THE LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS (LCCAPs) OF TAGUM CITY

AND DAVAO CITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

In Partial Fulfilment of

the Requirements for the Course in

CDRM 201: Climate Change Adaptation and Humanitarian Action

GEDRICK M. BALIOG

NARCISO S. BIRONDO II

ARLENE V. CANDO

JET ROY B. DIAZ

CHARBERT S. FRANCISCO

RODOLFO M. PULIDO JR.

Master of Science in Development Administration

Major in Crisis and Disaster Risk Management

University of Southeastern Philippines

December 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 4

CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY 5
Research Design 5
Data Collection 6

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8

SWOT analysis of Davao City and Tagum City 8
Strengths 8
Weaknesses 12
Opportunities 13
Threats 13
Best Practices of Davao City and Tagum City 14
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory 18

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 22

Conclusion 22
Recommendation 24

REFERENCES 27
 1

CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) takes this

global phenomenon as an urgent crisis on an international scale. The

increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere primarily promotes global

warming. The two main drivers of climate change which include the

consumption of fossil fuels and deforestation are highly attributed to human

activities (Atwoli et al. 2022). Scientific observation reveals that the impacts

of climate change are immediate. This can be presently observed through

the increased prevalence of the extreme weather events and the melting of

polar ice caps (NASA 2023). In addition to its effects on the environment,

climate change also displaces communities due to the rising sea levels and

altered rainfall patterns. This incident can even worsen the present global

food insecurity (Mbow n.d.). Health experts around the world also warn of

escalating climate change-related risks to human health (Romanello et al.

2022).

Moreover, global collaboration such as the Paris Agreement, which

was adopted by almost 200 countries, is essential in laying out efforts to

limit temperature raises and adapt to the changes. Accordingly, stronger

actions on emission reduction coupled with increased efforts on shifting to

clean energy are needed in order to enhance the resilience of vulnerable

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communities. Clearly, the efforts geared towards addressing climate

change to save the planet for both the present and the future require the

commitment of everyone (Burleson 2016).

Climate Change in the Philippines

The effects of climate change in the environment and communities

are very well observed. The Philippines is not spared from all the probable

effects of this phenomenon. In fact, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) has warned that this country can face more extreme

weather conditions, i.e., typhoons and heavy rains. Changes in rainfall

patterns and in temperatures have intensified the risks of flooding and

landslides. In particular, the Davao region in Mindanao is at increased risk

for flooding and landslide occurrences as a result of these changes.

Moreover, the environmental changes, in combination with sea-level rise,

are threatening the livelihood of people in the coastal communities and in

the agricultural areas ((NEDA) 2022). The efforts to address climate change

in the Philippines including the Davao Region are done based on strategies

outlined in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). The plan

emphasizes the importance of community resilience, sustainable

agriculture, and transition to renewable energy ((CCC) n.d.).

Climate Change Action Plan

The need for proactive actions in response to the increased

likelihood of extreme weather events are emphasized by the

 3

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (de Abreu, Santos,

and Monteiro 2022). Specifically, the IPCC noted that the climate change

action plan is vital in guiding the community in adapting to the impacts of

global warming. This plan also acts as a roadmap to minimize risks and help

in safeguarding communities. CCAPs provide a model for building

resilience in vulnerable communities, preserving infrastructure, and

stabilizing food and water security (Picketts, Déry, and Curry 2014). The

need for such plans is highlighted by actual examples such as the National

Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) of the Philippines ((CCC) n.d.).

When communities utilize adaptation strategies, they are able to handle

specific threats brought about by climate change while at the same time

foster sustainable developments and protect the populations. The plans are

an important instrument to address the diverse effects of climate change

and move towards a resilient and sustainable future (Measham et al. 2011).

Statement of the Problem

The escalating levels of greenhouse gas emissions pose a critical

challenge to global and local environmental stability, contributing

significantly to climate change. Despite international and domestic efforts to

mitigate emissions, there remains a pressing need for a comprehensive

analysis that examines the specific sources, trends, and contributing factors

behind greenhouse gas emissions in urban environments. This study aims

to conduct a comparative analysis of the Climate Change Adaptation Plans

of the City of Tagum in Davao del Norte This study aimed to conduct a
 4

comparative analysis of the Climate Change Action Plans of the City of

Tagum in Davao del Norte and Davao City by looking into the GHG

inventories of each city and the key socio-economic, infrastructural and

policy-based determinants impacting emission levels identified in the

inventories ; the climate change adaptation and mitigation measures of

both cities as reflected in the components of the LCCAPs; and the status

and factors of implementation of the climate action programs/projects .

Through SWOT analysis and by using the DILG LGU Guidelines on

LCAAP and the UN-Habitat Guiding Principles for City Climate Action

Planning Version 1.0 as framework, the study intended to offer valuable

insights and recommendations for enhancing adaptation and mitigation

efforts and promoting sustainable practices to curtail , or reduce

greenhouse gas emissions effectively and building climate change

resiliency.

Objectives of the Study

The objective of the study is:

1. To conduct a comparative and comprehensive analysis of the Local

Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP) implemented in Tagum City

and Davao City;

2. To examine the key components of the LCCAP in both cities,

encompassing policy frameworks, mitigation strategies and adaptive

capacity measures with the employ of SWOT analysis and the DILG

LGU Guidelines on LCCAP and the UN Habitat Guiding Principles for

 5

City Climate Action Planning Version 1.0 as the analytical framework

and tools;

3. To identify factors that contribute to or hinder the implementation of

the components; and

4. To provide recommendations, guided by the result of the study, to

enhance the overall effectiveness of the plan.

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This research utilized the mixed method of Key Informant Interview as

the source of primary data and the analysis of the LCCAPs and supporting

documents where the secondary data were derived. The main analytical

framework applied was the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses , Opportunities,

Threats) Analysis with the DILG LGU Guidelines on LCCAP and UN-Habitat

Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning Version 1.0 as bases.

This method analyzes the complexities and dynamics of the climate change

planning of the subject cities. Hence, this paper aims to be comprehensive

and informative, drawing discussion and conclusions relating to climate

adaptation and mitigation actions that can be utilized at the national to local

levels.

Research Design

Primarily, this research used a qualitative comparative method. The

main goal is to delve into the local contexts of Davao City and Tagum City’s

climate change action planning. Utilizing a qualitative method enables an

in-depth examination of the underlying motivations, complications, and

options associated with the implementation of LCCAPs (Taylor, Bogdan, &

DeVault, 2015). This is based on the assumption that people directly

involved with the planning and implementation (of the climate change action
 7

strategies) have a clearer and better understanding of the subject being

studied (Lokot, 2021).

The focus of the study - Davao City and Tagum City, are selected

not just for the reason that they are located in close vicinity but most

especially because of their contrasting characteristics. As a highly

urbanized center, Davao City (Dumayas, 2015) differs from Tagum City in

that it has a combination of rural and urban settings (Gerochi, 2004).

Consequently, the discovery of even more ways of addressing climate

change by analyzing each city’s unique profiles is ultimately expected. The

cities’ climate change action narratives are dependent on things including

governance systems, policy issues, and social-economic settings among

others.

Data Collection and Analysis

Key Informants who were directly involved in the planning and

implementation of their respective LCCAPs specifically from City Planning

and Development Office were interviewed online, from whom primary data

in-depth data were derived. The selection procedure promotes diversity of

opinions so that the cities under study are sufficiently mapped out in terms

of their adaptation context (Sukmawati, Salmia, & Sudarmin, 2023). Semi-

structured interviews, the main technique of data gathering, is a flexible

manner of obtaining emergent themes. This method enables focused

inquiries on predefined topics (Magaldi & Berler, 2020). Moreover,

conducting this type of an interview enables the gathering of information

 8

regarding the process of developing the LCCAPs, the implementation of the

Programs, Projects, and Activities, the challenges encountered during

these processes, and the mechanism to measure the success or failure of

the plan. Ultimately, transcribing the qualitative data from key informant

interviews enables the researcher to identify emerging patterns as well as

unveil new perspectives and themes (Belotto, 2018). Lastly, the Davao City

LCCAP and Approved Tagum LCCAP including Tagum SP resolution

adopting the LCCAP 2018-2028 and the Climate Change Commission

Certification on the submission of Tagum City LCCAP were reviewed,

adding weight to the primarily collected data. An intensive scrutiny on

LCCAP documents will also enable the acquisition of both qualitative and

quantitative information concerning the plans.

The study investigates further using the primary analytical method,

the SWOT analysis framework from DILG LGU Guidelines on LCCAP and

the UN-Habitat Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning (Version

1.0). The data derived from interviews and those gathered from the

documents are combined to make a more complex comparative

examination. The determined strengths and weaknesses of the LCCAPs

will give inferences of the internal factors at play in each city with respect to

the documents examined. The opportunities and threats revealed, on the

other hand, will give an insight of the external influences relating to the

climate change action planning (Kosti & Kundu, 2020).

 9

There were four key informants- two from the Tagum City Planning

and Development Office and two from the Davao City Planning and

Development Office. Considering that the interviews were conducted on-

line, and to set predefined topics, a set of nine questions were prepared

and sent to the key informants prior the actual interview so as to give them

an idea on how the interview will be conducted and to give them ample

time to prepare.

The questions focused on the following:

1. Primary sources of GHGs identified in their inventories and/or

LCCAPS

2. Components of the LCCAPS

3. Implemented components

4. Not yet implemented or unimplemented components

5. Contributory factors for the implementation and non-

implementation of the components

6. Challenges and limitations encountered by the local

governments in the course of the implementation of their

LCCAPs

7. Mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the implementation of

the LCCAP

8. Integration of the LCCAPs with other local policies and plans

 10

9. Mechanisms to ensure the participation of the various

stakeholders in the planning and implementation of the LCCAP

During the on-line interviews, the researchers had also follow-up

questions to the key informants to generate in-depth and more

comprehensive information.
 11

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researchers used the Strength Weaknesses, Opportunities and

Threats (SWOT)Analysis to compare both LCCAPs of Davao City and

Tagum City. The SWOT analysis highlights the advantageous aspects and

potential for growth in the local climate change adaptation programs in

Davao City and Tagum City. Although both cities have implemented

thorough strategies, it is essential to focus on fixing gaps and reducing

threats to ensure the ongoing effectiveness and sustainability of their

adaptation efforts. To strengthen their ability to withstand the effects of

climate change, they must focus on collaboration, mobilizing resources, and

adopting a flexible approach to adapting to changing circumstances.

In the process of analysis of the data at hand which were resourced from

the LCCAP documents and the on-line interviews, the DILG LGU Guidelines

on LCCAP and the 2015 UN Habitat Guiding Principles for City Climate

Action Planning Version 1.0 were used also as a framework. Hence, gaps

in the LCCAPS of both cities were further identified.

Table 1. SWOT ANALYSIS of Davao City and Tagum City LCCAP

1. Science-Based, Risk-Based , Evidence-Based and
Ambitious

The DILG LGU Guidelines specifies that a good LCAAP is

STRENGTH science-based and risk-based as its formulation will consider
the assessment of climate change impacts on the most
vulnerable communities and areas and the ecosystems and
other resources within their territories. Robust vulnerability
and adaptive capacity assessment are required in order to
 12

come up with a successful LCCAP that is responsive to the

needs of the community.

One of the 2015 UN Habitat Guiding Principles is the LCCAP

should be “ambitious” as it reflects the urgency and scale of
the climate change; its mitigation targets intend to contribute
to global emission reduction targets and corresponding
national commitments ; there is research on the impacts of
climate change locally, and; based on these, plan
accordingly.

Notably, the LCAAPs of both cities are science-based and

risk-based in the sense that substantive and necessary data
are provided which are used in the formulation of their
LCCAPs.

In the case of Davao City, aside from having a basic socio-

economic and demographic profile, it has a Climate Disaster
Risk Assessment ( CDRA) which is a requirement in the
formulation of LCCAP. It has also a Greenhouse Gas
Inventory and a projection of worse-case scenarios on
regarding the city’s temperature and rainfall from 2036-
2065.

Tagum City has also a substantive data on its natural and

physical environment, climate information and situational
analysis including climate change impacts on the coastal and
river area ecosystem, production area ecosystem and urban
ecosystem.

2. COMPREHENSIVE AND INTEGRATED WITH

CROSS- SECTORAL APPROACH AND
HARMONIZING CCA AND DRRM

Both the UN Habitat’s Guiding Principles on City Climate

Action Planning and DILG Guidelines put importance, or
rather, require LCCAPs to be comprehensive in the sense
that it is integrated, mainstreamed or harmonized with other
related development policies and plans related to land use,
comprehensive city development, disaster risk reduction and
management plan, and other plans.

In the LCCAPs of Davao City and Tagum City, the following

are evident:

a. Comprehensive Land Use Planning:

 13

Both cities demonstrate proficiency in incorporating climate

change issues into their Comprehensive Land Use Plans,
guaranteeing that urban development is in line with
sustainability and resilience.

b. Water Resource Management: The emphasis of Davao

City on water conservation initiatives and effective distribution
networks enhances its proficiency in managing water
resources. The focus of Tagum City on watershed
management is a notable advantage, guaranteeing a
sustainable strategy for water resources.

c. Agricultural Adaptation: Tagum City's dedication to

sustainable agricultural practices, including organic farming
and crop diversification, is a commendable asset. The
agricultural adaptation efforts in Davao City are further
reinforced by their endorsement of varied crops and
agroforestry.

e. Infrastructure Resilience: The city's allocation of

resources towards climate-robust infrastructure, including
flood control systems and resilient public buildings, showcases
its ability to effectively mitigate the risks posed by severe
weather conditions.

f. Coastal and River Area Ecosystem, Production Area

Ecosystem and Urban Ecosystem: Tagum City LCCAP’s
approach of categorizing particular projects/programs under
these thematic areas/components show proficiency and
intentionality on comprehensive and integrative approach.
The projects under these major thematic areas had both
adaptation and mitigation measures.

g. Food Security, Water Sufficiency, Ecological and

Environmental Stability, Human Security, Sustainable
Energy, Climate-Friendly Industry and Services,
Knowledge and Capacity Development, Monitoring and
Evaluation :
In the case of Davao City, its seven thematic areas also
demonstrate the intentionality of the government to be
integrative, comprehensive and harmonious in its approach.

h. Harmonizing LCCAP with Local Investment

Development Plan and Annual Investment Plan and
Climate Change Expenditure Tagging : This is particular
with Davao City. These processes ensure that the particular
 14

programs align with the vision and objectives of the city which
show the intentionality of the government to have a
comprehensive and integrative approach.

3. INCLUSIVE
This is one of the UN –Habitat Guiding Principles which means
that a good LCCAP should have bias for the marginalized;
should have public participation and cross-sectoral
collaboration; should involve multiple agencies , economic
actors and community stakeholders to encompass a broad
array of perspective and interests, both within the city
government and the larger community.

In varying levels or degrees, both LCCAPs have components,

programs/projects that make the LCCAPs inclusive :

a. Community-Based Adaptation: Both cities demonstrate

proficiency in community-based adaptation, which includes
activities such as hazard mapping, early warning systems, and
capacity-building programs. This focused strategy guarantees
the involvement and strength of the local community.

In the case of Davao City, the formulation of the LCCAP

involved the participation and input from diverse sectors which
included the private sector, environmental groups, civil-society
organizations, national government agencies and local
government offices. The formation of the Davao City Climate
Change Committee which includes representatives from non-
government organizations and the academe demonstrates the
government’s participative and inclusive approach.

Tagum City’s composition of its Technical Working Group –

almost all government offices and agencies, the economic
sector, private sector and the academe - also demonstrates
its level of inclusive approach in the formulation of its LCCAP.

b. Public Awareness and Education: Both cities

demonstrate proficiency in public awareness campaigns and
educational initiatives pertaining to climate change. These
endeavors promote a climate-conscious society, guaranteeing
a well-informed and proactive populace.

4. TRANSPARENT AND VERIFIABLE PARTICIPATION

AND REPORTING:
As one of the Guiding Principles of UN-Habitat , this means
that the process of participation of various sectors in the
 15

formulation and implementation of the LC should be monitored

in a transparent way, and there should be a system of
reporting which is verifiable.

This is demonstrated by both cities in varying ways and levels.

Tagum City’s mechanism of monitoring of implementation is in
place. The various offices and agencies involved in the LCCAP
implementation make and submit quarterly reports. Also, as
part of accountability and transparency, reports are also
submitted to the Commission on Audit (COA).

1. Non-Implementation of Programs/Projects: Both

cities have programs/projects which were not yet
implemented or had not yet been fully implemented.
The identified challenges and limitations that had
become contributory to the non-implementation were
the following:

In the case of Tagum City, the following were identified:

a. Lack of budget /scarce resources

b. Lack of knowledge and expertise of the “technical
people” and the City Government itself
c. Change in the City Administration while the LCCAP
is in its mid-course of implementation period. Its time
frame is from 2018-2028. With the change in the
City Administration, came also the change in the
government priorities in terms of programs/projects.
WEAKNESS
Hence, there were projects which were delayed in
terms of implementation.

As for Davao City, identified are policy and institutional gaps

such as weak national regulatory framework such as
consumption of water resources; lack of clarity in national
policies particularly regarding compliance guidelines for the
establishment of waste-energy .

2. Regulatory enforcement challenges: Despite the

presence of comprehensive policies in both cities, they
had encountered obstacles in efficiently enforcing and
supervising the execution of measures aimed at
adapting to climate change.

Particularly in the case of Davao City, the delayed

implementation of a number of programs /projects of the
 16

Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) in Davao

City has significantly affected its effectiveness given
that its time frame is from 2019-2023. While it had
formed its Davao City Climate Action Committee , it had
just been reconstituted with a new secretariat. Since its
reconstitution, the DCCC had only met once.

It is also important to note that one of the not-yet

implemented component is the Climate-Smart
Industries and Services. This needs to be pointed out
considering that the industrial process and product use
is identified as the biggest contributor of GHG emission
which account to 60.75% or equivalent to 534, 040.77
CO22 tones.

3. Fragmented Execution: The lack of resources had

affected the speed and extent of implementation of the
programs hence compromising the overall efficacy of
measures.
1. Inter-City Collaboration: The close vicinity of Davao
City and Tagum City allows for the possibility of collaborative
endeavors, exchange of knowledge, and joint projects aimed
at improving climate resilience in the region. Although Tagum
City has been implementing its Local Climate Change Action
Plan (LCCAP) since 2019, it is necessary to incorporate new
possibilities to improve its capability and capacities.

2. External money: Both cities might study possibilities for

OPPORTUNITIES
securing external money and forming alliances with national
and international organizations to enhance resources for
extensive climate adaptation initiatives.

3. Technology Integration: Utilizing technology for

monitoring and early warning systems is a chance for both
cities to improve their ability to adapt and respond efficiently to
shifting climate circumstances.

1. Economic Challenges: Economic downturns or

unforeseen financial challenges may threaten the allocation of
resources for climate change adaptation projects, affecting the
THREATS timely execution of planned initiatives.

2. Lack of Public Engagement: The absence of consistent

public participation and endorsement could jeopardize the
 17

achievement of adaptation strategies, as community

engagement is vital for the efficient execution and enduring
triumph of these efforts. Both cities must guarantee that the
implementation of their Local Climate Change Action Plans
(LCCAP) is extended to the local community level to facilitate
effective monitoring and execution of their proposed initiatives,
projects, and undertakings. Additionally, these tools will assist
them in evaluating and analyzing their plans until their
completion.

3. Changing Climate Dynamics: Unpredictable changes in

climate patterns may present unforeseen challenges, requiring
continuous adaptation and potential adjustments to existing
plans.

Best Practices of Davao City and Tagum City LCCAPs

Given the increasing severity of climate change effects, local

governments have a crucial responsibility to lead and implement effective

strategies to adapt to these changes. This study also examines the most

effective strategies for adapting to climate change at the local level, based

on the experiences of Davao City and Tagum City in their implementation

of their LCCAPs. Despite their geographical and climatic similarities, these

cities have adopted distinct and commendable strategies to tackle the

issues brought about by climate change. The exemplary strategies

employed in Davao City and Tagum City for local climate change adaptation

provide valuable perspectives for other places contending with the

difficulties presented by a changing climate. These cities demonstrate the

significance of thorough planning, active involvement of the community, and

sustainable strategies in constructing resilience. By leveraging the

achievements of Davao City and Tagum City, other local administrations

 18

can derive inspiration and direction for formulating efficient climate

adaptation policies that are specifically adapted to their distinct

circumstances. The following are the notable best practices of Davao City

and Tagum City worth emulating.

1. Comprehensive Land Use Planning: The Comprehensive Land

Use Plan of Davao City is notable for its exemplary approach to

incorporating climate change factors into urban planning. The plan

prioritizes the implementation of environmentally friendly land use

practices, measures to minimize the impact of disasters, and the

construction of infrastructure that can withstand the effects of

climate change. This comprehensive approach guarantees that

the city is strategically prepared to adjust to evolving climate

circumstances while promoting sustainable development. Tagum

City demonstrates its commendable approach by including

climate change concerns in its Comprehensive Land Use Plan.

The city's commitment to sustainable agriculture, water resource

management, and urban development aligns with a forward-

thinking strategy for climate resilience.

2. Water Resource Management: Davao City implements

commendable strategies in managing its water resources,

including the implementation of water conservation measures, the

creation of efficient distribution systems, and the promotion of

rainwater harvesting. These measures contribute to the

 19

maintenance of water security in the face of changing climate

conditions. Tagum City's commendable practice revolves around

watershed management, which includes programmes for

reforestation and the sustainable utilisation of water resources.

The city recognises the inherent connection between climate

resilience and water security and implements measures to

safeguard this essential resource.

3. Integrated Management and Sustainable Environment

Approach to Coastal and Underwater Resources (I’M

SEAcure) Program: Tagum City’s installation of artificial coral

reefs at the fish sanctuary area at the Liboganon portion of the

Davao Gulf is one of its best practices. As of 2019, it had already

installed 3,000 artificial coral reefs at the seabed of the 22 hectare

fish sanctuary. In the same year, the said program was

recognized by the Civil Service Commission as the Pagasa Award

winner for 2019.

4. Agricultural Adaptation and Sustainable Practices: Davao

City implements effective strategies in agricultural adaptation,

such as promoting the cultivation of diverse crops, practicing

agroforestry, and utilising advanced technologies to improve the

resilience of farming systems to climate change. The city's

approach acknowledges the significance of modifying

conventional farming practices in response to evolving climatic

 20

trends. The commitment of Tagum City to sustainable agricultural

practices, such as organic farming, crop diversification, and the

establishment of demonstration farms, demonstrates

commendable strategies. These projects significantly contribute

to the advancement of adaptive capacities in agriculture, hence

ensuring food security.

5. Community-Based Adaptation: Davao City actively engages in

community-based adaptation initiatives, which include activities

such as hazard mapping, early warning systems, and capacity-

building programmes. The city facilitates a localised and

participatory approach to strengthening resilience by empowering

communities to actively participate in climate adaptation actions.

Tagum City's commendable strategies in community-based

adaptation involve prioritising community engagement in disaster

preparedness, conducting practical drills, and establishing

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Committees. These concentrated efforts are essential for creating

resilience at the local level.

6. Infrastructure Resilience: Davao City's allocation of resources

towards climate-resilient infrastructure, such as flood control

systems, sustainable urban design, and resilient public buildings,

serves as a prime example of commendable strategies. The city

acknowledges the significance of constructing infrastructure that

 21

is resilient to the effects of severe weather phenomena.

Similarly, the incorporation of climate resilience into infrastructure

projects in Tagum City, with a particular focus on building resilient

roads, bridges, and drainage systems, is an exemplary best

practice. These projects help reduce the effects of severe rainfall

and flooding, protecting important urban infrastructure.

7. Public Awareness and Education: Davao City's robust focus on

public awareness efforts about climate change, encompassing

educational programmes, seminars, and workshops, exemplifies

a commendable approach. These endeavors aid in the

development of a climate-conscious culture within the city,

promoting well-informed and supportive residents. The

deployment of information campaigns and educational programs

in Tagum City exemplifies a commendable approach to increasing

awareness regarding the effects of climate change. The city

acknowledges the significance of individual and communal efforts

in fostering resilience, thereby contributing to a populace that is

better informed and proactive.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory of Davao City and Tagum City

The Climate Change Act, as amended in 2012 (RA 10174), declares

that it is the policy of the Philippine Government to strengthen, integrate,

consolidate, and institutionalize government initiatives to achieve

 22

coordination in the implementation of plans and programs to address

climate change in the context of sustainable development.

Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) was implemented in order

to locally address the global issue regarding climate change. Similarly, the

Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) has been developed in order to keep

track of the carbon emission and identify mitigation options to help reduce

local carbon footprints.

Davao City has three largest contributors of Greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions in 2017. These are from industrial processes and product use

with 60.75% total emissions or around 534,040.77 tonnes CO2e, from

community mobile combustion (29.85% or 1,405,481.84 tonnes CO2e), and

from community-level residential stationary fuel use (11.34% or 534,040.77

tonnes CO2e). While the lowest contributors of GHG emissions have only

taken up less than one percent total emissions, namely, GHG emissions

from other solid waste treatment (ICLEI)* (0.39% or 18,285.15 tonnes

CO2e), from community level agriculture (crops) (0.27% or 12,847.80

tonnes CO2e), from solid waste open burning (ICLEI)* (0.00% or 49.24

tonnes CO2e). (Davao City LCCAP 2019-2023).

On the other hand, the energy sector has the highest GHG emission in

Tagum City with a combined value of 122,478.09 GgCO2e (78%) for

commercial, residential and other uses. Waste Disposal/Waste Water

ranked second with 23764.41 GgCO2e (15%). Emissions contributed by all

sectors in community level is seen to have a 15% increase by 2030 if the

 23

LGU will not take mitigation actions. This is based on the Business-as-usual

Forecast from the base year to 2030 which considers the growth rate of the

city (Tagum City LCCAP, 2018-2028).

In general, the differences in Davao City and Tagum City's greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions highlight unique trends and focal points in each city's

contributions to climate change. Davao City's largest contributors

predominantly stem from industrial processes and product use, accounting

for an overwhelming 60.75% of the total emissions, equivalent to

approximately 534,040.77 tonnes. This highlights the city's reliance on

industrial activities as a major driver of its carbon footprint.

Conversely, in Tagum City, the energy sector emerges as the primary

source of GHG emissions, encompassing commercial, residential, and

other uses. This sector collectively contributes 122,478.09 GgCO2e,

constituting a substantial 78% of the city's total emissions. The emphasis

on the energy sector underscores the significance of energy consumption

and its associated carbon emissions in Tagum City's climate impact.

These findings emphasize the need for tailored and strategic mitigation

efforts in each city. Davao City could focus on implementing measures to

reduce emissions from industrial processes and product use, potentially

exploring cleaner production technologies or enhancing energy efficiency in

industrial operations. In contrast, Tagum City may benefit from initiatives

directed at the energy sector, such as promoting renewable energy sources,

 24

improving energy efficiency in buildings, and encouraging sustainable

practices in both commercial and residential settings.

In summary, the inclusion of comprehensive greenhouse gas (GHG)

inventories in the Local Climate Change Action Plans of both Davao City

and Tagum City revealed a shared commitment to addressing the

challenges posed by climate change. By stipulating GHG inventories in their

action plans, both cities are proactively taking steps to understand, monitor,

and mitigate their respective carbon footprints.

The adoption of GHG inventories as a fundamental component of

climate action planning reflects a recognition of the importance of data-

driven decision-making in the pursuit of sustainable development. Davao

City and Tagum City are acknowledging the significance of quantifying

emissions, identifying sources, and establishing a baseline for future

mitigation efforts. This approach not only enhances the effectiveness of

their climate initiatives but also provides a foundation for informed policy

adjustments and targeted interventions.

Furthermore, the dedication to thorough GHG inventories

demonstrates the cities' awareness of their critical roles as players in the

worldwide battle against climate change. By integrating such inventories

into their action plans, Davao City and Tagum City are contributing to a

more transparent and accountable governance framework, fostering

resilience, and aligning their strategies with broader national and

international climate goals.

 25

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

The assessment of Davao City and Tagum City's Local Climate Change

Action Plans (LCCAPs) reveals a strong foundation rooted in science-

based, risk-based, and ambitious approaches. Both cities have

commendably integrated these approaches, showcasing a commitment to

a comprehensive and cross-sectoral framework that aligns climate change

adaptation (CCA) with disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM).

This integrated approach ensures a cohesive and strategic response to the

interconnected challenges arising from climate change.

A noteworthy strength in the LCCAPs is the emphasis on inclusivity,

particularly in community-based adaptation initiatives and public awareness

campaigns. This intentional engagement of diverse stakeholders highlights

a recognition of the collective effort needed to address climate-related

issues. By fostering community involvement and awareness, the cities lay

the groundwork for resilience at the grassroots level, ensuring that climate

action is effective and deeply rooted in the local context.

However, these praiseworthy efforts are accompanied by identified

weaknesses that require attention. Non-implementation of certain

programs/projects creates a potential gap between policy formulation and

execution. Regulatory enforcement challenges pose a threat to plan

effectiveness, emphasizing the need for robust mechanisms to ensure

 26

compliance. The challenge of fragmented execution, attributed to resource

limitations, underscores the necessity for strategic resource allocation and

mobilization to maximize the impact of climate change initiatives.

Acknowledging these challenges, identified opportunities offer avenues

for progress. Inter-city collaboration presents opportunities for shared

knowledge, resource pooling, and coordinated efforts. Exploring external

funding possibilities can catalyze the implementation of more ambitious

projects, and technology integration represents a forward-looking approach,

enhancing monitoring capabilities and early warning systems.

On the flip side, discernible threats to the LCCAPs include economic

challenges potentially hindering resource allocation. The potential lack of

public engagement poses a risk to the plans' success, underscoring the

importance of fostering community ownership. The ever-changing

dynamics of the climate introduce a continuous challenge, requiring

adaptability in the face of evolving circumstances.

Furthermore, the Local Climate Change Action Plans of Davao City and

Tagum City both included thorough greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories,

demonstrating a common commitment to tackling the issues raised by

climate change. Both cities are proactively addressing their carbon

footprints by including GHG inventories in their action plans and

implementing proactive measures to comprehend, track, and reduce them.

In summary, the LCCAPs of Davao City and Tagum City signify

commendable progress towards climate resilience. While identified

 27

strengths provide a robust foundation, acknowledged weaknesses,

opportunities, and threats offer valuable insights for refining and fortifying

these plans. Addressing areas for improvement and capitalizing on

opportunities will enable these cities to navigate the intricate landscape of

climate change with resilience and foresight, ensuring a sustainable and

adaptive future for their communities.

RECOMMENDATION

Enhancing the effectiveness and ensuring the long-term sustainability of

the Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAPs) of Davao City and Tagum

City will pivotally involve leveraging strengths and addressing identified

weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Hence, the following are the

recommended actions which aim to guide both cities in refining and

fortifying their strategies within their respective LCCAPs:

• Address the challenges associated with non-implementation by

prioritizing projects, securing necessary budget allocations, and

providing the required technical expertise. Regularly monitor and

evaluate the progress of implemented programs.

• Overcome regulatory challenges by enhancing the enforcement

mechanisms of climate-related policies. Strengthen compliance

guidelines and streamline regulatory frameworks to ensure effective

implementation.
 28

• Leverage the proximity of Davao City and Tagum City to foster

collaborative endeavors. Exchange knowledge, share best practices,

and explore joint projects to enhance climate resilience in the region.

• Explore opportunities for securing external funding by forming

alliances with national and international organizations. External

financial support can enhance resources for extensive climate

adaptation initiatives.

• Embrace technology for monitoring and early warning systems.

Implement innovative solutions that improve the cities' ability to adapt

and respond efficiently to shifting climate circumstances.

• Develop contingency plans to address economic challenges that

may affect the allocation of resources for climate change adaptation

projects. Seek diverse funding sources and explore public-private

partnerships.

• Ensure consistent public participation and endorsement in the

implementation of LCCAPs. Engage the local community in decision-

making processes, awareness campaigns, and educational

initiatives to foster a climate-conscious society.

• The study recommends that the Metro Davao Development Authority

(MDDA) take proactive steps to integrate Climate Change

Adaptation (CCA) initiatives into its programs, fostering collaboration

between Tagum City and Davao City. Furthermore, the MDDA

should explore opportunities for a more comprehensive regional

 29

approach to collaborative Climate Change Adaptation efforts

involving multiple cities within the region.

• Establish adaptive measures to address unpredictable changes in

climate patterns. Regularly review and update LCCAPs to align with

emerging climate challenges, ensuring ongoing relevance and

effectiveness.

By integrating these recommendations into their ongoing climate action

initiatives, Davao City and Tagum City can further enhance the resilience

and effectiveness of their Local Climate Change Action Plans, paving the

way for a sustainable and adaptive future for their communities.

 30

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