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Rates of Reaction and Energy Change1

The document discusses the factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions, including temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure, and catalysts, with a focus on collision theory. It outlines practical experiments to measure reaction rates, such as gas production and color change, and emphasizes the importance of successful collisions in determining reaction speed. Additionally, it explains how to analyze reaction rates using graphs to visualize the relationship between reactants/products and time.

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ashebirbereket96
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13 views5 pages

Rates of Reaction and Energy Change1

The document discusses the factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions, including temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure, and catalysts, with a focus on collision theory. It outlines practical experiments to measure reaction rates, such as gas production and color change, and emphasizes the importance of successful collisions in determining reaction speed. Additionally, it explains how to analyze reaction rates using graphs to visualize the relationship between reactants/products and time.

Uploaded by

ashebirbereket96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rates of Reaction and Energy Changes

- The rate of reaction describes how rapidly the reactants are


consumed or the product is formed.

- Collision Theory
Collision theory explains why different reactions occur at different
rates and suggests ways to change the rate of a reaction.

 reactions occur when particles collide and rates of reaction are


increased when the frequency and/or energy of collisions is
increased to break bonds.

 the factors affecting number of successful collisions are:


- number of particles per unit volume:
 more particles in a given volume increases the
number of successful collisions
- frequency of collisions :
 greater number of collisions per second 
increase in the number of collisions
- Activation energy:
 Activation energy: The minimum amount of energy
that particles must collide with to react.

 The more the collision that has energy more than


the activation energy  more successful collisions

- kinetic energy of the particles:


 greater the kinetic energy of particles.
 The more collision will have energy more than the
activation energy
 More frequent collisions
 More successful collisions

- Factors affecting rate of reaction:

1. Temperature at which reaction is carried out.

 Increase in temperature  increases the rate of reaction.

 Increases the rate of reaction because

 Particles have more kinetic energy

 Collisions occur more frequently and they are harder

 Increased successful collisions per second.

2. Concentration of the reactants in solution (more particles in the


same volume).

 Increase in concentration  increases the rate of


reaction.

 Increases the rate of reaction as it increases the number


of particles in a given volume and so increases the
frequency of successful collisions per second

3. The surface area to volume ratio of solids.

 Higher the surface area to volume ratio  increases the


rate of reaction.
 Particles are closer together, so there are more frequent
successful collisions per second.

4. The pressure of reacting gases.

 More the pressure -> increases the rate of reaction.

 increases the rate of reaction as it increases the number


of particles in a given volume, so successful collisions are
more frequent per second.

5. Catalyst.

 Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of a


reaction without altering the products of the reaction,
being unchanged chemically and in mass at the end of the
reaction.
 They lower the activation energy.

 Enzymes are biological catalysts made from


protein and enzymes are used in the production of
alcoholic drinks.

 They can work in lower tempertures

- Core Practical:

We investigate the effects of changing the conditions of a reaction


on the rates of chemical reactions by:

 Measuring the production of a gas


- Marble chips(calcium carbonate) + hydrochloric acid 
calcium chloride + carbon dioxide

- Rate of reaction can be measured by the amount of gas


produced in the reaction.
- Aim of the experiment is to see the effect of surface area
on the rate of reaction.
- Gas is produced in a reaction, can be trapped, and its
volume is measured over time.

 Measure the volume of CO2 using a gas syringe or


an upside-down measuring cylinder or burette.
 Record the total volume of CO2 collected at regular
intervals and plot a graph.
 Use the formula: volume of gas/time taken to
measure the rate of reaction.
 Repeat with different forms of calcium carbonate
 Result: Increase in the surface area of the marble
chip, the rate of reaction will increase.
- Observing a colour change
- Sodium thiosulfate + Hydrochloric acid  Sodium
chloride+ Water+ Sulfur+ Sulfur dioxide
- Rate of reaction can be measured by the amount of time
taken for the colour to change.
- The aim of the experiment is to see the effect of the
concentration of Sodium thiosulfate on the rate of
reaction.
 Measure 50 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution
into a flask
 Measure 5 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a
measuring cylinder
 Draw a cross on a piece of paper and put it
underneath the flask
 Add the acid into the flask and immediately start
the stopwatch
 Look down at the cross from above and stop the
stopwatch when the cross can no longer be seen
 Repeat using different concentrations of sodium
thiosulfate solution (mix different volumes of
sodium thiosulfate solution with water to dilute it).
 Result: increase in the concentration of a solution,
the rate of reaction will increase.

- Rate Graphs
- Graphs can measure the rate of reactions by plotting the
product or reactant against time.

- The gradient of the graph will be the rate of reaction.

- Steeper the line, faster the rate of reaction.

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