch 16.39 0.061 Millimetre lmml Pressure
Cub,c Foot 0.02B3 35.3 Cub,c Metre (m) I
P.S.1. 6.B9 0.145 K,Iopaseal Ik Pal <.0
Cubic Yard 0.764 1.3OB Cub,c Metre 1m)) C\I
..-
Temperature
Force
OF 0.566 I.B °c
Pourds· Force 445 0.225 Newtons INJ 177B +32
Pounds- Force 0454 2.2 Kilograms·
Force Ikg.fj
Length

Speed Inch 254 0.0394 Millimetre (mm)

FOOl 0305 32B Metre 1m}

Miles per Hour 1.61 0.621 K dometres per
Hour Ikmlh} Yard 0914 1.094 Metre (m)

Miles per Hour 0447 2.24 Metres per rAdp 1609 0621 K dome-He Ii( m)
Second (ml,)

Feet per Minute 0.305 328 Metres per Area

Minute (m/mln)
SqrJare Inch 645 0001550 Sq Millimetre (mm'2 1
Feel per Minute 5.0B 0,197 Mdllmetre~ per
SrJuare F-oot 0.0929 1076 Sq Mettp. 1m 2 )
Second lmm/sl
Acres 004047 247 1 Sq K lIomette lk m 2)
F~et per Second 0305 3.2B Metres p~r
~cnnd Imlsl Acres 0405 2471 He<:tare (hal
I TERMS USED IN RIGGIf\ .... ~
CHOKER: sling, wire rope with eyes spliced on each end.
Is used to lift load.
I SOFTENERS: anything used to protect the load or cable,
also rope, from damage while making a lift, also
prevents load from slipping.

I LACED BLOCKS: passing cable through a set of blocks by

starting from an outside sheave and following in ro-
tation. Will usually tilt travel block when running

; empty.
REEVED BLOCKS: passing cable (or rope) through a set
of blocks, as opposed to laced blocks and in such a
manner, so that there are no lines crossed or rubbing
~ each other.
m FALLS: a set of blocks reeved or laced, with cable or rope.
TWO-BLOCKED, OR BLOCK AND BLOCK: when the blocks ~\

·
m
are right up to each other and can go no farther. Also
used as a term, that you are as far as you can go, I'

;~ I
l:'
~ with whatever you are doing.
BIGHT: the bend of a line, rope or cable.

~
TAG·L1 N E: a length of rope used to guide a load, being
(~:"'~~
lifted, into a desired position. ((~ '
SPREADERS: a set of chokers or slings, of equal length ..~~.:'
r~,
r
".";. -
used to lift a load.
HEADACHE BLOCK: the travel block of the mUltiple, or .':= i

~
m ,:~~
i main load line. , f
JIB OR WHIP LINE: the single load line. , .
MOUSI NG: wiring the throat of a hook, to pre.4ent a -7<1
~
lIIiI
choker from jumping out of the hook, also to '.prevent
a block that is hooked to lashing or a choker, from
slipping off.
' 'I .
:'
':
".

~ LU FF: usi ng two or more sets of falls, by attaching to the

J lead line of the first set of falls another set, to give

., greater pulling power.

BLEEDING LINE: when cable is overloaded, the lubricant in
the cable will be squeezed out, and run excessively. :~~~~~j
... ROCKER BEAM: beam used for hoisting flimsy trusses. or
Y.." .: ~,,=,j

long flimsy loads, also used to equalize the weight, ........

~~.~.
.~~,..-p
, ~

~ and to keep the load from buckling, such as tank

; ~{ o-
r,', i
i:1 plate.
MONKEY TAIL: anything used, such as a four by four
(wood), to prevent a travel block from twisting. Also
n
w
to prevent a turnbuckle from twisting while tightening,
and after it has been tightened.

n
~
128