Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. Research Article Vol. 39, No.

5, 2020

CO2 Capture Exploration on Potassium Hydroxide

Employing Response Surface Methodology,
Isotherm and Kinetic Models

Saeidi, Mahsa
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN

Ghaemi, Ahad*+
School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology,
P.O. Box: 16765-163, Tehran, I.R. IRAN

Tahvildari, Kambiz
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN

ABSTRACT: In this research, KOH has been evaluated as a solid adsorbent for carbon dioxide
(CO2) capture. The effect of pressure, temperature, and KOH loading on CO2 adsorption in a fixed-
bed reactor were investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the central composite
design (CCD) was used to evaluate the effects of operating parameters on adsorption capacity
in order to achieve the optimum conditions. The experimental values of the responses were in decent
agreement with the predicted result of regression models. Techniques such as Fourier Transform
InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the consider KOH
sorbent. The results show that CO2 adsorption is improved with the loading of 0.5 g of KOH.
The maximum CO2 adsorption capacity was acquired for KOH at temperature 45°C and pressure 6 bars.
The Freundlich model was found to be the best for fitting the adsorption of CO2 owing to the closeness
of the R2 to unity. Furthermore, the kinetic study specified that the first-order model is well-fitted
with the experimental data. Overall, the very high surface area of KOH adsorbent makes this adsorbent
new promising material for CO2 capture.

KEYWORDS: CO2 adsorption; KOH sorbents; Response Surface Methodology (RSM); Isotherm;
Kinetics

INTRODUCTION
The rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that the growth
considered as the central cause of the climate change in the of 0.74 ◦C on average global temperature during
21st century [1-8]. Fourth report of Intergovernmental 1906-2005[9-14]. The temperature is also projected
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
+ E-mail: [email protected]
1021-9986/2020/5/255-267 13/$/6.03

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 Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. Saeidi, M. et al. Vol. 39, No. 5, 2020

to increase up to 6.4 ◦C till 2100 that leads to an increase employed for construction of different granular and
in sea level up to 59 cm [15, 16]. Several technologies powder achieved by KOH activation. In the design
have been proposed to reduce and eliminate carbon dioxide and statistical evaluation of experiments, Response Surface
emissions., which comprise a development in energy Methodology (RSM) can be used for process modeling
efficiency, shift to lower carbon-fuel material and and optimization [11, 17]. Consequently, in the current study,
renewable energy [16-21]. Commonly used approaches RSM based on central composite design was exploited
to capture CO2 from flue gas are adsorption, absorption, to design experiments, build models and measure
cryogenic distillation, and membrane separation. However, the optimum modification circumstances for desirable
the current commercial CO2 capture technologies are responses. The main impartial of current study was
expensive and energy intensive. Improving the technologies to explore the influence of modification parameters
for CO2 adsorption is essential in order to reach low energy (temperature, pressure, and amount of adsorbent) on the
rewards [19-24]. CO2 adsorption is typically exploited CO2 adsorption/desorption performance of the modified
as a final polishing step in the hybrid CO2 capture organization. adsorbents in a batch fixed-bed reactor. These models
Ideal CO2 adsorbents should have the following presented the significance of variables and the interactions
characteristics: a high specific surface area, well-developed among them on the CO2 adsorption process.
micro and mesopores, and many active sites on the surfaces,
such as amine functional groups and basic metal oxide [15-24]. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Till today, several adsorbents such as zeolites, alumina, Apparatus and chemicals
mesoporous silica, CaO, and porous carbons have been used CO2 gas was delivered by Sabalan Gas Co. (Tehran,
for CO2 adsorption (Table 1, Fig. 1) [3-7]. The studies Iran) with purity of 99.9%. All other reagents were
in Table 1 show that the ccorrection of adsorbents analytical grade from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
is accomplished with two objectives: structural modification Deionized (DI) water (resistivity=18MΩ, Milli-Q system,
and the addition of functional groups on the adsorbent Millipore Inc.) was used for rinsing and arranging all
surface. Fig. 1 shows that carbon dioxide is absorbed aqueous solutions. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
by two techniques of physical adsorption and chemical analyses were also done on a Rigaku D/max 2500 V
adsorption in the post-combustion method. In the physical instrument with a graphite monochromator and a Cu target.
adsorption, the adsorbents are including mineral absorbers, The XRD was used for characterization of adsorbent
zeolites, and metal-organic frames. In the chemical composition. The Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR)
adsorption, the adsorbents are modified with amines and evaluations were also achieved by a Bruck Equinox 55 IR
react with carbon dioxide. Also, lithium and calcium base spectrophotometer through the KBr pellet technique.
adsorbents are also chemical adsorbents.
Furthermore, potassium hydroxide (KOH), a solid Setup procedure
adsorbent, can adsorb considerable amount of CO2 and Fig. 2 offers the set up used in this exploration.
can be simply regenerated. Likewise, the separated CO2 stream As exposed in this figure, a batch reactor was employed
from the regeneration column is of excessive purity [25]. to explore the influence of the dominant operating
KOH has been engaged as a sorbent in order to capture parameters on CO2 adsorption. The reactor has
CO2 from flue gas stream. It increases profits by lowering a cylindrical bed. It was filled with KOH sorbent particles.
operating temperature as well as reduced heat KOH samples, which is in powdered form had been
consumption. According to Lee et al. (2014) [26], organized and put in a 155 ml cell in a batch reactor in
an activation of specific KOH caused a growth of specific order to assess the CO2 adsorption capacity. A perforated
surface area and total pore volume, which caused plate was mounted at the bottom of the reactor bed to allow
in the improvement of CO2 adsorption capacity. A similar the gas to flow through the bed. Each sample is in a several
conclusion was drawn by de Andres et al. (2013) [27]. weight. Before starting the experiments, we should check
Wei et al. (2012) [28] stated a high surface area and CO2 and set some parameters. Originally, the pressure gage
uptake at high pressure (3.57MPa) with KOH. A biological and heater was set at wanted set points by regulator valve
material (Ubago-Perez et al., 2006) [29] was also and thermostat separately. After that, in order to the CO2 gas

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Table 1: Reported chemicals for modification of carbonaceous material-based adsorbents and their general effects.

Chemicals Effects Ref.

NH3 heat treatment Surface area development and the introduction of alkaline nitrogen groups increase CO 2 adsorption [3]

Monoethanolamine Surface area decreases, but the introduction of alkaline nitrogen groups increases CO2 adsorption [3]

Amine impregnation increases the basicity, nitrogen content and microporous volume of the activated carbon. CO2
Amines capture does not vary linearly with surface area. The CO2 adsorption capacities are resulted from the reaction with [4]
amine groups. Amine impregnation exhibited different results for different carbonaceous materials.
One of the best activating reagents for increasing CO2 adsorption etches the soft components of carbonaceous
KOH [5]
material and increases the number of pores and surface area

Surface area and number of mesopores (2 nm<diameter<50 nm) increase while the size of CO 2 is 209 pm due
H3PO4 [5]
to which CO2 adsorption increases slightly

ZnCl2 increases surface area and mesoporosity where mesopores are not compatible with CO2 size. Thus, CO2
ZnCl2 [5]
adsorption increases very slightly

Surface area decreases as compared to virgin AC, but CO2 adsorption increases due to the oxygen-containing
NaOH [6]
functional groups and the formation of basic surface sites for CO2 chemisorption

Relatively, CO2 adsorption capacity is small for carbonaceous material impregnated with metal oxide. The
Metal Oxide [7]
reason is the large molecular size of metal oxide that blocks the pores

Fig. 1: Various types of adsorbents.

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Fig. 2: Adsorption experimental set up.

stream flowing in a tube, the valve of a cylinder was opened. Pi  P f

A d s o rp tio n  %    100 (1)
As presented in the Fig. 2, CO2 gas is entering rotameter Pi
at the top, after passing through regulator and mixing tank
in order to switch flow rate of gas. Finally, the experiment ( Pi  Pe ).V .M CO 2
qe   1000 (2)
was started by pushing start key. All of the data was stored z.R .T .m
in a separate excel files for an hour in reference computer
which temperature was at °C, pressure at bar, time at second RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and date. The CO2 adsorption rate as the alteration between Response surface methodology analysis procedure
initial and final of CO2 pressure by the gas sensor In the current case, the three independent variables
was determined. effects, containing temperature, pressure and KOH loading
on the CO2 adsorption capacity were examined using
central composite design. These variables, along with
CO2 adsorption capacity assessment their respective regions of interest, were chosen based
The adsorption percentage of adsorbent was considered on the literature and preliminary investigations [30].
consuming Eq. (1). Where, Pi, is initial pressure, Pf Table 2 presents the range and levels of the independent
is final pressure in the reactor. The adsorption capacity numerical variables in terms of actual and coded values.
of adsorbent was calculated through the following The chief operating parameters such as temperature,
equation Eq. (2). Where, Pe is equilibrium pressure, V is pressure and KOH loading of various samples have
the volume of the reactor, MCO2 is molecular weight of an influence on the CO2 adsorption capacity. In this study,
CO2, T is temperature, m is adsorbent weight and R these effects have been experimentally examined using
is world gas constant. The correlation coefficient (R 2) RSM method. The suitable circumstances for CO2 capture
was also used to determine the best-fitting models using dry KOH have been deliberated. RSM method
to the experimental data. Where, qcal is CO2 adsorption capacity was applied to project the experiments and to explore
obtained using kinetics and isotherm models; qexp the experimental data. Table 3 shows the experimental
is experimental adsorption capacity of CO 2 [30]. runs recommended by RSM technique.

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Table 2: Independent numerical variables and their levels (actual and coded).
Independent numerical variables Unit Symbol Coded variable levels -2 -1 0 1 2

Temperature °C X1 25, 35, 45, 55, 65

Pressure bar X2 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Adsorbent gr X3 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5

Table 3: ANOVA results for RSM-CCD model of qe response.

Analysis of variance (qe)
p-value
Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-Value
Prob > F
Model 69799.16 3 23266.39 13.69 0.0001

A-temperature 27408.95 1 27408.95 16.13 0.0010

B-pressure 23372.14 1 23372.14 13.75 0.0019

C-adsorbent 19018.06 1 19018.06 11.19 0.0041

Residual 27192.62 16 1699.54 - -

Lack of fit 16558.86 11 1505.35 0.71 0.7067

Pure Error 96991.79 19 - - -

A-temperature, B-pressure, and C-adsorbent affect KOH have the same characteristic peaks for its standard
the response variable significantly; this consequence has been taken spectra. Before the CO2 capture runs, KOH samples should
from the information given in the p-value column of be passed XRD test to make sure that they have
able 3. As shown in Table 3, the model P-value is lower an appropriate crystallization. Fig. 6 proves an XRD pattern
than 0.001, which displays that the model terms are highly of our samples. It can be seen that there are two important
significant. P-values less than 0.05 and 0.001 indicate that peaks at around 32°, 35°, and some small peaks from 40°
the model terms are significant and highly significant to 50°. As compared with the individual commercial
in the model, respectively. While P-values greater than materials KOH, it is offering decent agreement.
0.1 indicates that the model terms are not significant [18]. KOH which is in powdered form had been prepared.
In order to industrialize alkali metal-based sorbent, FT-IR spectrometer was employed to carry out FT-IR
the effects of the operation conditions on CO2 capture (fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy analysis. FT-IR
performance should be determined in details (Table 4). was achieved to recognize the surface functional groups on
There are 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and 6 replicates the KOH. The spectra of the KOH samples were offered
at the center points, indicated by a total of 20 experiments, in Fig. 7. There are two curves for FTIR in this work one
as calculated from N=2n+2n+n=20. for KOH and another for K2CO3 (Eq. 4 and Eq. 5).
In addition, as can be perceived in Fig. 3,
2 K O H (s )  C O 2 (g )  K 2 C O 3(s)  H 2 O (g ) (4)
the experimental values for responses were in decent
agreement with the amounts predicted by the RSM model. K O H (s)  C O 2 (g )  K H C O 3(s) (5)
In Fig. 3 the predicted values acquired was more close to
the experimental values due to have high R2. Fig.4 and Fig. 5 The spectra noticed between 4000 and 400 cm-1. In Fig. 7,
explain the dimensional response surfaces which show 1460 cm-1 spectrum are clear for carbonate group
the effects of the significant variables (X1, X2, X3). in the K2CO3 curve and also in KOH when its turn to potassium
carbonate. The H2O release came later than the CO2
Adsorbents morphological and structural characteristics adsorbed on the surface of KOH, and the variation of steam
Fig. 6 shows the XRD spectra before the CO2 capturing release characteristics with time in terms of the rate
process for KOH. It can be observed that XRD patterns of and amount was also varied from that in the CO2 adsorption.

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Table 4: The effects of the operation conditions on CO2 capture performance.

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Response

Std Run A: Temp B: Pressure C: Absorber mg/g

15 1 45 6 1.5 284.039

13 2 45 6 0.5 462.964

2 3 55 4 1.0 393.592

8 4 55 8 2.0 355.281

7 5 35 8 2.0 299.777

17 6 45 6 1.5 345.945

5 7 35 4 2.0 269.015

11 8 45 2 1.5 265.006

6 9 55 4 2.0 319.405

14 10 45 6 2.5 271.441

3 11 35 8 1.0 367.006

4 12 55 8 1.0 415.643

12 13 45 10 1.5 460.825

20 14 45 6 1.5 315.802

10 15 65 6 1.5 388.620

1 16 35 4 1.0 235.815

18 17 45 6 1.5 348.325

16 18 45 6 1.5 400.943

19 19 45 6 1.5 400.030

9 20 25 6 1.5 213.661

2 500
Predicted adsorption percentage
Predicted adsorption percentage

450
1.8
400
1.6
350
1.4
300
1.2
250

1 200

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Actual adsorption percentage (%) Actual adsorption percentage (%)

Fig. 3: Predicted vs. experimental values of CO2 (A) adsorption percentage, and (B) adsorption capacity.

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60 500
53 450
CO2 adsorption (%)

46 400
39
350

q (mg/g)
31
24 300
17 250
10 200

55
55 8
4 50
50 5 7
45 6 45
6
T(°C) 40 5 40 T(°C)
7 P(Bar) P(Bar)
35 8 4 35

Fig. 4: Response surface plot of CO2 adsorption percentage Fig. 5: Response surface plot of CO2 adsorption capacity
of KOH (effect of temperature, pressure, Absorber). of KOH (effect of temperature, pressure, Absorber).

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9000 These exhibit that their action between KOH and CO2
8000 did not occur directly by following Eq. 4. The delayed release
7000 of H2O should imply that the formed H2O in CO2
6000 adsorption was stored in the sorbent. An intermediate
[cts]

5000 carbonate could present in their action procedure so that

4000 the reaction of CO2 with KOH did not form K2CO3
3000
and H2O directly [31-32].
2000
1000
Adsorbent amount effect
0
10 30 50 70 KOH loading leads to a growth in CO2 removal rate
[°2Th.] due to a direct growth in the reactant amount (i.e., KOH)
in the reaction system along with an increase in gas–solid
contact surface (Fig. 8). Furthermore, the KOH particle
size effect has been reflected using fine KOH with the
Fig. 6: XRD spectra before the CO2 capturing process for KOH. average size of 500 to 700 m diameter and coarse KOH
with the average diameter of 1250 m. Diameter
60 of the fine KOH particles was half of the coarse particles.
50
The reduction of particle diameter caused to increase
the gas–solid contact surface causing in a faster equilibrium
% Transmittance

40
achievement. In current temperature, the vital time to reach
30 equilibrium for fine particles is about half of the time
essential for the coarse particles.
20

10 K
Temperature effect
2…
0 Fig. 9 displays that the optimal temperature for CO2
400 1400 2400 3400
removal is 45°C. To describe the perceived trend in Fig,
Wavenumbers (cm-1) it can be noted that an increase in temperature leads to
an increase in carbonation reactions (i.e., forward reactions
in Eqs. (4) and (5)). However, above 45°C, the price of
reaction become unfavorable, subsequently, the optimal
Fig. 7: FT-IR two curves for KOH and K2CO3. temperature for the present CO2 removal system is 45°C.

900 Pressure effect

800 Several examinations were attained at the CO2 different
700 pressure under the optimized conditions. In this set of
600
experiments, temperature and KOH loading are the same.
q (mg/g)

500
According to air sampling, in these investigations, air with
400
CO2 pressure can simulate Tehran ambient air. In current
300
case, air with higher CO2 pressure can simulate air
200
100
in highway tunnels. It is exciting to note that these
0 consequences imply the final CO2 pressure is controlled
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 by the chemical equilibrium of carbonation reactions (Fig. 10).
KOH (gr)

Kinetic modeling
The kinetic analysis establishes an adsorption uptake
Fig. 8: Effect of adsorbent on CO2 adsorption capacity. rate and defines the residence time for the adsorption

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355
process to be completed [20]. It is also a baseline
350 form measuring the adsorption dynamics and its presentation
345 in the real application, such as in fixed-bed system.
340 Accordingly, numerous models were attained in current
work. In this case, the R2 values attained were large at all
q (mg/g)

335
330 the temperature deliberated, and the experimental values
325 agree with the calculated values acquired from the linear
320
plots. Based on R2 values (Table. 5, Fig. 11), first order
315
kinetic model as simple model with novel information
310
290 300 310 320 330 340 was designated.

T (K)
Isotherm modeling
Adsorption isotherms are employed to define the surface
Fig. 9: Effect of temperature on CO2 adsorption capacity. properties and affinity of the adsorbent. Correspondingly,
the performance of an adsorbent can be considered
by adsorption isotherm data, which can be achieved by a series
of experimental examinations. Modeling the adsorption
500
450
isotherm data is a demanding way for predicting and
400 comparing the adsorption performance, which is critical
350 to improve the adsorption mechanism pathways, for
300 expression of the adsorbents capacities, and effective design
q (mg/g)

250
of the adsorption organizations. The equilibrium sorption
200
150
isotherm is essential for the design of sorption systems.
100 The equilibrium relationships between sorbent and sorbate
50 are defined by sorption isotherms, the ratio between the amount
0 adsorbed and that remaining in the reactant at a fixed
0 2 4 6 8 10
temperature at equilibrium. In the present case, for exploring
P (Bar)
the sorption isotherm, 3 normally employed adsorption
models; isotherms were exploited to assess the feasibility of
Fig. 10: Effect of pressure on CO2 adsorption capacity. adsorbate–adsorbent interaction (Table 6, Fig. 12) [15].
The predicted isotherm constants for the CO2 adsorption and
the corresponding R2 value from the nonlinear regression
350
350 process are exposed in Table 6. Based on Table 6,
the Langmuir constant, kL and Freundlich constant, kF that
300
300
relates to the adsorption affinity decreases at high
250
250
temperature, consequently, imply a chemisorption
qe (mg/g)

qe [ mg/g ]

200
200
performance. The reduction in CO2 adsorption was
150
150 acceptable at raised temperatures. The exothermic
Exp.
100
100 First Order
behavior of the CO2 adsorption is in parallel with the q m
Second Order value that tends to reduce with growth in the adsorption
5050 Elovich
Rate Controlling temperature. Moreover, the favorability of the adsorption
00
00 500
500 1000 1500
1000 1500 2000
2000 2500
2500 3000 3500
3000 3500 procedure can be specified by a separation factor, R L.
Time [ Sec ]
In addition, favorability of the CO2 adsorption can be continued
Time (s)
by the Freundlich constant [15]. On the basis of
R2 value, the Freundlich model gives the best fit towards
Fig. 11: Experimental and modelled kinetics adsorption for KOH. the experimental data over the entire temperature range.

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Table 5: Kinetic parameters of KOH.

Kinetic model Parameter 25 °C 45 °C 65 °C

qe 291.539 357.449 379.767

First order
qt  qe 1  e  kf t
 kf 0.001 0.001 0.001

R2 0.9786 0.9882 0.9931

qe 366.757 484.296 513.502

Second order

q t  q e k s t / 1  q e k s t 
2
 ks 2.8e-6 1.2e-6 1.4e-6

R2 0.9858 0.9901 0.9878

α 2.7e-4 0.00016 0.0001

Elovich
q t   1 /  ln        1 /  .ln t 
β 67.226 80.439 99.275

R2 0.9782 0.9639 0.9729

Rate Controlling kid 5.315 5.736 6.598

0 .5
q t  k id t
R2 0.9980 0.9987 0.9675

Table 6: Isotherm models parameters for CO2 adsorption using KOH.

Model Parameter Value R2

qm 468.593
Langmuir
0.9513
qe=(qmkLPe)/(1+kLPe)
kL 1.104

n 3.530
Freundlich
0.9825
qe=kFP1/n
kf 248.105

DubininRadushkevich qm 388.766
0.8272
qe=qm e-2 E 2.491

500
500 of the CO2 adsorption process in terms of the Gibbs free
450
450 energy change (ΔG°), variation in enthalpy of reaction
400
400
(ΔH°), and change in entropy of adsorbate and adsorbent
350
350
interaction (ΔS°) can be calculated from Van Hoff’s
q (mg/g)

q [ mg/g ]

300
300
250
250
formulation, as given in equations 6 to 8 [30, 33].
200
200
Exp. L n K d  (  S / R )  ( H  / R T ) (6)
150
150 Langmuer
100
100 Freundlich
Dubinin Radushkevich K d   Pi  Pe    V / W  (7)
50
50 data5
00
00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99  G    H   T  S (8)
PCO2 [ Bar ]
PCO2 (bar)
The thermodynamic parameters values are offered
in Table 7. Based on the experimental findings, the negative
Fig. 12: Experimental equilibrium data and isotherm models.
value in ΔH° shows an exothermic nature of the CO2
adsorption procedure, whereas negative ΔS° value proposes
Thermodynamic modeling high orderliness of the adsorbate molecules upon adsorption.
In engineering practice entropy and Gibbs free energy The negative ΔS° can be interpreted by the behavior
factors should be deliberate in order to define what process of the CO2 adsorption process, which is from randomized
will occur spontaneously. The thermodynamic parameters to an ordered form on the surface of the adsorbent. Fig. 13

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Table 7: Thermodynamic parameters of CO2 adsorption.

PCO2 ΔH° ΔS° ΔG° (kJ mol-1)

Bar (kJ/mol) (kJ/mole K) 25 °C 35 °C 45°C 55 °C 65°C

4.00 -14.975 -0.017 -10.068 -9.903 -9.739 -9.574 -9.409

4.1 28
y = 1801x - 1.9792
4 R² = 0.9961 26
3.9

% CO2 Adsorption
24
3.8 22
Ln(Kd)

3.7
20
3.6
18
3.5
16
3.4
3.3 14

3.2 12
0.0029 0.003 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 295 305 315 325 335

1/T (K-1) T(K)

Fig. 13: Plot of Ln Kd vs. 1/T for the adsorption of CO2. Fig. 14: Variation of CO2 adsorption percentage with temperature.

exhibits that the distribution coefficient (Kd) values procedure. As a conclusion, high surface area of KOH
improved with the rise in temperature depicting adsorbent makes this adsorbent a new promising material
the exothermic nature of the adsorption. Furthermore, for CO2 capture and for other relevant requests.
as offered in Table 6, the ΔG° for all the temperatures
is negative and increase in the value of ΔG° with an enhance Nomenclature
in temperature displays that the reaction is easier at low KL Langmuir constant, bar-1
temperature. Also, the CO2 adsorption percentage of kF Freundlich constant, cm3/g.bar1/n
the adsorbent reduces growth in temperature (Fig. 14). kT Temkin constant, cm3/g.bar
kf Rate constant of pseudo-first order adsorption, min-1
CONCLUSIONS ks Rate constant of the pseudo-second
In this research, CO2 capture by carbonation of KOH order kinetics, g/mg.min
has been experimentally investigated. The effects of k2 Reaction rate constant of Ritchie
various operating parameters including KOH loading, second order equation, min−1
temperature, and pressure on the CO2 removal rate were kid Intraparticle diffusion rate constant, mg/g.min
wisely examined using RSM method. FT-IR and XRD MCO2 Molar mass of carbon dioxide, g/mol
techniques were used to study the consider KOH sorbent. M Mass of adsorbent, g
Numerous isotherm models including Freundlich, N Total number of experiments required
Langmuir, and Dubinin Radushkevich are exploited to fit N Number of variables
the experimental adsorption data. According to the nH Hill cooperatively coefficient of the binding interaction
analysis, Freundlich isotherm model is found to give Pi Initial pressure, bar
the finest fit to the experimental data over the whole Pe Equilibrium pressure, bar
temperature range due to the highest of regression qe Equilibrium adsorption capacity, mg/g, cm3/g
coefficient (R2) and closeness to unity, consequently, q e- Average of 𝑞e, mg/g
implies a perfect fit to the experimental data. Furthermore, qm Maximum CO2adsorption capacity, cm3/g
the kinetic analysis establishes an adsorption uptake rate qs Hill isotherm maximum uptake saturation, mg/L
and regulates the residence time for the adsorption qt Amount of adsorbed CO2at time t

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R Universal gas constant, 8.314 J/mol.K [7] Somy A., Mehrnia M.R., Amrei H., Ghanizadeh A.,
R2 Correlation coefficient Safari M., Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide Using
RL Dimensionless constant Impregnated Activated Carbon Promoted By Zinc,
T Temperature of the reactor, K Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, 3(3): 249-254
t Reaction time, min (2009).
V Volume of the reactor occupied by the CO2 gas, mL [8] Ghaemi A., Mass Transfer And Thermodynamic
W Grams of adsorbent, g Modeling Of Carbon Dioxide Absorption Into MEA
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